1
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Bu T, Wang L, Wu X, Gao S, Li X, Yun D, Yang X, Li L, Cheng CY, Sun F. The Planar Cell Polarity Protein Fat1 in Sertoli Cell Function. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae041. [PMID: 38553880 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Fat (FAT atypical cadherin) and Dchs (Dachsous cadherin-related protein) in adjacent Sertoli:Sertoli, Sertoli:spermatid, and spermatid:spermatid interfaces create an important intercellular bridge whose adhesive function is in turn supported by Fjx1, a nonreceptor Ser/Thr protein kinase. This concept is derived from earlier studies of Drosophila, which has been confirmed in this and earlier reports as well. Herein, we use the approach of knockdown of Fat1 by RNAi using primary cultures of Sertoli cells that mimicked the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in vivo, and a series of coherent experiments including functional assays to monitor the Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ) permeability barrier and a functional in vitro TJ integrity assay to assess the role of Fat1 in the testis. It was shown that planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Fat1 affected Sertoli cell function through its modulation of actin and microtubule cytoskeletal function, altering their polymerization activity through the Fat1/Fjx1 complex. Furthermore, Fat1 is intimately associated with β-catenin and α-N-catenin, as well as with Prickle 1 of the Vangl1/Prickle 1 complex, another PCP core protein to support intercellular interactions to confer PCP. In summary, these findings support the notion that the Fat:Dchs and the Vangl2:Fzd PCP intercellular bridges are tightly associated with basal ES/TJ structural proteins to stabilize PCP function at the Sertoli:Sertoli, Sertoli:spermatid, and spermatid:spermatid interface to sustain spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiao Bu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xinyao Li
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Damin Yun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiwen Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Innovation and Application of Intelligent Radiotherapy Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chuen Yan Cheng
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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2
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Piscitello-Gómez R, Gruber FS, Krishna A, Duclut C, Modes CD, Popović M, Jülicher F, Dye NA, Eaton S. Core PCP mutations affect short-time mechanical properties but not tissue morphogenesis in the Drosophila pupal wing. eLife 2023; 12:e85581. [PMID: 38117039 PMCID: PMC10843330 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
How morphogenetic movements are robustly coordinated in space and time is a fundamental open question in biology. We study this question using the wing of Drosophila melanogaster, an epithelial tissue that undergoes large-scale tissue flows during pupal stages. Previously, we showed that pupal wing morphogenesis involves both cellular behaviors that allow relaxation of mechanical tissue stress, as well as cellular behaviors that appear to be actively patterned (Etournay et al., 2015). Here, we show that these active cellular behaviors are not guided by the core planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, a conserved signaling system that guides tissue development in many other contexts. We find no significant phenotype on the cellular dynamics underlying pupal morphogenesis in mutants of core PCP. Furthermore, using laser ablation experiments, coupled with a rheological model to describe the dynamics of the response to laser ablation, we conclude that while core PCP mutations affect the fast timescale response to laser ablation they do not significantly affect overall tissue mechanics. In conclusion, our work shows that cellular dynamics and tissue shape changes during Drosophila pupal wing morphogenesis do not require core PCP as an orientational guiding cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Piscitello-Gómez
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Franz S Gruber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- National Phenotypic Screening Centre, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Abhijeet Krishna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes ComplexesParisFrance
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Marko Popović
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum P2, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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3
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Casal J, Storer F, Lawrence PA. Planar cell polarity: intracellular asymmetry and supracellular gradients of Frizzled. Open Biol 2023; 13:230105. [PMID: 37311537 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP), the coordinated orientation of structures such as cilia, mammalian hairs or insect bristles, depends on at least two molecular systems. We have argued that these two systems use similar mechanisms; each depending on a supracellular gradient of concentration that spans a field of cells. In a linked paper, we studied the Dachsous/Fat system. We found a graded distribution of Dachsous in vivo in a segment of the pupal epidermis in the abdomen of Drosophila. Here we report a similar study of the key molecule for the Starry Night/Frizzled or 'core' system. We measure the distribution of the receptor Frizzled on the cell membranes of all cells of one segment in the living pupal abdomen of Drosophila. We find a supracellular gradient that falls about 17% in concentration from the front to the rear of the segment. We present some evidence that the gradient then resets in the most anterior cells of the next segment back. We find an intracellular asymmetry in all the cells, the posterior membrane of each cell carrying about 22% more Frizzled than the anterior membrane. These direct molecular measurements add to earlier evidence that the two systems of PCP act independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Casal
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Freya Storer
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Peter A Lawrence
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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4
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Ruiz-Whalen DM, Aichele CP, Dyson ER, Gallen KC, Stark JV, Saunders JA, Simonet JC, Ventresca EM, Fuentes IM, Marmol N, Moise E, Neubert BC, Riggs DJ, Self AM, Alexander JI, Boamah E, Browne AJ, Correa I, Foster MJ, Harrington N, Holiday TJ, Henry RA, Lee EH, Longo SM, Lorenz LD, Martinez E, Nikonova A, Radu M, Smith SC, Steele LA, Strochlic TI, Archer NF, Aykit YJ, Bolotsky AJ, Boyle M, Criollo J, Eldor O, Cruz G, Fortuona VN, Gounder SD, Greenwood N, Ji KW, Johnson A, Lara S, Montanez B, Saurman M, Singh T, Smith DR, Stapf CA, Tondapu T, Tsiobikas C, Habas R, O'Reilly AM. Gaining Wings to FLY: Using Drosophila Oogenesis as an Entry Point for Citizen Scientists in Laboratory Research. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:399-444. [PMID: 36715918 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Citizen science is a productive approach to include non-scientists in research efforts that impact particular issues or communities. In most cases, scientists at advanced career stages design high-quality, exciting projects that enable citizen contribution, a crowdsourcing process that drives discovery forward and engages communities. The challenges of having citizens design their own research with no or limited training and providing access to laboratory tools, reagents, and supplies have limited citizen science efforts. This leaves the incredible life experiences and immersion of citizens in communities that experience health disparities out of the research equation, thus hampering efforts to address community health needs with a full picture of the challenges that must be addressed. Here, we present a robust and reproducible approach that engages participants from Grade 5 through adult in research focused on defining how diet impacts disease signaling. We leverage the powerful genetics, cell biology, and biochemistry of Drosophila oogenesis to define how nutrients impact phenotypes associated with genetic mutants that are implicated in cancer and diabetes. Participants lead the project design and execution, flipping the top-down hierarchy of the prevailing scientific culture to co-create research projects and infuse the research with cultural and community relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara M Ruiz-Whalen
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA.
| | - Christopher P Aichele
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Ebony R Dyson
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Katherine C Gallen
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer V Stark
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jasmine A Saunders
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Simonet
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA
| | - Erin M Ventresca
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Albright College, Reading, PA, USA
| | - Isabela M Fuentes
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nyellis Marmol
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emly Moise
- eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Neubert
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Devon J Riggs
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Ava M Self
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer I Alexander
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Ernest Boamah
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda J Browne
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Iliana Correa
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Maya J Foster
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Harrington
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Troy J Holiday
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan A Henry
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - Eric H Lee
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheila M Longo
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurel D Lorenz
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Esteban Martinez
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Nikonova
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Radu
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shannon C Smith
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Steele
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Todd I Strochlic
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas F Archer
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y James Aykit
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam J Bolotsky
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan Boyle
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Criollo
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oren Eldor
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabriela Cruz
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valerie N Fortuona
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Shreeya D Gounder
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nyim Greenwood
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kayla W Ji
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aminah Johnson
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA
| | - Sophie Lara
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Maxwell Saurman
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tanu Singh
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel R Smith
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine A Stapf
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tarang Tondapu
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Raymond Habas
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alana M O'Reilly
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,eCLOSE Institute, Huntingdon Valley, PA, USA.
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5
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Kasiah J, McNeill H. Fat and Dachsous cadherins in mammalian development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:223-244. [PMID: 37100519 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell growth and patterning are critical for tissue development. Here we discuss the evolutionarily conserved cadherins, Fat and Dachsous, and the roles they play during mammalian tissue development and disease. In Drosophila, Fat and Dachsous regulate tissue growth via the Hippo pathway and planar cell polarity (PCP). The Drosophila wing has been an ideal tissue to observe how mutations in these cadherins affect tissue development. In mammals, there are multiple Fat and Dachsous cadherins, which are expressed in many tissues, but mutations in these cadherins that affect growth and tissue organization are context dependent. Here we examine how mutations in the Fat and Dachsous mammalian genes affect development in mammals and contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennysue Kasiah
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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6
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Wright BA, Kvansakul M, Schierwater B, Humbert PO. Cell polarity signalling at the birth of multicellularity: What can we learn from the first animals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1024489. [PMID: 36506100 PMCID: PMC9729800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1024489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innovation of multicellularity has driven the unparalleled evolution of animals (Metazoa). But how is a multicellular organism formed and how is its architecture maintained faithfully? The defining properties and rules required for the establishment of the architecture of multicellular organisms include the development of adhesive cell interactions, orientation of division axis, and the ability to reposition daughter cells over long distances. Central to all these properties is the ability to generate asymmetry (polarity), coordinated by a highly conserved set of proteins known as cell polarity regulators. The cell polarity complexes, Scribble, Par and Crumbs, are considered to be a metazoan innovation with apicobasal polarity and adherens junctions both believed to be present in all animals. A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms regulating cell polarity and tissue architecture should provide key insights into the development and regeneration of all animals including humans. Here we review what is currently known about cell polarity and its control in the most basal metazoans, and how these first examples of multicellular life can inform us about the core mechanisms of tissue organisation and repair, and ultimately diseases of tissue organisation, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree A. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Patrick O. Humbert,
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7
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Lilienthal AJ, Parida M, Manak JR. Characterization of prickle isoform-specific pk pk1 and pk sple1 mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000656. [PMID: 36338150 PMCID: PMC9634456 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We used paired-end next generation sequencing (NGS) to characterize the classic isoform-specific pk pk1 and pk sple1 mutations of the prickle gene in Drosophila melanogaster . Here we provide evidence that these previously reported null mutations are caused by either a tirant transposon insertion into the 5' UTR of pk pk1 or a premature stop codon in the second exon of pk sple1 . Additional likely benign missense mutations were identified in both mutant isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Robert Manak
- Dept of Biology, University of Iowa
- Dept of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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8
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Chorro A, Verma B, Homfeldt M, Ibáñez B, Lawrence PA, Casal J. Planar cell polarity: intracellular asymmetry and supracellular gradients of Dachsous. Open Biol 2022; 12:220195. [PMID: 36476047 PMCID: PMC9554717 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The slope of a supracellular molecular gradient has long been thought to orient and coordinate planar cell polarity (PCP). Here we demonstrate and measure that gradient. Dachsous (Ds) is a conserved and elemental molecule of PCP; Ds forms intercellular bridges with another cadherin molecule, Fat (Ft), an interaction modulated by the Golgi protein Four-jointed (Fj). Using genetic mosaics and tagged Ds, we measure Ds in vivo in membranes of individual cells over a whole metamere of the Drosophila abdomen. We find as follows. (i) A supracellular gradient rises from head to tail in the anterior compartment (A) and then falls in the posterior compartment (P). (ii) There is more Ds in the front than the rear membranes of all cells in the A compartment, except that compartment's most anterior and most posterior cells. There is more Ds in the rear than in the front membranes of all cells of the P compartment. (iii) The loss of Fj removes intracellular asymmetry anteriorly in the segment and reduces it elsewhere. Additional experiments show that Fj makes PCP more robust. Using Dachs (D) as a molecular indicator of polarity, we confirm that opposing gradients of PCP meet slightly out of register with compartment boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Chorro
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Bhavna Verma
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Maylin Homfeldt
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Beatríz Ibáñez
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Peter A. Lawrence
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - José Casal
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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9
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Wang C, Qu K, Wang J, Qin R, Li B, Qiu J, Wang G. Biomechanical regulation of planar cell polarity in endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166495. [PMID: 35850177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the uneven distribution of certain cytoplasmic components in a cell with a spatial order. The planar cell polarity (PCP), the cell aligns perpendicular to the polar plane, in endothelial cells (ECs) has become a research hot spot. The planar polarity of ECs has a positive significance on the regulation of cardiovascular dysfunction, pathological angiogenesis, and ischemic stroke. The endothelial polarity is stimulated and regulated by biomechanical force. Mechanical stimuli promote endothelial polarization and make ECs produce PCP to maintain the normal physiological and biochemical functions. Here, we overview recent advances in understanding the interplay and mechanism between PCP and ECs function involved in mechanical forces, with a focus on PCP signaling pathways and organelles in regulating the polarity of ECs. And then showed the related diseases caused by ECs polarity dysfunction. This study provides new ideas and therapeutic targets for the treatment of endothelial PCP-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingyi Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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10
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Darnat P, Burg A, Sallé J, Lacoste J, Louvet-Vallée S, Gho M, Audibert A. Cortical Cyclin A controls spindle orientation during asymmetric cell divisions in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2723. [PMID: 35581185 PMCID: PMC9114397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination between cell proliferation and cell polarity is crucial to orient the asymmetric cell divisions to generate cell diversity in epithelia. In many instances, the Frizzled/Dishevelled planar cell polarity pathway is involved in mitotic spindle orientation, but how this is spatially and temporally coordinated with cell cycle progression has remained elusive. Using Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells as a model system, we show that Cyclin A, the main Cyclin driving the transition to M-phase of the cell cycle, is recruited to the apical-posterior cortex in prophase by the Frizzled/Dishevelled complex. This cortically localized Cyclin A then regulates the orientation of the division by recruiting Mud, a homologue of NuMA, the well-known spindle-associated protein. The observed non-canonical subcellular localization of Cyclin A reveals this mitotic factor as a direct link between cell proliferation, cell polarity and spindle orientation. The Frizzled/Dishevelled planar cell polarity pathway is involved in mitotic spindle orientation, but how this is coordinated with the cell cycle is unclear. Here, the authors show with Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells that Cyclin A is recruited in prophase by Frizzled/Dishevelled, regulating division orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Darnat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Angélique Burg
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Sallé
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS, Cellular Spatial Organization Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Lacoste
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Louvet-Vallée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Michel Gho
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Agnès Audibert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France.
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11
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Cho B, Song S, Wan JY, Axelrod JD. Prickle isoform participation in distinct polarization events in the Drosophila eye. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262328. [PMID: 35148314 PMCID: PMC8836327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling regulates several polarization events during development of ommatidia in the Drosophila eye, including directing chirality by polarizing a cell fate choice and determining the direction and extent of ommatidial rotation. The pksple isoform of the PCP protein Prickle is known to participate in the R3/R4 cell fate decision, but the control of other polarization events and the potential contributions of the three Pk isoforms have not been clarified. Here, by characterizing expression and subcellular localization of individual isoforms together with re-analyzing isoform specific phenotypes, we show that the R3/R4 fate decision, its coordination with rotation direction, and completion of rotation to a final ±90° rotation angle are separable polarization decisions with distinct Pk isoform requirements and contributions. Both pksple and pkpk can enforce robust R3/R4 fate decisions, but only pksple can correctly orient them along the dorsal-ventral axis. In contrast, pksple and pkpk can fully and interchangeably sustain coordination of rotation direction and rotation to completion. We propose that expression dynamics and competitive interactions determine isoform participation in these processes. We propose that the selective requirement for pksple to orient the R3/R4 decision and their interchangeability for coordination and completion of rotation reflects their previously described differential interaction with the Fat/Dachsous system which is known to be required for orientation of R3/R4 decisions but not for coordination or completion of rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomsoo Cho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Song Song
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Joy Y. Wan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
The molecular complexes underlying planar cell polarity (PCP) were first identified in Drosophila through analysis of mutant phenotypes in the adult cuticle and the orientation of associated polarized protrusions such as wing hairs and sensory bristles. The same molecules are conserved in vertebrates and are required for the localization of polarized protrusions such as primary or sensory cilia and the orientation of hair follicles. Not only is PCP signaling required to align cellular structures across a tissue, it is also required to coordinate movement during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. PCP signaling allows cells to interpret positional cues within a tissue to move in the appropriate direction and to coordinate this movement with their neighbors. In this review we outline the molecular basis of the core Wnt-Frizzled/PCP pathway, and describe how this signaling orchestrates collective motility in Drosophila and vertebrates. Here we cover the paradigms of ommatidial rotation and border cell migration in Drosophila, and convergent extension in vertebrates. The downstream cell biological processes that underlie polarized motility include cytoskeletal reorganization, and adherens junctional and extracellular matrix remodeling. We discuss the contributions of these processes in the respective cell motility contexts. Finally, we address examples of individual cell motility guided by PCP factors during nervous system development and in cancer disease contexts.
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13
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Torban E, Sokol SY. Planar cell polarity pathway in kidney development, function and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:369-385. [PMID: 33547419 PMCID: PMC8967065 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordinated orientation of cells in the tissue plane. Originally discovered and studied in Drosophila melanogaster, PCP is now widely recognized in vertebrates, where it is implicated in organogenesis. Specific sets of PCP genes have been identified. The proteins encoded by these genes become asymmetrically distributed to opposite sides of cells within a tissue plane and guide many processes that include changes in cell shape and polarity, collective cell movements or the uniform distribution of cell appendages. A unifying characteristic of these processes is that they often involve rearrangement of actomyosin. Mutations in PCP genes can cause malformations in organs of many animals, including humans. In the past decade, strong evidence has accumulated for a role of the PCP pathway in kidney development including outgrowth and branching morphogenesis of ureteric bud and podocyte development. Defective PCP signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental kidney disorders of the congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract spectrum. Understanding the origins, molecular constituents and cellular targets of PCP provides insights into the involvement of PCP molecules in normal kidney development and how dysfunction of PCP components may lead to kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- McGill University and McGill University Health Center Research Institute, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Block E, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H4A3J1.,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA,Corresponding authors: Elena Torban (); Sergei Sokol ()
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14
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Planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins support spermatogenesis through cytoskeletal organization in the testis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 121:99-113. [PMID: 34059418 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Few reports are found in the literature regarding the role of planar cell polarity (PCP) in supporting spermatogenesis in the testis. Yet morphological studies reported decades earlier have illustrated the directional alignment of polarized developing spermatids, most notably step 17-19 spermatids in stage V-early VIII tubules in the testis, across the plane of the epithelium in seminiferous tubules of adult rats. Such morphological features have unequivocally demonstrated the presence of PCP in developing spermatids, analogous to the PCP noted in hair cells of the cochlea in mammals. Emerging evidence in recent years has shown that Sertoli and germ cells express numerous PCP proteins, mostly notably, the core PCP proteins, PCP effectors and PCP signaling proteins. In this review, we discuss recent findings in the field regarding the two core PCP protein complexes, namely the Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2)/Prickle (Pk) complex and the Frizzled (Fzd)/Dishevelled (Dvl) complex. These findings have illustrated that these PCP proteins exert their regulatory role to support spermatogenesis through changes in the organization of actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons in Sertoli cells. For instance, these PCP proteins confer PCP to developing spermatids. As such, developing haploid spermatids can be aligned and orderly packed within the limited space of the seminiferous tubules in the testes for the production of sperm via spermatogenesis. Thus, each adult male in the mouse, rat or human can produce an upward of 30, 50 or 300 million spermatozoa on a daily basis, respectively, throughout the adulthood. We also highlight critical areas of research that deserve attention in future studies. We also provide a hypothetical model by which PCP proteins support spermatogenesis based on recent studies in the testis. It is conceivable that the hypothetical model shown here will be updated as more data become available in future years, but this information can serve as the framework by investigators to unravel the role of PCP in spermatogenesis.
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15
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Papakrivopoulou E, Jafree DJ, Dean CH, Long DA. The Biological Significance and Implications of Planar Cell Polarity for Nephrology. Front Physiol 2021; 12:599529. [PMID: 33716764 PMCID: PMC7952641 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.599529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientation of cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional space underpins how the kidney develops and responds to disease. The process by which cells orientate themselves within the plane of a tissue is termed planar cell polarity. In this Review, we discuss how planar cell polarity and the proteins that underpin it govern kidney organogenesis and pathology. The importance of planar cell polarity and its constituent proteins in multiple facets of kidney development is emphasised, including ureteric bud branching, tubular morphogenesis and nephron maturation. An overview is given of the relevance of planar cell polarity and its proteins for inherited human renal diseases, including congenital malformations with unknown aetiology and polycystic kidney disease. Finally, recent work is described outlining the influence of planar cell polarity proteins on glomerular diseases and highlight how this fundamental pathway could yield a new treatment paradigm for nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Papakrivopoulou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Clinique Saint Jean, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniyal J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,UCL MB/Ph.D. Programme, Faculty of Medical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Wang J, Feng D, Gao B. An Overview of Potential Therapeutic Agents Targeting WNT/PCP Signaling. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:175-213. [PMID: 34463852 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the proto-oncogene Wnt1 (Int1) in 1982, WNT signaling has been identified as one of the most important pathways that regulates a wide range of fundamental developmental and physiological processes in multicellular organisms. The canonical WNT signaling pathway depends on the stabilization and translocation of β-catenin and plays important roles in development and homeostasis. The WNT/planar cell polarity (WNT/PCP) signaling, also known as one of the β-catenin-independent WNT pathways, conveys directional information to coordinate polarized cell behaviors. Similar to WNT/β-catenin signaling, disruption or aberrant activation of WNT/PCP signaling also underlies a variety of developmental defects and cancers. However, the pharmacological targeting of WNT/PCP signaling for therapeutic purposes remains largely unexplored. In this review, we briefly discuss WNT/PCP signaling in development and disease and summarize the known drugs/inhibitors targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Di Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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17
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Pietra S, Ng K, Lawrence PA, Casal J. Planar cell polarity in the larval epidermis of Drosophila and the role of microtubules. Open Biol 2020; 10:200290. [PMID: 33295841 PMCID: PMC7776564 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate planar cell polarity (PCP) in the Drosophila larval epidermis. The intricate pattern of denticles depends on only one system of PCP, the Dachsous/Fat system. Dachsous molecules in one cell bind to Fat molecules in a neighbour cell to make intercellular bridges. The disposition and orientation of these Dachsous–Fat bridges allows each cell to compare two neighbours and point its denticles towards the neighbour with the most Dachsous. Measurements of the amount of Dachsous reveal a peak at the back of the anterior compartment of each segment. Localization of Dachs and orientation of ectopic denticles help reveal the polarity of every cell. We discuss whether these findings support our gradient model of Dachsous activity. Several groups have proposed that Dachsous and Fat fix the direction of PCP via oriented microtubules that transport PCP proteins to one side of the cell. We test this proposition in the larval cells and find that most microtubules grow perpendicularly to the axis of PCP. We find no meaningful bias in the polarity of microtubules aligned close to that axis. We also reexamine published data from the pupal abdomen and find no evidence supporting the hypothesis that microtubular orientation draws the arrow of PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pietra
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - KangBo Ng
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Peter A Lawrence
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - José Casal
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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18
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Yu JJS, Maugarny-Calès A, Pelletier S, Alexandre C, Bellaiche Y, Vincent JP, McGough IJ. Frizzled-Dependent Planar Cell Polarity without Secreted Wnt Ligands. Dev Cell 2020; 54:583-592.e5. [PMID: 32888416 PMCID: PMC7497783 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) organizes the orientation of cellular protrusions and migratory activity within the tissue plane. PCP establishment involves the subcellular polarization of core PCP components. It has been suggested that Wnt gradients could provide a global cue that coordinates local PCP with tissue axes. Here, we dissect the role of Wnt ligands in the orientation of hairs of Drosophila wings, an established system for the study of PCP. We found that PCP was normal in quintuple mutant wings that rely solely on the membrane-tethered Wingless for Wnt signaling, suggesting that a Wnt gradient is not required. We then used a nanobody-based approach to trap Wntless in the endoplasmic reticulum, and hence prevent all Wnt secretion, specifically during the period of PCP establishment. PCP was still established. We conclude that, even though Wnt ligands could contribute to PCP, they are not essential, and another global cue must exist for tissue-wide polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aude Maugarny-Calès
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelletier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Yohanns Bellaiche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, 75005 Paris, France
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19
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Vu HTK, Mansour S, Kücken M, Blasse C, Basquin C, Azimzadeh J, Myers EW, Brusch L, Rink JC. Dynamic Polarization of the Multiciliated Planarian Epidermis between Body Plan Landmarks. Dev Cell 2020; 51:526-542.e6. [PMID: 31743666 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polarity is a universal design principle of biological systems that manifests at all organizational scales, yet its coordination across scales remains poorly understood. Here, we make use of the extreme anatomical plasticity of planarian flatworms to probe the interplay between global body plan polarity and local cell polarity. Our quantitative analysis of ciliary rootlet orientation in the epidermis reveals a dynamic polarity field with head and tail as independent determinants of anteroposterior (A/P) polarization and the body margin as determinant of mediolateral (M/L) polarization. Mathematical modeling rationalizes the global polarity field and its response to experimental manipulations as superposition of separate A/P and M/L fields, and we identify the core PCP and Ft/Ds pathways as their molecular mediators. Overall, our study establishes a framework for the alignment of cellular polarity vectors relative to planarian body plan landmarks and establishes the core PCP and Ft/Ds pathways as evolutionarily conserved 2D-polarization module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi-Kim Vu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Mansour
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Kücken
- Technische Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen (ZIH), Helmholtzstrasse 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Corinna Blasse
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cyril Basquin
- Institut Jacques Monod, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Juliette Azimzadeh
- Institut Jacques Monod, Bâtiment Buffon, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Eugene Wimberly Myers
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Technische Universität Dresden, Zentrum für Informationsdienste und Hochleistungsrechnen (ZIH), Helmholtzstrasse 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jochen Christian Rink
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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20
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Moloudizargari M, Asghari MH, Nabavi SF, Gulei D, Berindan-Neagoe I, Bishayee A, Nabavi SM. Targeting Hippo signaling pathway by phytochemicals in cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:183-194. [PMID: 32428716 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current era of cancer research has been continuously advancing upon identifying novel aspects of tumorigenesis and the principal mechanisms behind the unleashed proliferation, invasion, drug resistance and immortality of cancer cells in hopes of exploiting these findings to achieve a more effective treatment for cancer. In pursuit of this goal, the identification of the first components of an extremely important regulatory pathway in Drosophila melanogaster that largely determines cell fate during the developmental stages, ended up in the discovery of the highly sophisticated Hippo signaling cascade. Soon after, it was revealed that deregulation of the components of this pathway either via mutations or through epigenetic alterations can be observed in a vast variety of tumors and these alterations greatly contribute to the neoplastic transformation of cells, their survival, growth and resistance to therapy. As more hidden aspects of this pathway such as its widespread entanglement with other major cellular signaling pathways are continuously being uncovered, many researchers have sought over the past decade to find ways of therapeutic interventions targeting the major components of the Hippo cascade. To date, various approaches such as the use of exogenous targeting miRNAs and different molecular inhibitors have been recruited herein, among which naturally occurring compounds have shown a great promise. On such a basis, in the present work we review the current understanding of Hippo pathway and the most recent evidence on targeting its components using natural plant-derived phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 4717647745, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 4717647745, Iran.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran
| | - Diana Gulei
- MedFuture - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400337, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MedFuture - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400337, Romania; Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca 400337, Romania
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran.
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21
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Matis M. The Mechanical Role of Microtubules in Tissue Remodeling. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900244. [PMID: 32249455 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During morphogenesis, tissues undergo extensive remodeling to get their final shape. Such precise sculpting requires the application of forces generated within cells by the cytoskeleton and transmission of these forces through adhesion molecules within and between neighboring cells. Within individual cells, microtubules together with actomyosin filaments and intermediate filaments form the composite cytoskeleton that controls cell mechanics during tissue rearrangements. While studies have established the importance of actin-based mechanical forces that are coupled via intercellular junctions, relatively little is known about the contribution of other cytoskeletal components such as microtubules to cell mechanics during morphogenesis. In this review the focus is on recent findings, highlighting the direct mechanical role of microtubules beyond its well-established role in trafficking and signaling during tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Matis
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.,'Cells in Motion' Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
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22
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Noncanonical Wnt planar cell polarity signaling in lung development and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:231-243. [PMID: 32096543 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway is a potent developmental regulator of directional cell behaviors such as migration, asymmetric division and morphological polarization that are critical for shaping the body axis and the complex three-dimensional architecture of tissues and organs. PCP is considered a noncanonical Wnt pathway due to the involvement of Wnt ligands and Frizzled family receptors in the absence of the beta-catenin driven gene expression observed in the canonical Wnt cascade. At the heart of the PCP mechanism are protein complexes capable of generating molecular asymmetries within cells along a tissue-wide axis that are translated into polarized actin and microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics. PCP has emerged as an important regulator of developmental, homeostatic and disease processes in the respiratory system. It acts along other signaling pathways to create the elaborately branched structure of the lung by controlling the directional protrusive movements of cells during branching morphogenesis. PCP operates in the airway epithelium to establish and maintain the orientation of respiratory cilia along the airway axis for anatomically directed mucociliary clearance. It also regulates the establishment of the pulmonary vasculature. In adult tissues, PCP dysfunction has been linked to a variety of chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, stemming chiefly from the breakdown of proper tissue structure and function and aberrant cell migration during regenerative wound healing. A better understanding of these (impaired) PCP mechanisms is needed to fully harness the therapeutic opportunities of targeting PCP in chronic lung diseases.
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23
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Yu Y, Liu X, Ma X, Zhang Z, Wang T, Sun F, Hou C, Li M. A palmitoyltransferase Approximated gene Bm-app regulates wing development in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:2-13. [PMID: 29943911 PMCID: PMC7379679 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori is an important lepidopteran model insect in which many kinds of natural mutants have been identified. However, molecular mechanisms of most of these mutants remain to be explored. Here we report the identification of a gene Bm-app is responsible for the silkworm minute wing (mw) mutation which exhibits exceedingly small wings during pupal and adult stages. Compared with the wild type silkworm, relative messenger RNA expression of Bm-app is significantly decreased in the u11 mutant strain which shows mw phenotype. A 10 bp insertion in the putative promoter region of the Bm-app gene in mw mutant strain was identified and the dual luciferase assay revealed that this insertion decreased Bm-app promoter activity. Furthermore, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases-mediated depletion of the Bm-app induced similar wing defects which appeared in the mw mutant, demonstrating that Bm-app controls wing development in B. mori. Bm-app encodes a palmitoyltransferase and is responsible for the palmitoylation of selected cytoplasmic proteins, indicating that it is required for cell mitosis and growth during wing development. We also discuss the possibility that Bm-app regulates wing development through the Hippo signaling pathway in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yu
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangJiangsuChina
| | - Xiao‐Jing Liu
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangJiangsuChina
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangJiangsuChina
| | - Zhong‐Jie Zhang
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangJiangsuChina
| | - Tai‐Chu Wang
- Sericultural Research InstituteAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Fan Sun
- Sericultural Research InstituteAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Cheng‐Xiang Hou
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangJiangsuChina
- Sericultural Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhenjiangJiangsuChina
| | - Mu‐Wang Li
- School of BiotechnologyJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiangJiangsuChina
- Sericultural Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhenjiangJiangsuChina
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24
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Fat/Dachsous family cadherins in cell and tissue organisation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 62:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Axelrod JD. Planar cell polarity signaling in the development of left–right asymmetry. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 62:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cho B, Song S, Axelrod JD. Prickle isoforms determine handedness of helical morphogenesis. eLife 2020; 9:51456. [PMID: 31934858 PMCID: PMC7004564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular asymmetry directed by the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway orients numerous morphogenetic events in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Here, we describe a morphogenetic movement in which the intertwined socket and shaft cells of the Drosophila anterior wing margin mechanosensory bristles undergo PCP-directed apical rotation, inducing twisting that results in a helical structure of defined chirality. We show that the Frizzled/Vang PCP signaling module coordinates polarity among and between bristles and surrounding cells to direct this rotation. Furthermore, we show that dynamic interplay between two isoforms of the Prickle protein determines right- or left-handed bristle morphogenesis. We provide evidence that, Frizzled/Vang signaling couples to the Fat/Dachsous PCP directional signal in opposite directions depending on whether Pkpk or Pksple predominates. Dynamic interplay between Pk isoforms is likely to be an important determinant of PCP outcomes in diverse contexts. Similar mechanisms may orient other lateralizing morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomsoo Cho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Song Song
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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27
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Kumar A, Rizvi MS, Athilingam T, Parihar SS, Sinha P. Heterophilic cell-cell adhesion of atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous regulate epithelial cell size dynamics during Drosophila thorax morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:546-560. [PMID: 31877063 PMCID: PMC7202070 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal changes in epithelial cell sizes-or epithelial cell size dynamics (ECD)-during morphogenesis entail interplay between two opposing forces: cell contraction via actomyosin cytoskeleton and cell expansion via cell-cell adhesion. Cell-cell adhesion-based ECD, however, has not yet been clearly demonstrated. For instance, changing levels of homophilic E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion induce cell sorting, but not ECD. Here we show that cell-expansive forces of heterophilic cell-cell adhesion regulate ECD: higher cell-cell adhesion results in cell size enlargement. Thus, ECD during morphogenesis in the heminotal epithelia of Drosophila pupae leading to thorax closure corresponds with spatiotemporal gradients of two heterophilic atypical cadherins-Fat (Ft) and Dachsous (Ds)-and the levels of Ft-Ds heterodimers formed concomitantly. Our mathematical modeling and genetic tests validate this mechanism of dynamic heterophilic cell-cell adhesion-based regulation of ECD. Conservation of these atypical cadherins suggests a wider prevalence of heterophilic cell-cell adhesion-based ECD regulation during animal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Mohd Suhail Rizvi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Thamarailingam Athilingam
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Saurabh Singh Parihar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Pradip Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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Cravo J, van den Heuvel S. Tissue polarity and PCP protein function: C. elegans as an emerging model. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:159-167. [PMID: 31884395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polarity is the basis for the generation of cell diversity, as well as the organization, morphogenesis, and functioning of tissues. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have provided much insight into PAR-protein mediated polarity; however, the molecules and mechanisms critical for cell polarization within the plane of epithelia have been identified in other systems. Tissue polarity in C. elegans is organized by Wnt-signaling with some resemblance to the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, but lacking core PCP protein functions. Nonetheless, recent studies revealed that conserved PCP proteins regulate directed cell migratory events in C. elegans, such as convergent extension movements and neurite formation and guidance. Here, we discuss the latest insights and use of C. elegans as a PCP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Cravo
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander van den Heuvel
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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29
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Mangione F, Martín-Blanco E. The Dachsous/Fat/Four-Jointed Pathway Directs the Uniform Axial Orientation of Epithelial Cells in the Drosophila Abdomen. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2836-2850.e4. [PMID: 30517870 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The achievement of the final form of an individual requires not only the control of cell size and differentiation but also integrative directional cues to instruct cell movements, positions, and orientations. In Drosophila, the adult epidermis of the abdomen is created de novo by histoblasts. As these expand and fuse, they uniformly orient along the anteroposterior axis. We found that the Dachsous/Fat/Four-jointed (Ds/Ft/Fj) pathway is key for their alignment. The refinement of the tissue-wide expression of the atypical cadherins Ds and Ft result in their polarization and directional adhesiveness. Mechanistically, the axially oriented changes in histoblasts respond to the redesign of the epithelial field. We suggest that the role of Ds/Ft/Fj in long-range oriented cell alignment is a general function and that the regulation of the expression of its components will be crucial in other morphogenetic models or during tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mangione
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Domingos PM, Jenny A, Combie KF, Del Alamo D, Mlodzik M, Steller H, Mollereau B. Regulation of Numb during planar cell polarity establishment in the Drosophila eye. Mech Dev 2019; 160:103583. [PMID: 31678471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.103583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of planar cell polarity (PCP) in the Drosophila eye requires correct specification of the R3/R4 pair of photoreceptor cells, determined by a Frizzled mediated signaling event that specifies R3 and induces Delta to activate Notch signaling in the neighboring cell, specifying it as R4. Here, we investigated the role of the Notch signaling negative regulator Numb in the specification of R3/R4 fates and PCP establishment in the Drosophila eye. We observed that Numb is transiently upregulated in R3 at the time of R3/R4 specification. This regulation of Numb levels in developing photoreceptors occurs at the post-transcriptional level and is dependent on Dishevelled, an effector of Frizzled signaling, and Lethal Giant Larva. We detected PCP defects in cells homozygous for numb15, but these defects were due to a loss of function mutation in fat (fatQ805⁎) being present in the numb15 chromosome. However, mosaic overexpression of Numb in R4 precursors (only) caused PCP defects and numb loss-of-function alleles had a modifying effect on the defects found in a hypomorphic dishevelled mutation. Our results suggest that Numb levels are upregulated to reinforce the bias of Notch signaling activation in the R3/R4 pair, two post-mitotic cells that are not specified by asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Domingos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal; Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Chanin Building, Room 503, Bronx NY10461, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keon F Combie
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Del Alamo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; European Molecular Biology Organization, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hermann Steller
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bertrand Mollereau
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Université de Lyon, ENSL, UCBL, CNRS, LBMC, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France.
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31
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Ebbing A, Middelkoop TC, Betist MC, Bodewes E, Korswagen HC. Partially overlapping guidance pathways focus the activity of UNC-40/DCC along the anteroposterior axis of polarizing neuroblasts. Development 2019; 146:dev.180059. [PMID: 31488562 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Directional migration of neurons and neuronal precursor cells is a central process in nervous system development. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the two Q neuroblasts polarize and migrate in opposite directions along the anteroposterior body axis. Several key regulators of Q cell polarization have been identified, including MIG-21, DPY-19/DPY19L1, the netrin receptor UNC-40/DCC, the Fat-like cadherin CDH-4 and CDH-3/Fat, which we describe in this study. How these different transmembrane proteins act together to direct Q neuroblast polarization and migration is still largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MIG-21 and DPY-19, CDH-3 and CDH-4, and UNC-40 define three distinct pathways that have partially redundant roles in protrusion formation, but also separate functions in regulating protrusion direction. Moreover, we show that the MIG-21, DPY-19 and Fat-like cadherin pathways control the localization and clustering of UNC-40 at the leading edge of the polarizing Q neuroblast, and that this is independent of the UNC-40 ligands UNC-6/netrin and MADD-4. Our results provide insight into a novel mechanism for ligand-independent localization of UNC-40 that directs the activity of UNC-40 along the anteroposterior axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Ebbing
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teije C Middelkoop
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C Betist
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard Bodewes
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik C Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Institute of Biodynamics and Biocomplexity, Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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PCP and Wnt pathway components act in parallel during zebrafish mechanosensory hair cell orientation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3993. [PMID: 31488837 PMCID: PMC6728366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) plays crucial roles in developmental processes such as gastrulation, neural tube closure and hearing. Wnt pathway mutants are often classified as PCP mutants due to similarities between their phenotypes. Here, we show that in the zebrafish lateral line, disruptions of the PCP and Wnt pathways have differential effects on hair cell orientations. While mutations in the PCP genes vangl2 and scrib cause random orientations of hair cells, mutations in wnt11f1, gpc4 and fzd7a/b induce hair cells to adopt a concentric pattern. This concentric pattern is not caused by defects in PCP but is due to misaligned support cells. The molecular basis of the support cell defect is unknown but we demonstrate that the PCP and Wnt pathways work in parallel to establish proper hair cell orientation. Consequently, hair cell orientation defects are not solely explained by defects in PCP signaling, and some hair cell phenotypes warrant re-evaluation. Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates hair cell orientation in the zebrafish lateral line. Here, the authors show that mutating Wnt pathway genes (wnt11f1, fzd7a/b, and gpc4) causes concentric hair cell patterns not regulated by PCP, thus showing PCP/Wnt pathway genes have different consequences on hair cell orientation.
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33
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Crespo-Enriquez I, Hodgson T, Zakaria S, Cadoni E, Shah M, Allen S, Al-Khishali A, Mao Y, Yiu A, Petzold J, Villagomez-Olea G, Pitsillides AA, Irvine KD, Francis-West P. Dchs1-Fat4 regulation of osteogenic differentiation in mouse. Development 2019; 146:146/14/dev176776. [PMID: 31358536 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In human, mutations of the protocadherins FAT4 and DCHS1 result in Van Maldergem syndrome, which is characterised, in part, by craniofacial abnormalities. Here, we analyse the role of Dchs1-Fat4 signalling during osteoblast differentiation in mouse. We show that Fat4 and Dchs1 mutants mimic the craniofacial phenotype of the human syndrome and that Dchs1-Fat4 signalling is essential for osteoblast differentiation. In Dchs1/Fat4 mutants, proliferation of osteoprogenitors is increased and osteoblast differentiation is delayed. We show that loss of Dchs1-Fat4 signalling is linked to increased Yap-Tead activity and that Yap is expressed and required for proliferation in osteoprogenitors. In contrast, Taz is expressed in more-committed Runx2-expressing osteoblasts, Taz does not regulate osteoblast proliferation and Taz-Tead activity is unaffected in Dchs1/Fat4 mutants. Finally, we show that Yap and Taz differentially regulate the transcriptional activity of Runx2, and that the activity of Yap-Runx2 and Taz-Runx2 complexes is altered in Dchs1/Fat4 mutant osteoblasts. In conclusion, these data identify Dchs1-Fat4 as a signalling pathway in osteoblast differentiation, reveal its crucial role within the early Runx2 progenitors, and identify distinct requirements for Yap and Taz during osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Crespo-Enriquez
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tina Hodgson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sana Zakaria
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Erika Cadoni
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mittal Shah
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Stephen Allen
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Ayman Al-Khishali
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yaopan Mao
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Angela Yiu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jonna Petzold
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Guillermo Villagomez-Olea
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Floor 27, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Khadilkar RJ, Tanentzapf G. Septate junction components control Drosophila hematopoiesis through the Hippo pathway. Development 2019; 146:dev.166819. [PMID: 30890573 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis requires coordinated cell signals to control the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. In Drosophila, blood progenitors, called prohemocytes, which are located in a hematopoietic organ called the lymph gland, are regulated by the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway. In epithelial cells, the Hippo pathway integrates diverse biological inputs, such as cell polarity and cell-cell contacts, but Drosophila blood cells lack the conspicuous polarity of epithelial cells. Here, we show that the septate-junction components Cora and NrxIV promote Hippo signaling in the lymph gland. Depletion of septate-junction components in hemocytes produces similar phenotypes to those observed in Hippo pathway mutants, including increased differentiation of immune cells. Our analysis places septate-junction components as upstream regulators of the Hippo pathway where they recruit Merlin to the membrane. Finally, we show that interactions of septate-junction components with the Hippo pathway are a key functional component of the cellular immune response following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Khadilkar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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35
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Early girl is a novel component of the Fat signaling pathway. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007955. [PMID: 30699121 PMCID: PMC6370246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila protocadherins Dachsous and Fat regulate growth and tissue polarity by modulating the levels, membrane localization and polarity of the atypical myosin Dachs. Localization to the apical junctional membrane is critical for Dachs function, and the adapter protein Vamana/Dlish and palmitoyl transferase Approximated are required for Dachs membrane localization. However, how Dachs levels are regulated is poorly understood. Here we identify the early girl gene as playing an essential role in Fat signaling by limiting the levels of Dachs protein. early girl mutants display overgrowth of the wings and reduced cross vein spacing, hallmark features of mutations affecting Fat signaling. Genetic experiments reveal that it functions in parallel with Fat to regulate Dachs. early girl encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, physically interacts with Dachs, and regulates its protein stability. Concomitant loss of early girl and approximated results in accumulation of Dachs and Vamana in cytoplasmic punctae, suggesting that it also regulates their trafficking to the apical membrane. Our findings establish a crucial role for early girl in Fat signaling, involving regulation of Dachs and Vamana, two key downstream effectors of this pathway. During development, organs grow to achieve a consistent final size. The evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling network plays a central role in organ size control, and when dysregulated can be associated with cancer and other diseases. Fat signaling is one of several upstream pathways that impinge on Hippo signaling to regulate organ growth. We describe here identification of the Drosophila early girl gene as a new component of the Fat signaling pathway. We show that Early girl controls Fat signaling by regulating the levels of the Dachs protein. However Early girl differs from other Fat signaling regulators in that it doesn’t influence planar cell polarity or control the polarity of Dachs localization. early girl encodes a conserved protein that is predicted to influence protein stability, and it can physically associate with Dachs. We also discovered that Early girl acts together with another protein, called Approximated, to regulate the sub-cellular localization of Dachs and a Dachs-interacting protein called Vamana. Altogether, our observations establish Early girl as an essential component of Fat signaling that acts to regulate the levels and localization of Dachs and Vamana.
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36
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Polarized microtubule dynamics directs cell mechanics and coordinates forces during epithelial morphogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1126-1133. [PMID: 30202051 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated rearrangements of cytoskeletal structures are the principal source of forces that govern cell and tissue morphogenesis1,2. However, unlike for actin-based mechanical forces, our knowledge about the contribution of forces originating from other cytoskeletal components remains scarce. Here, we establish microtubules as central components of cell mechanics during tissue morphogenesis. We find that individual cells are mechanically autonomous during early Drosophila wing epithelium development. Each cell contains a polarized apical non-centrosomal microtubule cytoskeleton that bears compressive forces, whereby acute elimination of microtubule-based forces leads to cell shortening. We further establish that the Fat planar cell polarity (Ft-PCP) signalling pathway3,4 couples microtubules at adherens junctions (AJs) and patterns microtubule-based forces across a tissue via polarized transcellular stability, thus revealing a molecular mechanism bridging single cell and tissue mechanics. Together, these results provide a physical basis to explain how global patterning of microtubules controls cell mechanics to coordinate collective cell behaviour during tissue remodelling. These results also offer alternative paradigms towards the interplay of contractile and protrusive cytoskeletal forces at the single cell and tissue levels.
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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38
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Adachi H, Matsuda K, Niimi T, Inoue Y, Kondo S, Gotoh H. Anisotropy of cell division and epithelial sheet bending via apical constriction shape the complex folding pattern of beetle horn primordia. Mech Dev 2018; 152:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gou J, Lin L, Othmer HG. A Model for the Hippo Pathway in the Drosophila Wing Disc. Biophys J 2018; 115:737-747. [PMID: 30041810 PMCID: PMC6103738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made toward understanding morphogen-mediated patterning in development, control of the size and shape of tissues via local and global signaling is poorly understood. In particular, little is known about how cell-cell interactions are involved in the control of tissue size. The Hippo pathway in the Drosophila wing disc involves cell-cell interactions via cadherins, which lead to modulation of Yorkie, a cotranscriptional factor that affects control of the cell cycle and growth, and studies involving over- and underexpression of components of this pathway reveal conditions that lead to tissue over- or undergrowth. Here, we develop a mathematical model of the Hippo pathway that can qualitatively explain these observations, made in both whole-disc mutants and mutant-clone experiments. We find that a number of nonintuitive experimental results can be explained by subtle changes in the balances between inputs to the Hippo pathway and suggest some predictions that can be tested experimentally. We also show that certain components of the pathway are polarized at the single-cell level, which replicates observations of planar cell polarity. Because the signal transduction and growth control pathways are highly conserved between Drosophila and mammalian systems, the model we formulate can be used as a framework to guide future experimental work on the Hippo pathway in both Drosophila and mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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40
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Gao B, Ajima R, Yang W, Li C, Song H, Anderson MJ, Liu RR, Lewandoski MB, Yamaguchi TP, Yang Y. Coordinated directional outgrowth and pattern formation by integration of Wnt5a and Fgf signaling in planar cell polarity. Development 2018; 145:dev.163824. [PMID: 29615464 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis of a complex organism requires proper regulation of patterning and directional growth. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is emerging as a crucial evolutionarily conserved mechanism whereby directional information is conveyed. PCP is thought to be established by global cues, and recent studies have revealed an instructive role of a Wnt signaling gradient in epithelial tissues of both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, it remains unclear whether Wnt/PCP signaling is regulated in a coordinated manner with embryonic patterning during morphogenesis. Here, in mouse developing limbs, we find that apical ectoderm ridge-derived Fgfs required for limb patterning regulate PCP along the proximal-distal axis in a Wnt5a-dependent manner. We demonstrate with genetic evidence that the Wnt5a gradient acts as a global cue that is instructive in establishing PCP in the limb mesenchyme, and that Wnt5a also plays a permissive role to allow Fgf signaling to orient PCP. Our results indicate that limb morphogenesis is regulated by coordination of directional growth and patterning through integration of Wnt5a and Fgf signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China .,Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rieko Ajima
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Hai Song
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert R Liu
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark B Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA .,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Abstract
To create an intricately patterned and reproducibly sized and shaped organ, many cellular processes must be tightly regulated. Cell elongation, migration, metabolism, proliferation rates, cell-cell adhesion, planar polarization and junctional contractions all must be coordinated in time and space. Remarkably, a pair of extremely large cell adhesion molecules called Fat (Ft) and Dachsous (Ds), acting largely as a ligand-receptor system, regulate, and likely coordinate, these many diverse processes. Here we describe recent exciting progress on how the Ds-Ft pathway controls these diverse processes, and highlight a few of the many questions remaining as to how these enormous cell adhesion molecules regulate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Blair
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada.
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42
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Tsuji T, Nakamura R, Katsuno T, Kishimoto Y, Suehiro A, Yamashita M, Uozumi R, Nakamura T, Tateya I, Omori K. Long-term preservation of planar cell polarity in reversed tracheal epithelium. Respir Res 2018; 19:22. [PMID: 29394896 PMCID: PMC5797350 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Planar cell polarity (PCP) coordinates the patterning and orientation of cells and their structures along tissue planes, and although its acquisition during the formation of airway epithelium has been described, the mechanisms for its maintenance and reconstruction are poorly understood. We aimed to clarify whether ambient environment change by orthotropic autologous transplantation affected PCP at the cellular level. Methods We performed orthotropic autologous transplantation by inverting tracheal segments in rats, and then performed morphological evaluation by microscopy. The PCP of the tracheal epithelium was assessed over time by analyzing the directions of mucociliary transport and ciliary beat, the positional relationship between the basal body and basal foot, and the bias of Vang-like protein 1 (Vangl1) at 2, 4, and 6 months postoperatively. Results After 2 months, the directions of mucociliary transport and ciliary beat were preserved toward the lung in the inverted tracheal segments. The positional relationship between the basal body and the basal foot, and the bias of Vangl1, also indicated preservation of PCP in the inverted tracheal segments. Similar results were obtained at 6 months. Conclusion The PCP of ciliated epithelium was preserved in reversed trachea, even after long-term observation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0726-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tsuji
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suehiro
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masaru Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryuji Uozumi
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Nakamura
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tateya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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43
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Hust J, Lavine MD, Worthington AM, Zinna R, Gotoh H, Niimi T, Lavine L. The Fat-Dachsous signaling pathway regulates growth of horns in Trypoxylus dichotomus, but does not affect horn allometry. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 105:85-94. [PMID: 29366850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Males of the Asian rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus, possess exaggerated head and thoracic horns that scale dramatically out of proportion to body size. While studies of insulin signaling suggest that this pathway regulates nutrition-dependent growth including exaggerated horns, what regulates disproportionate growth has yet to be identified. The Fat signaling pathway is a potential candidate for regulating disproportionate growth of sexually-selected traits, a hypothesis we advanced in a previous paper (Gotoh et al., 2015). To investigate the role of Fat signaling in the growth and scaling of the sexually dimorphic, condition-dependent traits of the in the Asian rhinoceros beetle T. dichotomus, we used RNA interference to knock down expression of fat and its co-receptor dachsous. Knockdown of fat, and to a lesser degree dachsous, caused shortening and widening of appendages, including the head and thoracic horns. However, scaling of horns to body size was not affected. Our results show that Fat signaling regulates horn growth in T. dichotomus as it does in appendage growth in other insects. However, we provide evidence that Fat signaling does not mediate the disproportionate, positive allometric growth of horns in T. dichotomus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hust
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Mark D Lavine
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Amy M Worthington
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Robert Zinna
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Lab of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - T Niimi
- Lab of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Laura Lavine
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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Apodaca G. Role of Polarity Proteins in the Generation and Organization of Apical Surface Protrusions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a027813. [PMID: 28264821 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protruding from the apical surfaces of epithelial cells are specialized structures, including cilia, microplicae, microvilli, and stereocilia. These contribute to epithelial function by cushioning the apical surface, by amplifying its surface area to facilitate nutrient absorption, and by promoting sensory transduction and barrier function. Despite these important roles, and the diseases that result when their formation is perturbed, there remain significant gaps in our understanding of the biogenesis of apical protrusions, or the pathways that promote their organization and orientation once at the apical surface. Here, I review some general aspects of these apical structures, and then discuss our current understanding of their formation and organization with respect to proteins that specify apicobasolateral polarity and planar cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division and the Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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45
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Humphries AC, Mlodzik M. From instruction to output: Wnt/PCP signaling in development and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 51:110-116. [PMID: 29289896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) provides positional information to direct tissue patterning and morphogenesis. While much of the molecular detail of the pathway has been delineated in Drosophila, ensuing studies have shown considerable conservation of both the components and mechanisms of signaling in vertebrates. A recognized feature of PCP is the asymmetric localization of components that translates a global directional cue into a polarized downstream output. Here we discuss recent advances in the PCP field, from the organization of these asymmetric complexes to their upstream directional regulation by Wnt ligands. We also discuss the impact of Wnt/PCP signaling in disease and more specifically an emerging role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ceinwen Humphries
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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46
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Dobens LL, Shipman A, Axelrod JD. FijiWingsPolarity: An open source toolkit for semi-automated detection of cell polarity. Fly (Austin) 2017; 12:23-33. [PMID: 29189094 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2017.1409927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are defined by apical-basal and planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, the latter of which establishes an orthogonal plane of polarity in the epithelial sheet. PCP signaling is required for normal cell migration, differentiation, stem cell generation and tissue repair, and defects in PCP have been associated with developmental abnormalities, neuropathologies and cancers. While the molecular mechanism of PCP is incompletely understood, the deepest insights have come from Drosophila, where PCP is manifest in hairs and bristles across the adult cuticle and organization of the ommatidia in the eye. Fly wing cells are marked by actin-rich trichome structures produced at the distal edge of each cell in the developing wing epithelium and in a mature wing the trichomes orient collectively in the distal direction. Genetic screens have identified key PCP signaling pathway components that disrupt trichome orientation, which has been measured manually in a tedious and error prone process. Here we describe a set of image processing and pattern-recognition macros that can quantify trichome arrangements in micrographs and mark these directly by color, arrow or colored arrow to indicate trichome location, length and orientation. Nearest neighbor calculations are made to exploit local differences in orientation to better and more reliably detect and highlight local defects in trichome polarity. We demonstrate the use of these tools on trichomes in adult wing preps and on actin-rich developing trichomes in pupal wing epithelia stained with phalloidin. FijiWingsPolarity is freely available and will be of interest to a broad community of fly geneticists studying the effect of gene function on PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard L Dobens
- a Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences , University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Anna Shipman
- a Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences , University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- b Department of Pathology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
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47
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Nakama AB, Chou HC, Schneider SQ. The asymmetric cell division machinery in the spiral-cleaving egg and embryo of the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:16. [PMID: 29228898 PMCID: PMC5725810 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over one third of all animal phyla utilize a mode of early embryogenesis called 'spiral cleavage' to divide the fertilized egg into embryonic cells with different cell fates. This mode is characterized by a series of invariant, stereotypic, asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) that generates cells of different size and defined position within the early embryo. Astonishingly, very little is known about the underlying molecular machinery to orchestrate these ACDs in spiral-cleaving embryos. Here we identify, for the first time, cohorts of factors that may contribute to early embryonic ACDs in a spiralian embryo. RESULTS To do so we analyzed stage-specific transcriptome data in eggs and early embryos of the spiralian annelid Platynereis dumerilii for the expression of over 50 candidate genes that are involved in (1) establishing cortical domains such as the partitioning defective (par) genes, (2) directing spindle orientation, (3) conveying polarity cues including crumbs and scribble, and (4) maintaining cell-cell adhesion between embryonic cells. In general, each of these cohorts of genes are co-expressed exhibiting high levels of transcripts in the oocyte and fertilized single-celled embryo, with progressively lower levels at later stages. Interestingly, a small number of key factors within each ACD module show different expression profiles with increased early zygotic expression suggesting distinct regulatory functions. In addition, our analysis discovered several highly co-expressed genes that have been associated with specialized neural cell-cell recognition functions in the nervous system. The high maternal contribution of these 'neural' adhesion complexes indicates novel general adhesion functions during early embryogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Spiralian embryos are champions of ACD generating embryonic cells of different size with astonishing accuracy. Our results suggest that the molecular machinery for ACD is already stored as maternal transcripts in the oocyte. Thus, the spiralian egg can be viewed as a totipotent yet highly specialized cell that evolved to execute fast and precise ACDs during spiral cleaving stages. Our survey identifies cohorts of factors in P. dumerilii that are candidates for these molecular mechanisms and their regulation, and sets the stage for a functional dissection of ACD in a spiral-cleaving embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron B. Nakama
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 503 Science Hall II, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Hsien-Chao Chou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 503 Science Hall II, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- current address: Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Stephan Q. Schneider
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 503 Science Hall II, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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48
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Yang W, Garrett L, Feng D, Elliott G, Liu X, Wang N, Wong YM, Choi NT, Yang Y, Gao B. Wnt-induced Vangl2 phosphorylation is dose-dependently required for planar cell polarity in mammalian development. Cell Res 2017; 27:1466-1484. [PMID: 29056748 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is an evolutionarily conserved essential mechanism that provides directional information to control and coordinate polarized cellular and tissue behavior during embryonic development. Disruption of PCP leads to severe morphological defects in vertebrates and its dysregulation results in a variety of human diseases such as neural tube defects and skeletal dysplasia. PCP is governed by a set of highly conserved core proteins that are asymmetrically localized at the cell surface throughout the polarized tissues. The uniform directionality of PCP is established by global cues, such as Wg/Wnt signaling gradients that break the original symmetrical localization of core PCP proteins including Vang/Vangl and Fz/Fzd. However, the exact mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we found that Vangl2 phosphorylation, which was previously identified to be induced by Wnt5a signaling, is required for Vangl2 functions in mammalian PCP in multiple tissues. The in vivo activities of Vangl2 are determined by its phosphorylation level. Phospho-mutant Vangl2 exhibits dominant negative effects, whereas Vangl2 with reduced phosphorylation is hypomorphic. We show that Vangl2 phosphorylation is essential for its uniform polarization pattern. Moreover, serine/threonine kinases CK1ɛ and CK1δ are redundantly required for Wnt5a-induced Vangl2 phosphorylation. Dvl family members are also required for Wnt5a-induced Vangl2 phosphorylation by enhancing the interaction of CK1 and Vangl2. These findings demonstrate that induction of Vangl protein phosphorylation plays an essential role in transducing Wnt5a signaling to establish PCP in mammalian development, suggesting a phosphorylation-regulated "Vangl activity gradient" model in addition to the well-documented "Fz activity gradient" model in Wnt/PCP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lisa Garrett
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Di Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gene Elliott
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xilin Liu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Ni Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Ming Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nga Ting Choi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth & HKU-SUSTEC Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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49
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Kunimoto K, Bayly RD, Vladar EK, Vonderfecht T, Gallagher AR, Axelrod JD. Disruption of Core Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Regulates Renal Tubule Morphogenesis but Is Not Cystogenic. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3120-3131.e4. [PMID: 29033332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oriented cell division (OCD) and convergent extension (CE) shape developing renal tubules, and their disruption has been associated with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) genes, the majority of which encode proteins that localize to primary cilia. Core planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling controls OCD and CE in other contexts, leading to the hypothesis that disruption of PCP signaling interferes with CE and/or OCD to produce PKD. Nonetheless, the contribution of PCP to tubulogenesis and cystogenesis is uncertain, and two major questions remain unanswered. Specifically, the inference that mutation of PKD genes interferes with PCP signaling is untested, and the importance of PCP signaling for cystogenic PKD phenotypes has not been examined. We show that, during proliferative stages, PCP signaling polarizes renal tubules to control OCD. However, we find that, contrary to the prevailing model, PKD mutations do not disrupt PCP signaling but instead act independently and in parallel with PCP signaling to affect OCD. Indeed, PCP signaling that is normally downregulated once development is completed is retained in cystic adult kidneys. Disrupting PCP signaling results in inaccurate control of tubule diameter, a tightly regulated parameter with important physiological ramifications. However, we show that disruption of PCP signaling is not cystogenic. Our results suggest that regulating tubule diameter is a key function of PCP signaling but that loss of this control does not induce cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Kunimoto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roy D Bayly
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyson Vonderfecht
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anna-Rachel Gallagher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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50
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Chen H, Mruk DD, Lui WY, Wong CKC, Lee WM, Cheng CY. Cell polarity and planar cell polarity (PCP) in spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:71-77. [PMID: 28923514 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammalian testes, spermatids, most notably step 17-19 spermatids in stage IV-VIII tubules, are aligned with their heads pointing toward the basement membrane and their tails toward the tubule lumen. On the other hand, these polarized spermatids also align across the plane of seminiferous epithelium, mimicking planar cell polarity (PCP) found in other hair cells in cochlea (inner ear). This orderly alignment of developing spermatids during spermiogenesis is important to support spermatogenesis, such that the maximal number of developing spermatids can be packed and supported by a fixed population of differentiated Sertoli cells in the limited space of the seminiferous epithelium in adult testes. In this review, we provide emerging evidence to demonstrate spermatid PCP in the seminiferous epithelium to support spermatogenesis. We also review findings in the field regarding the biology of spermatid cellular polarity (e.g., head-tail polarity and apico-basal polarity) and its inter-relationship to spermatid PCP. Furthermore, we also provide a hypothetical concept on the importance of PCP proteins in endocytic vesicle-mediated protein trafficking events to support spermatogenesis through protein endocytosis and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Chen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Dolores D Mruk
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Wing-Yee Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Will M Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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