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Tang W, Yu Y, Xu T. The interplay between extracellular and intercellular auxin signaling in plants. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00162-0. [PMID: 38969259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin exerts control over remarkable developmental processes in plants. It moves from cell to cell, resulting in the creation of both extracellular auxin and intracellular auxin, which are recognized by distinct auxin receptors. These two auxin signaling systems govern different auxin responses while working together to regulate plant development. In this review, we outline the latest research advancements in unraveling these auxin signaling pathways, encompassing auxin perception and signaling transductions. We emphasize the interaction between extracellular auxin and intercellular auxin, which contributes to the intricate role of auxin in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Tang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Wang N, Lan J, Pan Y, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Chen X, Feng X, Qin G. Arabidopsis transcription factor TCP4 controls the identity of the apical gynoecium. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2668-2688. [PMID: 38581433 PMCID: PMC11218827 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The style and stigma at the apical gynoecium are crucial for flowering plant reproduction. However, the mechanisms underlying specification of the apical gynoecium remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Class II TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) transcription factors are critical for apical gynoecium specification in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The septuple tcp2 tcp3 tcp4 tcp5 tcp10 tcp13 tcp17 (tcpSEP) and duodecuple tcp2 tcp3 tcp4 tcp5 tcp10 tcp13 tcp17 tcp24 tcp1 tcp12 tcp18 tcp16 (tcpDUO) mutants produce narrower and longer styles, while disruption of TCPs and CRABS CLAW (CRC) or NGATHAs (NGAs) in tcpDUO crc or tcpDUO nga1 nga2 nga4 causes the apical gynoecium to be replaced by lamellar structures with indeterminate growth. TCPs are predominantly expressed in the apex of the gynoecium. TCP4 interacts with CRC to synergistically upregulate the expression level of NGAs, and NGAs further form high-order complexes to control the expression of auxin-related genes in the apical gynoecium by directly interacting with TCP4. Our findings demonstrate that TCP4 physically associates with CRC and NGAs to control auxin biosynthesis in forming fine structures of the apical gynoecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingqiu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yige Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yidan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Zhejiang Lab, Research Institute of Intelligent Computing, Hangzhou 310012, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, National Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Genji Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
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Liu L, Gong Y, Yahaya BS, Chen Y, Shi D, Liu F, Gou J, Zhou Z, Lu Y, Wu F. Maize auxin response factor ZmARF1 confers multiple abiotic stresses resistances in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:75. [PMID: 38878261 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to abiotic stresses causes oxidative stress, which affects plant development and survival. In this research, the overexpression of ZmARF1 improved tolerance to low Pi, drought and salinity stresses. The transgenic plants manifested tolerance to low Pi by their superior root phenotypic traits: root length, root tips, root surface area, and root volume, compared to wide-type (WT) plants. Moreover, the transgenic plants exhibited higher root and leaf Pi content and upregulated the high affinity Pi transporters PHT1;2 and phosphorus starvation inducing (PSI) genes PHO2 and PHR1 under low Pi conditions. Transgenic Arabidopsis displayed tolerance to drought and salt stress by maintaining higher chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence, lower water loss rates, and ion leakage, which contributed to the survival of overexpression lines compared to the WT. Transcriptome profiling identified a peroxidase gene, POX, whose transcript was upregulated by these abiotic stresses. Furthermore, we confirmed that ZmARF1 bound to the auxin response element (AuxRE) in the promoter of POX and enhanced its transcription to mediate tolerance to oxidative stress imposed by low Pi, drought and salt stress in the transgenic seedlings. These results demonstrate that ZmARF1 has significant potential for improving the tolerance of crops to multiple abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Gong
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baba Salifu Yahaya
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yushu Chen
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dengke Shi
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junlin Gou
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhanmei Zhou
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Fengkai Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Liu L, Yahaya BS, Li J, Wu F. Enigmatic role of auxin response factors in plant growth and stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1398818. [PMID: 38903418 PMCID: PMC11188990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1398818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses globally constrain plant growth and impede the optimization of crop productivity. The phytohormone auxin is involved in nearly every aspect of plant development. Auxin acts as a chemical messenger that influences gene expression through a short nuclear pathway, mediated by a family of specific DNA-binding transcription factors known as Auxin Response Factors (ARFs). ARFs thus act as effectors of auxin response and translate chemical signals into the regulation of auxin responsive genes. Since the initial discovery of the first ARF in Arabidopsis, advancements in genetics, biochemistry, genomics, and structural biology have facilitated the development of models elucidating ARF action and their contributions to generating specific auxin responses. Yet, significant gaps persist in our understanding of ARF transcription factors despite these endeavors. Unraveling the functional roles of ARFs in regulating stress response, alongside elucidating their genetic and molecular mechanisms, is still in its nascent phase. Here, we review recent research outcomes on ARFs, detailing their involvement in regulating leaf, flower, and root organogenesis and development, as well as stress responses and their corresponding regulatory mechanisms: including gene expression patterns, functional characterization, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post- translational regulation across diverse stress conditions. Furthermore, we delineate unresolved questions and forthcoming challenges in ARF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Baba Salifu Yahaya
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengkai Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
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5
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Wang JL, Wang M, Zhang L, Li YX, Li JJ, Li YY, Pu ZX, Li DY, Liu XN, Guo W, Di DW, Li XF, Guo GQ, Wu L. WAV E3 ubiquitin ligases mediate degradation of IAA32/34 in the TMK1-mediated auxin signaling pathway during apical hook development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314353121. [PMID: 38635634 PMCID: PMC11047095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314353121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Auxin regulates plant growth and development through downstream signaling pathways, including the best-known SCFTIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA-ARF pathway and several other less characterized "noncanonical" pathways. Recently, one SCFTIR1/AFB-independent noncanonical pathway, mediated by Transmembrane Kinase 1 (TMK1), was discovered through the analyses of its functions in Arabidopsis apical hook development. Asymmetric accumulation of auxin on the concave side of the apical hook triggers DAR1-catalyzed release of the C-terminal of TMK1, which migrates into the nucleus, where it phosphorylates and stabilizes IAA32/34 to inhibit cell elongation, which is essential for full apical hook formation. However, the molecular factors mediating IAA32/34 degradation have not been identified. Here, we show that proteins in the CYTOKININ INDUCED ROOT WAVING 1 (CKRW1)/WAVY GROWTH 3 (WAV3) subfamily act as E3 ubiquitin ligases to target IAA32/34 for ubiquitination and degradation, which is inhibited by TMK1c-mediated phosphorylation. This antagonistic interaction between TMK1c and CKRW1/WAV3 subfamily E3 ubiquitin ligases regulates IAA32/34 levels to control differential cell elongation along opposite sides of the apical hook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Xia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Xian Pu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan-Yang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Nan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Wei Di
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Qin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Scacchi E, Paszkiewicz G, Thi Nguyen K, Meda S, Burian A, de Back W, Timmermans MCP. A diffusible small-RNA-based Turing system dynamically coordinates organ polarity. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:412-422. [PMID: 38409292 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The formation of a flat and thin leaf presents a developmentally challenging problem, requiring intricate regulation of adaxial-abaxial (top-bottom) polarity. The patterning principles controlling the spatial arrangement of these domains during organ growth have remained unclear. Here we show that this regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana is achieved by an organ-autonomous Turing reaction-diffusion system centred on mobile small RNAs. The data illustrate how Turing dynamics transiently instructed by prepatterned information is sufficient to self-sustain properly oriented polarity in a dynamic, growing organ, presenting intriguing parallels to left-right patterning in the vertebrate embryo. Computational modelling demonstrates that this self-organizing system continuously adapts to coordinate the robust planar polarity of a flat leaf while affording flexibility to generate the tissue patterns of evolutionarily diverse organ shapes. Our findings identify a small-RNA-based Turing network as a dynamic regulator of organ polarity that accounts for leaf shape diversity at the level of the individual organ, plant or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Scacchi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gael Paszkiewicz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Khoa Thi Nguyen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shreyas Meda
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Agata Burian
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Walter de Back
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Jiang Y, Curran-French S, Koh SWH, Jamil I, Gu B, Argirò L, Lopez SG, Martins C, Saalbach G, Moubayidin L. O-glycosylation of the transcription factor SPATULA promotes style development in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:283-299. [PMID: 38278950 PMCID: PMC10881398 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and O-fucose are two sugar-based post-translational modifications whose mechanistic role in plant signalling and transcriptional regulation is still largely unknown. Here we investigated how two O-glycosyltransferase enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana, SPINDLY (SPY) and SECRET AGENT (SEC), promote the activity of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) during morphogenesis of the plant female reproductive organ apex, the style. SPY and SEC modify amino-terminal residues of SPT in vivo and in vitro by attaching O-fucose and O-GlcNAc, respectively. This post-translational regulation does not impact SPT homo- and heterodimerization events, although it enhances the affinity of SPT for the kinase PINOID gene locus and its transcriptional repression. Our findings offer a mechanistic example of the effect of O-GlcNAc and O-fucose on the activity of a plant transcription factor and reveal previously unrecognized roles for SEC and SPY in orchestrating style elongation and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Jiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Samuel W H Koh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Iqra Jamil
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Benguo Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Luca Argirò
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Sergio G Lopez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Carlo Martins
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Gerhard Saalbach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Laila Moubayidin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.
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Xu S, He X, Trinh DC, Zhang X, Wu X, Qiu D, Zhou M, Xiang D, Roeder AHK, Hamant O, Hong L. A 3-component module maintains sepal flatness in Arabidopsis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.06.570430. [PMID: 38106021 PMCID: PMC10723459 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
As in origami, morphogenesis in living systems heavily relies on tissue curving and folding, through the interplay between biochemical and biomechanical cues. In contrast, certain organs maintain their flat posture over several days. Here we identified a pathway, which is required for the maintenance of organ flatness, taking the sepal, the outermost floral organ, in Arabidopsis as a model system. Through genetic, cellular and mechanical approaches, our results demonstrate that global gene expression regulator VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 4 (VIP4) fine-tunes the mechanical properties of sepal cell walls and maintains balanced growth on both sides of the sepals, mainly by orchestrating the distribution pattern of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 3 (ARF3). vip4 mutation results in softer cell walls and faster cell growth on the adaxial sepal side, which eventually cause sepals to bend outward. Downstream of VIP4, ARF3 works through modulating auxin signaling to down-regulate pectin methylesterase VANGUARD1, resulting in decreased cell wall stiffness. Our work unravels a 3-component module, which relates hormonal patterns to organ curvature, and actively maintains sepal flatness during its growth.
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9
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Yadav S, Kumar H, Mahajan M, Sahu SK, Singh SK, Yadav RK. Local auxin biosynthesis promotes shoot patterning and stem cell differentiation in Arabidopsis shoot apex. Development 2023; 150:dev202014. [PMID: 38054970 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of higher plants comprises distinct functional zones. The central zone (CZ) is located at the meristem summit and harbors pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells undergo cell division within the CZ and give rise to descendants, which enter the peripheral zone (PZ) and become recruited into lateral organs. Stem cell daughters that are pushed underneath the CZ form rib meristem (RM). To unravel the mechanism of meristem development, it is essential to know how stem cells adopt distinct cell fates in the SAM. Here, we show that meristem patterning and floral organ primordia formation, besides auxin transport, are regulated by auxin biosynthesis mediated by two closely related genes of the TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE family. In Arabidopsis SAM, TAA1 and TAR2 played a role in maintaining auxin responses and the identity of PZ cell types. In the absence of auxin biosynthesis and transport, the expression pattern of the marker genes linked to the patterning of the SAM is perturbed. Our results prove that local auxin biosynthesis, in concert with transport, controls the patterning of the SAM into the CZ, PZ and RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Monika Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sangram Keshari Sahu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sharad Kumar Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ram Kishor Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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10
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Lomin SN, Kolachevskaya OO, Arkhipov DV, Romanov GA. Canonical and Alternative Auxin Signaling Systems in Mono-, Di-, and Tetraploid Potatoes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11408. [PMID: 37511169 PMCID: PMC10380454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that the phytohormone auxin plays a promoting role in tuber formation and stress tolerance in potatoes. Our study aimed to identify and characterize the complete sets of auxin-related genes that presumably constitute the entire auxin signaling system in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The corresponding genes were retrieved from sequenced genomes of the doubled monoploid S. tuberosum DM1-3-516-R44 (DM) of the Phureja group, the heterozygous diploid line RH89-039-16 (RH), and the autotetraploid cultivar Otava. Both canonical and noncanonical auxin signaling pathways were considered. Phylogenetic and domain analyses of deduced proteins were supplemented by expression profiling and 3D molecular modeling. The canonical and ABP1-mediated pathways of auxin signaling appeared to be well conserved. The total number of potato genes/proteins presumably involved in canonical auxin signaling is 46 and 108 in monoploid DM and tetraploid Otava, respectively. Among the studied potatoes, spectra of expressed genes obviously associated with auxin signaling were partly cultivar-specific and quite different from analogous spectrum in Arabidopsis. Most of the noncanonical pathways found in Arabidopsis appeared to have low probability in potato. This was equally true for all cultivars used irrespective of their ploidy. Thus, some important features of the (noncanonical) auxin signaling pathways may be variable and species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Lomin
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana O Kolachevskaya
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Arkhipov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy A Romanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Dubey SM, Han S, Stutzman N, Prigge MJ, Medvecká E, Platre MP, Busch W, Fendrych M, Estelle M. The AFB1 auxin receptor controls the cytoplasmic auxin response pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1120-1130. [PMID: 37391902 PMCID: PMC10720607 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin triggers root growth inhibition within seconds via a non-transcriptional pathway. Among members of the TIR1/AFB auxin receptor family, AFB1 has a primary role in this rapid response. However, the unique features that confer this specific function have not been identified. Here we show that the N-terminal region of AFB1, including the F-box domain and residues that contribute to auxin binding, is essential and sufficient for its specific role in the rapid response. Substitution of the N-terminal region of AFB1 with that of TIR1 disrupts its distinct cytoplasm-enriched localization and activity in rapid root growth inhibition by auxin. Importantly, the N-terminal region of AFB1 is indispensable for auxin-triggered calcium influx, which is a prerequisite for rapid root growth inhibition. Furthermore, AFB1 negatively regulates lateral root formation and transcription of auxin-induced genes, suggesting that it plays an inhibitory role in canonical auxin signaling. These results suggest that AFB1 may buffer the transcriptional auxin response, whereas it regulates rapid changes in cell growth that contribute to root gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Soeun Han
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Stutzman
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Prigge
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eva Medvecká
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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12
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Ang ACH, Østergaard L. Save your TIRs - more to auxin than meets the eye. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:971-976. [PMID: 36721296 PMCID: PMC10952682 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin has long been known as an important regulator of plant growth and development. Classical studies in auxin biology have uncovered a 'canonical' transcriptional auxin-signalling pathway involving the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) receptors. TIR1/AFB perception of auxin triggers the degradation of repressors and the derepression of auxin-responsive genes. Nevertheless, the canonical pathway cannot account for all aspects of auxin biology, such as physiological responses that are too rapid for transcriptional regulation. This Tansley insight will explore several 'non-canonical' pathways that have been described in recent years mediating fast auxin responses. We focus on the interplay between a nontranscriptional branch of TIR1/AFB signalling and a TRANSMEMBRANE KINASE1 (TMK1)-mediated pathway in root acid growth. Other developmental aspects involving the TMKs and their association with the controversial AUXIN-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) will be discussed. Finally, we provide an updated overview of the ETTIN (ETT)-mediated pathway in contexts outside of gynoecium development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Østergaard
- John Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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13
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Caumon H, Vernoux T. A matter of time: auxin signaling dynamics and the regulation of auxin responses during plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad132. [PMID: 37042516 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As auxin is a major regulator of plant development, studying the signaling mechanisms by which auxin influences cellular activities is of primary importance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the different modalities of signaling, from the well-characterized canonical nuclear auxin pathway, to the more recently discovered or re-discovered non-canonical modes of auxin signaling. In particular, we discuss how both the modularity of the nuclear auxin pathway and the dynamic regulation of its core components allow to trigger specific transcriptomic responses. We highlight the fact that the diversity of modes of auxin signaling allows for a wide range of timescales of auxin responses, from second-scale cytoplasmic responses to minute/hour-scale modifications of gene expression. Finally, we question the extent to which the temporality of auxin signaling and responses contributes to development in both the shoot and the root meristems. We conclude by stressing the fact that future investigations should allow to build an integrative view not only of the spatial control, but also of the temporality of auxin-mediated regulation of plant development, from the cell to the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Caumon
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
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14
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Fu Y, Zhang H, Ma Y, Li C, Zhang K, Liu X. A model worker: Multifaceted modulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 orchestrates plant reproductive phases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1123059. [PMID: 36923132 PMCID: PMC10009171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1123059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The key phytohormone auxin is involved in practically every aspect of plant growth and development. Auxin regulates these processes by controlling gene expression through functionally distinct AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs). As a noncanonical ARF, ARF3/ETTIN (ETT) mediates auxin responses to orchestrate multiple developmental processes during the reproductive phase. The arf3 mutation has pleiotropic effects on reproductive development, causing abnormalities in meristem homeostasis, floral determinacy, phyllotaxy, floral organ patterning, gynoecium morphogenesis, ovule development, and self-incompatibility. The importance of ARF3 is also reflected in its precise regulation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and epigenetic levels. Recent studies have shown that ARF3 controls dynamic shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance in a non-cell autonomous manner. Here, we summarize the hierarchical regulatory mechanisms by which ARF3 is regulated and the diverse roles of ARF3 regulating developmental processes during the reproductive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunze Fu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuru Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cundong Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xigang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, China
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15
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Herrera-Ubaldo H, Campos SE, López-Gómez P, Luna-García V, Zúñiga-Mayo VM, Armas-Caballero GE, González-Aguilera KL, DeLuna A, Marsch-Martínez N, Espinosa-Soto C, de Folter S. The protein-protein interaction landscape of transcription factors during gynoecium development in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:260-278. [PMID: 36088536 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are composed of organs whose identity is defined by the combinatorial activity of transcription factors (TFs). The interactions between MADS-box TFs and protein complex formation have been schematized in the floral quartet model of flower development. The gynoecium is the flower's female reproductive part, crucial for fruit and seed production and, hence, for reproductive success. After the establishment of carpel identity, many tissues arise to form a mature gynoecium. TFs have been described as regulators of gynoecium development, and some interactions and complexes have been identified. However, broad knowledge about the interactions among these TFs and their participation during development remains scarce. In this study, we used a systems biology approach to understand the formation of a complex reproductive unit-as the gynoecium-by mapping binary interactions between well-characterized TFs. We analyzed almost 4500 combinations and detected more than 250 protein-protein interactions (PPIs), resulting in a process-specific interaction map. Topological analyses suggest hidden functions and novel roles for many TFs. In addition, we observed a close relationship between TFs involved in auxin and cytokinin-signaling pathways and other TFs. Furthermore, we analyzed the network by combining PPI data, expression, and genetic data, which helped us to dissect it into several dynamic spatio-temporal subnetworks related to gynoecium development processes. Finally, we generated an extended PPI network that predicts new players in gynoecium development. Taken together, all these results serve as a valuable resource for the plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Sergio E Campos
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Pablo López-Gómez
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Valentín Luna-García
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Víctor M Zúñiga-Mayo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Gerardo E Armas-Caballero
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Karla L González-Aguilera
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Alexander DeLuna
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México
| | - Carlos Espinosa-Soto
- Instituto de Física, Universidad de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78290, México
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, México.
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16
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Zúñiga-Mayo VM, Durán-Medina Y, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Hormones and Flower Development in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:111-127. [PMID: 37540356 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction requires the participation of two gametes, female and male. In angiosperms, gametes develop in specialized organs, pollen (containing the male gametes) develops in the stamens, and the ovule (containing the female gamete) develops in the gynoecium. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the female and male sexual organs are found within the same structure called flower, surrounded by the perianth, which is composed of petals and sepals. During flower development, different organs emerge in an established order and throughout their development distinct tissues within each organ are differentiated. All this requires the coordination and synchronization of several biological processes. To achieve this, hormones and genes work together. These components can interact at different levels generating hormonal interplay and both positive and negative feedback loops, which in turn, gives robustness, stability, and flexibility to flower development. Here, we summarize the progress made on elucidating the role of different hormonal pathways during flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Zúñiga-Mayo
- CONACyT - Postgrado en Fitosanidad-Fitopatología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Durán-Medina
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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17
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Genome-Wide Analysis of AP2/ERF Gene Superfamily in Ramie ( Boehmeria nivea L.) Revealed Their Synergistic Roles in Regulating Abiotic Stress Resistance and Ramet Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315117. [PMID: 36499437 PMCID: PMC9736067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest superfamilies in plants, and play vital roles in growth and response to biotic/abiotic stresses. Although the AP2/ERF family has been extensively characterized in many species, very little is known about this family in ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.). In this study, 138 AP2/ERF TFs were identified from the ramie genome and were grouped into five subfamilies, including the AP2 (19), RAV (5), Soloist (1), ERF (77), and DREB (36). Unique motifs were found in the DREB/ERF subfamily members, implying significance to the AP2/ERF TF functions in these evolutionary branches. Segmental duplication events were found to play predominant roles in the BnAP2/ERF TF family expansion. Light-, stress-, and phytohormone-responsive elements were identified in the promoter region of BnAP2/ERF genes, with abscisic acid response elements (ABRE), methyl jasmonate response elements, and the dehydration response element (DRE) being dominant. The integrated transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed 12 key BnAP2/ERF genes positively responding to waterlogging. Five of the genes are also involved in ramet development, with two (BnERF-30 and BnERF-32) further showing multifunctional roles. The protein interaction prediction analysis further verified their crosstalk mechanism in coordinating waterlogging resistance and ramet development. Our study provides new insights into the presence of AP2/ERF TFs in ramie, and provides candidate AP2/ERF TFs for further studies on breeding varieties with coupling between water stress tolerance and high yield.
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18
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Zhang K, Zhang H, Pan Y, Niu Y, Guo L, Ma Y, Tian S, Wei J, Wang C, Yang X, Fu Y, Qu P, Liu L, Zhang Y, Sun H, Bai Z, Dong J, Li C, Liu X. Cell- and noncell-autonomous AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 controls meristem proliferation and phyllotactic patterns. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2335-2349. [PMID: 35972411 PMCID: PMC9706454 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In cell-cell communication, noncell-autonomous transcription factors play vital roles in controlling plant stem cell fate. We previously reported that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3), a member of the ARF family with critical roles in floral meristem maintenance and determinacy, has a distinct accumulation pattern that differs from the expression domain of its encoding gene in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). However, the biological meaning of this difference is obscure. Here, we demonstrate that ARF3 expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is mainly activated at the periphery of the SAM by auxin where ARF3 cell autonomously regulates the expression of meristem-organ boundary-specific genes, such as CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1-3 (CUC1-3), BLADE ON PETIOLE1-2 (BOP1-2), and TARGETS UNDER ETTIN CONTROL3 (TEC3) to regulate the arrangement of organs in regular pattern, a phenomenon referred to as phyllotaxis. We also show that ARF3 is translocated into the organizing center where it represses cytokinin activity and WUSCHEL expression to regulate meristem activity noncell-autonomously. Therefore, ARF3 acts as a molecular link that mediates the interaction of auxin and cytokinin signaling in the SAM while coordinating the balance between meristem maintenance and organogenesis. Our findings reveal an ARF3-mediated coordination mechanism through cell-cell communication in dynamic SAM maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanyun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanxiao Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuru Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jiarong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiubo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yunze Fu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Liantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hongchun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Cundong Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xigang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University; Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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19
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Xu X, Wang R, Liu Y, Huang S, Wei H, Wei Z. Molecular Mechanisms of Diverse Auxin Responses during Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012495. [PMID: 36293351 PMCID: PMC9604407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin acts as a signaling molecule to regulate numerous developmental processes throughout all stages of plant growth. Understanding how auxin regulates various physiological and developmental processes has been a hot topic and an intriguing field. Recent studies have unveiled more molecular details into how diverse auxin responses function in every aspect of plant growth and development. In this review, we systematically summarized and classified the molecular mechanisms of diverse auxin responses, and comprehensively elaborated the characteristics and multilevel regulation mechanisms of the canonical transcriptional auxin response. On this basis, we described the characteristics and differences between different auxin responses. We also presented some auxin response genes that have been genetically modified in plant species and how their changes impact various traits of interest. Finally, we summarized some important aspects and unsolved questions of auxin responses that need to be focused on or addressed in future research. This review will help to gain an overall understanding of and some insights into the diverse molecular mechanisms of auxin responses in plant growth and development that are instrumental in harnessing genetic resources in molecular breeding of extant plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiajie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiuyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Zhigang Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Correspondence: or
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Heisler MG, Jönsson H, Wenkel S, Kaufmann K. Context-specific functions of transcription factors controlling plant development: From leaves to flowers. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102262. [PMID: 35952407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant development is regulated by transcription factors that often act in more than one process and stage of development. Yet the molecular mechanisms that govern the functional diversity and specificity of these proteins remains far from understood. Flower development provides an ideal context to study these mechanisms since the development of distinct floral organs depends on similar but distinct combinations of transcriptional regulators. Recent work also highlights the importance of leaf polarity regulators as additional key factors in flower initiation, floral organ morphogenesis, and possibly floral organ positioning. A detailed understanding of how these factors work in combination will enable us to address outstanding questions in flower development including how distinct shapes and positions of floral organs are generated. Experimental approaches and computer-based modeling will be required to characterize gene-regulatory networks at the level of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G Heisler
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK; Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Stephan Wenkel
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Cancé C, Martin-Arevalillo R, Boubekeur K, Dumas R. Auxin response factors are keys to the many auxin doors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:402-419. [PMID: 35434800 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In plants, most developmental programs depend on the action of auxin. The best described model of the auxin signaling pathway, which explains most, but not all, of the auxin transcriptional responses, relies on a de-repression mechanism. The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid repressors (Aux/IAAs) interact with the auxin response factors (ARFs), the transcription factors of the auxin signaling pathway, leading to repression of the ARF-controlled genes. Auxin induces Aux/IAA degradation, releases ARFs and activates transcription. However, this elegant model is not suitable for all ARFs. Indeed, in Arabidopsis, which has 22 ARFs, only five of them fit into the model since they are the ones able to interact with Aux/IAAs. The remaining 17 have a limited capacity to interact with the repressors, and their mechanisms of action are still unclear. The differential interactions between ARF and Aux/IAA proteins constitute one of many examples of the biochemical and structural diversification of ARFs that affect their action and therefore affect auxin transcriptional responses. A deeper understanding of the structural properties of ARFs is fundamental to obtaining a better explanation of the action of auxin in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Cancé
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Raquel Martin-Arevalillo
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kenza Boubekeur
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Dumas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
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22
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Abstract
Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Abstract
Flowering plants produce flowers and one of the most complex floral structures is the pistil or the gynoecium. All the floral organs differentiate from the floral meristem. Various reviews exist on molecular mechanisms controlling reproductive development, but most focus on a short time window and there has been no recent review on the complete developmental time frame of gynoecium and fruit formation. Here, we highlight recent discoveries, including the players, interactions and mechanisms that govern gynoecium and fruit development in Arabidopsis. We also present the currently known gene regulatory networks from gynoecium initiation until fruit maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, México
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, México
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24
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Burian A, Paszkiewicz G, Nguyen KT, Meda S, Raczyńska-Szajgin M, Timmermans MCP. Specification of leaf dorsiventrality via a prepatterned binary readout of a uniform auxin input. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:269-280. [PMID: 35318449 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developmental boundaries play an important role in coordinating the growth and patterning of lateral organs. In plants, specification of dorsiventrality is critical to leaf morphogenesis. Despite its central importance, the mechanism by which leaf primordia acquire adaxial versus abaxial cell fates to establish dorsiventrality remains a topic of much debate. Here, by combining time-lapse confocal imaging, cell lineage tracing and molecular genetic analyses, we demonstrate that a stable boundary between adaxial and abaxial cell fates is specified several plastochrons before primordium emergence when high auxin levels accumulate on a meristem prepattern formed by the AS2 and KAN1 transcription factors. This occurrence triggers a transient induction of ARF3 and an auxin transcriptional response in AS2-marked progenitors that distinguishes adaxial from abaxial identity. As the primordium emerges, dynamic shifts in auxin distribution and auxin-related gene expression gradually resolve this initial polarity into the stable regulatory network known to maintain adaxial-abaxial polarity within the developing organ. Our data show that spatial information from an AS2-KAN1 meristem prepattern governs the conversion of a uniform auxin input into an ARF-dependent binary auxin response output to specify adaxial-abaxial polarity. Auxin thus serves as a single morphogenic signal that orchestrates distinct, spatially separated responses to coordinate the positioning and emergence of a new organ with its patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Burian
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gael Paszkiewicz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Khoa Thi Nguyen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shreyas Meda
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Raczyńska-Szajgin
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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25
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Bal M, Østergaard L. Hormonal Influences on Pod-Seed Intercommunication during Pea Fruit Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:49. [PMID: 35052390 PMCID: PMC8774696 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperms (from the Greek "angeion"-vessel, and "sperma"-seed) are defined by the presence of specialised tissue surrounding their developing seeds. This tissue is known as the ovary and once a flower has been fertilised, it gives rise to the fruit. Fruits serve various functions in relation to the seeds they contain: they often form tough physical barriers to prevent mechanical damage, they may form specialised structures that aid in dispersal, and they act as a site of nutrient and signal exchange between the parent plant and its offspring. The close coordination of fruit growth and seed development is essential to successful reproduction. Firstly, fertilisation of the ovules is required in most angiosperm species to initiate fruit growth. Secondly, it is crucial that seed dispersal facilitated by, e.g., fruit opening or ripening occurs only once the seeds have matured. These highly coordinated events suggest that seeds and fruits are in close communication throughout development and represent a classical problem of interorgan signalling and organismic resource allocation. Here, we review the contribution of studies on the edible, unicarpellate legume Pisum sativum to our understanding of seed and fruit growth coregulation, and propose areas of new research in this species which may yield important advances for both pulse agronomy and natural science.
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Ding B, Li J, Gurung V, Lin Q, Sun X, Yuan YW. The leaf polarity factors SGS3 and YABBYs regulate style elongation through auxin signaling in Mimulus lewisii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2191-2206. [PMID: 34449905 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Style length is a major determinant of breeding strategies in flowering plants and can vary dramatically between and within species. However, little is known about the genetic and developmental control of style elongation. We characterized the role of two classes of leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity factors, SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3 (SGS3) and the YABBY family transcription factors, in the regulation of style elongation in Mimulus lewisii. We also examined the spatiotemporal patterns of auxin response during style development. Loss of SGS3 function led to reduced style length via limiting cell division, and downregulation of YABBY genes by RNA interference resulted in shorter styles by decreasing both cell division and cell elongation. We discovered an auxin response minimum between the stigma and ovary during the early stages of pistil development that marks style differentiation. Subsequent redistribution of auxin response to this region was correlated with style elongation. Auxin response was substantially altered when both SGS3 and YABBY functions were disrupted. We suggest that auxin signaling plays a central role in style elongation and that the way in which auxin signaling controls the different cell division and elongation patterns underpinning natural style length variation is a major question for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Ding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jingjian Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Vandana Gurung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Qiaoshan Lin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Vegetables, Qinghai University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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27
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Pernisová M, Vernoux T. Auxin Does the SAMba: Auxin Signaling in the Shoot Apical Meristem. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a039925. [PMID: 33903154 PMCID: PMC8634999 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants, in contrast to animals, are unique in their capacity to postembryonically develop new organs due to the activity of stem cell populations, located in specialized tissues called meristems. Above ground, the shoot apical meristem generates aerial organs and tissues throughout plant life. It is well established that auxin plays a central role in the functioning of the shoot apical meristem. Auxin distribution in the meristem is not uniform and depends on the interplay between biosynthesis, transport, and degradation. Auxin maxima and minima are created, and result in transcriptional outputs that drive the development of new organs and contribute to meristem maintenance. To uncover and understand complex signaling networks such as the one regulating auxin responses in the shoot apical meristem remains a challenge. Here, we will discuss our current understanding and point to important research directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pernisová
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University at Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecula Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University and CEITEC MU, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University at Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
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28
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The Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase Beta Subunit Is Essential for Embryo and Seed Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157907. [PMID: 34360673 PMCID: PMC8347404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of plant development affecting the formation and maturation of reproductive structures. The apoplastic route of auxin transport engages influx and efflux facilitators from the PIN, AUX and ABCB families. The polar localization of these proteins and constant recycling from the plasma membrane to endosomes is dependent on Rab-mediated vesicular traffic. Rab proteins are anchored to membranes via posttranslational addition of two geranylgeranyl moieties by the Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase enzyme (RGT), which consists of RGTA, RGTB and REP subunits. Here, we present data showing that seed development in the rgtb1 mutant, with decreased vesicular transport capacity, is disturbed. Both pre- and post-fertilization events are affected, leading to a decrease in seed yield. Pollen tube recognition at the stigma and its guidance to the micropyle is compromised and the seed coat forms incorrectly. Excess auxin in the sporophytic tissues of the ovule in the rgtb1 plants leads to an increased tendency of autonomous endosperm formation in unfertilized ovules and influences embryo development in a maternal sporophytic manner. The results show the importance of vesicular traffic for sexual reproduction in flowering plants, and highlight RGTB1 as a key component of sporophytic-filial signaling.
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29
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Kotov AA, Kotova LM, Romanov GA. Signaling network regulating plant branching: Recent advances and new challenges. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 307:110880. [PMID: 33902848 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Auxin alone or supplemented with cytokinins and strigolactones were long considered as the main player(s) in the control of apical dominance (AD) and correlative inhibition of the lateral bud outgrowth, the processes that shape the plant phenotype. However, past decade data indicate a more sophisticated pathways of AD regulation, with the involvement of mobile carbohydrates which perform both signal and trophic functions. Here we provide a critical comprehensive overview of the current status of the AD problem. This includes insight into intimate mechanisms regulating directed auxin transport in axillary buds with participation of phytohormones and sugars. Also roles of auxin, cytokinin and sugars in the dormancy or sustained growth of the lateral meristems were assigned. This review not only provides the latest data on implicated phytohormone crosstalk and its relationship with the signaling of sugars and abscisic acid, new AD players, but also focuses on the emerging biochemical mechanisms, at first positive feedback loops involving both sugars and hormones, that ensure the sustained bud growth. Data show that sugars act in concert with cytokinins but antagonistically to strigolactone signaling. A complex bud growth regulating network is demonstrated and unresolved issues regarding the hormone-carbohydrate regulation of AD are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kotov
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Liudmila M Kotova
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy A Romanov
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
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30
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Xu X, Smaczniak C, Muino JM, Kaufmann K. Cell identity specification in plants: lessons from flower development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4202-4217. [PMID: 33865238 PMCID: PMC8163053 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms display a fascinating complexity of cellular identities and patterns of diversification. The concept of 'cell type' aims to describe and categorize this complexity. In this review, we discuss the traditional concept of cell types and highlight the impact of single-cell technologies and spatial omics on the understanding of cellular differentiation in plants. We summarize and compare position-based and lineage-based mechanisms of cell identity specification using flower development as a model system. More than understanding ontogenetic origins of differentiated cells, an important question in plant science is to understand their position- and developmental stage-specific heterogeneity. Combinatorial action and crosstalk of external and internal signals is the key to cellular heterogeneity, often converging on transcription factors that orchestrate gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Xu
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cezary Smaczniak
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose M Muino
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulation, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Revealing the developmental dynamics in male strobilus transcriptome of Gnetum luofuense using nanopore sequencing technology. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10516. [PMID: 34006996 PMCID: PMC8131605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gnetum is a pantropical distributed gymnosperm genus. As being dioecious, Gnetum species apply female and male strobili to attract and provide nutrition to insect pollinators. Due to its unique gross morphology, a Gnetum male strobilus receives much attention in previous taxonomic and evolutionary studies. However, underlying molecular mechanisms that control male strobilus development and pollination adaptation have not been well studied. In the present study, nine full-length transcriptomes were sequenced from three developmental stages of the G. luofuense male strobili using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and RT-qPCR analysis were performed. Our results show that a total of 3138 transcription factors and 466 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified, and differentially expressed lncRNAs and TFs reveal a dynamic pattern during the male strobilus development. Our results show that MADS-box and Aux/IAA TFs were differentially expressed at the three developmental stages, suggesting their important roles in the regulation of male strobilus development of G. luofuense. Results of WGCNA analysis and annotation of differentially expressed transcripts corroborate that the male strobilus development of G. luofuense is closely linked to plant hormone changes, photosynthesis, pollination drop secretion and reproductive organ defense. Our results provide a valuable resource for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive organ evolution and pollination biology in Gnetum.
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32
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McLaughlin HM, Ang ACH, Østergaard L. Noncanonical Auxin Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039917. [PMID: 33431583 PMCID: PMC8091950 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Auxin influences all aspects of plant growth and development and exerts its function at scales ranging from the subcellular to the whole-organism level. A canonical mechanism for auxin signaling has been elucidated, which is based on derepression of downstream genes via ubiquitin-mediated degradation of transcriptional repressors. While the combinatorial nature of this canonical pathway provides great potential for specificity in the auxin response, alternative noncanonical signaling pathways required to mediate certain processes have been identified. One such pathway affects gene regulation in a manner that is reminiscent of mechanisms employed in animal hormone signaling, while another triggers transcriptional changes through auxin perception at the plasma membrane and the stabilization of transcriptional repressors. In some cases, the exact perception mechanisms and the nature of the receptors involved are yet to be revealed. In this review, we describe and discuss current knowledge on noncanonical auxin signaling and highlight unresolved questions surrounding auxin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Marie McLaughlin
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Chun Hou Ang
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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33
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OsARF11 Promotes Growth, Meristem, Seed, and Vein Formation during Rice Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084089. [PMID: 33920962 PMCID: PMC8071273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin acts as a mediator providing positional instructions in a range of developmental processes. Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana L. show that auxin acts in large part via activation of Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) that in turn regulate the expression of downstream genes. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) gene OsARF11 is of interest because of its expression in developing rice organs and its high sequence similarity with MONOPTEROS/ARF5, a gene with prominent roles in A. thaliana development. We have assessed the phenotype of homozygous insertion mutants in the OsARF11 gene and found that in relation to wildtype, osarf11 seedlings produced fewer and shorter roots as well as shorter and less wide leaves. Leaves developed fewer veins and larger areoles. Mature osarf11 plants had a reduced root system, fewer branches per panicle, fewer grains per panicle and fewer filled seeds. Mutants had a reduced sensitivity to auxin-mediated callus formation and inhibition of root elongation, and phenylboronic acid (PBA)-mediated inhibition of vein formation. Taken together, our results implicate OsARF11 in auxin-mediated growth of multiple organs and leaf veins. OsARF11 also appears to play a central role in the formation of lateral root, panicle branch, and grain meristems.
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34
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Ramos Báez R, Nemhauser JL. Expansion and innovation in auxin signaling: where do we grow from here? Development 2021; 148:148/5/dev187120. [PMID: 33712444 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a role in almost all growth and developmental responses. The primary mechanism of auxin action involves the regulation of transcription via a core signaling pathway comprising proteins belonging to three classes: receptors, co-receptor/co-repressors and transcription factors. Recent studies have revealed that auxin signaling can be traced back at least as far as the transition to land. Moreover, studies in flowering plants have highlighted how expansion of the gene families encoding auxin components is tied to functional diversification. As we review here, these studies paint a picture of auxin signaling evolution as a driver of innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román Ramos Báez
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA 98105-1800, USA
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35
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Konstantinova N, Korbei B, Luschnig C. Auxin and Root Gravitropism: Addressing Basic Cellular Processes by Exploiting a Defined Growth Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052749. [PMID: 33803128 PMCID: PMC7963156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Root architecture and growth are decisive for crop performance and yield, and thus a highly topical research field in plant sciences. The root system of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is the ideal system to obtain insights into fundamental key parameters and molecular players involved in underlying regulatory circuits of root growth, particularly in responses to environmental stimuli. Root gravitropism, directional growth along the gravity, in particular represents a highly sensitive readout, suitable to study adjustments in polar auxin transport and to identify molecular determinants involved. This review strives to summarize and give an overview into the function of PIN-FORMED auxin transport proteins, emphasizing on their sorting and polarity control. As there already is an abundance of information, the focus lies in integrating this wealth of information on mechanisms and pathways. This overview of a highly dynamic and complex field highlights recent developments in understanding the role of auxin in higher plants. Specifically, it exemplifies, how analysis of a single, defined growth response contributes to our understanding of basic cellular processes in general.
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36
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Yu H, Zhang L, Wang W, Tian P, Wang W, Wang K, Gao Z, Liu S, Zhang Y, Irish VF, Huang T. TCP5 controls leaf margin development by regulating KNOX and BEL-like transcription factors in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1809-1821. [PMID: 33258902 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Development of leaf margins is an important process in leaf morphogenesis. CIN-clade TCP (TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF) transcription factors are known to have redundant roles in specifying leaf margins, but the specific mechanisms through which individual TCP genes function remain elusive. In this study, we report that the CIN-TCP gene TCP5 is involved in repressing the initiation and outgrowth of leaf serrations by activating two key regulators of margin development, the Class II KNOX factor KNAT3 and BEL-like SAW1. Specifically, TCP5 directly promotes the transcription of KNAT3 and indirectly activates the expression of SAW1. We also show that TCP5 regulates KNAT3 and SAW1 in a temporal- and spatial- specific manner that is largely in accordance with the progress of formation of serrations. This regulation might serve as a key mechanism in patterning margin morphogenesis and in sculpting the final form of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Weiyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Peng Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Keyi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tengbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
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Rojek J, Tucker MR, Pinto SC, Rychłowski M, Lichocka M, Soukupova H, Nowakowska J, Bohdanowicz J, Surmacz G, Gutkowska M. Rab-dependent vesicular traffic affects female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:320-340. [PMID: 32939545 PMCID: PMC7853608 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells rely on the accuracy and efficiency of vesicular traffic. In plants, disturbances in vesicular trafficking are well studied in quickly dividing root meristem cells or polar growing root hairs and pollen tubes. The development of the female gametophyte, a unique haploid reproductive structure located in the ovule, has received far less attention in studies of vesicular transport. Key molecules providing the specificity of vesicle formation and its subsequent recognition and fusion with the acceptor membrane are Rab proteins. Rabs are anchored to membranes by covalently linked geranylgeranyl group(s) that are added by the Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RGT) enzyme. Here we show that Arabidopsis plants carrying mutations in the gene encoding the β-subunit of RGT (rgtb1) exhibit severely disrupted female gametogenesis and this effect is of sporophytic origin. Mutations in rgtb1 lead to internalization of the PIN1 and PIN3 proteins from the basal membranes to vesicles in provascular cells of the funiculus. Decreased transport of auxin out of the ovule is accompanied by auxin accumulation in tissue surrounding the growing gametophyte. In addition, female gametophyte development arrests at the uni- or binuclear stage in a significant portion of the rgtb1 ovules. These observations suggest that communication between the sporophyte and the developing female gametophyte relies on Rab-dependent vesicular traffic of the PIN1 and PIN3 transporters and auxin efflux out of the ovule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rojek
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sara C Pinto
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre s/n Porto, Portugal
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hana Soukupova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, Praha 6 Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Julita Nowakowska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gabriela Surmacz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gutkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Liu M, He W, Zhang A, Zhang L, Sun D, Gao Y, Ni P, Ma X, Cui Z, Ruan Y. Genetic analysis of maize shank length by QTL mapping in three recombinant inbred line populations. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110767. [PMID: 33487352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In maize, the shank is a unique tissue linking the stem to the ear. Shank length (SL) mainly affects the transport of photosynthetic products to the ear and the dehydration of kernels via regulated husk morphology. The limited studies on SL revealed it is a highly heritable quantitative trait controlled by significant additive and additive-dominance effects. However, the genetic basis of SL remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed three maize recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the SL. The data indicated the SL varied among the three RIL populations and was highly heritable. Additionally, the SL was positively correlated with the husk length (HL), husk number (HN), ear length (EL), and ear weight (EW) in the BY815/K22 (BYK) and CI7/K22 (CIK) RIL populations, but was negatively correlated with the husk width (HW) in the BYK RIL population. Moreover, 10 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SL were identified in the three RIL populations, five of which were large-effect QTL. The percentage of the total phenotypic variation explained by the QTL for SL was 13.67 %, 20.45 %, and 30.81 % in the BY815/DE3 (BYD), BYK, and CIK RIL populations, respectively. Further analyses uncovered some genetic overlap between SL and EL, SL and ear row number (ERN), SL and cob weight (CW), and SL and HN. Unlike the large-effect QTL qSL BYK-2-2, which spanned the centromere, the other four large-effect QTL were delimited to a single peak bin via bin map. Furthermore, 2, 5, 6, and 12 genes associated with SL were identified for qSL BYK-2-1, qSL CIK-2-1, qSL CIK-9-1, and qSL CIK-9-2, respectively. Five of the candidate genes for SL may contribute to the hormone metabolism and sphingolipid biosynthesis regulating cell elongation, division, differentiation, and expansion. These results may be relevant for future studies on the genetic basis of SL and for the molecular breeding of maize based on marker-assisted selection to develop new varieties with an ideal SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Liaoning Province Research Center of Plant Genetic Engineering Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Maize Genomic Selection Breeding, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wenshu He
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Liaoning Province Research Center of Plant Genetic Engineering Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Maize Genomic Selection Breeding, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Ao Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Liaoning Province Research Center of Plant Genetic Engineering Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Maize Genomic Selection Breeding, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Liaoning Province Research Center of Plant Genetic Engineering Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Maize Genomic Selection Breeding, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Daqiu Sun
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Liaoning Province Research Center of Plant Genetic Engineering Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Maize Genomic Selection Breeding, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Liaoning Province Research Center of Plant Genetic Engineering Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Maize Genomic Selection Breeding, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Pengzun Ni
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Liaoning Province Research Center of Plant Genetic Engineering Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Maize Genomic Selection Breeding, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xinglin Ma
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhenhai Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Liaoning Province Research Center of Plant Genetic Engineering Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Maize Genomic Selection Breeding, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Yanye Ruan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Liaoning Province Research Center of Plant Genetic Engineering Technology, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Maize Genomic Selection Breeding, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Zhang MM, Zhang HK, Zhai JF, Zhang XS, Sang YL, Cheng ZJ. ARF4 regulates shoot regeneration through coordination with ARF5 and IAA12. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:315-325. [PMID: 33180161 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ARF4-regulated shoot regeneration through competing with ARF5 for the interaction with IAA12. Plant possess the ability to regenerate shoot meristem and subsequent the whole individual. This process is the foundation for in vitro propagation and genetic engineering and provides a system for studying fundamental biological questions, such as hormonal signaling. Auxin response factor (ARF) family transcription factors are critical components of auxin signaling pathway that regulate the transcription of target genes. To date, the mechanisms underlying the functions of class-B ARFs which act as transcription repressors remains unclear. In this study, we found that ARF4, the transcriptional repressor, was involved in regulating shoot regeneration. ARF4 interacted with auxin/Indole-3-Acetic-Acid12 (IAA12). The expression signals of ARF4 displayed a dynamic pattern similar with those of ARF5 and IAA12 during shoot meristem formation. Enhanced expression of IAA12 compromised the shoot regeneration capacity. Induced expression of ARF4 complemented the regeneration phenotype of IAA12-overexpression but did not rescued the defects in the arf5 mutant, mp-S319. Further analysis revealed that ARF4 competed with ARF5 for the interaction with IAA12. The results indicate that ARF4-regulated shoot regeneration through cooperating with ARF5 and IAA12. Our findings provided new information for deciphering the function of class-B ARFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Feng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Lin Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhi Juan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Gelová Z, Gallei M, Pernisová M, Brunoud G, Zhang X, Glanc M, Li L, Michalko J, Pavlovičová Z, Verstraeten I, Han H, Hajný J, Hauschild R, Čovanová M, Zwiewka M, Hoermayer L, Fendrych M, Xu T, Vernoux T, Friml J. Developmental roles of Auxin Binding Protein 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110750. [PMID: 33487339 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a major plant growth regulator, but current models on auxin perception and signaling cannot explain the whole plethora of auxin effects, in particular those associated with rapid responses. A possible candidate for a component of additional auxin perception mechanisms is the AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1), whose function in planta remains unclear. Here we combined expression analysis with gain- and loss-of-function approaches to analyze the role of ABP1 in plant development. ABP1 shows a broad expression largely overlapping with, but not regulated by, transcriptional auxin response activity. Furthermore, ABP1 activity is not essential for the transcriptional auxin signaling. Genetic in planta analysis revealed that abp1 loss-of-function mutants show largely normal development with minor defects in bolting. On the other hand, ABP1 gain-of-function alleles show a broad range of growth and developmental defects, including root and hypocotyl growth and bending, lateral root and leaf development, bolting, as well as response to heat stress. At the cellular level, ABP1 gain-of-function leads to impaired auxin effect on PIN polar distribution and affects BFA-sensitive PIN intracellular aggregation. The gain-of-function analysis suggests a broad, but still mechanistically unclear involvement of ABP1 in plant development, possibly masked in abp1 loss-of-function mutants by a functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Gelová
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michelle Gallei
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France; Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Géraldine Brunoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matouš Glanc
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lanxin Li
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jaroslav Michalko
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Zlata Pavlovičová
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jakub Hajný
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Milada Čovanová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Zwiewka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Hoermayer
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tongda Xu
- FAFU-Joint Centre, Horticulture and Metabolic Biology Centre, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Cai H, Chai M, Chen F, Huang Y, Zhang M, He Q, Liu L, Yan M, Qin Y. HBI1 acts downstream of ERECTA and SWR1 in regulating inflorescence architecture through the activation of the brassinosteroid and auxin signaling pathways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:414-428. [PMID: 32746499 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inflorescence architecture critically influences plant reproductive success and crop yield, and it reflects the activity of the inflorescence meristem and pedicel length. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the ERECTA (ER) signaling pathway and the SWR1 chromatin remodeling complex jointly regulate inflorescence architecture by promoting the expression of the PACLOBUTRAZOL RESISTANCE (PRE) gene family. However, how PREs regulate inflorescence architecture remains unclear. RNA-sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR analyses were performed. Genetic interactions between HOMOLOG OF BEE2 INTERACTING WITH IBH1 (HBI1) and the SWR1-ER-MPK6 pathway in the control of inflorescence architecture were further studied. The present findings support that HBI1 functions downstream of PREs in the SWR1 and ER pathways to regulate inflorescence architecture by promoting pedicel elongation. Specifically, it binds to the promoters of the brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis gene CYP85A2 and a series of auxin-related genes, including auxin response factor ARF3, and promotes their expression. In turn, ARF3 can also bind to auxin signaling genes as well as CYP85A2 to activate their expression and promote pedicel elongation. Our study provides evidence that inflorescence architecture regulation by SWR1 and ER involves the HBI1 regulatory hub and its activation of both the BR and auxin hormone pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mengnan Chai
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fangqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Youmei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Maokai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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Kuhn A, Østergaard L. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assess Histone Marks in Auxin-treated Arabidopsis thaliana Inflorescence Tissue. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3832. [PMID: 33659482 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) or high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) has become the gold standard for the identification of binding sites of DNA binding proteins and the localization of histone modification on a locus-specific or genome-wide scale, respectively. ChIP experiments can be divided into seven critical steps: (A) sample collection, (B) crosslinking of proteins to DNA, (C) nuclear extraction, (D) chromatin isolation and fragmentation by sonication, (E) immunoprecipitation of histone marks by appropriate antibodies, (F) DNA recovery, and (G) identification of precipitated protein-associated DNA by qPCR or high-throughput sequencing. Here, we describe a time-efficient protocol that can be used for ChIP-qPCR experiments to study the localization of histone modifications in young inflorescences of the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Kuhn
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Manuela D, Xu M. Patterning a Leaf by Establishing Polarities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:568730. [PMID: 33193497 PMCID: PMC7661387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.568730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the major organ for photosynthesis in most land plants, and leaf structure is optimized for the maximum capture of sunlight and gas exchange. Three polarity axes, the adaxial-abaxial axis, the proximal-distal axis, and the medial-lateral axis are established during leaf development to give rise to a flattened lamina with a large area for photosynthesis and blades that are extended on petioles for maximum sunlight. Adaxial cells are elongated, tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts, and their fate is specified by HD-ZIP III and related factors. Abaxial cells are rounder and loosely packed cells and their fate is established and maintained by YABBY family and KANADI family proteins. The activities of adaxial and abaxial regulators are coordinated by ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 and auxin. Establishment of the proximodistal axis involves the BTB/POZ domain proteins BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 and 2, whereas homeobox genes PRESSED FLOWER and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX1 mediate leaf development along the mediolateral axis. This review summarizes recent advances in leaf polarity establishment with a focus on the regulatory networks involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingli Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Three STIGMA AND STYLE STYLISTs Pattern the Fine Architectures of Apical Gynoecium and Are Critical for Male Gametophyte-Pistil Interaction. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4780-4788.e5. [PMID: 33007250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gynoecium is derived from the fusion of carpels and is considered to have evolved from a simple setup followed by adaptive adjustment in cell type and tissue distribution to facilitate efficient sexual reproduction [1, 2]. As a sequence of the adjustment, the apical gynoecium differentiates into a stigma and a style. Both the structural patterning and functional specification of the apical gynoecium are critical for plant fertility [3, 4]. However, how the fine structures of the apical gynoecium are established at the interface interacting with pollen and pollen tubes remain to be elucidated. Here, we report a novel angiosperm-specific gene family, STIGMA AND STYLE STYLIST 1-3 (SSS1, SSS2, and SSS3). The SSS1 expresses predominately in the transmitting tract tissue of style, SSS2 expresses intensively in stigma, and SSS3 expresses mainly in stylar peripheral region round the transmitting tract. SSSs coregulate the patterning of the apical gynoecium via controlling cell expansion or elongation. Both the architecture and function of apical gynoecium can be affected by the alteration of SSS expression, indicating their critical roles in the establishment of a proper female interface for communication with pollen tubes. The NGATHA3 (NGA3) transcription factor [5, 6] can directly bind to SSSs promoter and control SSSs expression. Overexpression of SSSs could rescue the stylar defect of nga1nga3 double mutant, indicating their context in the same regulatory pathway. Our findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism responsible for patterning the fine architecture of apical gynoecium and establishing a proper interface for pollen tube growth, which is therefore crucial for plant sexual reproduction.
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Israeli A, Reed JW, Ori N. Genetic dissection of the auxin response network. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1082-1090. [PMID: 32807951 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of gene families during evolution, which can generate functional overlap or specialization among their members, is a characteristic feature of signalling pathways in complex organisms. For example, families of transcriptional activators and repressors mediate responses to the plant hormone auxin. Although these regulators were identified more than 20 years ago, their overlapping functions and compensating negative feedbacks have hampered their functional analyses. Studies using loss-of-function approaches in basal land plants and gain-of-function approaches in angiosperms have in part overcome these issues but have still left an incomplete understanding. Here, we propose that renewed emphasis on genetic analysis of multiple mutants and species will shed light on the role of gene families in auxin response. Combining loss-of-function mutations in auxin-response activators and repressors can unravel complex outputs enabled by expanded gene families, such as fine-tuned developmental outcomes and robustness. Similar approaches and concepts may help to analyse other regulatory pathways whose components are also encoded by large gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Israeli
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jason W Reed
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
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Abulfaraj AA. Stepwise signal transduction cascades under salt stress in leaves of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1807408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aala Abdulaziz Abulfaraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Arts College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The promotive effect of auxin on shoot cell expansion provided the bioassay used to isolate this central plant hormone nearly a century ago. While the mechanisms underlying auxin perception and signaling to regulate transcription have largely been elucidated, how auxin controls cell expansion is only now attaining molecular-level definition. The good news is that the decades-old acid growth theory invoking plasma membrane H+-ATPase activation is still useful. The better news is that a mechanistic framework has emerged, wherein Small Auxin Up RNA (SAUR) proteins regulate protein phosphatases to control H+-ATPase activity. In this review, we focus on rapid auxin effects, their relationship to H+-ATPase activation and other transporters, and dependence on TIR1/AFB signaling. We also discuss how some observations, such as near-instantaneous effects on ion transport and root growth, do not fit into a single, comprehensive explanation of how auxin controls cell expansion, and where more research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Du
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; ,
| | - Edgar P Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA;
| | - William M Gray
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; ,
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48
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Kuhn A, Ramans Harborough S, McLaughlin HM, Natarajan B, Verstraeten I, Friml J, Kepinski S, Østergaard L. Direct ETTIN-auxin interaction controls chromatin states in gynoecium development. eLife 2020; 9:51787. [PMID: 32267233 PMCID: PMC7164952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal signalling in animals often involves direct transcription factor-hormone interactions that modulate gene expression. In contrast, plant hormone signalling is most commonly based on de-repression via the degradation of transcriptional repressors. Recently, we uncovered a non-canonical signalling mechanism for the plant hormone auxin whereby auxin directly affects the activity of the atypical auxin response factor (ARF), ETTIN towards target genes without the requirement for protein degradation. Here we show that ETTIN directly binds auxin, leading to dissociation from co-repressor proteins of the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED family followed by histone acetylation and induction of gene expression. This mechanism is reminiscent of animal hormone signalling as it affects the activity towards regulation of target genes and provides the first example of a DNA-bound hormone receptor in plants. Whilst auxin affects canonical ARFs indirectly by facilitating degradation of Aux/IAA repressors, direct ETTIN-auxin interactions allow switching between repressive and de-repressive chromatin states in an instantly-reversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Kuhn
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sigurd Ramans Harborough
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M McLaughlin
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavani Natarajan
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Kepinski
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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49
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Prigge MJ, Platre M, Kadakia N, Zhang Y, Greenham K, Szutu W, Pandey BK, Bhosale RA, Bennett MJ, Busch W, Estelle M. Genetic analysis of the Arabidopsis TIR1/AFB auxin receptors reveals both overlapping and specialized functions. eLife 2020; 9:54740. [PMID: 32067636 PMCID: PMC7048394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The TIR1/AFB auxin co-receptors mediate diverse responses to the plant hormone auxin. The Arabidopsis genome encodes six TIR1/AFB proteins representing three of the four clades that were established prior to angiosperm radiation. To determine the role of these proteins in plant development we performed an extensive genetic analysis involving the generation and characterization of all possible multiply-mutant lines. We find that loss of all six TIR1/AFB proteins results in early embryo defects and eventually seed abortion, and yet a single wild-type allele of TIR1 or AFB2 is sufficient to support growth throughout development. Our analysis reveals extensive functional overlap between even the most distantly related TIR1/AFB genes except for AFB1. Surprisingly, AFB1 has a specialized function in rapid auxin-dependent inhibition of root growth and early phase of root gravitropism. This activity may be related to a difference in subcellular localization compared to the other members of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Prigge
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Matthieu Platre
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Nikita Kadakia
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Kathleen Greenham
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Whitnie Szutu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Bipin Kumar Pandey
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Arvind Bhosale
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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Liu S, Yang C, Wu L, Cai H, Li H, Xu M. The peu-miR160a-PeARF17.1/PeARF17.2 module participates in the adventitious root development of poplar. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:457-469. [PMID: 31314168 PMCID: PMC6953198 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Deep roots give rise to flourishing leaves, and the two complement each other. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying adventitious rooting for forest trees have remained elusive. In this study, we verified that peu-miR160a targets six poplar genes AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs), PeARF10.1, PeARF16.1, PeARF16.2, PeARF16.3, PeARF17.1 and PeARF17.2, using 5'RLM-RACE. Interaction experiments with peu-miR160a and PeARFs in poplar protoplasts further confirmed that peu-miR160a targets and negatively regulates the six PeARFs. Peu-miR160a and its target genes exhibited obvious temporal expression in different stages of adventitious root development, and they could also be induced by IAA and abscisic acid. Peu-miR160a-overexpressing lines exhibited a significant shortening of adventitious root length, an increase in the number of lateral roots, severe dwarfing and shortened internodes. In addition, the overexpression of PeARF17.1 or mPeARF17.2 (peu-miR160a-resistant version of PeARF17.2) significantly increased the number of adventitious roots. Furthermore, PeARF17.1-overexpressing lines had multiple branches with no visible trunk, although the adventitious root length of the PeARF17.1-overexpressing lines was significantly increased. Our findings reveal that the peu-miR160a - PeARF17.1/PeARF17.2 module is an important regulator involved in the development of the adventitious roots of poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Liu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangxi Academy of ForestryNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Ling Wu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Heng Cai
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Huogen Li
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Meng Xu
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
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