1
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Sherman JH, Bobak A, Arsiwala T, Lockman P, Aulakh S. Targeting drug resistance in glioblastoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 65:80. [PMID: 38994761 PMCID: PMC11251740 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignancy of the central nervous system in adults. The current standard of care includes surgery, radiation therapy, temozolomide; and tumor‑treating fields leads to dismal overall survival. There are far limited treatments upon recurrence. Therapies to date are ineffective as a result of several factors, including the presence of the blood‑brain barrier, blood tumor barrier, glioma stem‑like cells and genetic heterogeneity in GBM. In the present review, the potential mechanisms that lead to treatment resistance in GBM and the measures which have been taken so far to attempt to overcome the resistance were discussed. The complex biology of GBM and lack of comprehensive understanding of the development of therapeutic resistance in GBM demands discovery of novel antigens that are targetable and provide effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Sherman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Martinsburg, WV 25401, USA
| | - Adam Bobak
- Department of Biology, Seton Hill University, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Tasneem Arsiwala
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Paul Lockman
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Sonikpreet Aulakh
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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2
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Kowalewski A, Borowczak J, Maniewski M, Gostomczyk K, Grzanka D, Szylberg Ł. Targeting apoptosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116805. [PMID: 38781868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent subtype of renal cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of all renal cell cancers. Due to its exceptional inter- and intratumor heterogeneity, it is highly resistant to conventional systemic therapies. Targeting the evasion of cell death, one of cancer's hallmarks, is currently emerging as an alternative strategy for ccRCC. In this article, we review the current state of apoptosis-inducing therapies against ccRCC, including antisense oligonucleotides, BH3 mimetics, histone deacetylase inhibitors, cyclin-kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of apoptosis protein antagonists, and monoclonal antibodies. Although preclinical studies have shown encouraging results, these compounds fail to improve patients' outcomes significantly. Current evidence suggests that inducing apoptosis in ccRCC may promote tumor progression through apoptosis-induced proliferation, anastasis, and apoptosis-induced nuclear expulsion. Therefore, re-evaluating this approach is expected to enable successful preclinical-to-clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kowalewski
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland; Center of Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland.
| | - Jędrzej Borowczak
- Clinical Department of Oncology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maniewski
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
| | - Karol Gostomczyk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland; Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85-094, Poland
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3
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Yu Y, Liu Q, Ran Q, Cao F. Overexpression of PPM1B inhibited chemoresistance to temozolomide and proliferation in glioma cells. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:143-153. [PMID: 37798941 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1B (PPM1B) functions as IKKβ phosphatases to terminate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. NF-κB signaling was constitutively activated in glioma cells. At present, little is known about the role of PPM1B in glioma. In the current study, we found that the expression of PPM1B was reduced in glioma tissues and cells, and decreased expression of PPM1B was related to poor overall survival of patients. Overexpression of PPM1B inhibited the proliferation and promoted apoptosis of glioma cells. Moreover, PPM1B overexpression reduced the phosphorylation of IKKβ and inhibited the nuclear localization of NF-κBp65. PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-κB signaling, reversed PPM1B-knockdown-induced cell proliferation. Furthermore, overexpression of PPM1B enhanced the sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide. In vivo experiments showed that overexpression of PPM1B could inhibit tumor growth, improve the survival rate of nude mice, and enhance the sensitivity to temozolomide. In conclusion, PPM1B suppressed glioma cell proliferation and the IKKβ-NF-κB signaling pathway, and enhanced temozolomide sensitivity of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhu Yu
- Neurosurgery Department, People's Hospital of Honghuagang District of Zunyi, Zunyi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qishan Ran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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4
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Vadla R, Miki S, Taylor B, Kawauchi D, Jones BM, Nathwani N, Pham P, Tsang J, Nathanson DA, Furnari FB. Glioblastoma Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion are Dependent on a NF-κB/BRD2 Chromatin Complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.03.546613. [PMID: 37461511 PMCID: PMC10349949 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.03.546613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most aggressive subtype of glioma, noted for its profound invasiveness and molecular heterogeneity. The mesenchymal (MES) transcriptomic subtype is frequently associated with therapy resistance, rapid recurrence, and increased tumor-associated macrophages. Notably, activation of the NF-κB pathway and alterations in the PTEN gene are both associated with this malignant transition. Although PTEN aberrations have been shown to be associated with enhanced NF-κB signaling, the relationships between PTEN, NF-κB and MES transition are poorly understood in GBM. Here, we show that PTEN regulates the chromatin binding of bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family proteins, BRD2 and BRD4, mediated by p65/RelA localization to the chromatin. By utilizing patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells and CRISPR gene editing of the RELA gene, we demonstrate a crucial role for RelA lysine 310 acetylation in recruiting BET proteins to chromatin for MES gene expression and GBM cell invasion upon PTEN loss. Remarkably, we found that BRD2 is dependent on chromatin associated acetylated RelA for its recruitment to MES gene promoters and their expression. Furthermore, loss of BRD2 results in the loss of MES signature, accompanied by an enrichment of proneural signature and enhanced therapy responsiveness. Finally, we demonstrate that disrupting the NFκB/BRD2 interaction with a brain penetrant BET-BD2 inhibitor reduces mesenchymal gene expression, GBM invasion, and therapy resistance in GBM models. This study uncovers the role of hitherto unexplored PTEN-NF-κB-BRD2 pathway in promoting MES transition and suggests inhibiting this complex with BET-BD2 specific inhibitors as a therapeutic approach to target the MES phenotype in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Vadla
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shunichiro Miki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brett Taylor
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brandon M Jones
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nidhi Nathwani
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philip Pham
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan Tsang
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David A Nathanson
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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5
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Duan W, Yu M, Chen J. BRD4: New Hope in the Battle Against Glioblastoma. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106767. [PMID: 37061146 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The BET family proteins, comprising BRD2, BRD3 and BRD4, represent epigenetic readers of acetylated histone marks that play pleiotropic roles in the tumorigenesis and growth of multiple human malignancies, including glioblastoma (GBM). A growing body of investigation has proven BET proteins as valuable therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Recently, several BRD4 inhibitors and degraders have been reported to successfully suppress GBM in preclinical and clinical studies. However, the precise role and mechanism of BRD4 in the pathogenesis of GBM have not been fully elucidated or summarized. This review focuses on summarizing the roles and mechanisms of BRD4 in the context of the initiation and development of GBM. In addition, several BRD4 inhibitors have been evaluated for therapeutic purposes as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immune therapies. Here, we provide a critical appraisal of studies evaluating various BRD4 inhibitors and degraders as novel treatment strategies against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Duan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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6
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Regulation of Cell Plasticity by Bromodomain and Extraterminal Domain (BET) Proteins: A New Perspective in Glioblastoma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065665. [PMID: 36982740 PMCID: PMC10055343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BET proteins are a family of multifunctional epigenetic readers, mainly involved in transcriptional regulation through chromatin modelling. Transcriptome handling ability of BET proteins suggests a key role in the modulation of cell plasticity, both in fate decision and in lineage commitment during embryonic development and in pathogenic conditions, including cancerogenesis. Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of glioma, characterized by a very poor prognosis despite the application of a multimodal therapy. Recently, new insights are emerging about the glioblastoma cellular origin, leading to the hypothesis that several putative mechanisms occur during gliomagenesis. Interestingly, epigenome dysregulation associated with loss of cellular identity and functions are emerging as crucial features of glioblastoma pathogenesis. Therefore, the emerging roles of BET protein in glioblastoma onco-biology and the compelling demand for more effective therapeutic strategies suggest that BET family members could be promising targets for translational breakthroughs in glioblastoma treatment. Primarily, “Reprogramming Therapy”, which is aimed at reverting the malignant phenotype, is now considered a promising strategy for GBM therapy.
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7
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Advanced Bioinformatics Analysis and Genetic Technologies for Targeting Autophagy in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060897. [PMID: 36980238 PMCID: PMC10047676 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most malignant primary brain tumor in adults, a diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) continues to carry a poor prognosis. GBM is characterized by cytoprotective homeostatic processes such as the activation of autophagy, capability to confer therapeutic resistance, evasion of apoptosis, and survival strategy even in the hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment. The current gold standard of therapy, which involves radiotherapy and concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), has been a game-changer for patients with GBM, relatively improving both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS); however, TMZ is now well-known to upregulate undesirable cytoprotective autophagy, limiting its therapeutic efficacy for induction of apoptosis in GBM cells. The identification of targets utilizing bioinformatics-driven approaches, advancement of modern molecular biology technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)—CRISPR-associated protein (Cas9) or CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and usage of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation of gene expression led to the selection of many novel targets for new therapeutic development and the creation of promising combination therapies. This review explores the current state of advanced bioinformatics analysis and genetic technologies and their utilization for synergistic combination with TMZ in the context of inhibition of autophagy for controlling the growth of GBM.
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8
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Jia F, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Tan G, Wang Z. FZD1/KLF10-hsa-miR-4762-5p/miR-224-3p-circular RNAs axis as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glioblastoma: a comprehensive report. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:21. [PMID: 36755291 PMCID: PMC9909915 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01450-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circular RNA (circRNA) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of tumors as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA). Given the high aggressiveness and fatality rate of glioblastoma (GBM) as well as poor prognosis, it is necessary to construct a circRNA-related ceRNA network for further studies on the mechanism of GBM and identify possible biomarkers as well as therapeutic drugs. METHODS Three datasets from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database were downloaded to distinguish differential circRNAs, microRNAs, and messenger RNAs respectively in GBM. With the help of GEPIA2, circBank, CSCD, TargetScan, miRDB, and miRTarBase databases, we established a circRNAs-related ceRNA network in GBM. Functional enrichments were employed to profile the most relevant mRNAs to indirectly clarify the mechanisms of the ceRNA network. Based on the expression profile data and survival information of GBM patients from the GEO and the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) databases, we performed survival analysis to select prognostic mRNAs and constructed a novel circRNA-miRNA-mRNA central regulatory subnetwork. The DGIdb database was used to find potential drug-gene interactions. RESULTS The datasets obtained from the GEO and TCGA databases were analyzed, and 504 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), 71 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and 270 differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) were screened out. The novel ceRNA regulatory network included 22 circRNAs, 11 miRNAs, and 15 mRNAs. FZD1 and KLF10 were significantly correlated with the overall survival rate of patients with GBM (P < 0.05). The final survival subnetwork contained six circRNAs, two miRNAs, and two mRNAs. Two small-molecule compounds and one antibody could be used as therapeutic drugs for GBM. Interestingly, the Wnt signaling pathway appeared in both KEGG and GO functional terms. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study demonstrate that FZD1 and KLF10 may exert regulatory functions in GBM, and the ceRNA-mediated network could be a therapeutic strategy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jia
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361001 Fujian China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- grid.410612.00000 0004 0604 6392Rehabilitation Department, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia China
| | - Zhengye Jiang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361001 Fujian China
| | - Guowei Tan
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361001 Fujian China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361001, Fujian, China.
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Regulation of programmed cell death by Brd4. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1059. [PMID: 36539410 PMCID: PMC9767942 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic factor Brd4 has emerged as a key regulator of cancer cell proliferation. Targeted inhibition of Brd4 suppresses growth and induces apoptosis of various cancer cells. In addition to apoptosis, Brd4 has also been shown to regulate several other forms of programmed cell death (PCD), including autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, with different biological outcomes. PCD plays key roles in development and tissue homeostasis by eliminating unnecessary or detrimental cells. Dysregulation of PCD is associated with various human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. In this review, we discussed some recent findings on how Brd4 actively regulates different forms of PCD and the therapeutic potentials of targeting Brd4 in PCD-related human diseases. A better understanding of PCD regulation would provide not only new insights into pathophysiological functions of PCD but also provide new avenues for therapy by targeting Brd4-regulated PCD.
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Pagano C, Coppola L, Navarra G, Avilia G, Bruzzaniti S, Piemonte E, Galgani M, Della Monica R, Chiariotti L, Cuomo M, Buonaiuto M, Torelli G, Caiazzo P, Laezza C, Bifulco M. N6-Isopentenyladenosine Impairs Mitochondrial Metabolism through Inhibition of EGFR Translocation on Mitochondria in Glioblastoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246044. [PMID: 36551529 PMCID: PMC9776489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor and is poorly susceptible to cytotoxic therapies. Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and deletion of exons 2 to 7, which generates EGFR variant III (vIII), are the most common molecular alterations of GBMs that contribute to the aggressiveness of the disease. Recently, it has been shown that EGFR/EGFRvIII-targeted inhibitors enhance mitochondrial translocation by causing mitochondrial accumulation of these receptors, promoting the tumor drug resistance; moreover, they negatively modulate intrinsic mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by sequestering PUMA, leading to impaired apoptotic response in GBM cells. N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A or iPA), a cytokinin consisting of an adenosine linked to an isopentenyl group deriving from the mevalonate pathway, has antiproliferative effects on numerous tumor cells, including GBM cells, by inducing cell death in vitro and in vivo. Here, we observed that iPA inhibits the mitochondrial respiration in GBM cells by preventing the translocation of EGFR/EGFRvIII to the mitochondria and allowing PUMA to interact with them by promoting changes in mitochondrial activity, thus playing a critical role in cell death. Our findings clearly demonstrate that iPA interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity, providing a rationale for an effective strategy for treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Coppola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Navarra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Avilia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Erica Piemonte
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Della Monica
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariella Cuomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Buonaiuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Torelli
- Neurosurgery Unit A.O. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’ Aragona, Salerno’s School of Medicine Largo Città di Ippocrate, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Osservatorio Oncologico, 84091 Battipaglia, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: or (C.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: or (C.L.); (M.B.)
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11
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Miki S, Koga T, Mckinney AM, Parisian AD, Tadokoro T, Vadla R, Marsala M, Hevner RF, Costello JF, Furnari F. TERT promoter C228T mutation in neural progenitors confers growth advantage following telomere shortening in vivo. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:2063-2075. [PMID: 35325218 PMCID: PMC9713509 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) promoter mutations (TPMs) facilitate TERT expression and are the most frequent mutation in glioblastoma (GBM). A recent analysis revealed this mutation is one of the earliest events in gliomagenesis. However, no appropriate human models have been engineered to study the role of this mutation in the initiation of these tumors. METHOD We established GBM models by introducing the heterozygous TPM in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using a two-step targeting approach in the context of GBM genetic alterations, CDKN2A/B and PTEN deletion, and EGFRvIII overexpression. The impact of the mutation was evaluated through the in vivo passage and in vitro experiment and analysis. RESULTS Orthotopic injection of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) derived from hiPSCs with the TPM into immunodeficient mice did not enhance tumorigenesis compared to TERT promoter wild type NPCs at initial in vivo passage presumably due to relatively long telomeres. However, the mutation recruited GA-Binding Protein and engendered low-level TERT expression resulting in enhanced tumorigenesis and maintenance of short telomeres upon secondary passage as observed in human GBM. These results provide the first insights regarding increased tumorigenesis upon introducing a TPM compared to isogenic controls without TPMs. CONCLUSION Our novel GBM models presented the growth advantage of heterozygous TPMs for the first time in the context of GBM driver mutations relative to isogenic controls, thereby allowing for the identification and validation of TERT promoter-specific vulnerabilities in a genetically accurate background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichiro Miki
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Alison D Parisian
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Takahiro Tadokoro
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Raghavendra Vadla
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martin Marsala
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frank Furnari
- Corresponding Authors: Frank Furnari, PhD, Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3053, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA ()
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12
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Lin B, Ziebro J, Smithberger E, Skinner KR, Zhao E, Cloughesy TF, Binder ZA, O’Rourke DM, Nathanson DA, Furnari FB, Miller CR. EGFR, the Lazarus target for precision oncology in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:2035-2062. [PMID: 36125064 PMCID: PMC9713527 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lazarus effect is a rare condition that happens when someone seemingly dead shows signs of life. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) represents a target in the fatal neoplasm glioblastoma (GBM) that through a series of negative clinical trials has prompted a vocal subset of the neuro-oncology community to declare this target dead. However, an argument can be made that the core tenets of precision oncology were overlooked in the initial clinical enthusiasm over EGFR as a therapeutic target in GBM. Namely, the wrong drugs were tested on the wrong patients at the wrong time. Furthermore, new insights into the biology of EGFR in GBM vis-à-vis other EGFR-driven neoplasms, such as non-small cell lung cancer, and development of novel GBM-specific EGFR therapeutics resurrects this target for future studies. Here, we will examine the distinct EGFR biology in GBM, how it exacerbates the challenge of treating a CNS neoplasm, how these unique challenges have influenced past and present EGFR-targeted therapeutic design and clinical trials, and what adjustments are needed to therapeutically exploit EGFR in this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Julia Ziebro
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Erin Smithberger
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Pathobiology and Translational Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kasey R Skinner
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Neurosciences Curriculum, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eva Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zev A Binder
- Department of Neurosurgery and Glioblastoma Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donald M O’Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery and Glioblastoma Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Ludwig Cancer Research, San Diego, California, USA
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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13
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Włodarczyk A, Tręda C, Rutkowska A, Grot D, Dobrewa W, Kierasińska A, Węgierska M, Wasiak T, Strózik T, Rieske P, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E. Phenotypical Flexibility of the EGFRvIII-Positive Glioblastoma Cell Line and the Multidirectional Influence of TGFβ and EGF on These Cells—EGFRvIII Appears as a Weak Oncogene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012129. [PMID: 36292985 PMCID: PMC9603514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The biological role of EGFRvIII (epidermal growth factor receptor variant three) remains unclear. Methods: Three glioblastoma DK-MG sublines were tested with EGF (epidermal growth factor) and TGFβ (transforming growth factor β). Sublines were characterized by an increased percentage of EGFRvIII-positive cells and doubling time (DK-MGlow to DK-MGextra-high), number of amplicons, and EGFRvIII mRNA expression. The influence of the growth factors on primary EGFRvIII positive glioblastomas was assessed. Results: The overexpression of exoEGFRvIII in DK-MGhigh did not convert them into DK-MGextra-high, and this overexpression did not change DK-MGlow to DK-MGhigh; however, the overexpression of RASG12V increased the proliferation of DK-MGlow. Moreover, the highest EGFRvIII phosphorylation in DK-MGextra-high did not cause relevant AKT (known as protein kinase B) and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activation. Further analyses indicate that TGFβ is able to induce apoptosis of DK-MGhigh cells. This subline was able to convert to DK-MGextra-high, which appeared resistant to this proapoptotic effect. EGF acted as a pro-survival factor and stimulated proliferation; however, simultaneous senescence induction in DK-MGextra-high cells was ambiguous. Primary EGFRvIII positive (and SOX2 (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2) positive or SOX2 negative) glioblastoma cells differentially responded to EGF and TGFβ. Conclusions: The roles of TGFβ and EGF in the EGFRvIII context remain unclear. EGFRvIII appears as a weak oncogene and not a marker of GSC (glioma stem cells). Hence, it may not be a proper target for CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Cezary Tręda
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Dagmara Grot
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Weronika Dobrewa
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Amelia Kierasińska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Marta Węgierska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wasiak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Strózik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-426-393-221
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14
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Vaquero J, Pavy A, Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Meredith M, Arbelaiz A, Fouassier L. Genetic alterations shaping tumor response to anti-EGFR therapies. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 64:100863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Shafi O, Siddiqui G. Tracing the origins of glioblastoma by investigating the role of gliogenic and related neurogenic genes/signaling pathways in GBM development: a systematic review. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:146. [PMID: 35538578 PMCID: PMC9087910 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumors. The etiology and the factors determining its onset are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the origins of GBM, and for this purpose, it focuses primarily on developmental gliogenic processes. It also focuses on the impact of the related neurogenic developmental processes in glioblastoma oncogenesis. It also addresses why glial cells are at more risk of tumor development compared to neurons. Methods Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving glioblastoma, gliogenesis, neurogenesis, stemness, neural stem cells, gliogenic signaling and pathways, neurogenic signaling and pathways, and astrocytogenic genes. Results The origin of GBM is dependent on dysregulation in multiple genes and pathways that accumulatively converge the cells towards oncogenesis. There are multiple layers of steps in glioblastoma oncogenesis including the failure of cell fate-specific genes to keep the cells differentiated in their specific cell types such as p300, BMP, HOPX, and NRSF/REST. There are genes and signaling pathways that are involved in differentiation and also contribute to GBM such as FGFR3, JAK-STAT, and hey1. The genes that contribute to differentiation processes but also contribute to stemness in GBM include notch, Sox9, Sox4, c-myc gene overrides p300, and then GFAP, leading to upregulation of nestin, SHH, NF-κB, and others. GBM mutations pathologically impact the cell circuitry such as the interaction between Sox2 and JAK-STAT pathway, resulting in GBM development and progression. Conclusion Glioblastoma originates when the gene expression of key gliogenic genes and signaling pathways become dysregulated. This study identifies key gliogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis in glioblastoma cells, including p300, BMP, PAX6, HOPX, NRSF/REST, LIF, and TGF beta. It also identifies key neurogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis including PAX6, neurogenins including Ngn1, NeuroD1, NeuroD4, Numb, NKX6-1 Ebf, Myt1, and ASCL1. This study also postulates how aging contributes to the onset of glioblastoma by dysregulating the gene expression of NF-κB, REST/NRSF, ERK, AKT, EGFR, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovais Shafi
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazia Siddiqui
- Sindh Medical College - Jinnah Sindh Medical University / Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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16
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N6-isopentenyladenosine induces cell death through necroptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:173. [PMID: 35393392 PMCID: PMC8991250 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Targeting necroptosis is considered a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer, including Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), one of the most lethal brain tumors. Necroptosis is a mechanism of programmed cell death overcoming the apoptosis resistance mechanism underlying GBM tumorigenesis and malignant progression. N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPA), adenosine modified with isoprenoid derivative, displays antitumor activity in different cancer models. In previous studies, we demonstrated that iPA interferes with EGFR signaling reducing glioma cell viability. Here, we show that iPA induces necroptosis in glioblastoma cell lines and in primary cells established from tumor explants, without affecting the viability of non-cancerous brain cell lines, (Normal Human Astrocyte). The activation of RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL and the upregulation of necrosome formation were increased upon iPA treatment while caspase-3, caspase-8, and PARP were not activated in GBM cells. Co-treatment with specific necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) or Necrosulfonamide (NSA) prevented cell death caused by iPA treatment while the general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk) did not elicit any effect, suggesting that this molecule induces caspase-independent necroptosis. These results suggest that iPA treatment can be able to bypass the apoptosis resistance mechanism in glioblastoma thereby offering higher therapeutic efficacy.
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17
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Jermakowicz AM, Rybin MJ, Suter RK, Sarkaria JN, Zeier Z, Feng Y, Ayad NG. The novel BET inhibitor UM-002 reduces glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23370. [PMID: 34862404 PMCID: PMC8642539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins have emerged as therapeutic targets in multiple cancers, including the most common primary adult brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM). Although several BET inhibitors have entered clinical trials, few are brain penetrant. We have generated UM-002, a novel brain penetrant BET inhibitor that reduces GBM cell proliferation in vitro and in a human cerebral brain organoid model. Since UM-002 is more potent than other BET inhibitors, it could potentially be developed for GBM treatment. Furthermore, UM-002 treatment reduces the expression of cell-cycle related genes in vivo and reduces the expression of invasion related genes within the non-proliferative cells present in tumors as measured by single cell RNA-sequencing. These studies suggest that BET inhibition alters the transcriptional landscape of GBM tumors, which has implications for designing combination therapies. Importantly, they also provide an integrated dataset that combines in vitro and ex vivo studies with in vivo single-cell RNA-sequencing to characterize a novel BET inhibitor in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Jermakowicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Matthew J Rybin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Robert K Suter
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Zane Zeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yangbo Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Nagi G Ayad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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18
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Chonan Y, Yamashita T, Sampetrean O, Saya H, Sudo R. Spatial heterogeneity of invading glioblastoma cells regulated by paracrine factors. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:573-585. [PMID: 34841881 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of malignant primary brain tumor in adults. GBM displays heterogeneous tumor cell population comprising glioma-initiating cells (GICs) with stem cell-like characteristics and differentiated glioma cells. During GBM cell invasion into normal brain tissues, which is the hallmark characteristic of GBM, GICs at the invasion front retain stemness, while cells at the tumor core display cellular differentiation. However, the mechanism of cellular differentiation underlying the formation of spatial cellular heterogeneity in GBM remains unknown. In the present study, we first observed spatially heterogeneous GBM cell populations emerged from an isogenic clonal population of GICs during invasion into a 3D collagen hydrogel in a microfluidic device. Specifically, GICs at the invasion front maintained stemness, while trailing cells displayed astrocytic differentiation. The spatial cellular heterogeneity resulted from the difference in cell density between GICs at the invasion front and trailing cells. Trailing GICs at high cell density exhibited astrocytic differentiation via local accumulation of paracrine factors they secreted, while cells at the invasion front of low cell density retained stemness due to the lack of paracrine factors. In addition, we demonstrated that interstitial flow suppressed astrocytic differentiation of trailing GICs by the clearance of paracrine factors. Our findings suggest that intercellular crosstalk between tumor cells is an essential factor in developing the spatial cellular heterogeneity of GBM cells with various differentiation statuses. It also provides insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting GBM cells with stem cell characteristics at the invasion front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Chonan
- Keio University, School of Integrated Design Engineering, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Tadahiro Yamashita
- Keio University, Department of System Design Engineering, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Keio University, School of Integrated Design Engineering, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Keio University School of Medicine, Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Keio University School of Medicine, Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Ryo Sudo
- Keio University, Department of System Design Engineering, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Keio University, School of Integrated Design Engineering, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan;
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19
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Barthel L, Hadamitzky M, Dammann P, Schedlowski M, Sure U, Thakur BK, Hetze S. Glioma: molecular signature and crossroads with tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 41:53-75. [PMID: 34687436 PMCID: PMC8924130 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In patients with glioblastoma, the average survival time with current treatments is short, mainly due to recurrences and resistance to therapy. This insufficient treatment success is, in large parts, due to the tremendous molecular heterogeneity of gliomas, which affects the overall prognosis and response to therapies and plays a vital role in gliomas’ grading. In addition, the tumor microenvironment is a major player for glioma development and resistance to therapy. Active communication between glioma cells and local or neighboring healthy cells and the immune environment promotes the cancerogenic processes and contributes to establishing glioma stem cells, which drives therapy resistance. Besides genetic alterations in the primary tumor, tumor-released factors, cytokines, proteins, extracellular vesicles, and environmental influences like hypoxia provide tumor cells the ability to evade host tumor surveillance machinery and promote disease progression. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that these players affect the molecular biological properties of gliomas and enable inter-cell communication that supports pro-cancerogenic cell properties. Identifying and characterizing these complex mechanisms are inevitably necessary to adapt therapeutic strategies and to develop novel measures. Here we provide an update about these junctions where constant traffic of biomolecules adds complexity in the management of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Barthel
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Martin Hadamitzky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp Dammann
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Cancer Exosome Research Lab, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Susann Hetze
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
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20
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Hoogstrate Y, Ghisai SA, de Wit M, de Heer I, Draaisma K, van Riet J, van de Werken HJG, Bours V, Buter J, Vanden Bempt I, Eoli M, Franceschi E, Frenel JS, Gorlia T, Hanse MC, Hoeben A, Kerkhof M, Kros JM, Leenstra S, Lombardi G, Lukacova S, Robe PA, Sepulveda JM, Taal W, Taphoorn M, Vernhout RM, Walenkamp AME, Watts C, Weller M, de Vos FYF, Jenster GW, van den Bent M, French PJ. The EGFRvIII transcriptome in glioblastoma, a meta-omics analysis. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:429-441. [PMID: 34608482 PMCID: PMC8917407 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EGFR is among the genes most frequently altered in glioblastoma, with exons 2-7 deletions (EGFRvIII) being among its most common genomic mutations. There are conflicting reports about its prognostic role and it remains unclear whether and how it differs in signaling compared with wildtype EGFR. Methods To better understand the oncogenic role of EGFRvIII, we leveraged 4 large datasets into 1 large glioblastoma transcriptome dataset (n = 741) alongside 81 whole-genome samples from 2 datasets. Results The EGFRvIII/EGFR expression ratios differ strongly between tumors and range from 1% to 95%. Interestingly, the slope of relative EGFRvIII expression is near-linear, which argues against a more positive selection pressure than EGFR wildtype. An absence of selection pressure is also suggested by the similar survival between EGFRvIII-positive and -negative glioblastoma patients. EGFRvIII levels are inversely correlated with pan-EGFR (all wildtype and mutant variants) expression, which indicates that EGFRvIII has a higher potency in downstream pathway activation. EGFRvIII-positive glioblastomas have a lower CDK4 or MDM2 amplification incidence than EGFRvIII-negative (P = .007), which may point toward crosstalk between these pathways. EGFRvIII-expressing tumors have an upregulation of “classical” subtype genes compared to those with EGFR-amplification only (P = 3.873e−6). Genomic breakpoints of the EGFRvIII deletions have a preference toward the 3′-end of the large intron-1. These preferred breakpoints preserve a cryptic exon resulting in a novel EGFRvIII variant and preserve an intronic enhancer. Conclusions These data provide deeper insights into the complex EGFRvIII biology and provide new insights for targeting EGFRvIII mutated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri Hoogstrate
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Corresponding Author: Youri Hoogstrate, PhD, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands ()
| | | | - Maurice de Wit
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris de Heer
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kaspar Draaisma
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Job van Riet
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen J G van de Werken
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Human Genetics, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jan Buter
- Department of Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marica Eoli
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Besta-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Monique C Hanse
- Department of Neurology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Hoeben
- Department of Medical Oncology, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Kerkhof
- Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Leenstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Slávka Lukacova
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pierre A Robe
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Walter Taal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Taphoorn
- Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - René M Vernhout
- Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Y F de Vos
- Department of Medical Oncology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido W Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Day EK, Sosale NG, Xiao A, Zhong Q, Purow B, Lazzara MJ. Glioblastoma Cell Resistance to EGFR and MET Inhibition Can Be Overcome via Blockade of FGFR-SPRY2 Bypass Signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3383-3396.e7. [PMID: 32160544 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SPRY2 is a purported tumor suppressor in certain cancers that promotes tumor growth and resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in glioblastoma. Here, we identify a SPRY2-dependent bypass signaling mechanism in glioblastoma that drives resistance to EGFR and MET inhibition. In glioblastoma cells treated with EGFR and MET inhibitors, SPRY2 expression is initially suppressed but eventually rebounds due to NF-κB pathway activation, resultant autocrine FGFR activation, and reactivation of ERK, which controls SPRY2 transcription. In cells where FGFR autocrine signaling does not occur and ERK does not reactivate, or in which ERK reactivates but SPRY2 cannot be expressed, EGFR and MET inhibitors are more effective at promoting death. The same mechanism also drives acquired resistance to EGFR and MET inhibition. Furthermore, tumor xenografts expressing an ERK-dependent bioluminescent reporter engineered for these studies reveal that this bypass resistance mechanism plays out in vivo but can be overcome through simultaneous FGFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K Day
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nisha G Sosale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Aizhen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Benjamin Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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22
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Yang H, Wei L, Xun Y, Yang A, You H. BRD4: An emerging prospective therapeutic target in glioma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 21:1-14. [PMID: 33851008 PMCID: PMC8010576 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis for glioma patients remains poor. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a member of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein family, plays an important role in controlling oncogene expression and genome stability. In recent years, numerous BRD4 inhibitors have entered clinical trials and achieved exciting results in tumor treatment. Recent clinical studies have shown that BRD4 expression in glioma is significantly higher than in the adjacent normal brain tissue. BRD4 inhibitors effectively penetrate the blood-brain barrier and target glioma tumor tissues but have little effect on normal brain tissues. Thus, BRD4 is a target for the treatment of glioma. In this study, we discuss the progress in the use of BRD4 inhibitors for glioma treatment, their mechanism of action, and their broad potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Wei
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Xun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Anping Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, Guangdong Province, China
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23
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Gao Y, Zheng H, Li L, Feng M, Chen X, Hao B, Lv Z, Zhou X, Cao Y. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Promotes Angiogenesis of Glioblastoma Through Interacting With ITGB4 and Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:598377. [PMID: 33748101 PMCID: PMC7969793 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.598377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system (CNS), causing the extremely poor prognosis. Combining the role of angiogenesis in tumor progression and the role of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in angiogenesis, this study aims to explore the functions of PSMA in GBM. Methods Clinical GBM specimens were collected from 60 patients who accepted surgical treatment in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between January 2018 and June 2019. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect PSMA and CD31 expression in GBM tissues. Prognostic significance of PSMA was evaluated by bioinformatics. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) transfected with PSMA overexpression plasmids or cultured with conditioned medium collected based on GBM cells, were used for CCK8, Transwell and tube formation assays. High-throughput sequencing and immunoprecipitation were used to explore the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, the in vivo experiment had been also conducted. Results We demonstrated that PSMA was abundantly expressed in endothelium of vessels of GBM tissues but not in vessels of normal tissues, which was significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Overexpression of PSMA could promotes proliferation, invasion and tube formation ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, U87 or U251 conditioned medium could upregulated PSMA expression and induce similar effects on phenotypes of HUVECs, all of which could be partially attenuated by 2-PMPA treatment. The mechanistic study revealed that PSMA might promote angiogenesis of GBM through interacting with Integrin β4 (ITGB4) and activating NF-κB signaling pathway. The in vivo growth of GBM could be alleviated by the treatment of 2-PMPA. Conclusion This study identified PSMA as a critical regulator in angiogenesis and progression of GBM, which might be a promising therapeutic target for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangdong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingtao Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqun Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Gao X, Xia X, Li F, Zhang M, Zhou H, Wu X, Zhong J, Zhao Z, Zhao K, Liu D, Xiao F, Xu Q, Jiang T, Li B, Cheng SY, Zhang N. Circular RNA-encoded oncogenic E-cadherin variant promotes glioblastoma tumorigenicity through activation of EGFR-STAT3 signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:278-291. [PMID: 33664496 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated EGFR signalling drives tumorigenicity in 50% of glioblastoma (GBM). However, EGFR-targeting therapy has proven ineffective in treating patients with GBM, indicating that there is redundant EGFR activation. Circular RNAs are covalently closed RNA transcripts that are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we report an additional activation mechanism of EGFR signalling in GBM by an undescribed secretory E-cadherin protein variant (C-E-Cad) encoded by a circular E-cadherin (circ-E-Cad) RNA through multiple-round open reading frame translation. C-E-Cad is overexpressed in GBM and promotes glioma stem cell tumorigenicity. C-E-Cad activates EGFR independent of EGF through association with the EGFR CR2 domain using a unique 14-amino-acid carboxy terminus, thereby maintaining glioma stem cell tumorigenicity. Notably, inhibition of C-E-Cad markedly enhances the antitumour activity of therapeutic anti-EGFR strategies in GBM. Our results uncover a critical role of C-E-Cad in stimulating EGFR signalling and provide a promising approach for treating EGFR-driven GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maolei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huangkai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, China
- Gene Denovo Biotechnology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xujia Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feizhe Xiao
- Department of Scientific Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- GenomiCare Biotechnology (Shanghai), Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, China.
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25
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Abstract
Secretory proteins in tumor tissues are important components of the tumor microenvironment. Secretory proteins act on tumor cells or stromal cells or mediate interactions between tumor cells and stromal cells, thereby affecting tumor progression and clinical treatment efficacy. In this paper, recent research advances in secretory proteins in malignant tumors are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jiajie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Mingrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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26
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Oh H, Hwang I, Jang JY, Wu L, Cao D, Yao J, Ying H, Li JY, Yao Y, Hu B, Wang Q, Zheng H, Paik J. Therapy-Induced Transdifferentiation Promotes Glioma Growth Independent of EGFR Signaling. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1528-1539. [PMID: 33509942 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EGFR is frequently amplified, mutated, and overexpressed in malignant gliomas. Yet the EGFR-targeted therapies have thus far produced only marginal clinical responses, and the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Using an inducible oncogenic EGFR-driven glioma mouse model system, our current study reveals that a small population of glioma cells can evade therapy-initiated apoptosis and potentiate relapse development by adopting a mesenchymal-like phenotypic state that no longer depends on oncogenic EGFR signaling. Transcriptome analyses of proximal and distal treatment responses identified TGFβ/YAP/Slug signaling cascade activation as a major regulatory mechanism that promotes therapy-induced glioma mesenchymal lineage transdifferentiation. Following anti-EGFR treatment, TGFβ secreted from stressed glioma cells acted to promote YAP nuclear translocation that stimulated upregulation of the pro-mesenchymal transcriptional factor SLUG and subsequent glioma lineage transdifferentiation toward a stable therapy-refractory state. Blockade of this adaptive response through suppression of TGFβ-mediated YAP activation significantly delayed anti-EGFR relapse and prolonged animal survival. Together, our findings shed new insight into EGFR-targeted therapy resistance and suggest that combinatorial therapies of targeting both EGFR and mechanisms underlying glioma lineage transdifferentiation could ultimately lead to deeper and more durable responses. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that molecular reprogramming and lineage transdifferentiation underlie anti-EGFR therapy resistance and are clinically relevant to the development of new combinatorial targeting strategies against malignant gliomas with aberrant EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanhee Oh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Inah Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ja-Young Jang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lingxiang Wu
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Dongqing Cao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Neurosurgical Immunology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yi Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Neurosurgical Immunology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoli Hu
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, New York
| | - Qianghu Wang
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hongwu Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jihye Paik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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27
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Banisadr A, Eick M, Beri P, Parisian AD, Yeoman B, Placone JK, Engler AJ, Furnari F. EGFRvIII uses intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms to reduce glioma adhesion and increase migration. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247189. [PMID: 33243756 PMCID: PMC7774888 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of biological markers has limited our ability to identify the invasive cells responsible for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). To become migratory and invasive, cells must downregulate matrix adhesions, which could be a physical marker of invasive potential. We engineered murine astrocytes with common GBM mutations, e.g. Ink4a (Ink) or PTEN deletion and expressing a constitutively active EGF receptor truncation (EGFRvIII), to elucidate their effect on adhesion. While loss of Ink or PTEN did not affect adhesion, counterparts expressing EGFRvIII were significantly less adhesive. EGFRvIII reduced focal adhesion size and number, and these cells - with more labile adhesions - displayed enhanced migration. Regulation appears to depend not on physical receptor association to integrins but, rather, on the activity of the receptor kinase, resulting in transcriptional integrin repression. Interestingly, EGFRvIII intrinsic signals can be propagated by cytokine crosstalk to cells expressing wild-type EGFR, resulting in reduced adhesion and enhanced migration. These data identify potential intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that gliomas use to invade surrounding parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Banisadr
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mariam Eick
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pranjali Beri
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Yeoman
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jesse K Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Frank Furnari
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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28
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Liu Z, Wang X, Yang G, Zhong C, Zhang R, Ye J, Zhong Y, Hu J, Ozal B, Zhao S. Construction of lncRNA-associated ceRNA networks to identify prognostic lncRNA biomarkers for glioblastoma. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3502-3515. [PMID: 32277520 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that play significant regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of tumors. However, the role of lncRNAs, especially the lncRNA-related ceRNA regulatory network, in glioblastoma (GBM) has not been fully elucidated. The goal of the current study was to construct lncRNA-microRNA-mRNA-related ceRNA networks for further investigation of their mechanism of action in GBM. We downloaded data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases and identified differential lncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) associated with GBM. A ceRNA network was constructed and analyzed to examine the relationship between lncRNAs and patients' overall survival. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGGs) were used to analyze the related mRNAs to indirectly explain the mechanism of action of lncRNAs. The potential effective drugs for the treatment of GBM were identified using the connectivity map (CMap). After integrated analysis, we obtained a total of 210 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 90 differentially expressed miRNAs, and 2508 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) from the TCGA and GEO databases. Using these differential genes, we constructed a lncRNA-associated ceRNA network. Six lncRNAs in the ceRNA network were associated with the overall survival of patients with GBM. Through KEGG analysis, it was found that the DEmRNAs involved in the network are related to cancer-associated pathways, for instance, mitogen-activated protein kinase and Ras signaling pathways. CMap analysis revealed four small-molecule compounds that could be used as drugs for the treatment of GBM. In this study, a multi-database joint analysis was used to construct a lncRNA-related ceRNA network to help identify the regulatory functions of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruotian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Junyi Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingqiang Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Junlong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Beylerli Ozal
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,The Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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29
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Hardiany NS, Yo EC, Ngadiono E, Wanandi SI. Gene Expression of Molecules Regulating Apoptotic Pathways in Glioblastoma Multiforme Treated with Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Conditioned Medium. Malays J Med Sci 2020; 26:35-45. [PMID: 31908585 PMCID: PMC6939736 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumour and there is no definite cure. It has been suggested that there are significant interactions among mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), their released factors and tumour cells that ultimately determine GBM’s growth pattern. This study aims to analyse the expression of molecules involved in GBM cell apoptotic pathways following treatment with the MSC secretome. Methods A conditioned medium of umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSC-CM) was generated by culturing the cells on serum-free αMEM for 24 h. Following this, human GBM T98G cells were treated with UCMSC-CM for 24 h. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was then performed to measure the mRNA expression of survivin, caspase-9, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), DR4 and DcR1. Results mRNA expression of caspase-9 in CM-treated T98G cells increased 1.6-fold (P = 0.017), whereas mRNA expression of survivin increased 3.5-fold (P = 0.002). On the other hand, TRAIL protein expression was upregulated (1.2-fold), whereas mRNA expression was downregulated (0.4-fold), in CM-treated cells. Moreover, there was an increase in the mRNA expression of both DR4 (3.5-fold) and DcR1 (1,368.5-fold) in CM-treated cells. Conclusion The UCMSC-CM was able to regulate the expression of molecules involved in GBM cell apoptotic pathways. However, the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules was more upregulated than that of pro-apoptotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novi Silvia Hardiany
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Eko Ngadiono
- Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Septelia Inawati Wanandi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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30
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Guo G, Gong K, Puliyappadamba VT, Panchani N, Pan E, Mukherjee B, Damanwalla Z, Bharia S, Hatanpaa KJ, Gerber DE, Mickey BE, Patel TR, Sarkaria JN, Zhao D, Burma S, Habib AA. Efficacy of EGFR plus TNF inhibition in a preclinical model of temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2019; 21:1529-1539. [PMID: 31363754 PMCID: PMC6917414 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant adult brain tumor. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the standard of care and is most effective in GBMs that lack the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Moreover, even initially responsive tumors develop a secondary resistance to TMZ and become untreatable. Since aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is widespread in GBM, EGFR inhibition has been tried in multiple clinical trials without success. We recently reported that inhibiting EGFR leads to increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and activation of a survival pathway in GBM. Here, we compare the efficacy of TMZ versus EGFR plus TNF inhibition in an orthotopic mouse model of GBM. METHODS We use an orthotopic model to examine the efficacy of TMZ versus EGFR plus TNF inhibition in multiple subsets of GBMs, including MGMT methylated and unmethylated primary GBMs, recurrent GBMs, and GBMs rendered experimentally resistant to TMZ. RESULTS The efficacy of the 2 treatments was similar in MGMT methylated GBMs. However, in MGMT unmethylated GBMs, a combination of EGFR plus TNF inhibition was more effective. We demonstrate that the 2 treatment approaches target distinct and non-overlapping pathways. Thus, importantly, EGFR plus TNF inhibition remains effective in TMZ-resistant recurrent GBMs and in GBMs rendered experimentally resistant to TMZ. CONCLUSION EGFR inhibition combined with a blunting of the accompanying TNF-driven adaptive response could be a viable therapeutic approach in MGMT unmethylated and recurrent EGFR-expressing GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Guo
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ke Gong
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Nishah Panchani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Edward Pan
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ziba Damanwalla
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sabrina Bharia
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kimmo J Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - David E Gerber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bruce E Mickey
- Department of Neurosurgery, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Toral R Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dawen Zhao
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amyn A Habib
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dallas, Texas
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
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31
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Rutkowska A, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E, Janik K, Włodarczyk A, Rieske P. EGFR vIII: An Oncogene with Ambiguous Role. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1092587. [PMID: 32089685 PMCID: PMC7024087 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1092587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) seems to constitute the perfect therapeutic target for glioblastoma (GB), as it is specifically present on up to 28-30% of GB cells. In case of other tumor types, expression and possible role of this oncogene still remain controversial. In spite of EGFRvIII mechanism of action being crucial for the design of small active anticancer molecules and immunotherapies, i.e., CAR-T technology, it is yet to be precisely defined. EGFRvIII is known to be resistant to degradation, but it is still unclear whether it heterodimerizes with EGF-activated wild-type EGFR (EGFRWT) or homodimerizes (including covalent homodimerization). Constitutive kinase activity of this mutated receptor is relatively low, and some researchers even claim that a nuclear, but not a membrane function, is crucial for its activity. Based on the analyses of recurrent tumors that are often lacking EGFRvIII expression despite its initial presence in corresponding primary foci, this oncogene is suggested to play a marginal role during later stages of carcinogenesis, while even in primary tumors EGFRvIII expression is detected only in a small percentage of tumor cells, undermining the rationality of EGFRvIII-targeting therapies. On the other hand, EGFRvIII-positive cells are resistant to apoptosis, more invasive, and characterized with enhanced proliferation rate. Moreover, expression of this oncogenic receptor was also postulated to be a marker of cancer stem cells. Opinions regarding the role that EGFRvIII plays in tumorigenesis and for tumor aggressiveness are clearly contradictory and, therefore, it is crucial not only to determine its mechanism of action, but also to unambiguously define its role at early and advanced cancer stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Janik
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
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32
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Venkatesh VS, Lou E. Tunneling nanotubes: A bridge for heterogeneity in glioblastoma and a new therapeutic target? Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1185. [PMID: 32729189 PMCID: PMC7941610 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of tumour heterogeneity is not novel but is fast becoming a paradigm by which to explain part of the highly recalcitrant nature of aggressive malignant tumours. Glioblastoma is a prime example of such difficult-to-treat, invasive, and incurable malignancies. With the advent of the post-genomic age and increased access to next-generation sequencing technologies, numerous publications have described the presence and extent of intratumoural and intertumoural heterogeneity present in glioblastoma. Moreover, there have been numerous reports more directly correlating the heterogeneity of glioblastoma to its refractory, reoccurring, and inevitably terminal nature. It is therefore prudent to consider the different forms of heterogeneity seen in glioblastoma and how to harness this understanding to better strategize novel therapeutic approaches. One of the most central questions of tumour heterogeneity is how these numerous different cell types (both tumour and non-tumour) in the tumour mass communicate. RECENT FINDINGS This chapter provides a brief review on the variable heterogeneity of glioblastoma, with a focus on cellular heterogeneity and on modalities of communication that can induce further molecular diversity within the complex and ever-evolving tumour microenvironment. We provide particular emphasis on the emerging role of actin-based cellular conduits called tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) and tumour microtubes (TMs) and outline the perceived current problems in the field that need to be resolved before pharmacological targeting of TNTs can become a reality. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TNTs and TMs provide a new and exciting avenue for the therapeutic targeting of glioblastoma and that numerous inroads have already made into TNT and TM biology. However, to target TMs and TNTs, several advances must be made before this aim can become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emil Lou
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and TransplantationUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
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33
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Valdebenito S, D'Amico D, Eugenin E. Novel approaches for glioblastoma treatment: Focus on tumor heterogeneity, treatment resistance, and computational tools. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1220. [PMID: 32729241 PMCID: PMC7941428 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor. Currently, the suggested line of action is the surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and treatment with the adjuvant temozolomide, a DNA alkylating agent. However, the ability of tumor cells to deeply infiltrate the surrounding tissue makes complete resection quite impossible, and, in consequence, the probability of tumor recurrence is high, and the prognosis is not positive. GBM is highly heterogeneous and adapts to treatment in most individuals. Nevertheless, these mechanisms of adaption are unknown. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we will discuss the recent discoveries in molecular and cellular heterogeneity, mechanisms of therapeutic resistance, and new technological approaches to identify new treatments for GBM. The combination of biology and computer resources allow the use of algorithms to apply artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches to identify potential therapeutic pathways and to identify new drug candidates. CONCLUSION These new approaches will generate a better understanding of GBM pathogenesis and will result in novel treatments to reduce or block the devastating consequences of brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
| | - Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinic NeuroscienceUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
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34
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BET inhibitors impair leukemic stem cell function only in defined oncogenic subgroups of acute myeloid leukaemias. Leuk Res 2019; 87:106269. [PMID: 31751766 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal inhibitors (BETi) such as OTX015 are active in Acute Myeloid Leukaemias (AML). Their activity on Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) is less documented. We interrogated the anti-LSC activity of OTX015 in a niche-like long-term culture in 26 primary AML samples and validated our findings in vivo. OTX015 impaired LSCs in AMLs harbouring Core Binding Factor or KMT2A gene fusions, NPM1 or chromatin/spliceosome genes mutations, but not in those with aneuploidy/TP53 mutations. In four patients, we dissected the transcriptomic footprint of Bet inhibition on LSCs versus blasts. Our results can instruct future clinical trials of BETi in AML.
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35
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Koga T, Li B, Figueroa JM, Ren B, Chen CC, Carter BS, Furnari FB. Mapping of genomic EGFRvIII deletions in glioblastoma: insight into rearrangement mechanisms and biomarker development. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:1310-1320. [PMID: 29660021 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) variant III (vIII) is the most common oncogenic rearrangement in glioblastoma (GBM), generated by deletion of exons 2 to 7 of EGFR. The proximal breakpoints occur in variable positions within the 123-kb intron 1, presenting significant challenges in terms of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based mapping. Molecular mechanisms underlying these deletions remain unclear. Methods We determined the presence of EGFRvIII and its breakpoints for 29 GBM samples using quantitative PCR, arrayed PCR mapping, Sanger sequencing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Patient-specific breakpoint PCR was performed on tumors, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The breakpoint sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed to elucidate the underlying biogenic mechanism. Results PCR mapping and WGS independently unveiled 8 EGFRvIII breakpoints in 6 tumors. Patient-specific primers yielded EGFRvIII PCR amplicons in matched tumors and in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from a CSF sample, but not in cfDNA or extracellular-vesicle DNA from plasma. The breakpoint analysis revealed nucleotide insertions in 4 samples, an insertion of a region outside of the EGFR locus in 1, microhomologies in 3, as well as a duplication or an inversion accompanied by microhomologies in 2, suggestive of distinct DNA repair mechanisms. In the GBM samples that harbored distinct breakpoints, the SNP compositions of EGFRvIII and amplified non-vIII EGFR were identical, suggesting that these rearrangements arose from amplified non-vIII EGFR. Conclusion Our approach efficiently "fingerprints" each sample's EGFRvIII breakpoints. Breakpoint sequence analyses suggest that independent breakpoints arose from precursor amplified non-vIII EGFR through different DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bin Li
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Javier M Figueroa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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36
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Jameson NM, Ma J, Benitez J, Izurieta A, Han JY, Mendez R, Parisian A, Furnari F. Intron 1-Mediated Regulation of EGFR Expression in EGFR-Dependent Malignancies Is Mediated by AP-1 and BET Proteins. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2208-2220. [PMID: 31444232 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in numerous solid tumors and is the subject of extensive therapeutic efforts. Much of the research on EGFR is focused on protein dynamics and downstream signaling; however, few studies have explored its transcriptional regulation. Here, we identified two enhancers (CE1 and CE2) present within the first intron of the EGFR gene in models of glioblastoma (GBM) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). CE1 and CE2 contain open chromatin and H3K27Ac histone marks, enhance transcription in reporter assays, and interact with the EGFR promoter. Enhancer genetic deletion by CRISPR/Cas9 significantly reduces EGFR transcript levels, with double deletion exercising an additive effect. Targeted repression of CE1 and CE2 by dCas9-KRAB demonstrates repression of transcription similar to that of genomic deletion. We identify AP-1 transcription factor family members in concert with BET bromodomain proteins as modulators of CE1 and CE2 activity in HNSCC and GBM through de novo motif identification and validate their presence. Genetic inhibition of AP-1 or pharmacologic disruption of BET/AP-1 binding results in downregulated EGFR protein and transcript levels, confirming a role for these factors in CE1 and CE2. Our results identify and characterize these novel enhancers, shedding light on the role that epigenetic mechanisms play in regulating EGFR transcription in EGFR-dependent cancers. IMPLICATIONS: We identify critical constituent enhancers present in the first intron of the EGFR gene, and provide a rationale for therapeutic targeting of EGFR intron 1 enhancers through perturbation of AP-1 and BET in EGFR-positive malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Jameson
- Ludwig Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jianhui Ma
- Ludwig Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Zeno Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California
| | - Jorge Benitez
- Ludwig Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California
| | - Alejandro Izurieta
- Ludwig Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jee Yun Han
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert Mendez
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alison Parisian
- Ludwig Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Frank Furnari
- Ludwig Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California. .,The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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37
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Karasev MM, Stepanenko OV, Rumyantsev KA, Turoverov KK, Verkhusha VV. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Proteins and Their Applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S32-S50. [PMID: 31213194 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High transparency, low light-scattering, and low autofluorescence of mammalian tissues in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range (~650-900 nm) open a possibility for in vivo imaging of biological processes at the micro- and macroscales to address basic and applied problems in biology and biomedicine. Recently, probes that absorb and fluoresce in the NIR optical range have been engineered using bacterial phytochromes - natural NIR light-absorbing photoreceptors that regulate metabolism in bacteria. Since the chromophore in all these proteins is biliverdin, a natural product of heme catabolism in mammalian cells, they can be used as genetically encoded fluorescent probes, similarly to GFP-like fluorescent proteins. In this review, we discuss photophysical and biochemical properties of NIR fluorescent proteins, reporters, and biosensors and analyze their characteristics required for expression of these molecules in mammalian cells. Structural features and molecular engineering of NIR fluorescent probes are discussed. Applications of NIR fluorescent proteins and biosensors for studies of molecular processes in cells, as well as for tissue and organ visualization in whole-body imaging in vivo, are described. We specifically focus on the use of NIR fluorescent probes in advanced imaging technologies that combine fluorescence and bioluminescence methods with photoacoustic tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Karasev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - O V Stepanenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - K A Rumyantsev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - K K Turoverov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - V V Verkhusha
- Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland. .,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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38
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A Role for NF-κB in Organ Specific Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050655. [PMID: 31083587 PMCID: PMC6563002 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) account for tumor initiation, invasiveness, metastasis, and recurrence in a broad range of human cancers. Although being a key player in cancer development and progression by stimulating proliferation and metastasis and preventing apoptosis, the role of the transcription factor NF-κB in cancer stem cells is still underestimated. In the present review, we will evaluate the role of NF-κB in CSCs of glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, as well as cancer of the bone. Next to summarizing current knowledge regarding the presence and contribution of CSCs to the respective types of cancer, we will emphasize NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways directly involved in maintaining characteristics of cancer stem cells associated to tumor progression. Here, we will also focus on the status of NF-κB-activity predominantly in CSC populations and the tumor mass. Genetic alterations leading to NF-κB activity in glioblastoma, ependymoma, and multiple myeloma will be discussed.
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39
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Saleem H, Kulsoom Abdul U, Küçükosmanoglu A, Houweling M, Cornelissen FMG, Heiland DH, Hegi ME, Kouwenhoven MCM, Bailey D, Würdinger T, Westerman BA. The TICking clock of EGFR therapy resistance in glioblastoma: Target Independence or target Compensation. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 43:29-37. [PMID: 31054489 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy against driver mutations responsible for cancer progression has been shown to be effective in many tumor types. For glioblastoma (GBM), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene is the most frequently mutated oncogenic driver and has therefore been considered an attractive target for therapy. However, so far responses to EGFR-pathway inhibitors have been disappointing. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the mechanisms that might account for therapy resistance against EGFR inhibition. We define two major mechanisms of resistance and propose modalities to overcome them. The first resistance mechanism concerns target independence. In this case, cells have lost expression of the EGFR protein and experience no negative impact of EGFR targeting. Loss of extrachromosomally encoded EGFR as present in double minute DNA is a frequent mechanism for this type of drug resistance. The second mechanism concerns target compensation. In this case, cells will counteract EGFR inhibition by activation of compensatory pathways that render them independent of EGFR signaling. Compensatory pathway candidates are platelet-derived growth factor β (PDGFβ), Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFR1) and cMET and their downstream targets, all not commonly mutated at the time of diagnosis alongside EGFR mutation. Given that both mechanisms make cells independent of EGFR expression, other means have to be found to eradicate drug resistant cells. To this end we suggest rational strategies which include the use of multi-target therapies that hit truncation mutations (mechanism 1) or multi-target therapies to co-inhibit compensatory proteins (mechanism 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Saleem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - U Kulsoom Abdul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Asli Küçükosmanoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Megan Houweling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur M G Cornelissen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Biology, Nature Science Building, 9500 Gilman Drive, CA, 92093-0377, United States
| | - Dieter H Heiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Monika E Hegi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde C M Kouwenhoven
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Bailey
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals Ltd, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WS, UK
| | - Tom Würdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart A Westerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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40
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Miller ML, Tome-Garcia J, Waluszko A, Sidorenko T, Kumar C, Ye F, Tsankova NM. Practical Bioinformatic DNA-Sequencing Pipeline for Detecting Oncogene Amplification and EGFRvIII Mutational Status in Clinical Glioblastoma Samples. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:514-524. [PMID: 31000415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor with dismal prognosis. Oncogenic mutations in glioblastoma frequently affect receptor tyrosine kinase pathway components that are challenging to quantify because of heterogeneous expression. EGFRvIII, a common oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase mutant protein in glioblastoma, potentiates tumor malignancy and is an emerging tumor-specific immunotarget, underlining the need for its more accessible and quantitative detection. We used normalized next-generation sequencing data from 117 brain and 371 reference clinical tumor samples to detect focal gene amplifications across the commercial Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel version 2 and infer EGFRvIII status based on relative coverage dropout of the gene's truncated region within EGFR. In glioblastomas (n = 45), amplification of EGFR [18 (40%)], PDGFRA [3 (7%)], KIT [2 (4%)], MET [1 (2%)], and AKT1 [1 (2%)] was detected. With respect to EGFR and PDGFRA amplification, there was near-complete agreement between next-generation sequencing and in situ hybridization. Consistent with previous reports, this method detected EGFRvIII exclusively in EGFR-amplified glioblastomas [8 (44%)], which was confirmed using long-range PCR. Our study offers a practical method for detecting oncogene amplifications and large intragenic mutations in a clinically implemented hotspot panel that can be quantified using z scores. The validated detection of EGFRvIII using DNA sequencing eliminates problems with transcript degradation, and the provided script facilitates efficient incorporation into a laboratory's bioinformatic pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Miller
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jessica Tome-Garcia
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Aneta Waluszko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tatyana Sidorenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Chitra Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York; Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.
| | - Nadejda M Tsankova
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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41
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Krichevsky AM, Uhlmann EJ. Oligonucleotide Therapeutics as a New Class of Drugs for Malignant Brain Tumors: Targeting mRNAs, Regulatory RNAs, Mutations, Combinations, and Beyond. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:319-347. [PMID: 30644073 PMCID: PMC6554258 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are rapidly progressive and often fatal owing to resistance to therapies and based on their complex biology, heterogeneity, and isolation from systemic circulation. Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor, has high mortality, and affects both children and adults. Despite significant advances in understanding the pathology, multiple clinical trials employing various treatment strategies have failed. With much expanded knowledge of the GBM genome, epigenome, and transcriptome, the field of neuro-oncology is getting closer to achieve breakthrough-targeted molecular therapies. Current developments of oligonucleotide chemistries for CNS applications make this new class of drugs very attractive for targeting molecular pathways dysregulated in brain tumors and are anticipated to vastly expand the spectrum of currently targetable molecules. In this chapter, we will overview the molecular landscape of malignant gliomas and explore the most prominent molecular targets (mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and genomic mutations) that provide opportunities for the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics for this class of neurologic diseases. Because malignant brain tumors focally disrupt the blood-brain barrier, this class of diseases might be also more susceptible to systemic treatments with oligonucleotides than other neurologic disorders and, thus, present an entry point for the oligonucleotide therapeutics to the CNS. Nevertheless, delivery of oligonucleotides remains a crucial part of the treatment strategy. Finally, synthetic gRNAs guiding CRISPR-Cas9 editing technologies have a tremendous potential to further expand the applications of oligonucleotide therapeutics and take them beyond RNA targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Krichevsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Erik J Uhlmann
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
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42
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Koga T, Chen CC, Furnari FB. When less is more: Gaining power through gene rearrangement of amplified EGFR. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2116-2117. [PMID: 31040904 PMCID: PMC6481334 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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NOZAWA T, OKADA M, NATSUMEDA M, EDA T, ABE H, TSUKAMOTO Y, OKAMOTO K, OISHI M, TAKAHASHI H, FUJII Y, KAKITA A. EGFRvIII Is Expressed in Cellular Areas of Tumor in a Subset of Glioblastoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2019; 59:89-97. [PMID: 30787232 PMCID: PMC6434422 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2018-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is a tumor-specific cell surface antigen often expressed in glioblastoma and has drawn much attention as a possible therapeutic target. We performed immunohistochemistry on histology sections of surgical specimens taken from 67 cases with glioblastoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase-wild type, and evaluated the morphological characteristics and distribution of the EGFRvIII-positive tumor cells. We then evaluated the localization of EGFRvIII-expression within the tumor and peritumoral areas. EGFRvIII immunopositivity was detected in 15 specimens taken from 13 patients, including two recurrent specimens taken from the same patient at relapse. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that EGFRvIII-positive cells were present in cells positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and some showed astrocytic differentiation with multiple fine processes and others did not shown. The EGFRvIII-positive cells were located in cellular areas of the tumor, but not in the invading zone. In the two recurrent cases, EGFRvIII-positive cells were markedly decreased in one case and retained in the other. With regard to overall survival, univariate analysis indicated that EGFRvIII-expression in patients with glioblastoma was not significantly associated with a favorable outcome. Double-labeling immunofluorescence staining of EGFRvIII and GFAP showed that processes of large, well differentiated, GFAP-positive glia extend to and surround less differentiated, EGFRvIII-positive glial cells in cellular areas of tumor. However, in the tumor periphery, EGFRvIII-positive tumor cells were not observed. This finding suggests that EGFRvIII is involved in tumor proliferation, but that invading glioma cells lose their EGFRvIII expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori NOZAWA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayasu OKADA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Manabu NATSUMEDA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeyoshi EDA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki ABE
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro TSUKAMOTO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kouichirou OKAMOTO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto OISHI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi TAKAHASHI
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yukihiko FUJII
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi KAKITA
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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Masui K, Onizuka H, Cavenee WK, Mischel PS, Shibata N. Metabolic reprogramming in the pathogenesis of glioma: Update. Neuropathology 2019; 39:3-13. [PMID: 30609184 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease that is currently classified not only by its tissue and cell type of origin but increasingly by its molecular composition. Increasingly, tumor classification and subtyping is being performed based upon the oncogene gains, tumor suppressor losses, and associated epigenetic and transcriptional features. However, cancers, including brain tumors, are also characterized by profound alterations in cellular metabolism. At present, even though signature mutations in known metabolic enzymes are recognized as being important, the metabolic landscape of tumors is not currently incorporated into tumor diagnostic categories. Here we describe a set of recent discoveries on metabolic reprogramming driven by mutations in the genes for the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways, which are the most commonly observed aberrations in diffuse gliomas. We highlight the importance of oncometabolites to dynamically shift the epigenetic landscape in IDH-mutant gliomas, and c-Myc and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes in RTK-mutated gliomas to adapt to the microenvironment through metabolic reprogramming. These signify the integration of the genetic mutations with metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic shifts in diffuse gliomas, shedding new light onto potential patient subsets, coupled with information to guide the development of new therapeutic opportunities against the deadly types of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Masui
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Onizuka
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathological Neuroscience, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Xu K, Ding L, Chang TC, Shao Y, Chiang J, Mulder H, Wang S, Shaw TI, Wen J, Hover L, McLeod C, Wang YD, Easton J, Rusch M, Dalton J, Downing JR, Ellison DW, Zhang J, Baker SJ, Wu G. Structure and evolution of double minutes in diagnosis and relapse brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:123-137. [PMID: 30267146 PMCID: PMC6338707 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes are extrachromosomal circular DNA fragments frequently found in brain tumors. To understand their evolution, we characterized the double minutes in paired diagnosis and relapse tumors from a pediatric high-grade glioma and four adult glioblastoma patients. We determined the full structures of the major double minutes using a novel approach combining multiple types of supporting genomic evidence. Among the double minutes identified in the pediatric patient, only one carrying EGFR was maintained at high abundance in both samples, whereas two others were present in only trace amounts at diagnosis but abundant at relapse, and the rest were found either in the relapse sample only or in the diagnosis sample only. For the EGFR-carrying double minutes, we found a secondary somatic deletion in all copies at relapse, after erlotinib treatment. However, the somatic mutation was present at very low frequency at diagnosis, suggesting potential resistance to the EGFR inhibitor. This mutation caused an in-frame RNA transcript to skip exon 16, a novel transcript isoform absent in EST database, as well as about 700 RNA-seq of normal brains that we reviewed. We observed similar patterns involving longitudinal copy number shift of double minutes in another four pairs (diagnosis/relapse) of adult glioblastoma. Overall, in three of five paired tumor samples, we found that although the same oncogenes were amplified at diagnosis and relapse, they were amplified on different double minutes. Our results suggest that double minutes readily evolve, increasing tumor heterogeneity rapidly. Understanding patterns of double minute evolution can shed light on future therapeutic solutions to brain tumors carrying such variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Liang Ding
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jason Chiang
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Heather Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shuoguo Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Tim I Shaw
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ji Wen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Laura Hover
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Clay McLeod
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - James Dalton
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS1135, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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46
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An Z, Knobbe-Thomsen CB, Wan X, Fan QW, Reifenberger G, Weiss WA. EGFR Cooperates with EGFRvIII to Recruit Macrophages in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6785-6794. [PMID: 30401716 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
: Amplification of the EGFR gene and its truncation mutant EGFRvIII are hallmarks of glioblastoma. Although coexpression of EGFR and EGFRvIII confers a growth advantage, how EGFR and EGFRvIII influence the tumor microenvironment remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that EGFR and EGFRvIII cooperate to induce macrophage infiltration via upregulation of the chemokine CCL2. EGFRvIII was significantly enriched in glioblastoma patient samples with high CCL2, and knockout of CCL2 in tumors coexpressing EGFR and EGFRvIII led to decreased infiltration of macrophages. KRAS was a critical signaling intermediate for EGFR- and EGFRvIII-induced expression of CCL2. Our results illustrate how EGFR and EGFRvIII direct the microenvironment in glioblastoma. SIGNIFICANCE: Full-length EGFR and truncated EGFRvIII work through KRAS to upregulate the chemokine CCL2 and drive macrophage infiltration in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi An
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Xiaohua Wan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Qi Wen Fan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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47
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Abdul KU, Houweling M, Svensson F, Narayan RS, Cornelissen FMG, Küçükosmanoglu A, Metzakopian E, Watts C, Bailey D, Wurdinger T, Westerman BA. WINDOW consortium: A path towards increased therapy efficacy against glioblastoma. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 40:17-24. [PMID: 30439622 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant form of brain cancer, for which the standard treatment is maximal surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Despite these interventions, mean overall survival remains less than 15 months, during which extensive tumor infiltration throughout the brain occurs. The resulting metastasized cells in the brain are characterized by chemotherapy resistance and extensive intratumoral heterogeneity. An orthogonal approach attacking both intracellular resistance mechanisms as well as intercellular heterogeneity is necessary to halt tumor progression. For this reason, we established the WINDOW Consortium (Window for Improvement for Newly Diagnosed patients by Overcoming disease Worsening), in which we are establishing a strategy for rational selection and development of effective therapies against glioblastoma. Here, we overview the many challenges posed in treating glioblastoma, including selection of drug combinations that prevent therapy resistance, the need for drugs that have improved blood brain barrier penetration and strategies to counter heterogeneous cell populations within patients. Together, this forms the backbone of our strategy to attack glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulsoom U Abdul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Megan Houweling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals Ltd, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WS, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi S Narayan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fleur M G Cornelissen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Asli Küçükosmanoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David Bailey
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals Ltd, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WS, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Wurdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart A Westerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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48
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Binder ZA, Thorne AH, Bakas S, Wileyto EP, Bilello M, Akbari H, Rathore S, Ha SM, Zhang L, Ferguson CJ, Dahiya S, Bi WL, Reardon DA, Idbaih A, Felsberg J, Hentschel B, Weller M, Bagley SJ, Morrissette JJD, Nasrallah MP, Ma J, Zanca C, Scott AM, Orellana L, Davatzikos C, Furnari FB, O'Rourke DM. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Extracellular Domain Mutations in Glioblastoma Present Opportunities for Clinical Imaging and Therapeutic Development. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:163-177.e7. [PMID: 29990498 PMCID: PMC6424337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We explored the clinical and pathological impact of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) extracellular domain missense mutations. Retrospective assessment of 260 de novo glioblastoma patients revealed a significant reduction in overall survival of patients having tumors with EGFR mutations at alanine 289 (EGFRA289D/T/V). Quantitative multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging analyses indicated increased tumor invasion for EGFRA289D/T/V mutants, corroborated in mice bearing intracranial tumors expressing EGFRA289V and dependent on ERK-mediated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1. EGFRA289V tumor growth was attenuated with an antibody against a cryptic epitope, based on in silico simulation. The findings of this study indicate a highly invasive phenotype associated with the EGFRA289V mutation in glioblastoma, postulating EGFRA289V as a molecular marker for responsiveness to therapy with EGFR-targeting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zev A Binder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Spyridon Bakas
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E Paul Wileyto
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michel Bilello
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Saima Rathore
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sung Min Ha
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Logan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cole J Ferguson
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Sonika Dahiya
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Harvard Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris 75013, France
| | - Joerg Felsberg
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Bettina Hentschel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Härtelstrasse 16, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Bagley
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer J D Morrissette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - MacLean P Nasrallah
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianhui Ma
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, USA
| | - Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Orellana
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, San Diego 92093, USA.
| | - Donald M O'Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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49
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Burley TA, Mączyńska J, Shah A, Szopa W, Harrington KJ, Boult JK, Mrozek‐Wilczkiewicz A, Vinci M, Bamber JC, Kaspera W, Kramer‐Marek G. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting EGFR-Shedding new light on glioblastoma treatment. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:2363-2374. [PMID: 29313975 PMCID: PMC6016485 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are high-grade brain tumors, differentially driven by alterations (amplification, deletion or missense mutations) in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), that carry a poor prognosis of just 12-15 months following standard therapy. A combination of interventions targeting tumor-specific cell surface regulators along with convergent downstream signaling pathways may enhance treatment efficacy. Against this background, we investigated a novel photoimmunotherapy approach combining the cytotoxicity of photodynamic therapy with the specificity of immunotherapy. An EGFR-specific affibody (ZEGFR:03115 ) was conjugated to the phthalocyanine dye, IR700DX, which when excited with near-infrared light produces a cytotoxic response. ZEGFR:03115 -IR700DX EGFR-specific binding was confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The conjugate showed effective targeting of EGFR positive GBM cells in the brain. The therapeutic potential of the conjugate was assessed both in vitro, in GBM cell lines and spheroids by the CellTiter-Glo® assay, and in vivo using subcutaneous U87-MGvIII xenografts. In addition, mice were imaged pre- and post-PIT using the IVIS/Spectrum/CT to monitor treatment response. Binding of the conjugate correlated to the level of EGFR expression in GBM cell lines. The cell proliferation assay revealed a receptor-dependent response between the tested cell lines. Inhibition of EGFRvIII+ve tumor growth was observed following administration of the immunoconjugate and irradiation. Importantly, this response was not seen in control tumors. In conclusion, the ZEGFR:03115 -IR700DX showed specific uptake in vitro and enabled imaging of EGFR expression in the orthotopic brain tumor model. Moreover, the proof-of-concept in vivo PIT study demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of the conjugate in subcutaneous glioma xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Burley
- Division of Radiotherapy and ImagingThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Justyna Mączyńska
- Division of Radiotherapy and ImagingThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anant Shah
- Division of Radiotherapy and ImagingThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Wojciech Szopa
- Department of NeurosurgeryMedical University of Silesia, Regional HospitalSosnowiecPoland
| | - Kevin J. Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and ImagingThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jessica K.R. Boult
- Division of Radiotherapy and ImagingThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Vinci
- Department of Onco‐HematologyBambino Gesù Children's HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Jeffrey C. Bamber
- Division of Radiotherapy and ImagingThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Wojciech Kaspera
- Department of NeurosurgeryMedical University of Silesia, Regional HospitalSosnowiecPoland
| | - Gabriela Kramer‐Marek
- Division of Radiotherapy and ImagingThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
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50
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Benitez JA, Zanca C, Ma J, Cavenee WK, Furnari FB. Fluorescence Molecular Tomography for In Vivo Imaging of Glioblastoma Xenografts. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29757276 DOI: 10.3791/57448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenicity is the capability of cancer cells to form a tumor mass. A widely used approach to determine if the cells are tumorigenic is by injecting immunodeficient mice subcutaneously with cancer cells and measuring the tumor mass after it becomes visible and palpable. Orthotopic injections of cancer cells aim to introduce the xenograft in the microenvironment that most closely resembles the tissue of origin of the tumor being studied. Brain cancer research requires intracranial injection of cancer cells to allow the tumor formation and analysis in the unique microenvironment of the brain. The in vivo imaging of intracranial xenografts monitors instantaneously the tumor mass of orthotopically engrafted mice. Here we report the use of fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) of brain tumor xenografts. The cancer cells are first transduced with near infrared fluorescent proteins and then injected in the brain of immunocompromised mice. The animals are then scanned to obtain quantitative information about the tumor mass over an extended period of time. Cell pre-labeling allows for cost effective, reproducible, and reliable quantification of the tumor burden within each mouse. We eliminated the need for injecting imaging substrates, and thus reduced the stress on the animals. A limitation of this approach is represented by the inability to detect very small masses; however, it has better resolution for larger masses than other techniques. It can be applied to evaluate the efficacy of a drug treatment or genetic alterations of glioma cell lines and patient-derived samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
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