1
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Zhao X, Wan B, Guan D, Li S, Chwat-Edelstein T. The Mms22-Rtt107 axis dampens the DNA damage checkpoint by reducing the stability of the Rad9 checkpoint mediator. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4417144. [PMID: 38826278 PMCID: PMC11142307 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4417144/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The DNA damage checkpoint is a highly conserved signaling pathway induced by genotoxin exposure or endogenous genome stress. It alters many cellular processes such as arresting the cell cycle progression and increasing DNA repair capacities. However, cells can downregulate the checkpoint after prolonged stress exposure to allow continued growth and alternative repair. Strategies that can dampen the DNA damage checkpoint are not well understood. Here, we report that budding yeast employs a pathway composed of the scaffold protein Rtt107, its binding partner Mms22, and an Mms22-associated ubiquitin ligase complex to downregulate the DNA damage checkpoint. Mechanistically, this pathway promotes the proteasomal degradation of a key checkpoint factor, Rad9. Furthermore, Rtt107 binding to Mms22 helps to enrich the ubiquitin ligase complex on chromatin and target the chromatin-bound form of Rad9. Finally, we provide evidence that the Rtt107-Mms22 axis operates in parallel with the Rtt107-Slx4 axis, which displaces Rad9 from chromatin. We thus propose that Rtt107 enables a bifurcated "anti-Rad9" strategy to optimally downregulate the DNA damage checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shibai Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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2
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Roy S, Adhikary H, D’Amours D. The SMC5/6 complex: folding chromosomes back into shape when genomes take a break. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2112-2129. [PMID: 38375830 PMCID: PMC10954462 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
High-level folding of chromatin is a key determinant of the shape and functional state of chromosomes. During cell division, structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complexes such as condensin and cohesin ensure large-scale folding of chromatin into visible chromosomes. In contrast, the SMC5/6 complex plays more local and context-specific roles in the structural organization of interphase chromosomes with important implications for health and disease. Recent advances in single-molecule biophysics and cryo-electron microscopy revealed key insights into the architecture of the SMC5/6 complex and how interactions connecting the complex to chromatin components give rise to its unique repertoire of interphase functions. In this review, we provide an integrative view of the features that differentiates the SMC5/6 complex from other SMC enzymes and how these enable dramatic reorganization of DNA folding in space during DNA repair reactions and other genome transactions. Finally, we explore the mechanistic basis for the dynamic targeting of the SMC5/6 complex to damaged chromatin and its crucial role in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamayita Roy
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hemanta Adhikary
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Damien D’Amours
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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3
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D’Alessandro G, Morales-Juarez DA, Richards SL, Nitiss KC, Serrano-Benitez A, Wang J, Thomas JC, Gupta V, Voigt A, Belotserkovskaya R, Goh CG, Bowden AR, Galanty Y, Beli P, Nitiss JL, Zagnoli-Vieira G, Jackson SP. RAD54L2 counters TOP2-DNA adducts to promote genome stability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadl2108. [PMID: 38055822 PMCID: PMC10699776 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic cycle of topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) enzymes proceeds via a transient DNA double-strand break (DSB) intermediate termed the TOP2 cleavage complex (TOP2cc), in which the TOP2 protein is covalently bound to DNA. Anticancer agents such as etoposide operate by stabilizing TOP2ccs, ultimately generating genotoxic TOP2-DNA protein cross-links that require processing and repair. Here, we identify RAD54 like 2 (RAD54L2) as a factor promoting TOP2cc resolution. We demonstrate that RAD54L2 acts through a novel mechanism together with zinc finger protein associated with tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) and TOP2 (ZATT/ZNF451) and independent of TDP2. Our work suggests a model wherein RAD54L2 recognizes sumoylated TOP2 and, using its ATPase activity, promotes TOP2cc resolution and prevents DSB exposure. These findings suggest RAD54L2-mediated TOP2cc resolution as a potential mechanism for cancer therapy resistance and highlight RAD54L2 as an attractive candidate for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sean L. Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Almudena Serrano-Benitez
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Chromatin Biology & Proteomics, Mainz, Germany
| | - John C. Thomas
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vipul Gupta
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Voigt
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rimma Belotserkovskaya
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chen Gang Goh
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Ramsay Bowden
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yaron Galanty
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Chromatin Biology & Proteomics, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Guido Zagnoli-Vieira
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen P. Jackson
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Choudhary R, Niska-Blakie J, Adhil M, Liberi G, Achar YJ, Giannattasio M, Foiani M. Sen1 and Rrm3 ensure permissive topological conditions for replication termination. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112747. [PMID: 37405920 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication forks terminate at TERs and telomeres. Forks that converge or encounter transcription generate topological stress. Combining genetics, genomics, and transmission electron microscopy, we find that Rrm3hPif1 and Sen1hSenataxin helicases assist termination at TERs; Sen1 specifically acts at telomeres. rrm3 and sen1 genetically interact and fail to terminate replication, exhibiting fragility at termination zones (TERs) and telomeres. sen1rrm3 accumulates RNA-DNA hybrids and X-shaped gapped or reversed converging forks at TERs; sen1, but not rrm3, builds up RNA polymerase II (RNPII) at TERs and telomeres. Rrm3 and Sen1 restrain Top1 and Top2 activities, preventing toxic accumulation of positive supercoil at TERs and telomeres. We suggest that Rrm3 and Sen1 coordinate the activities of Top1 and Top2 when forks encounter transcription head on or codirectionally, respectively, thus preventing the slowing down of DNA and RNA polymerases. Hence Rrm3 and Sen1 are indispensable to generate permissive topological conditions for replication termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramveer Choudhary
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Niska-Blakie
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Mohamood Adhil
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giordano Liberi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza," CNR, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Michele Giannattasio
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Foiani
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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5
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Wang Y, Li X, Chen X, Siewers V. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated point mutations improve α-amylase secretion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6626025. [PMID: 35776981 PMCID: PMC9290899 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion of the application of pharmaceutical proteins and industrial enzymes requires robust microbial workhorses for high protein production. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an attractive cell factory due to its ability to perform eukaryotic post-translational modifications and to secrete proteins. Many strategies have been used to engineer yeast platform strains for higher protein secretion capacity. Herein, we investigated a line of strains that have previously been selected after UV random mutagenesis for improved α-amylase secretion. A total of 42 amino acid altering point mutations identified in this strain line were reintroduced into the parental strain AAC to study their individual effects on protein secretion. These point mutations included missense mutations (amino acid substitution), nonsense mutations (stop codon generation), and frameshift mutations. For comparison, single gene deletions for the corresponding target genes were also performed in this study. A total of 11 point mutations and seven gene deletions were found to effectively improve α-amylase secretion. These targets were involved in several bioprocesses, including cellular stresses, protein degradation, transportation, mRNA processing and export, DNA replication, and repair, which indicates that the improved protein secretion capacity in the evolved strains is the result of the interaction of multiple intracellular processes. Our findings will contribute to the construction of novel cell factories for recombinant protein secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Corresponding author. Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Tel: +46 (0)317723853; E-mail:
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6
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Tsirkas I, Dovrat D, Thangaraj M, Brouwer I, Cohen A, Paleiov Z, Meijler MM, Lenstra T, Aharoni A. Transcription-replication coordination revealed in single live cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:2143-2156. [PMID: 35137218 PMCID: PMC8887460 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coexistence of DNA replication and transcription during S-phase requires their tight coordination to prevent harmful conflicts. While extensive research revealed important mechanisms for minimizing these conflicts and their consequences, little is known regarding how the replication and transcription machinery are coordinated in real-time. Here, we developed a live-cell imaging approach for the real-time monitoring of replisome progression and transcription dynamics during a transcription-replication encounter. We found a wave of partial transcriptional repression ahead of the moving replication fork, which may contribute to efficient fork progression through the transcribed gene. Real-time detection of conflicts revealed their negative impact on both processes, leading to fork stalling or slowdown as well as lower transcription levels during gene replication, with different trade-offs observed in defined subpopulations of cells. Our real-time measurements of transcription-replication encounters demonstrate how these processes can proceed simultaneously while maintaining genomic stability, and how conflicts can arise when coordination is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsirkas
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Daniel Dovrat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Manikandan Thangaraj
- The Department of Chemistry and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ineke Brouwer
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute,1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amit Cohen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Zohar Paleiov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Michael M Meijler
- The Department of Chemistry and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Tineke Lenstra
- Division of Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute,1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Aharoni
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
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7
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Busatto FF, Mersaoui SY, Sun Y, Pommier Y, Masson JY, Saffi J. Functions of the CSB Protein at Topoisomerase 2 Inhibitors-Induced DNA Lesions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727836. [PMID: 34746125 PMCID: PMC8569893 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) inhibitors are drugs widely used in the treatment of different types of cancer. Processing of their induced-lesions create double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA, which is the main toxic mechanism of topoisomerase inhibitors to kill cancer cells. It was established that the Nucleotide Excision Repair pathway respond to TOP2-induced lesions, mainly through the Cockayne Syndrome B (CSB) protein. In this paper, we further define the mechanism and type of lesions induced by TOP2 inhibitors when CSB is abrogated. In the absence of TOP2, but not during pharmacological inhibition, an increase in R-Loops was detected. We also observed that CSB knockdown provokes the accumulation of DSBs induced by TOP2 inhibitors. Consistent with a functional interplay, interaction between CSB and TOP2 occurred after TOP2 inhibition. This was corroborated with in vitro DNA cleavage assays where CSB stimulated the activity of TOP2. Altogether, our results show that TOP2 is stimulated by the CSB protein and prevents the accumulation of R-loops/DSBs linked to genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Faccio Busatto
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cell Biology (PPGBCM), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sofiane Y Mersaoui
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yilun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cell Biology (PPGBCM), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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8
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St Germain C, Zhao H, Barlow JH. Transcription-Replication Collisions-A Series of Unfortunate Events. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1249. [PMID: 34439915 PMCID: PMC8391903 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription-replication interactions occur when DNA replication encounters genomic regions undergoing transcription. Both replication and transcription are essential for life and use the same DNA template making conflicts unavoidable. R-loops, DNA supercoiling, DNA secondary structure, and chromatin-binding proteins are all potential obstacles for processive replication or transcription and pose an even more potent threat to genome integrity when these processes co-occur. It is critical to maintaining high fidelity and processivity of transcription and replication while navigating through a complex chromatin environment, highlighting the importance of defining cellular pathways regulating transcription-replication interaction formation, evasion, and resolution. Here we discuss how transcription influences replication fork stability, and the safeguards that have evolved to navigate transcription-replication interactions and maintain genome integrity in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Commodore St Germain
- School of Mathematics and Science, Solano Community College, 4000 Suisun Valley Road, Fairfield, CA 94534, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Hongchang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Jacqueline H. Barlow
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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9
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Uruci S, Lo CSY, Wheeler D, Taneja N. R-Loops and Its Chro-Mates: The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168850. [PMID: 34445553 PMCID: PMC8396322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, R-loops have been associated with both physiological and pathological functions that are conserved across species. R-loops are a source of replication stress and genome instability, as seen in neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In response, cells have evolved pathways to prevent R-loop accumulation as well as to resolve them. A growing body of evidence correlates R-loop accumulation with changes in the epigenetic landscape. However, the role of chromatin modification and remodeling in R-loops homeostasis remains unclear. This review covers various mechanisms precluding R-loop accumulation and highlights the role of chromatin modifiers and remodelers in facilitating timely R-loop resolution. We also discuss the enigmatic role of RNA:DNA hybrids in facilitating DNA repair, epigenetic landscape and the potential role of replication fork preservation pathways, active fork stability and stalled fork protection pathways, in avoiding replication-transcription conflicts. Finally, we discuss the potential role of several Chro-Mates (chromatin modifiers and remodelers) in the likely differentiation between persistent/detrimental R-loops and transient/benign R-loops that assist in various physiological processes relevant for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidrit Uruci
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.U.); (C.S.Y.L.)
| | - Calvin Shun Yu Lo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.U.); (C.S.Y.L.)
| | - David Wheeler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Nitika Taneja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (S.U.); (C.S.Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Kemiha S, Poli J, Lin YL, Lengronne A, Pasero P. Toxic R-loops: Cause or consequence of replication stress? DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103199. [PMID: 34399314 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription-replication conflicts (TRCs) represent a potential source of endogenous replication stress (RS) and genomic instability in eukaryotic cells but the mechanisms that underlie this instability remain poorly understood. Part of the problem could come from non-B DNA structures called R-loops, which are formed of a RNA:DNA hybrid and a displaced ssDNA loop. In this review, we discuss different scenarios in which R-loops directly or indirectly interfere with DNA replication. We also present other types of TRCs that may not depend on R-loops to impede fork progression. Finally, we discuss alternative models in which toxic RNA:DNA hybrids form at stalled forks as a consequence - but not a cause - of replication stress and interfere with replication resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Kemiha
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Poli
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Yea-Lih Lin
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Lengronne
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe labélisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France.
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11
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Kharb R. Updates on Receptors Targeted by Heterocyclic Scaffolds: New Horizon in Anticancer Drug Development. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1338-1349. [PMID: 32560614 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200619181102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer is a high priority research area for scientists as cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. It is pertinent to mention here that conventional anticancer drugs such as methotrexate, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, etc. are not much efficient for the treatment of different types of cancer; also these suffer from serious side effects leading to therapy failure. A large variety of cancerrelated receptors such as carbonic anhydrase, tyrosine kinase, topoisomerase, protein kinase, histone deacetylase, etc. have been identified which can be targeted by anticancer drugs. Heterocycles like oxadiazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, indole, pyridine, pyrimidine, benzimidazole, etc. play a pivotal role in modern medicinal chemistry because they have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities including prominent anticancer activity. Therefore, it was considered significant to explore heterocyclic compounds reported in recent most literature which can bind effectively with the cancer-related receptors. This will not only provide a targeted approach to deal with cancer but also the safety profile of the drugs can be further improved. The information provided in this manuscript may be found useful for the design and development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kharb
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Analysis, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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The H3K4 methyltransferase SETD1A is required for proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells by promoting S-phase progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 561:120-127. [PMID: 34023776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation has been strongly implicated in carcinogenesis and is one of the mechanisms that contribute to the development of lung cancer. Using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening, we showed SET domain-containing protein 1A (SETD1A) is an essential epigenetic modifier of the proliferation of NSCLC H1299 cells. Depletion of SETD1A strikingly inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC cells. IHC staining and bioinformatics showed that SETD1A is upregulated in lung cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that high expression of SETD1A is associated with poor prognosis of patients with NSCLC. We revealed that loss of SETD1A inhibits DNA replication and induces replication stress accompanied by impaired fork progression. In addition, transcription of CDC7 and TOP1, which are involved in replication origin activation and fork progression, respectively, was significantly reduced by knockdown of SETD1A. Taken together, these findings demonstrated SETD1A is a critical epigenetic modifier of NSCLC cell proliferation by promoting the transcription of a subset of DNA replication-associated genes.
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13
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Lang KS, Merrikh H. Topological stress is responsible for the detrimental outcomes of head-on replication-transcription conflicts. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108797. [PMID: 33657379 PMCID: PMC7986047 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicts between the replication and transcription machineries have profound effects on chromosome duplication, genome organization, and evolution across species. Head-on conflicts (lagging-strand genes) are significantly more detrimental than codirectional conflicts (leading-strand genes). The fundamental reason for this difference is unknown. Here, we report that topological stress significantly contributes to this difference. We find that head-on, but not codirectional, conflict resolution requires the relaxation of positive supercoils by the type II topoisomerases DNA gyrase and Topo IV, at least in the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Interestingly, our data suggest that after positive supercoil resolution, gyrase introduces excessive negative supercoils at head-on conflict regions, driving pervasive R-loop formation. Altogether, our results reveal a fundamental mechanistic difference between the two types of encounters, addressing a long-standing question in the field of replication-transcription conflicts. Lang and Merrikh show that resolution of head-on, but not codirectional, conflicts between replication and transcription machineries requires type II topoisomerases, suggesting that a fundamental difference between the two types of conflicts is supercoil buildup in DNA. Furthermore, they show that supercoil resolution at head-on conflict regions drives R-loop formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Lang
- Department of Biochemistry, Light Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Houra Merrikh
- Department of Biochemistry, Light Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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14
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The Srs2 helicase dampens DNA damage checkpoint by recycling RPA from chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020185118. [PMID: 33602817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020185118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage checkpoint induces many cellular changes to cope with genotoxic stress. However, persistent checkpoint signaling can be detrimental to growth partly due to blockage of cell cycle resumption. Checkpoint dampening is essential to counter such harmful effects, but its mechanisms remain to be understood. Here, we show that the DNA helicase Srs2 removes a key checkpoint sensor complex, RPA, from chromatin to down-regulate checkpoint signaling in budding yeast. The Srs2 and RPA antagonism is supported by their numerous suppressive genetic interactions. Importantly, moderate reduction of RPA binding to single-strand DNA (ssDNA) rescues hypercheckpoint signaling caused by the loss of Srs2 or its helicase activity. This rescue correlates with a reduction in the accumulated RPA and the associated checkpoint kinase on chromatin in srs2 mutants. Moreover, our data suggest that Srs2 regulation of RPA is separable from its roles in recombinational repair and critically contributes to genotoxin resistance. We conclude that dampening checkpoint by Srs2-mediated RPA recycling from chromatin aids cellular survival of genotoxic stress and has potential implications in other types of DNA transactions.
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15
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Álvarez V, Frattini C, Sacristán MP, Gallego-Sánchez A, Bermejo R, Bueno A. PCNA Deubiquitylases Control DNA Damage Bypass at Replication Forks. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1323-1335.e5. [PMID: 31665643 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage tolerance plays a key role in protecting cell viability through translesion synthesis and template switching-mediated bypass of genotoxic polymerase-blocking base lesions. Both tolerance pathways critically rely on ubiquitylation of the proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on lysine 164 and have been proposed to operate uncoupled from replication. We report that Ubp10 and Ubp12 ubiquitin proteases differentially cooperate in PCNA deubiquitylation, owing to distinct activities on PCNA-linked ubiquitin chains. Ubp10 and Ubp12 associate with replication forks in a fashion determined by Ubp10 dependency on lagging-strand PCNA residence, and they downregulate translesion polymerase recruitment and template switch events engaging nascent strands. These findings reveal PCNAK164 deubiquitylation as a key mechanism for the modulation of lesion bypass during replication, which might set a framework for establishing strand-differential pathway choices. We propose that damage tolerance is tempered at replication forks to limit the extension of bypass events and sustain chromosome replication rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Álvarez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (USAL/CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - María P Sacristán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (USAL/CSIC), Salamanca, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | - Avelino Bueno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (USAL/CSIC), Salamanca, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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16
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Heintzman DR, Campos LV, Byl JAW, Osheroff N, Dewar JM. Topoisomerase II Is Crucial for Fork Convergence during Vertebrate Replication Termination. Cell Rep 2020; 29:422-436.e5. [PMID: 31597101 PMCID: PMC6919565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Termination of DNA replication occurs when two replication forks converge upon the same stretch of DNA. Resolution of topological stress by topoisomerases is crucial for fork convergence in bacteria and viruses, but it is unclear whether similar mechanisms operate during vertebrate termination. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we show that topoisomerase II (Top2) resolves topological stress to prevent converging forks from stalling during termination. Under these conditions, stalling arises due to an inability to unwind the final stretch of DNA ahead of each fork. By promoting fork convergence, Top2 facilitates all downstream events of termination. Converging forks ultimately overcome stalling independently of Top2, indicating that additional mechanisms support fork convergence. Top2 acts throughout replication to prevent the accumulation of topological stress that would otherwise stall converging forks. Thus, termination poses evolutionarily conserved topological problems that can be mitigated by careful execution of the earlier stages of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Heintzman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lillian V Campos
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jo Ann W Byl
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Neil Osheroff
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine (Hematology, Oncology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - James M Dewar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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17
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Cerritelli SM, El Hage A. RNases H1 and H2: guardians of the stability of the nuclear genome when supply of dNTPs is limiting for DNA synthesis. Curr Genet 2020; 66:1073-1084. [PMID: 32886170 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA/DNA hybrids are processed by RNases H1 and H2, while single ribonucleoside-monophosphates (rNMPs) embedded in genomic DNA are removed by the error-free, RNase H2-dependent ribonucleotide excision repair (RER) pathway. In the absence of RER, however, topoisomerase 1 (Top1) can cleave single genomic rNMPs in a mutagenic manner. In RNase H2-deficient mice, the accumulation of genomic rNMPs above a threshold of tolerance leads to catastrophic genomic instability that causes embryonic lethality. In humans, deficiencies in RNase H2 induce the autoimmune disorders Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus, and cause skin and intestinal cancers. Recently, we reported that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the depletion of Rnr1, the major catalytic subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, leads to cell lethality in absence of RNases H1 and H2. We hypothesized that under replicative stress and compromised DNA repair that are elicited by an insufficient supply of deoxyribonucleoside-triphosphates (dNTPs), cells cannot survive the accumulation of persistent RNA/DNA hybrids. Remarkably, we found that cells lacking RNase H2 accumulate ~ 5-fold more genomic rNMPs in absence than in presence of Rnr1. When the load of genomic rNMPs is further increased in the presence of a replicative DNA polymerase variant that over-incorporates rNMPs in leading or lagging strand, cells missing both Rnr1 and RNase H2 suffer from severe growth defects. These are reversed in absence of Top1. Thus, in cells lacking RNase H2 and containing a limiting supply of dNTPs, there is a threshold of tolerance for the accumulation of genomic ribonucleotides that is tightly associated with Top1-mediated DNA damage. In this mini-review, we describe the implications of the loss of RNase H2, or RNases H1 and H2, on the integrity of the nuclear genome and viability of budding yeast cells that are challenged with a critically low supply of dNTPs. We further propose that our findings in budding yeast could pave the way for the study of the potential role of mammalian RNR in RNase H2-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Cerritelli
- SFR, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aziz El Hage
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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18
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Chromatin Architectural Factors as Safeguards against Excessive Supercoiling during DNA Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124504. [PMID: 32599919 PMCID: PMC7349988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key DNA transactions, such as genome replication and transcription, rely on the speedy translocation of specialized protein complexes along a double-stranded, right-handed helical template. Physical tethering of these molecular machines during translocation, in conjunction with their internal architectural features, generates DNA topological strain in the form of template supercoiling. It is known that the build-up of transient excessive supercoiling poses severe threats to genome function and stability and that highly specialized enzymes—the topoisomerases (TOP)—have evolved to mitigate these threats. Furthermore, due to their intracellular abundance and fast supercoil relaxation rates, it is generally assumed that these enzymes are sufficient in coping with genome-wide bursts of excessive supercoiling. However, the recent discoveries of chromatin architectural factors that play important accessory functions have cast reasonable doubts on this concept. Here, we reviewed the background of these new findings and described emerging models of how these accessory factors contribute to supercoil homeostasis. We focused on DNA replication and the generation of positive (+) supercoiling in front of replisomes, where two accessory factors—GapR and HMGA2—from pro- and eukaryotic cells, respectively, appear to play important roles as sinks for excessive (+) supercoiling by employing a combination of supercoil constrainment and activation of topoisomerases. Looking forward, we expect that additional factors will be identified in the future as part of an expanding cellular repertoire to cope with bursts of topological strain. Furthermore, identifying antagonists that target these accessory factors and work synergistically with clinically relevant topoisomerase inhibitors could become an interesting novel strategy, leading to improved treatment outcomes.
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19
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Le TT, Gao X, Park SH, Lee J, Inman JT, Lee JH, Killian JL, Badman RP, Berger JM, Wang MD. Synergistic Coordination of Chromatin Torsional Mechanics and Topoisomerase Activity. Cell 2020; 179:619-631.e15. [PMID: 31626768 PMCID: PMC6899335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication in eukaryotes generates DNA supercoiling, which may intertwine (braid) daughter chromatin fibers to form precatenanes, posing topological challenges during chromosome segregation. The mechanisms that limit precatenane formation remain unclear. By making direct torque measurements, we demonstrate that the intrinsic mechanical properties of chromatin play a fundamental role in dictating precatenane formation and regulating chromatin topology. Whereas a single chromatin fiber is torsionally soft, a braided fiber is torsionally stiff, indicating that supercoiling on chromatin substrates is preferentially directed in front of the fork during replication. We further show that topoisomerase II relaxation displays a strong preference for a single chromatin fiber over a braided fiber. These results suggest a synergistic coordination-the mechanical properties of chromatin inherently suppress precatenane formation during replication elongation by driving DNA supercoiling ahead of the fork, where supercoiling is more efficiently removed by topoisomerase II. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung T Le
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Physics Department & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Physics Department & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Seong Ha Park
- Biophysics Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Lee
- Physics Department & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James T Inman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Physics Department & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joyce H Lee
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jessica L Killian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Physics Department & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ryan P Badman
- Physics Department & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James M Berger
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michelle D Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Physics Department & LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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20
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Minchell NE, Keszthelyi A, Baxter J. Cohesin Causes Replicative DNA Damage by Trapping DNA Topological Stress. Mol Cell 2020; 78:739-751.e8. [PMID: 32259483 PMCID: PMC7242899 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA topological stress inhibits DNA replication fork (RF) progression and contributes to DNA replication stress. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we demonstrate that centromeric DNA and the rDNA array are especially vulnerable to DNA topological stress during replication. The activity of the SMC complexes cohesin and condensin are linked to both the generation and repair of DNA topological-stress-linked damage in these regions. At cohesin-enriched centromeres, cohesin activity causes the accumulation of DNA damage, RF rotation, and pre-catenation, confirming that cohesin-dependent DNA topological stress impacts on normal replication progression. In contrast, at the rDNA, cohesin and condensin activity inhibit the repair of damage caused by DNA topological stress. We propose that, as well as generally acting to ensure faithful genetic inheritance, SMCs can disrupt genome stability by trapping DNA topological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Elizabeth Minchell
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, Science Park Road, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Andrea Keszthelyi
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, Science Park Road, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Baxter
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, Science Park Road, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, UK.
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21
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Heldrich J, Sun X, Vale-Silva LA, Markowitz TE, Hochwagen A. Topoisomerases Modulate the Timing of Meiotic DNA Breakage and Chromosome Morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2020; 215:59-73. [PMID: 32152049 PMCID: PMC7198267 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During meiotic prophase, concurrent transcription, recombination, and chromosome synapsis place substantial topological strain on chromosomal DNA, but the role of topoisomerases in this context remains poorly defined. Here, we analyzed the roles of topoisomerases I and II (Top1 and Top2) during meiotic prophase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae We show that both topoisomerases accumulate primarily in promoter-containing intergenic regions of actively transcribing genes, including many meiotic double-strand break (DSB) hotspots. Despite the comparable binding patterns, top1 and top2 mutations have different effects on meiotic recombination. TOP1 disruption delays DSB induction and shortens the window of DSB accumulation by an unknown mechanism. By contrast, temperature-sensitive top2-1 mutants exhibit a marked delay in meiotic chromosome remodeling and elevated DSB signals on synapsed chromosomes. The problems in chromosome remodeling were linked to altered Top2 binding patterns rather than a loss of Top2 catalytic activity, and stemmed from a defect in recruiting the chromosome remodeler Pch2/TRIP13 to synapsed chromosomes. No chromosomal defects were observed in the absence of TOP1 Our results imply independent roles for Top1 and Top2 in modulating meiotic chromosome structure and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Heldrich
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York 10003
| | - Xiaoji Sun
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York 10003
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22
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Abstract
The double-helical structure of genomic DNA is both elegant and functional in that it serves both to protect vulnerable DNA bases and to facilitate DNA replication and compaction. However, these design advantages come at the cost of having to evolve and maintain a cellular machinery that can manipulate a long polymeric molecule that readily becomes topologically entangled whenever it has to be opened for translation, replication, or repair. If such a machinery fails to eliminate detrimental topological entanglements, utilization of the information stored in the DNA double helix is compromised. As a consequence, the use of B-form DNA as the carrier of genetic information must have co-evolved with a means to manipulate its complex topology. This duty is performed by DNA topoisomerases, which therefore are, unsurprisingly, ubiquitous in all kingdoms of life. In this review, we focus on how DNA topoisomerases catalyze their impressive range of DNA-conjuring tricks, with a particular emphasis on DNA topoisomerase III (TOP3). Once thought to be the most unremarkable of topoisomerases, the many lives of these type IA topoisomerases are now being progressively revealed. This research interest is driven by a realization that their substrate versatility and their ability to engage in intimate collaborations with translocases and other DNA-processing enzymes are far more extensive and impressive than was thought hitherto. This, coupled with the recent associations of TOP3s with developmental and neurological pathologies in humans, is clearly making us reconsider their undeserved reputation as being unexceptional enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Bizard
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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23
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Determinants of Replication-Fork Pausing at tRNA Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2020; 214:825-838. [PMID: 32071194 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes are widely studied sites of replication-fork pausing and genome instability in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNAs are extremely highly transcribed and serve as constitutive condensin binding sites. tRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III has previously been identified as stimulating replication-fork pausing at tRNA genes, but the nature of the block to replication has not been incontrovertibly demonstrated. Here, we describe a systematic, genome-wide analysis of the contributions of candidates to replication-fork progression at tDNAs in yeast: transcription factor binding, transcription, topoisomerase activity, condensin-mediated clustering, and Rad18-dependent DNA repair. We show that an asymmetric block to replication is maintained even when tRNA transcription is abolished by depletion of one or more subunits of RNA polymerase III. By contrast, analogous depletion of the essential transcription factor TFIIIB removes the obstacle to replication. Therefore, our data suggest that the RNA polymerase III transcription complex itself represents an asymmetric obstacle to replication even in the absence of RNA synthesis. We additionally demonstrate that replication-fork progression past tRNA genes is unaffected by the global depletion of condensin from the nucleus, and can be stimulated by the removal of topoisomerases or Rad18-dependent DNA repair pathways.
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24
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Achar YJ, Adhil M, Choudhary R, Gilbert N, Foiani M. Negative supercoil at gene boundaries modulates gene topology. Nature 2020; 577:701-705. [PMID: 31969709 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transcription challenges the integrity of replicating chromosomes by generating topological stress and conflicts with forks1,2. The DNA topoisomerases Top1 and Top2 and the HMGB family protein Hmo1 assist DNA replication and transcription3-6. Here we describe the topological architecture of genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. We found under-wound DNA at gene boundaries and over-wound DNA within coding regions. This arrangement does not depend on Pol II or S phase. Top2 and Hmo1 preserve negative supercoil at gene boundaries, while Top1 acts at coding regions. Transcription generates RNA-DNA hybrids within coding regions, independently of fork orientation. During S phase, Hmo1 protects under-wound DNA from Top2, while Top2 confines Pol II and Top1 at coding units, counteracting transcription leakage and aberrant hybrids at gene boundaries. Negative supercoil at gene boundaries prevents supercoil diffusion and nucleosome repositioning at coding regions. DNA looping occurs at Top2 clusters. We propose that Hmo1 locks gene boundaries in a cruciform conformation and, with Top2, modulates the architecture of genes that retain the memory of the topological arrangements even when transcription is repressed.
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MESH Headings
- Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
- DNA Replication
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- DNA, Cruciform/chemistry
- DNA, Cruciform/genetics
- DNA, Cruciform/metabolism
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Fungal/metabolism
- DNA, Superhelical/chemistry
- DNA, Superhelical/genetics
- DNA, Superhelical/metabolism
- G1 Phase
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Genes, Fungal
- High Mobility Group Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Nucleosomes/chemistry
- Nucleosomes/genetics
- Nucleosomes/metabolism
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- RNA Polymerase II/genetics
- RNA Polymerase II/metabolism
- RNA, Fungal/chemistry
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/metabolism
- S Phase
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamood Adhil
- IFOM (Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare), Milan, Italy
| | - Ramveer Choudhary
- IFOM (Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare), Milan, Italy
| | - Nick Gilbert
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marco Foiani
- IFOM (Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare), Milan, Italy.
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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25
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Shyian M, Albert B, Zupan AM, Ivanitsa V, Charbonnet G, Dilg D, Shore D. Fork pausing complex engages topoisomerases at the replisome. Genes Dev 2019; 34:87-98. [PMID: 31805522 PMCID: PMC6938670 DOI: 10.1101/gad.331868.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Shyian et al. set out to address mechanistically how the evolutionarily conserved fork pausing complex acts at proteinaceous replication fork barriers (RFBs) to promote fork passage and genome stability. Using several molecular and cell-based assays, the authors propose that forks pause at proteinaceous RFBs through a “sTOP” mechanism (“slowing down with topoisomerases I–II”), which also contributes to protecting cells from topoisomerase-blocking agents. Replication forks temporarily or terminally pause at hundreds of hard-to-replicate regions around the genome. A conserved pair of budding yeast replisome components Tof1–Csm3 (fission yeast Swi1–Swi3 and human TIMELESS–TIPIN) act as a “molecular brake” and promote fork slowdown at proteinaceous replication fork barriers (RFBs), while the accessory helicase Rrm3 assists the replisome in removing protein obstacles. Here we show that the Tof1–Csm3 complex promotes fork pausing independently of Rrm3 helicase by recruiting topoisomerase I (Top1) to the replisome. Topoisomerase II (Top2) partially compensates for the pausing decrease in cells when Top1 is lost from the replisome. The C terminus of Tof1 is specifically required for Top1 recruitment to the replisome and fork pausing but not for DNA replication checkpoint (DRC) activation. We propose that forks pause at proteinaceous RFBs through a “sTOP” mechanism (“slowing down with topoisomerases I–II”), which we show also contributes to protecting cells from topoisomerase-blocking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Shyian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Albert
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Andreja Moset Zupan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Vitalii Ivanitsa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Charbonnet
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Dilg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - David Shore
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 4, CH-1211, Switzerland
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26
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Cell Cycle-Dependent Control and Roles of DNA Topoisomerase II. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110859. [PMID: 31671531 PMCID: PMC6896119 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes in all branches of life that can alter DNA superhelicity and unlink double-stranded DNA segments during processes such as replication and transcription. In cells, type II topoisomerases are particularly useful for their ability to disentangle newly-replicated sister chromosomes. Growing lines of evidence indicate that eukaryotic topoisomerase II (topo II) activity is monitored and regulated throughout the cell cycle. Here, we discuss the various roles of topo II throughout the cell cycle, as well as mechanisms that have been found to govern and/or respond to topo II function and dysfunction. Knowledge of how topo II activity is controlled during cell cycle progression is important for understanding how its misregulation can contribute to genetic instability and how modulatory pathways may be exploited to advance chemotherapeutic development.
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Tsuda M, Kitamasu K, Hosokawa S, Nakano T, Ide H. Repair of trapped topoisomerase II covalent cleavage complexes: Novel proteasome-independent mechanisms. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 39:170-184. [PMID: 31608820 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1674332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (TOP2) resolves topologically entwined duplex DNA. It generates a transient DNA double-strand break intermediate, known as TOP2 cleavage complex (TOP2cc) that contains a covalent link between TOP2 and the 5'-terminus of the incised DNA duplex. Etoposide, a frontline anticancer drug, freezes the intermediate and forms irreversible TOP2ccs. Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) is thought to repair irreversible TOP2ccs by hydrolyzing the phosphodiester bond between TOP2 and DNA after the proteasomal degradation of trapped TOP2ccs. However, the functional cooperation between TOP2 and proteasome in the repair of trapped TOP2ccs in vivo remains unknown. In this study, we analyze the repair of etoposide-induced TOP2ccs in wild-type and TDP2-deficient (TDP2-/-) TK6 cells in the absence and presence of MG132, a potent proteasome inhibitor. The results suggested that TOP2ccs were repaired by proteasome-dependent and proteasome-independent pathways. Both proteasome-dependent and proteasome-independent pathways were further subdivided into TDP2-dependent and TDP2-independent pathways, indicating that four pathways operate in the repair of TOP2ccs. In cell survival assays, MG132 increased the etoposide sensitivity of TDP2-/- cells, supporting the TDP2-independent and proteasome-dependent pathway among these multiple repair pathways. We also demonstrated that TDP2 released TOP2 from DNA that contained etoposide-induced TOP2cc without proteolytic degradation in vitro. Taken together, the present findings uncover novel proteasome-independent mechanisms for the repair of TOP2ccs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Tsuda
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Department of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaito Kitamasu
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Department of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiji Hosokawa
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Department of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakano
- DNA Damage Chemistry Research Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kizugawa-shi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ide
- Program of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Department of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Ahmed SM, Dröge P. Oncofetal HMGA2 attenuates genotoxic damage induced by topoisomerase II target compounds through the regulation of local DNA topology. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2062-2078. [PMID: 31271486 PMCID: PMC6763970 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly dividing cells maintain chromatin supercoiling homeostasis via two specialized classes of enzymes, DNA topoisomerase type 1 and 2 (TOP1/2). Several important anticancer drugs perturb this homeostasis by targeting TOP1/2, thereby generating genotoxic DNA damage. Our recent studies indicated that the oncofetal chromatin structuring high‐mobility group AT‐hook 2 (HMGA2) protein plays an important role as a DNA replication fork chaperone in coping with DNA topological ramifications that occur during replication stress, both genomewide and at fragile sites such as subtelomeres. Intriguingly, a recent large‐scale clinical study identified HMGA2 expression as a sole predicting marker for relapse and poor clinical outcomes in 350 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients receiving combinatorial treatments that targeted TOP2 and replicative DNA synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that HMGA2 significantly enhanced the DNA supercoil relaxation activity of the drug target TOP2A and that this activator function is mechanistically linked to HMGA2's known ability to constrain DNA supercoils within highly compacted ternary complexes. Furthermore, we show that HMGA2 significantly reduced genotoxic DNA damage in each tested cancer cell model during treatment with the TOP2A poison etoposide or the catalytic TOP2A inhibitor merbarone. Taken together with the recent clinical data obtained with AML patients targeted with TOP2 poisons, our study suggests a novel mechanism of cancer chemoresistance toward combination therapies administering TOP2 poisons or inhibitors. We therefore strongly argue for the future implementation of trials of HMGA2 expression profiling to stratify patients before finalizing clinical treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Moiz Ahmed
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Haider MR, Ahmad K, Siddiqui N, Ali Z, Akhtar MJ, Fuloria N, Fuloria S, Ravichandran M, Yar MS. Novel 9-(2-(1-arylethylidene)hydrazinyl)acridine derivatives: Target Topoisomerase 1 and growth inhibition of HeLa cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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30
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Ahmed SM, Ramani PD, Wong SQR, Zhao X, Ivanyi-Nagy R, Leong TC, Chua C, Li Z, Hentze H, Tan IB, Yan J, DasGupta R, Dröge P. The chromatin structuring protein HMGA2 influences human subtelomere stability and cancer chemosensitivity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215696. [PMID: 31067275 PMCID: PMC6505889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient build-up of DNA supercoiling during the translocation of replication forks threatens genome stability and is controlled by DNA topoisomerases (TOPs). This crucial process has been exploited with TOP poisons for cancer chemotherapy. However, pinpointing cellular determinants of the best clinical response to TOP poisons still remains enigmatic. Here, we present an integrated approach and demonstrate that endogenous and exogenous expression of the oncofetal high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) protein exhibited broad protection against the formation of hydroxyurea-induced DNA breaks in various cancer cells, thus corroborating our previously proposed model in which HMGA2 functions as a replication fork chaperone that forms a protective DNA scaffold at or close to stalled replication forks. We now further demonstrate that high levels of HMGA2 also protected cancer cells against DNA breaks triggered by the clinically important TOP1 poison irinotecan. This protection is most likely due to the recently identified DNA supercoil constraining function of HMGA2 in combination with exclusion of TOP1 from binding to supercoiled substrate DNA. In contrast, low to moderate HMGA2 protein levels surprisingly potentiated the formation of irinotecan-induced genotoxic covalent TOP1-DNA cleavage complexes. Our data from cell-based and several in vitro assays indicate that, mechanistically, this potentiating role involves enhanced drug-target interactions mediated by HMGA2 in ternary complexes with supercoiled DNA. Subtelomeric regions were found to be extraordinarily vulnerable to these genotoxic challenges induced by TOP1 poisoning, pointing at strong DNA topological barriers located at human telomeres. These findings were corroborated by an increased irinotecan sensitivity of patient-derived xenografts of colorectal cancers exhibiting low to moderate HMGA2 levels. Collectively, we uncovered a therapeutically important control mechanism of transient changes in chromosomal DNA topology that ultimately leads to enhanced human subtelomere stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Moiz Ahmed
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Stephen Qi Rong Wong
- Biological Resource Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roland Ivanyi-Nagy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tang Choong Leong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Clarinda Chua
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hannes Hentze
- Biological Resource Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Iain BeeHuat Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Cancer Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Jie Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramanuj DasGupta
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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31
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Deegan TD, Baxter J, Ortiz Bazán MÁ, Yeeles JTP, Labib KPM. Pif1-Family Helicases Support Fork Convergence during DNA Replication Termination in Eukaryotes. Mol Cell 2019; 74:231-244.e9. [PMID: 30850330 PMCID: PMC6477153 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The convergence of two DNA replication forks creates unique problems during DNA replication termination. In E. coli and SV40, the release of torsional strain by type II topoisomerases is critical for converging replisomes to complete DNA synthesis, but the pathways that mediate fork convergence in eukaryotes are unknown. We studied the convergence of reconstituted yeast replication forks that include all core replisome components and both type I and type II topoisomerases. We found that most converging forks stall at a very late stage, indicating a role for additional factors. We showed that the Pif1 and Rrm3 DNA helicases promote efficient fork convergence and completion of DNA synthesis, even in the absence of type II topoisomerase. Furthermore, Rrm3 and Pif1 are also important for termination of plasmid DNA replication in vivo. These findings identify a eukaryotic pathway for DNA replication termination that is distinct from previously characterized prokaryotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Deegan
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Jonathan Baxter
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - María Ángeles Ortiz Bazán
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Joseph T P Yeeles
- The MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Karim P M Labib
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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32
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Frattini C, Bermejo R. Analysis of Cohesin Association to Newly Replicated DNA Through Nascent Strand Binding Assay (NSBA). Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2004:139-153. [PMID: 31147915 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9520-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Replication forks engage chromatin-bound cohesin complexes during chromosome replication. Interfacing between cohesin and replication forks influences both cohesion establishment and fork functionality. However, the mechanisms mediating this process are scarcely understood. Here we describe the nascent strand binding assay (NSBA) methodology, developed in budding yeast to discriminate the association of cohesin to either parental unreplicated or nascent DNA in the environment of replication forks. NSBA quantitatively estimates the association of a protein of interest to newly replicated DNA. For this, nascent strands are in vivo labeled with the thymine analogue bromodeoxyuridine and chromatin is immunoprecipitated to isolate a fraction enriched in DNA associated to the target protein. The abundance of nascent DNA is then assessed through BrdU immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR, allowing for the parallel analysis of diverse genomic regions. While originally employed to characterize the association of cohesin to nascent sister chromatids, NSBA can be applied to study other factors dynamically associating to nascent DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Frattini
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Génétique Humaine-IGH, Montpellier, France
| | - Rodrigo Bermejo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Dhingra N, Wei L, Zhao X. Replication protein A (RPA) sumoylation positively influences the DNA damage checkpoint response in yeast. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2690-2699. [PMID: 30591583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response relies on protein modifications to elicit physiological changes required for coping with genotoxic conditions. Besides canonical DNA damage checkpoint-mediated phosphorylation, DNA damage-induced sumoylation has recently been shown to promote genotoxin survival. Cross-talk between these two pathways exists in both yeast and human cells. In particular, sumoylation is required for optimal checkpoint function, but the underlying mechanisms are not well-understood. To address this question, we examined the sumoylation of the first responder to DNA lesions, the ssDNA-binding protein complex replication protein A (RPA) in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We delineated the sumoylation sites of the RPA large subunit, Rfa1 on the basis of previous and new mapping data. Findings using a sumoylation-defective Rfa1 mutant suggested that Rfa1 sumoylation acts in parallel with the 9-1-1 checkpoint complex to enhance the DNA damage checkpoint response. Mechanistically, sumoylated Rfa1 fostered an interaction with a checkpoint adaptor protein, Sgs1, and contributed to checkpoint kinase activation. Our results suggest that SUMO-based modulation of a DNA damage sensor positively influences the checkpoint response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Dhingra
- From the Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Lei Wei
- From the Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- From the Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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34
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Palecek JJ. SMC5/6: Multifunctional Player in Replication. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010007. [PMID: 30583551 PMCID: PMC6356406 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome replication process is challenged at many levels. Replication must proceed through different problematic sites and obstacles, some of which can pause or even reverse the replication fork (RF). In addition, replication of DNA within chromosomes must deal with their topological constraints and spatial organization. One of the most important factors organizing DNA into higher-order structures are Structural Maintenance of Chromosome (SMC) complexes. In prokaryotes, SMC complexes ensure proper chromosomal partitioning during replication. In eukaryotes, cohesin and SMC5/6 complexes assist in replication. Interestingly, the SMC5/6 complexes seem to be involved in replication in many ways. They stabilize stalled RFs, restrain RF regression, participate in the restart of collapsed RFs, and buffer topological constraints during RF progression. In this (mini) review, I present an overview of these replication-related functions of SMC5/6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J Palecek
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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35
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Villa-Hernández S, Bermejo R. Cohesin dynamic association to chromatin and interfacing with replication forks in genome integrity maintenance. Curr Genet 2018; 64:1005-1013. [PMID: 29549581 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proliferating cells need to accurately duplicate and pass their genetic material on to daughter cells. Problems during replication and partition challenge the structural and numerical integrity of chromosomes. Diverse mechanisms, as the DNA replication checkpoint, survey the correct progression of replication and couple it with other cell cycle events to preserve genome integrity. The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) cohesin complex primarily contributes to chromosome duplication by mediating the tethering of newly replicated sister chromatids, thus assisting their equal segregation in mitosis. In addition, cohesin exerts important functions in genome organization, gene expression and DNA repair. These are determined by cohesin's ability to bring together different DNA segments and, hence, by the fashion and dynamics of its interaction with chromatin. It recently emerged that cohesin contributes to the protection of stalled replication forks through a mechanism requiring its timely mobilization from unreplicated DNA and relocation to nascent strands. This mechanism relies on DNA replication checkpoint-dependent cohesin ubiquitylation and promotes nascent sister chromatid entrapment, likely contributing to preserve stalled replisome-fork architectural integrity. Here we review how cohesin dynamic association to chromatin is controlled through post-translational modifications to dictate its functions during chromosome duplication. We also discuss recent insights on the mechanism that mediates interfacing of replisome components with chromatin-bound cohesin and its contribution to the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion and the protection of stalled replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Villa-Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rodrigo Bermejo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Villa-Hernández S, Bermejo R. Replisome-Cohesin Interfacing: A Molecular Perspective. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800109. [PMID: 30106480 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cohesion is established in S-phase through the action of key replisome factors as replication forks engage cohesin molecules. By holding sister chromatids together, cohesion critically assists both an equal segregation of the duplicated genetic material and an efficient repair of DNA breaks. Nonetheless, the molecular events leading the entrapment of nascent chromatids by cohesin during replication are only beginning to be understood. The authors describe here the essential structural features of the cohesin complex in connection to its ability to associate DNA molecules and review the current knowledge on the architectural-functional organization of the eukaryotic replisome, significantly advanced by recent biochemical and structural studies. In light of this novel insight, the authors discuss the mechanisms proposed to assist interfacing of replisomes with chromatin-bound cohesin complexes and elaborate on models for nascent chromatids entrapment by cohesin in the environment of the replication fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Villa-Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 928040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Bermejo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 928040 Madrid, Spain
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37
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Mohan C, Kim LM, Hollar N, Li T, Paulissen E, Leung CT, Luk E. VivosX, a disulfide crosslinking method to capture site-specific, protein-protein interactions in yeast and human cells. eLife 2018; 7:36654. [PMID: 30091702 PMCID: PMC6107336 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
VivosX is an in vivo disulfide crosslinking approach that utilizes a pair of strategically positioned cysteines on two proteins to probe physical interactions within cells. Histone H2A.Z, which often replaces one or both copies of H2A in nucleosomes downstream of promoters, was used to validate VivosX. Disulfide crosslinks between cysteine-modified H2A.Z and/or H2A histones within nucleosomes were induced using a membrane-permeable oxidant. VivosX detected different combinations of H2A.Z and H2A within nucleosomes in yeast cells. This assay correctly reported the change in global H2A.Z occupancy previously observed when the deposition and eviction pathways of H2A.Z were perturbed. Homotypic H2A.Z/H2A.Z (ZZ) nucleosomes accumulated when assembly of the transcription preinitiation complex was blocked, revealing that the transcription machinery preferentially disassembles ZZ nucleosomes. VivosX works in human cells and distinguishes ZZ nucleosomes with one or two ubiquitin moieties, demonstrating that it can be used to detect protein-protein interactions inside cells from different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, United States
| | - Lisa M Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, New York, United States
| | - Nicole Hollar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, New York, United States
| | - Tailai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, United States
| | - Eric Paulissen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, United States
| | - Cheuk T Leung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, New York, United States
| | - Ed Luk
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, United States
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38
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Kotsantis P, Petermann E, Boulton SJ. Mechanisms of Oncogene-Induced Replication Stress: Jigsaw Falling into Place. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:537-555. [PMID: 29653955 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene activation disturbs cellular processes and accommodates a complex landscape of changes in the genome that contribute to genomic instability, which accelerates mutation rates and promotes tumorigenesis. Part of this cellular turmoil involves deregulation of physiologic DNA replication, widely described as replication stress. Oncogene-induced replication stress is an early driver of genomic instability and is attributed to a plethora of factors, most notably aberrant origin firing, replication-transcription collisions, reactive oxygen species, and defective nucleotide metabolism.Significance: Replication stress is a fundamental step and an early driver of tumorigenesis and has been associated with many activated oncogenes. Deciphering the mechanisms that contribute to the replication stress response may provide new avenues for targeted cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the DNA replication stress response and examine the various mechanisms through which activated oncogenes induce replication stress. Cancer Discov; 8(5); 537-55. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Petermann
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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39
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Diaz M, Pecinka A. Scaffolding for Repair: Understanding Molecular Functions of the SMC5/6 Complex. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010036. [PMID: 29329249 PMCID: PMC5793187 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome organization, dynamics and stability are required for successful passage through cellular generations and transmission of genetic information to offspring. The key components involved are Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes. Cohesin complex ensures proper chromatid alignment, condensin complex chromosome condensation and the SMC5/6 complex is specialized in the maintenance of genome stability. Here we summarize recent knowledge on the composition and molecular functions of SMC5/6 complex. SMC5/6 complex was originally identified based on the sensitivity of its mutants to genotoxic stress but there is increasing number of studies demonstrating its roles in the control of DNA replication, sister chromatid resolution and genomic location-dependent promotion or suppression of homologous recombination. Some of these functions appear to be due to a very dynamic interaction with cohesin or other repair complexes. Studies in Arabidopsis indicate that, besides its canonical function in repair of damaged DNA, the SMC5/6 complex plays important roles in regulating plant development, abiotic stress responses, suppression of autoimmune responses and sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Diaz
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IEB), Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 77900 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic.
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (MPIPZ), Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IEB), Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 77900 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic.
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40
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Kuzminov A. When DNA Topology Turns Deadly - RNA Polymerases Dig in Their R-Loops to Stand Their Ground: New Positive and Negative (Super)Twists in the Replication-Transcription Conflict. Trends Genet 2017; 34:111-120. [PMID: 29179918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Head-on replication-transcription conflict is especially bitter in bacterial chromosomes, explaining why actively transcribed genes are always co-oriented with replication. The mechanism of this conflict remains unclear, besides the anticipated accumulation of positive supercoils between head-on-conflicting polymerases. Unexpectedly, experiments in bacterial and human cells reveal that head-on replication-transcription conflict induces R-loops, indicating hypernegative supercoiling [(-)sc] in the region - precisely the opposite of that assumed. Further, as a result of these R-loops, both replication and transcription in the affected region permanently stall, so the failure of R-loop removal in RNase H-deficient bacteria becomes lethal. How hyper(-)sc emerges in the middle of a positively supercoiled chromosomal domain is a mystery that requires rethinking of topoisomerase action around polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Kuzminov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B103 CLSL, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801-3709, USA.
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41
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Frattini C, Villa-Hernández S, Pellicanò G, Jossen R, Katou Y, Shirahige K, Bermejo R. Cohesin Ubiquitylation and Mobilization Facilitate Stalled Replication Fork Dynamics. Mol Cell 2017; 68:758-772.e4. [PMID: 29129641 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Replication fork integrity is challenged in conditions of stress and protected by the Mec1/ATR checkpoint to preserve genome stability. Still poorly understood in fork protection is the role played by the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) cohesin complex. We uncovered a role for the Rsp5Bul2 ubiquitin ligase in promoting survival to replication stress by preserving stalled fork integrity. Rsp5Bul2 physically interacts with cohesin and the Mec1 kinase, thus promoting checkpoint-dependent cohesin ubiquitylation and cohesin-mediated fork protection. Ubiquitylation mediated by Rsp5Bul2 promotes cohesin mobilization from chromatin neighboring stalled forks, likely by stimulating the Cdc48/p97 ubiquitin-selective segregase, and its timely association to nascent chromatids. This Rsp5Bul2 fork protection mechanism requires the Wpl1 cohesin mobilizer as well as the function of the Eco1 acetyltransferase securing sister chromatid entrapment. Our data indicate that ubiquitylation facilitates cohesin dynamic interfacing with replication forks within a mechanism preserving stalled-fork functional architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Frattini
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG-CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Zacarías González 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Villa-Hernández
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG-CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Zacarías González 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Grazia Pellicanò
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rachel Jossen
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG-CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Zacarías González 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Yuki Katou
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rodrigo Bermejo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG-CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Calle Zacarías González 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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42
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Irony-Tur Sinai M, Kerem B. DNA replication stress drives fragile site instability. Mutat Res 2017; 808:56-61. [PMID: 29074228 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication stress is one of the early drivers enabling the ongoing acquisition of genetic changes arising during tumorigenesis. As such, it is a feature of most pre-malignant and malignant cells. In this review article, we focus on the early events initiating DNA replication stress and the preferential sensitivity of common fragile sites (CFSs) to this stress. CFSs are specific genomic regions within the normal chromosomal structure, which appear as gaps and breaks in the metaphase chromosomes of cells grown under mild replication stress conditions. The main characteristics predisposing CFSs to instability include late replication timing, delayed replication completion, failure to activate additional origins, origin paucity along large genomic regions, collision between replication and transcription complexes along large genes, and the presence of AT-dinucleotide rich sequences. The contribution of these features to instability at CFSs during early cancer development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Irony-Tur Sinai
- Department of Genetics, The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Batsheva Kerem
- Department of Genetics, The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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43
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Abstract
The accurate and complete replication of genomic DNA is essential for all life. In eukaryotic cells, the assembly of the multi-enzyme replisomes that perform replication is divided into stages that occur at distinct phases of the cell cycle. Replicative DNA helicases are loaded around origins of DNA replication exclusively during G1 phase. The loaded helicases are then activated during S phase and associate with the replicative DNA polymerases and other accessory proteins. The function of the resulting replisomes is monitored by checkpoint proteins that protect arrested replisomes and inhibit new initiation when replication is inhibited. The replisome also coordinates nucleosome disassembly, assembly, and the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. Finally, when two replisomes converge they are disassembled. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have led the way in our understanding of these processes. Here, we review our increasingly molecular understanding of these events and their regulation.
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44
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Rai R, Laloraya S. Genetic evidence for functional interaction of Smc5/6 complex and Top1 with spatial frequency of replication origins required for maintenance of chromosome stability. Curr Genet 2017; 63:765-776. [PMID: 28204881 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Replication of linear chromosomes is facilitated by firing of multiple replication origins that ensures timely duplication of the entire chromosome. The Smc5/6 complex is thought to play an important role in replication by its involvement in the restart of collapsed replication forks. Here, we present genetic evidence for functional interaction between replication origin distribution and two subunits of the Smc5/6 complex, Smc6 and Mms21, as well as Top1. An artificial chromosome that has a long arm having low origin density (5ori∆YAC) is relatively unstable compared to the YAC having normal origin distribution in wild-type cells, but is partially stabilized in smc6-56 and top1∆ mutants. While a SUMO-ligase-deficient mutant of Mms21 does not affect stability of the 5ori∆YAC by itself, in combination with top1∆, the 5ori∆YAC is destabilized as evidenced by increased chromosome loss frequency in the mms21∆sl top1∆ double mutant. Likewise, the smc6-56 top1∆ double mutant also exhibits enhanced destabilization of the 5ori∆YAC compared to either single mutant. Such an increase in chromosome loss is not observed for a similar YAC that retains the original replication origins and normal origin distribution on the long arm, in either double mutant having the mms21∆sl or smc6-56 mutations in combination with top1∆. Our findings reveal a requirement for the Smc5/6 complex, including Mms21/Nse2 mediated sumoylation, and topoisomerase-1 (Top1), for maintaining stability of a chromosome having low origin density and suggest a functional cooperation between the Smc5/6 complex and Top1 in maintenance of topologically challenged chromosomes prone to replication fork collapse or accumulation of torsional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Shikha Laloraya
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India.
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45
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Abstract
DNA topological transitions occur when replication forks encounter other DNA transactions such as transcription. Failure in resolving such conflicts leads to generation of aberrant replication and transcription intermediates that might have adverse effects on genome stability. Cells have evolved numerous surveillance mechanisms to avoid, tolerate, and resolve such replication-transcription conflicts. Defects or non-coordination in such cellular mechanisms might have catastrophic effect on cell viability. In this chapter, we review consequences of replication encounters with transcription and its associated events, topological challenges, and how these inevitable conflicts alter the genome structure and functions.
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46
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Gambus A. Termination of Eukaryotic Replication Forks. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1042:163-187. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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The Causes and Consequences of Topological Stress during DNA Replication. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7120134. [PMID: 28009828 PMCID: PMC5192510 DOI: 10.3390/genes7120134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The faithful replication of sister chromatids is essential for genomic integrity in every cell division. The replication machinery must overcome numerous difficulties in every round of replication, including DNA topological stress. Topological stress arises due to the double-stranded helical nature of DNA. When the strands are pulled apart for replication to occur, the intertwining of the double helix must also be resolved or topological stress will arise. This intrinsic problem is exacerbated by specific chromosomal contexts encountered during DNA replication. The convergence of two replicons during termination, the presence of stable protein-DNA complexes and active transcription can all lead to topological stresses being imposed upon DNA replication. Here we describe how replication forks respond to topological stress by replication fork rotation and fork reversal. We also discuss the genomic contexts where topological stress is likely to occur in eukaryotes, focusing on the contribution of transcription. Finally, we describe how topological stress, and the ways forks respond to it, may contribute to genomic instability in cells.
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48
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Williamson CT, Miller R, Pemberton HN, Jones SE, Campbell J, Konde A, Badham N, Rafiq R, Brough R, Gulati A, Ryan CJ, Francis J, Vermulen PB, Reynolds AR, Reaper PM, Pollard JR, Ashworth A, Lord CJ. ATR inhibitors as a synthetic lethal therapy for tumours deficient in ARID1A. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13837. [PMID: 27958275 PMCID: PMC5159945 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying genetic biomarkers of synthetic lethal drug sensitivity effects provides one approach to the development of targeted cancer therapies. Mutations in ARID1A represent one of the most common molecular alterations in human cancer, but therapeutic approaches that target these defects are not yet clinically available. We demonstrate that defects in ARID1A sensitize tumour cells to clinical inhibitors of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase, ATR, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ARID1A deficiency results in topoisomerase 2A and cell cycle defects, which cause an increased reliance on ATR checkpoint activity. In ARID1A mutant tumour cells, inhibition of ATR triggers premature mitotic entry, genomic instability and apoptosis. The data presented here provide the pre-clinical and mechanistic rationale for assessing ARID1A defects as a biomarker of single-agent ATR inhibitor response and represents a novel synthetic lethal approach to targeting tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T. Williamson
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rowan Miller
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Helen N. Pemberton
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Samuel E. Jones
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - James Campbell
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Asha Konde
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicholas Badham
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rumana Rafiq
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rachel Brough
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Aditi Gulati
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Colm J. Ryan
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin
4, Ireland
| | - Jeff Francis
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Peter B. Vermulen
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium and Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Oosterveldlaan 24, Wilrijk Antwerp
2610, Belgium
| | - Andrew R. Reynolds
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Philip M. Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire
OX14 4RY, UK
| | - John R. Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire
OX14 4RY, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London
SW3 6JB, UK
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49
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Interplay between Top1 and Mms21/Nse2 mediated sumoylation in stable maintenance of long chromosomes. Curr Genet 2016; 63:627-645. [PMID: 27872982 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetic information in cells is encrypted in DNA molecules forming chromosomes of varying sizes. Accurate replication and partitioning of chromosomes in the crowded cellular milieu is a complex process involving duplication, folding and movement. Longer chromosomes may be more susceptible to mis-segregation or DNA damage and there may exist specialized physiological mechanisms preventing this. Here, we present genetic evidence for such a mechanism which depends on Mms21/Nse2 mediated sumoylation and topoisomerase-1 (Top1) for maintaining stability of longer chromosomes. While mutations inactivating Top1 or the SUMO ligase activity of Mms21 (mms21sl) individually destabilized yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) to a modest extent, the mms21sl top1 double mutant exhibited a synthetic-sick phenotype, and showed preferential destabilization of the longer chromosome relative to shorter chromosomes. In contrast, an smc6-56 top1 mutant defective in Smc6, another subunit of the Smc5/6 complex, of which Mms21 is a component, did not show such a preferential enhancement in frequency of loss of the longer YAC, indicating that this defect may be specific to the deficiency in SUMO ligase activity of Mms21 in the mms21sl top1 mutants. In addition, mms21sl top1 double mutants harboring a longer fusion derivative of natural yeast chromosomes IV and XII displayed reduced viability, consistent with enhanced chromosome instability, relative to single mutants or the double mutant having the natural (shorter) non-fused chromosomes. Our findings reveal a functional interplay between Mms21 and Top1 in maintenance of longer chromosomes, and suggest that lack of sumoylation of Mms21 targets coupled with Top1 deficiency is a crucial requirement for accurate inheritance of longer chromosomes.
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50
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Hoa NN, Shimizu T, Zhou ZW, Wang ZQ, Deshpande RA, Paull TT, Akter S, Tsuda M, Furuta R, Tsutsui K, Takeda S, Sasanuma H. Mre11 Is Essential for the Removal of Lethal Topoisomerase 2 Covalent Cleavage Complexes. Mol Cell 2016; 64:580-592. [PMID: 27814490 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex initiates double-strand break repair by homologous recombination (HR). Loss of Mre11 or its nuclease activity in mouse cells is known to cause genome aberrations and cellular senescence, although the molecular basis for this phenotype is not clear. To identify the origin of these defects, we characterized Mre11-deficient (MRE11-/-) and nuclease-deficient Mre11 (MRE11-/H129N) chicken DT40 and human lymphoblast cell lines. These cells exhibit increased spontaneous chromosomal DSBs and extreme sensitivity to topoisomerase 2 poisons. The defects in Mre11 compromise the repair of etoposide-induced Top2-DNA covalent complexes, and MRE11-/- and MRE11-/H129N cells accumulate high levels of Top2 covalent conjugates even in the absence of exogenous damage. We demonstrate that both the genome instability and mortality of MRE11-/- and MRE11-/H129N cells are significantly reversed by overexpression of Tdp2, an enzyme that eliminates covalent Top2 conjugates; thus, the essential role of Mre11 nuclease activity is likely to remove these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngoc Hoa
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Shimizu
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Zhong Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rajashree A Deshpande
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Furuta
- Department of Neurogenomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ken Tsutsui
- Department of Neurogenomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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