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Avarlaid A, Falkenberg K, Lehe K, Mudò G, Belluardo N, Di Liberto V, Frinchi M, Tuvikene J, Timmusk T. An upstream enhancer and MEF2 transcription factors fine-tune the regulation of the Bdnf gene in cortical and hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107411. [PMID: 38796067 PMCID: PMC11234010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The myocyte enhancer factor (MEF2) family of transcription factors, originally discovered for its pivotal role in muscle development and function, has emerged as an essential regulator in various aspects of brain development and neuronal plasticity. The MEF2 transcription factors are known to regulate numerous important genes in the nervous system, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a small secreted neurotrophin responsible for promoting the survival, growth, and differentiation of neurons. The expression of the Bdnf gene is spatiotemporally controlled by various transcription factors binding to both its proximal and distal regulatory regions. While previous studies have investigated the connection between MEF2 transcription factors and Bdnf, the endogenous function of MEF2 factors in the transcriptional regulation of Bdnf remains largely unknown. Here, we aimed to deepen the knowledge of MEF2 transcription factors and their role in the regulation of Bdnf comparatively in rat cortical and hippocampal neurons. As a result, we demonstrate that the MEF2 transcription factor-dependent enhancer located at -4.8 kb from the Bdnf gene regulates the endogenous expression of Bdnf in hippocampal neurons. In addition, we confirm neuronal activity-dependent activation of the -4.8 kb enhancer in vivo. Finally, we show that specific MEF2 family transcription factors have unique roles in the regulation of Bdnf, with the specific function varying based on the particular brain region and stimuli. Altogether, we present MEF2 family transcription factors as crucial regulators of Bdnf expression, fine-tuning Bdnf expression through both distal and proximal regulatory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annela Avarlaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Kaisa Falkenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Karin Lehe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jürgen Tuvikene
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia; Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Timmusk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia; Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Zhang Y, Lin W, Yang Y, Zhu S, Chen Y, Wang H, Teng L. MEF2D facilitates liver metastasis of gastric cancer cells through directly inducing H1X under IL-13 stimulation. Cancer Lett 2024; 591:216878. [PMID: 38609001 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Liver metastasis is the most common metastatic occurrence in gastric cancer patients, although the precise mechanism behind it remains unclear. Through a combination of proteomics and quantitative RT-PCR, our study has revealed a significant correlation between the upregulation of myocyte enhancer factor-2D (MEF2D) and both distant metastasis and poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. In mouse models, we observed that overexpressing or knocking down MEF2D in gastric cancer cells respectively promoted or inhibited liver metastasis. Furthermore, our research has demonstrated that MEF2D regulates the transcriptional activation of H1X by binding to the H1X promoter. This regulation leads to the upregulation of H1X, which, in turn, promotes the in vivo metastasis of gastric cancer cells along with the upregulation of the downstream gene β-CATENIN. Additionally, we found that the expression of MEF2D and H1X at both mRNA and protein levels can be induced by the inflammatory factor IL-13, and this induction exhibits a time gradient dependence. In human gastric cancer tissues, the expression of IL13RA1, the receptor for IL-13, positively correlates with the expression of MEF2D and H1X. IL13RA1 has been identified as an intermediate receptor through which IL-13 regulates MEF2D. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MEF2D plays a crucial role in promoting liver metastasis of gastric cancer by upregulating H1X and downstream target β-CATENIN in response to IL-13 stimulation. Targeting MEF2D could therefore be a promising therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of gastric cancer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: MEF2D promotes its transcriptional activation in gastric cancer cells by binding to the H1X promoter and is upregulated by IL-13-IL13RA1, thereby promoting distant metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
| | - Wu Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
| | - Songting Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
| | - Yiran Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
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Zhang P, Lu R. The Molecular and Biological Function of MEF2D in Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:379-403. [PMID: 39017853 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) is a key transcription factor (TF) in skeletal, cardiac, and neural tissue development and includes four isoforms: MEF2A, MEF2B, MEF2C, and MEF2D. These isoforms significantly affect embryonic development, nervous system regulation, muscle cell differentiation, B- and T-cell development, thymocyte selection, and effects on tumorigenesis and leukemia. This chapter describes the multifaceted roles of MEF2 family proteins, covering embryonic development, nervous system regulation, and muscle cell differentiation. It further elucidates the contribution of MEF2 to various blood and immune cell functions. Specifically, in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), MEF2D is aberrantly expressed and forms a fusion protein with BCL9, CSF1R, DAZAP1, HNRNPUL1, and SS18. These fusion proteins are closely related to the pathogenesis of leukemia. In addition, it specifically introduces the regulatory effect of MEF2D fusion protein on the proliferation and growth of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cells. Finally, we detail the positive feedback loop between MEF2D and IRF8 that significantly promotes the progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the importance of the ZMYND8-BRD4 interaction in regulating the IRF8 and MYC transcriptional programs. The MEF2D-CEBPE axis is highlighted as a key transcriptional mechanism controlling the block of leukemic cell self-renewal and differentiation in AML. This chapter starts with the structure and function of MEF2 family proteins, specifically summarizing and analyzing the role of MEF2D in B-ALL and AML, mediating the complex molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and exploring their implications for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rui Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Morita T, Hayashi K. Actin-related protein 5 suppresses the cooperative activation of cardiac gene transcription by myocardin and MEF2. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:363-379. [PMID: 36610028 PMCID: PMC9900090 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MYOCD is a transcription factor important for cardiac and smooth muscle development. We previously identified that actin-related protein 5 (ARP5) binds to the N-terminus of MYOCD. Here, we demonstrate that ARP5 inhibits the cooperative action of the cardiac-specific isoform of MYOCD with MEF2. ARP5 overexpression in murine hearts induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, whereas ARP5 knockdown in P19CL6 cells significantly increased cardiac gene expression. ARP5 was found to bind to a MEF2-binding motif of cardiac MYOCD and inhibit MEF2-mediated transactivation by MYOCD. RNA-seq analysis revealed 849 genes that are upregulated by MYOCD-MEF2 and 650 genes that are repressed by ARP5. ARP5 expression increased with cardiomyopathy and was negatively correlated with the expression of Tnnt2 and Ttn, which were regulated by cardiac MYOCD-MEF2. Overall, our data suggest that ARP5 is a potential suppressor of cardiac MYOCD during physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken'ichiro Hayashi
- Department of OphthalmologyYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineJapan,Department of RNA Biology and NeuroscienceOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
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Zhang M, Zhang H, Li Z, Bai L, Wang Q, Li J, Jiang M, Xue Q, Cheng N, Zhang W, Mao D, Chen Z, Huang J, Meng G, Chen Z, Chen SJ. Functional, structural, and molecular characterizations of the leukemogenic driver MEF2D-HNRNPUL1 fusion. Blood 2022; 140:1390-1407. [PMID: 35544603 PMCID: PMC9507012 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent MEF2D fusions with poor prognosis have been identified in B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL). The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic function of MEF2D fusions are poorly understood. Here, we show that MEF2D-HNRNPUL1 (MH) knock-in mice developed a progressive disease from impaired B-cell development at the pre-pro-B stage to pre-leukemia over 10 to 12 months. When cooperating with NRASG12D, MH drove an outbreak of BCP-ALL, with a more aggressive phenotype than the NRASG12D-induced leukemia. RNA-sequencing identified key networks involved in disease mechanisms. In chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing experiments, MH acquired increased chromatin-binding ability, mostly through MEF2D-responsive element (MRE) motifs in target genes, compared with wild-type MEF2D. Using X-ray crystallography, the MEF2D-MRE complex was characterized in atomic resolution, whereas disrupting the MH-DNA interaction alleviated the aberrant target gene expression and the B-cell differentiation arrest. The C-terminal moiety (HNRNPUL1 part) of MH was proven to contribute to the fusion protein's trans-regulatory activity, cofactor recruitment, and homodimerization. Furthermore, targeting MH-driven transactivation of the HDAC family by using the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat in combination with chemotherapy improved the overall survival of MH/NRASG12D BCP-ALL mice. Altogether, these results not only highlight MH as an important driver in leukemogenesis but also provoke targeted intervention against BCP-ALL with MEF2D fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Bai
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nuo Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongdong Mao
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyan Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyu Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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Wang P, Zhao J, Sun X. DYRK1A phosphorylates MEF2D and decreases its transcriptional activity. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6082-6093. [PMID: 34109727 PMCID: PMC8256340 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and associated with cell growth, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. Previous studies verified that phosphorylation at different amino acids determined MEF2's transcriptional activity which was essential in regulating downstream target genes expression. What regulates phosphorylation of MEF2D and affects its function has not been fully elucidated. Here, we uncovered that dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), a kinase critical in Down's syndrome pathogenesis, directly bound to and phosphorylated MEF2D at Ser251 in vitro. Phosphorylation of MEF2D by DYRK1A significantly increased MEF2D protein level but attenuated its transcriptional activity, which resulted in decreased transcriptions of MEF2D target genes. Phosphorylation mutated Ser251A MEF2D exhibited enhanced transcriptional activity compared with wild type MEF2D. MEF2D and DYRK1A were observed co-localized in HEK293 and U87MG cells. Moreover, DYRK1A-mediated MEF2D phosphorylation in vitro might influence its nuclear export upon subcellular fractionation, which partially explained the reduction of MEF2D transcriptional activity by DYRK1A. Our results indicated that DYRK1A might be a regulator of MEF2D transcriptional activity and indirectly get involved in regulation of MEF2D target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Lu F, Wang R, Xia L, Nie T, Gao F, Yang S, Huang L, Shao K, Liu J, Yang Q. Regulation of IFN-Is by MEF2D Promotes Inflammatory Homeostasis in Microglia. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2851-2863. [PMID: 34234510 PMCID: PMC8254549 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s307624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia play an essential role in the central nervous system immune response. The transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor-2 D (MEF2D) is known to participate in stress regulation in various cell types and is easily activated in microglia. MEF2D has been shown to transcriptionally regulate several cytokine genes in immune cells and directly regulates the inflammatory response, suggesting that MEF2D may act as a key stimulus response regulator of microglia and is involved in the regulation of brain microhomeostasis. To uncover the molecular mechanism of MEF2D in the inflammatory system, in the present study, we investigated the global effect of MEF2D in activated microglia and explored its potential regulatory network. Methods Experiments with a recombinant lentiviral vector containing either shRNA or overexpressing MEF2D were performed in the murine microglial BV2 cell line. Transcriptome sequencing and global gene expression patterns were analysed in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated shMEF2D BV2 cells. Pro- and anti-inflammatory factors were assessed by Western blot, qPCR or ELISA, and microglial activity was assessed by phagocytosis and morphologic analysis. The direct binding of MEF2D to the promoter region of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) was tested by ChIP-qPCR. The interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were tested by qPCR. Results MEF2D actively participated in the inflammatory response of BV2 microglial cells. Stably expressed RNAi-induced silencing of MEF2D disrupted the microglial immune balance in two ways: (1) the expression of proinflammatory factors, such as NLRP3, IL-1β, and iNOS was promoted; and (2) the type-I interferon signalling pathway was markedly inhibited by directly modulating IRF7 transcription. In contrast, overexpression of MEF2D significantly reduced the expression of NLRP3 and iNOS under LPS stimulation and alleviated the level of immune stress in microglia. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that MEF2D plays an important role in regulating inflammatory homeostasis partly through transcriptional regulation of the type-I interferon signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Lu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronglin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejian Nie
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaosong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifeng Shao
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Medical University of PLA, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, People's Republic of China
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Nath SR, Lieberman ML, Yu Z, Marchioretti C, Jones ST, Danby ECE, Van Pelt KM, Sorarù G, Robins DM, Bates GP, Pennuto M, Lieberman AP. MEF2 impairment underlies skeletal muscle atrophy in polyglutamine disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:63-80. [PMID: 32306066 PMCID: PMC7166004 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) tract expansion leads to proteotoxic misfolding and drives a family of nine diseases. We study spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), a progressive degenerative disorder of the neuromuscular system caused by the polyQ androgen receptor (AR). Using a knock-in mouse model of SBMA, AR113Q mice, we show that E3 ubiquitin ligases which are a hallmark of the canonical muscle atrophy machinery are not induced in AR113Q muscle. Similarly, we find no evidence to suggest dysfunction of signaling pathways that trigger muscle hypertrophy or impairment of the muscle stem cell niche. Instead, we find that skeletal muscle atrophy is characterized by diminished function of the transcriptional regulator Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 (MEF2), a regulator of myofiber homeostasis. Decreased expression of MEF2 target genes is age- and glutamine tract length-dependent, occurs due to polyQ AR proteotoxicity, and is associated with sequestration of MEF2 into intranuclear inclusions in muscle. Skeletal muscle from R6/2 mice, a model of Huntington disease which develops progressive atrophy, also sequesters MEF2 into inclusions and displays age-dependent loss of MEF2 target genes. Similarly, SBMA patient muscle shows loss of MEF2 target gene expression, and restoring MEF2 activity in AR113Q muscle rescues fiber size and MEF2-regulated gene expression. This work establishes MEF2 impairment as a novel mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy downstream of toxic polyglutamine proteins and as a therapeutic target for muscle atrophy in these disorders.
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Attems J. The first year. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:1-2. [PMID: 31832772 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Attems
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
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Sitbon YH, Yadav S, Kazmierczak K, Szczesna-Cordary D. Insights into myosin regulatory and essential light chains: a focus on their roles in cardiac and skeletal muscle function, development and disease. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 41:313-327. [PMID: 31131433 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activity of cardiac and skeletal muscles depends upon the ATP-coupled actin-myosin interactions to execute the power stroke and muscle contraction. The goal of this review article is to provide insight into the function of myosin II, the molecular motor of the heart and skeletal muscles, with a special focus on the role of myosin II light chain (MLC) components. Specifically, we focus on the involvement of myosin regulatory (RLC) and essential (ELC) light chains in striated muscle development, isoform appearance and their function in normal and diseased muscle. We review the consequences of isoform switching and knockout of specific MLC isoforms on cardiac and skeletal muscle function in various animal models. Finally, we discuss how dysregulation of specific RLC/ELC isoforms can lead to cardiac and skeletal muscle diseases and summarize the effects of most studied mutations leading to cardiac or skeletal myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel H Sitbon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sunil Yadav
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kazmierczak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Danuta Szczesna-Cordary
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Doddi SK, Kummari G, M V J, Kalle AM. Protein kinase A mediates novel serine-584 phosphorylation of HDAC4. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:526-535. [PMID: 30661366 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the well-established diversified signaling pathways for histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and the regulation of HDAC4 by several post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitination, an unbiased and detailed analysis of HDAC4 PTMs is needed. In this study, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) to describe phosphorylation at serine 584 (Ser584) along with already-known dual phosphorylation at serines 265 and 266 (Ser265/266), that together regulate HDAC4 activity. Overexpression of site-specific HDAC4 mutants (S584A, S265/266A) in HEK 293T cells, followed by HDAC activity assays, revealed the mutants to be less active than the wild-type protein. In vitro kinase assays have established that Ser584 and Ser265/266 are phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA). Luciferase assays driven by the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) promoter and real-time PCR analysis of the MEF2 target genes show that the S584A and S265/266A mutants are less repressive than the wild-type. Furthermore, treatment with PKA activators such as 8-Bromo-cAMP and forskolin, and silencing either by shRNA or its inhibitor H-89 in a mouse myoblast cell line (C2C12) and in a non-muscle human cell line (K562), confirmed in vivo phosphorylation of HDAC4 in C2C12 but not in K562 cells, indicating the specific functional significance of HDAC4 phosphorylation in muscle cells. Thus, we identified PKA-induced Ser584 phosphorylation of HDAC4 as a yet unknown regulatory mechanism of the HDAC4-MEF2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmukha K Doddi
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, TS-500046, India
| | - Githavani Kummari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, TS-500046, India
| | - Jagannadham M V
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad TS-500007, India
| | - Arunasree M Kalle
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, TS-500046, India
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13
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Campbell P, Morris H, Schapira A. Chaperone-mediated autophagy as a therapeutic target for Parkinson disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:823-832. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1517156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Campbell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Huw Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Ichihara M, Kamiya T, Hara H, Adachi T. The MEF2A and MEF2D function as scaffold proteins that interact with HDAC1 or p300 in SOD3 expression in THP-1 cells. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:799-807. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1475730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ichihara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kamiya
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Adachi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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15
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Wu R, Wang J, Yao J, Dong Z, Liu Y, Liu M. MEF2A regulates Calpain 3 expression in L6 myoblasts. Gene 2018; 668:204-210. [PMID: 29783071 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Calpain 3 (Capn3), a skeletal muscle-specific member of the calpain family, executes some non-proteolytic functions besides its role as a Ca2+-regulated proteolytic enzyme. Previously, we found that changes in Capn3 expression were linearly correlated with the degree of muscular atrophy following reversible sciatic nerve injury and that knockdown of Capn3 gene expression promoted myoblast differentiation. While the regulation of capn3 gene expression is interesting, transcriptional regulation of Capn3 is still unclear. In the present study, we provided experimental data showing that the myogenic enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) regulated Capn3 gene expression. Firstly, the luciferase reporter assay and EMSA were performed and showed that ectopic expression of the Mef2a gene could bind to the predicted site of the Capn3 promoter region. Furthermore, in the L6 myoblast differentiation model in vitro, Capn3 gene expression was shown to be positively associated with the level of Mef2a by qRT-PCR, western-blotting, and immunocytochemistry. The Capn3 protein level decreased as MEF2A decreased when induced by Mef2a siRNA transfection in L6 myoblasts. Finally, the results of ChIP indicated that MEF2A occupied the promoter region of the Capn3 gene in rat denervated gastrocnemius muscle tissue. Based on these results, we proposed that MEF2A is a transcriptional regulator for Capn3 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Histology and Embryology of Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, China.
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16
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Brown FC, Still E, Koche RP, Yim CY, Takao S, Cifani P, Reed C, Gunasekera S, Ficarro SB, Romanienko P, Mark W, McCarthy C, de Stanchina E, Gonen M, Seshan V, Bhola P, O'Donnell C, Spitzer B, Stutzke C, Lavallée VP, Hébert J, Krivtsov AV, Melnick A, Paietta EM, Tallman MS, Letai A, Sauvageau G, Pouliot G, Levine R, Marto JA, Armstrong SA, Kentsis A. MEF2C Phosphorylation Is Required for Chemotherapy Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:478-497. [PMID: 29431698 PMCID: PMC5882571 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chemotherapy resistance remains prevalent and poorly understood. Using functional proteomics of patient AML specimens, we identified MEF2C S222 phosphorylation as a specific marker of primary chemoresistance. We found that Mef2cS222A/S222A knock-in mutant mice engineered to block MEF2C phosphorylation exhibited normal hematopoiesis, but were resistant to leukemogenesis induced by MLL-AF9 MEF2C phosphorylation was required for leukemia stem cell maintenance and induced by MARK kinases in cells. Treatment with the selective MARK/SIK inhibitor MRT199665 caused apoptosis and conferred chemosensitivity in MEF2C-activated human AML cell lines and primary patient specimens, but not those lacking MEF2C phosphorylation. These findings identify kinase-dependent dysregulation of transcription factor control as a determinant of therapy response in AML, with immediate potential for improved diagnosis and therapy for this disease.Significance: Functional proteomics identifies phosphorylation of MEF2C in the majority of primary chemotherapy-resistant AML. Kinase-dependent dysregulation of this transcription factor confers susceptibility to MARK/SIK kinase inhibition in preclinical models, substantiating its clinical investigation for improved diagnosis and therapy of AML. Cancer Discov; 8(4); 478-97. ©2018 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 371.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- MEF2 Transcription Factors/chemistry
- MEF2 Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proteomics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Brown
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eric Still
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Richard P Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christina Y Yim
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sumiko Takao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Paolo Cifani
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Casie Reed
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shehana Gunasekera
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Scott B Ficarro
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Romanienko
- Mouse Genetics Core Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Willie Mark
- Mouse Genetics Core Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Craig McCarthy
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mithat Gonen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Venkatraman Seshan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Patrick Bhola
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Conor O'Donnell
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Barbara Spitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Vincent-Philippe Lavallée
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josée Hébert
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Leukemia Cell Bank, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrei V Krivtsov
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ari Melnick
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Elisabeth M Paietta
- Montefiore Medical Center-North Division, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York
| | - Martin S Tallman
- Department of Medicine, Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Leukemia Cell Bank, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gayle Pouliot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ross Levine
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
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17
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Chen X, Wan J, Yu B, Diao Y, Zhang W. PIP5K1α promotes myogenic differentiation via AKT activation and calcium release. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:33. [PMID: 29426367 PMCID: PMC5806439 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle satellite cell-derived myoblasts are mainly responsible for postnatal muscle growth and injury-induced regeneration. Many intracellular signaling pathways are essential for myogenic differentiation, while a number of kinases are involved in this modulation process. Type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5KI) was identified as one of the key kinases involved in myogenic differentiation, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. METHODS PIP5K1α was quantified by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and western blot assay. Expression levels of myogenin and myosin heavy chain, which showed significant downregulation in PIP5K1α siRNA-mediated knockdown cells in western blot analysis, were confirmed by immunostaining. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in PIP5K1α siRNA-mediated knockdown cells was also measured by the PI(4,5)P2 Mass ELISA Kit. C2C12 cells were overexpressed with different forms of AKT, followed by western blot analysis on myogenin and myosin heavy chain, which reveals their function in myogenic differentiation. FLIPR assays are used to test the release of calcium in PIP5K1α siRNA-mediated knockdown cells after histamine or bradykinin treatment. Statistical significances between groups were determined by two-tailed Student's t test. RESULTS Since PIP5K1α was the major form in skeletal muscle, knockdown of PIP5K1α consistently inhibited myogenic differentiation while overexpression of PIP5K1α promoted differentiation and rescued the inhibitory effect of the siRNA. PIP5K1α was found to be required for AKT activation and calcium release, both of which were important for skeletal muscle differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that PIP5K1α is an important regulator in myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Lianhua Road 1120, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Lianhua Road 1120, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yarui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Lianhua Road 1120, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Dermatology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University-the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Lianhua Road 1120, Shenzhen, 518036, Guangdong Province, China.
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18
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Medrano JL, Naya FJ. The transcription factor MEF2A fine-tunes gene expression in the atrial and ventricular chambers of the adult heart. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20975-20988. [PMID: 29054930 PMCID: PMC5743072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinct morphological and functional properties of the cardiac chambers arise from an elaborate developmental program involving cell lineage determination, morphogenesis, and dynamic spatiotemporal gene expression patterns. Although a number of transcription factors have been identified for proper gene regulation in the chambers, the complete transcriptional network that controls these patterns remains poorly defined. Previous studies have implicated the MEF2C transcription factor in the regulation of chamber-restricted enhancers. To better understand the mechanisms of MEF2-mediated regional gene regulation in the heart, we took advantage of MEF2A knock-out (KO) mice, a model that displays a predominantly ventricular chamber phenotype. Transcriptomic analysis of atrial and ventricular tissue from adult MEF2A KO hearts revealed a striking difference in chamber gene expression, with a larger proportion of dysregulated genes in the atrial chambers. Canonical pathway analysis of genes preferentially dysregulated in the atria and ventricles revealed distinct MEF2A-dependent cellular processes in each cardiac chamber. In the atria, MEF2A regulated genes involved in fibrosis and adhesion, whereas in the ventricles, it controlled inflammation and endocytosis. Finally, analysis of transcription factor-binding site motifs of differentially dysregulated genes uncovered distinct MEF2A co-regulators for the atrial and ventricular gene sets, and a subset of these was found to cooperate with MEF2A. In conclusion, our results suggest a mechanism in which MEF2 transcriptional activity is differentially recruited to fine-tune gene expression levels in each cardiac chamber. This regulatory mechanism ensures optimal output of these gene products for proper physiological function of the atrial and ventricular chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Medrano
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Francisco J Naya
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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19
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Taylor MV, Hughes SM. Mef2 and the skeletal muscle differentiation program. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:33-44. [PMID: 29154822 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mef2 is a conserved and significant transcription factor in the control of muscle gene expression. In cell culture Mef2 synergises with MyoD-family members in the activation of gene expression and in the conversion of fibroblasts into myoblasts. Amongst its in vivo roles, Mef2 is required for both Drosophila muscle development and mammalian muscle regeneration. Mef2 has functions in other cell-types too, but this review focuses on skeletal muscle and surveys key findings on Mef2 from its discovery, shortly after that of MyoD, up to the present day. In particular, in vivo functions, underpinning mechanisms and areas of uncertainty are highlighted. We describe how Mef2 sits at a nexus in the gene expression network that controls the muscle differentiation program, and how Mef2 activity must be regulated in time and space to orchestrate specific outputs within the different aspects of muscle development. A theme that emerges is that there is much to be learnt about the different Mef2 proteins (from different paralogous genes, spliced transcripts and species) and how the activity of these proteins is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Taylor
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Simon M Hughes
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL UK
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20
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Shen S, Huang D, Feng G, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Cao P, Zheng K, Zhang D, Feng X. MEF2 Transcription Factor Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2017; 18:237-45. [PMID: 27459583 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) is a member of the MADS-box family. It controls the expression of genes that are critical for biological processes such as proliferation, cell death, and differentiation. Some studies have shown that MEF2 expression is enhanced in osteogenic progenitor cells established from bone marrow stromal cells with other types of mesenchymal progenitor cells. However, the effect of MEF2 on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) is unclear. In this study, we investigate the effect of MEF2 on regulating osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of DPSCs. We find that MEF2 is stably expressed in DPSCs, and the expression is increased time-dependently along with cell osteogenic differentiation. MEF2 expression also increases the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) activity, and enhances mineralization in DPSCs. SB202190, inhibitor of p38, blocks the p38/MEF2 pathway and osteogenic differentiation. In addition, MEF2 overexpression inhibits DPSC proliferation. In summary, our data indicate that MEF2 not only regulates DPSCs as an inhibitor of cell proliferation but is also a promoter of osteogenic differentiation through the p38/MEF2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Shen
- 1 The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University , Nantong, China .,2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
| | - Dan Huang
- 2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
| | - Guijuan Feng
- 2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
| | - Linhe Zhu
- 3 School of Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- 1 The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University , Nantong, China .,2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
| | - Peipei Cao
- 1 The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University , Nantong, China .,2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- 1 The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University , Nantong, China .,2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- 4 Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University , Nantong, China
| | - Xingmei Feng
- 1 The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University , Nantong, China .,2 Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
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21
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Xu H, Li J, Wang Z, Feng M, Shen Y, Cao S, Li T, Peng Y, Fan L, Chen J, Gu C, Yan F, Wang L, Chen G. Methylene blue attenuates neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats through the Akt/GSK-3β/MEF2D signaling pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:125-139. [PMID: 28457811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious medical problem with few effective pharmacotherapies available, and neuroinflammation has been identified as an important pathological process in early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. Methylene blue (MB) is an older drug that has been recently proven to exert extraordinary neuroprotective effects in several brain insults. However, no study has reported the beneficial effects of MB in SAH. In the current investigation, we studied the neuroprotective effects of MB in EBI after SAH and focused on its anti-inflammatory role. A total of 303 rats were subjected to an endovascular perforation process to produce an SAH model. We found that MB could significantly ameliorate brain edema secondary to BBB disruption and alleviate neurological dysfunction after SAH. MB administration also promoted the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β, leading to an increased concentration of MEF2D in the nucleus. The cytokine IL-10 was up-regulated, and IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were down-regulated after MB administration. MB administration could also alleviate neutrophil infiltration and microglia activation after SAH. MK2206, a selective inhibitor of Akt, abolished the neuroprotective effects of MB, inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and prevented the nuclear localization of MEF2D. MK2206 also reduced the expression of IL-10 and increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, these data suggested that MB could ameliorate neuroinflammatory responses after SAH, and its anti-inflammatory effects might be exerted via activation of the Akt/GSK-3β/MEF2D pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhe Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Zhijiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Majing Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Changxing People's Hospital, Taihuzhong Road 66th, Changxin, Huzhou 313100, China
| | - Yongfeng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Huansha Road 261st, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Linfeng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jingyin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Chi Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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22
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Cannarella R, Mattina T, Condorelli RA, Mongioì LM, Pandini G, La Vignera S, Calogero AE. Chromosome 15 structural abnormalities: effect on IGF1R gene expression and function. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:528-539. [PMID: 28899882 PMCID: PMC5597972 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), mapping on the 15q26.3 chromosome, is required for normal embryonic and postnatal growth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the IGF1R gene expression and function in three unrelated patients with chromosome 15 structural abnormalities. We report two male patients with the smallest 15q26.3 chromosome duplication described so far, and a female patient with ring chromosome 15 syndrome. Patient one, with a 568 kb pure duplication, had overgrowth, developmental delay, mental and psychomotor retardation, obesity, cryptorchidism, borderline low testis volume, severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and gynecomastia. We found a 1.8-fold increase in the IGF1R mRNA and a 1.3-fold increase in the IGF1R protein expression (P < 0.05). Patient two, with a 650 kb impure duplication, showed overgrowth, developmental delay, mild mental retardation, precocious puberty, low testicular volume and severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. The IGF1R mRNA and protein expression was similar to that of the control. Patient three, with a 46,XX r(15) (p10q26.2) karyotype, displayed intrauterine growth retardation, developmental delay, mental and psychomotor retardation. We found a <0.5-fold decrease in the IGF1R mRNA expression and an undetectable IGF1R activity. After reviewing the previously 96 published cases of chromosome 15q duplication, we found that neurological disorders, congenital cardiac defects, typical facial traits and gonadal abnormalities are the prominent features in patients with chromosome 15q duplication. Interestingly, patients with 15q deletion syndrome display similar features. We speculate that both the increased and decreased IGF1R gene expression may play a role in the etiology of neurological and gonadal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Laura M Mongioì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pandini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
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23
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Byun SK, An TH, Son MJ, Lee DS, Kang HS, Lee EW, Han BS, Kim WK, Bae KH, Oh KJ, Lee SC. HDAC11 Inhibits Myoblast Differentiation through Repression of MyoD-Dependent Transcription. Mol Cells 2017; 40:667-676. [PMID: 28927261 PMCID: PMC5638774 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal differentiation of muscle is closely associated with aging (sarcopenia) and diseases such as cancer and type II diabetes. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that regulate muscle differentiation will be useful in the treatment and prevention of these conditions. Protein lysine acetylation and methylation are major post-translational modification mechanisms that regulate key cellular processes. In this study, to elucidate the relationship between myogenic differentiation and protein lysine acetylation/methylation, we performed a PCR array of enzymes related to protein lysine acetylation/methylation during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Our results indicated that the expression pattern of HDAC11 was substantially increased during myoblast differentiation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of HDAC11 completely inhibited myoblast differentiation, concomitant with reduced expression of key myogenic transcription factors. However, the catalytically inactive mutant of HDAC11 (H142/143A) did not impede myoblast differentiation. In addition, wild-type HDAC11, but not the inactive HDAC11 mutant, suppressed MyoD-induced promoter activities of MEF2C and MYOG (Myogenin), and reduced histone acetylation near the E-boxes, the MyoD binding site, of the MEF2C and MYOG promoters. Collectively, our results indicate that HDAC11 would suppress myoblast differentiation via regulation of MyoD-dependent transcription. These findings suggest that HDAC11 is a novel critical target for controlling myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyung Byun
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon An
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Min Jeong Son
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Da Som Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Hyun Sup Kang
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Baek Soo Han
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
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24
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Tiwari PC, Pal R. The potential role of neuroinflammation and transcription factors in Parkinson disease. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28566949 PMCID: PMC5442366 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2017.19.1/rpal] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurons affected by inflammatory processes. Post-mortem analyses of brain and cerebrospinal fluid from PD patients show the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines, confirming an ongoing neuroinflammation in the affected brain regions. These inflammatory mediators may activate transcription factors—notably nuclear factor κB, Ying-Yang 1 (YY1), fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)—which then regulate downstream signaling pathways that in turn promote death of dopaminergic neurons through death domain-containing receptors. Dopaminergic neurons are vulnerable to oxidative stress and inflammatory attack. An increased level of inducible nitric oxide synthase observed in the substantia nigra and striatum of PD patients suggests that both cytokine—and chemokine-induced toxicity and inflammation lead to oxidative stress that contributes to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and to disease progression. Lipopolysaccharide activation of microglia in the proximity of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes their degeneration, and this appears to be a selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to inflammation. In this review, we will look at the role of various transcription factors and signaling pathways in the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rishi Pal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, Utter Pradesh Lucknow-226003, India
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25
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Wang R, Yang S, Nie T, Zhu G, Feng D, Yang Q. Transcription Factors: Potential Cell Death Markers in Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:552-560. [PMID: 28791585 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a long preclinical phase. The continuous loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons is one of the pathogenic hallmarks of PD. Diagnosis largely depends on clinical observation, but motor dysfunctions do not emerge until 70%-80% of the nigrostriatal nerve terminals have been destroyed. Therefore, a biomarker that indicates the degeneration of DA neurons is urgently needed. Transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate RNA synthesis from a DNA template. The precise control of gene expression plays a critical role in the development, maintenance, and survival of cells, including DA neurons. Deficiency of certain transcription factors has been associated with DA neuron loss and PD. In this review, we focus on some transcription factors and discuss their structure, function, mechanisms of neuroprotection, and their potential for use as biomarkers indicating the degeneration of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Shaosong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Tiejian Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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26
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Wang P, Wang L, Chen L, Sun X. Dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A Gene Transcription is regulated by Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2D. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7240. [PMID: 28775333 PMCID: PMC5543054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) is localized in the Down syndrome critical region of chromosome 21. As a candidate gene responsible for learning defects associated with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease (AD), DYRK1A has been implied to play pivotal roles in cell proliferation and brain development. MEF2D, a member of the myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors, was proved to be in control of neuronal cell differentiation and development. Here we demonstrated that MEF2D could upregulate DYRK1A gene expression through specific activation of DYRK1A isoform 5 gene transcription. A MEF2D responsive element from -268 to -254 bp on promoter region of DYRK1A isoform 5 was identified and confirmed by luciferase assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The coordinated expression of DYRK1A and MEF2D in mouse brain development indicated a possibility of the cross-interaction of these two genes during neurodevelopment. The DYRK1A kinase activity was also affected by MEF2D's transcriptional regulation of DYRK1A. Therefore, the molecular regulation of DYRK1A by MEF2D further supported their involvement in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- Otolaryngology Key Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Luanluan Wang
- Otolaryngology Key Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Long Chen
- Otolaryngology Key Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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27
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Ohashi A, Yasuda H, Kamiya T, Hara H, Adachi T. CAPE increases the expression of SOD3 through epigenetics in human retinal endothelial cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2017; 61:6-13. [PMID: 28751803 PMCID: PMC5525008 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.16-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular-superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD or SOD3), which catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide, plays a key role in vascular protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS). The excess generation of ROS is closely involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR); therefore, the maintenance of SOD3 expression at high levels is important for the prevention of DR. In the present study, we showed that caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) increased the expression of SOD3 through the acetylation of histone within the SOD3 promoter region in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs). Histone acetylation within its promoter was focused on the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC), and we examined the involvement of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) and HDAC1 in CAPE-elicited SOD3 expression. Our results demonstrate that SOD3 silencing in basal HRECs is regulated by HDAC1 composed with MEF2A/2D hetero dimers. Moreover, phosphorylation of threonine 312 in MEF2A and dissociation of HDAC1 from SOD3 promoter play pivotal roles in CAPE-elicited SOD3 expression. Overall, our findings provide that CAPE may be one of the seed compounds that maintain redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ohashi
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kamiya
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hara
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Adachi
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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28
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Pal R, Tiwari PC, Nath R, Pant KK. Role of neuroinflammation and latent transcription factors in pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Res 2016; 38:1111-1122. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1249997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Pal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Rajendra Nath
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Pant
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
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29
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Landin-Malt A, Benhaddou A, Zider A, Flagiello D. An evolutionary, structural and functional overview of the mammalian TEAD1 and TEAD2 transcription factors. Gene 2016; 591:292-303. [PMID: 27421669 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
TEAD proteins constitute a family of highly conserved transcription factors, characterized by a DNA-binding domain called the TEA domain and a protein-binding domain that permits association with transcriptional co-activators. TEAD proteins are unable to induce transcription on their own. They have to interact with transcriptional cofactors to do so. Once TEADs bind their co-activators, the different complexes formed are known to regulate the expression of genes that are crucial for embryonic development, important for organ formation (heart, muscles), and involved in cell death and proliferation. In the first part of this review we describe what is known of the structure of TEAD proteins. We then focus on two members of the family: TEAD1 and TEAD2. First the different transcriptional cofactors are described. These proteins can be classified in three categories: i), cofactors regulating chromatin conformation, ii), cofactors able to bind DNA, and iii), transcriptional cofactors without DNA binding domain. Finally we discuss the recent findings that identified TEAD1 and 2 and its coactivators involved in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Landin-Malt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Ataaillah Benhaddou
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Team Regulation of Cell-Fate Specification in the Mouse, IJM, UMR 7592 CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Alain Zider
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Team Molecular Oncology and Ovarian Pathologies, IJM, UMR 7592 CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Domenico Flagiello
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Team Regulation of Cell-Fate Specification in the Mouse, IJM, UMR 7592 CNRS, Paris, France.
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30
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MEF2D and MEF2C pathways disruption in sporadic and familial ALS patients. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 74:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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31
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Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Stimulation of Energy Metabolism by Acetic Acid in L6 Myotube Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158055. [PMID: 27348124 PMCID: PMC4922563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that orally administered acetic acid decreased lipogenesis in the liver and suppressed lipid accumulation in adipose tissue of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, which exhibit hyperglycemic obesity with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Administered acetic acid led to increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in both liver and skeletal muscle cells, and increased transcripts of myoglobin and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) genes in skeletal muscle of the rats. It was suggested that acetic acid improved the lipid metabolism in skeletal muscles. In this study, we examined the activation of AMPK and the stimulation of GLUT4 and myoglobin expression by acetic acid in skeletal muscle cells to clarify the physiological function of acetic acid in skeletal muscle cells. Acetic acid added to culture medium was taken up rapidly by L6 cells, and AMPK was phosphorylated upon treatment with acetic acid. We observed increased gene and protein expression of GLUT4 and myoglobin. Uptake of glucose and fatty acids by L6 cells were increased, while triglyceride accumulation was lower in treated cells compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, treated cells also showed increased gene and protein expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), which is a well-known transcription factor involved in the expression of myoglobin and GLUT4 genes. These results indicate that acetic acid enhances glucose uptake and fatty acid metabolism through the activation of AMPK, and increases expression of GLUT4 and myoglobin.
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32
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Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:2613401. [PMID: 27413575 PMCID: PMC4927950 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2613401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a complex neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically characterized by the formation of Lewy bodies and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to be one of the most important causative mechanisms. In addition, dysfunction of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), one of the lysosomal proteolytic pathways, has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. An exciting and important development is recent finding that CMA and mitochondrial quality control may be linked. This review summarizes the studies revealing the link between autophagy and mitochondrial function. Discussions are focused on the connections between CMA and mitochondrial failure and on the role of MEF2D, a neuronal survival factor, in mediating the regulation of mitochondria in the context of CMA. These new findings highlight the need to further explore the possibility of targeting the MEF2D-mitochondria-CMA network in both understanding the PD pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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33
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Wang Y, Wang J, Liu H, Zhang R, Zhang T, Gan X, Huang H, Chen D, Li L. Discovery, Characterization, and Functional Study of a Novel MEF2D CAG Repeat in Duck (Anas platyrhynchos). DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:398-409. [PMID: 27064738 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer transcription factor 2D (MEF2D) is an important transcription factor for promoting the growth and development of muscle. CAG repeats have been found in the coding sequence (CDS) of avian MEF2D; however, their functions remain unknown and require further investigation. Here, we examined the characteristics and functional role of MEF2D CAG repeat in duck. The full-length CDS of duck MEF2D was cloned for the first time, and a novel CAG repeat was identified and located in exon 9. Sequence analysis indicated that the protein domains of duck MEF2D are highly conserved relative to other vertebrates, whereas MEF2D CAG repeats with variable repeat numbers are specific to avian species. Furthermore, sequencing has revealed polymorphisms in MEF2D CAG repeat at both DNA and mRNA levels. Four MEF2D CAG repeat genotypes and 10 MEF2D cDNA variants with different CAG repeat numbers were detected in two duck populations. A t-test showed that the expanded CAG repeat generated significantly longer transcription products (p < 0.05). Association analysis demonstrated positive correlations between the expansion of the CAG repeat and five muscle-related traits. By using protein structure prediction, we suggested that the polymorphisms of the CAG repeat affect protein structures within protein domains. Taken together, these findings reveal that duck MEF2D CAG repeat is a potential functional element with polymorphisms and may cause differences in MEF2D function between duck and other vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilan Huang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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34
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Badodi S, Baruffaldi F, Ganassi M, Battini R, Molinari S. Phosphorylation-dependent degradation of MEF2C contributes to regulate G2/M transition. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1517-28. [PMID: 25789873 PMCID: PMC4615021 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1026519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C (MEF2C) transcription factor plays a critical role in skeletal muscle differentiation, promoting muscle-specific gene transcription. Here we report that in proliferating cells MEF2C is degraded in mitosis by the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) and that this downregulation is necessary for an efficient progression of the cell cycle. We show that this mechanism of degradation requires the presence on MEF2C of a D-box (R-X-X-L) and 2 phospho-motifs, pSer98 and pSer110. Both the D-box and pSer110 motifs are encoded by the ubiquitous alternate α1 exon. These two domains mediate the interaction between MEF2C and CDC20, a co-activator of APC/C. We further report that in myoblasts, MEF2C regulates the expression of G2/M checkpoint genes (14–3–3γ, Gadd45b and p21) and the sub-cellular localization of CYCLIN B1. The importance of controlling MEF2C levels during the cell cycle is reinforced by the observation that modulation of its expression affects the proliferation rate of colon cancer cells. Our findings show that beside the well-established role as pro-myogenic transcription factor, MEF2C can also function as a regulator of cell proliferation.
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Key Words
- APC/C
- APC/C, Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome
- CDK, Cyclin Dependent Kinase
- CHX, Cycloheximide
- CRC, ColoRectal Cancer
- Gadd45b, Growth Arrest and DNA Damage b
- HDAC, Histone Deacetylases
- MADS, Minichromosome maintenance, Agamous, Deficiens, Serum response factor
- MEF2
- MEF2, Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2
- MyHC, Myosin Heavy Chain
- UPS, Ubiquitin Proteasome System
- cell cycle
- degradation
- degron, degradation signal
- mitosis
- muscle
- phosphorylation
- proliferation
- splicing
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Badodi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita ; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia ; Modena , Italy
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Zhang ZG, Li Y, Ng CT, Song YQ. Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease and Molecular Genetics: Recent Update. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:333-44. [PMID: 26232392 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Since the first description of AD in 1907, many hypotheses have been established to explain its causes. The inflammation theory is one of them. Pathological and biochemical studies of brains from AD individuals have provided solid evidence of the activation of inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, people with long-term medication of anti-inflammatory drugs have shown a reduced risk to develop the disease. After three decades of genetic study in AD, dozens of loci harboring genetic variants influencing inflammatory pathways in AD patients has been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The most well-known GWAS risk factor that is responsible for immune response and inflammation in AD development should be APOE ε4 allele. However, a growing number of other GWAS risk AD candidate genes in inflammation have recently been discovered. In the present study, we try to review the inflammation in AD and immunity-associated GWAS risk genes like HLA-DRB5/DRB1, INPP5D, MEF2C, CR1, CLU and TREM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheung Toa Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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Raj B, Blencowe B. Alternative Splicing in the Mammalian Nervous System: Recent Insights into Mechanisms and Functional Roles. Neuron 2015; 87:14-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Krenács D, Borbényi Z, Bedekovics J, Méhes G, Bagdi E, Krenács L. Pattern of MEF2B expression in lymphoid tissues and in malignant lymphomas. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:345-55. [PMID: 26089142 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer binding factor 2 B (MEF2B) is a member of the evolutionary conserved transcription family MEF2. MEF2B has been shown to directly control biological activity of the B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) gene in germinal center (GC) B cells. To validate MEF2B as an immunohistochemical marker, we studied a large consecutive series of hyperplastic lymphoid tissues (n = 38) and malignant lymphoproliferative conditions (n = 471), including all major categories of B and T cell neoplasms. In hyperplastic lymphoid tissues, MEF2B staining revealed intense and crisp nuclear expression confined to GC B cells. Unlike BCL6, MEF2B was not detected in follicular T cells. In addition, weak nuclear staining of plasma cells was noted. MEF2B staining labeled neoplastic cells of follicular lymphoma both in common and variant cases as well as in bone marrow biopsies with high sensitivity, while it was almost consistently negative in marginal zone lymphoma. Consistent MEF2B expression was found in Burkitt lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma as well as in the large majority of cases of mantle cell lymphoma and diffuse large cell B cell lymphoma. MEF2B protein expression showed a statistically significant association with that of BCL6 in cases of diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. We conclude that MEF2B is a valuable marker of normal GC B cells, potentially useful in differential diagnosis of small B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Krenács
- Laboratory of Tumor Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Jobb fasor 23/B, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
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Blais A. Myogenesis in the Genomics Era. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2023-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yang S, Gao L, Lu F, Wang B, Gao F, Zhu G, Cai Z, Lai J, Yang Q. Transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2D regulates interleukin-10 production in microglia to protect neuronal cells from inflammation-induced death. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:33. [PMID: 25890150 PMCID: PMC4339472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammatory responses have been recognized as an important aspect in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Transcriptional regulation plays a critical role in the process of inflammation. Transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) is identified as a central factor in transmission of extracellular signals and activation of the genetic programs in response to a wide range of stimuli in several cell types, including neurons. But its presence and function in microglia have not been reported. We therefore investigated the effect of MEF2D in activated microglia on the progress of neuroinflammation and the survival of neurons. METHODS BV2 cells and primary cultured glial cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Samples from cells were examined for MEF2D expression, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by immunoblotting, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The activity of MEF2D was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP). Recombinant lentivirus expressing shRNA specific to MEF2D was used to silence MEF2D expression in BV2 cells. The role of IL-10 transcriptionally induced by MEF2D on neuronal survival was assessed by anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibody. The survival of neurons was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Male C57bl/6 mice were used to establish an acute PD model. Brain sections and cell slides were tested by immunofluorescence. RESULTS We demonstrated that MEF2D was present in microglia. Activation of microglia was associated with an increase in MEF2D level and activity in response to different stimuli in vivo and in vitro. MEF2D bound to a MEF2 consensus site in the promoter region of IL-10 gene and stimulated IL-10 transcription. Silencing MEF2D decreased the level of IL-10, increased the TNF-α mRNA, and promoted inflammation-induced cytotoxicity, consistent with the result of inhibiting IL-10 activity with an anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies MEF2D as a critical regulator of IL-10 gene expression that negatively controls microglia inflammation response and prevents inflammation-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaosong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Fangfang Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Bao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Zhibiao Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Juan Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Chen L, Cheng B, Li L, Zhan S, Wang L, Zhong T, Chen Y, Zhang H. The molecular characterization and temporal-spatial expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2 genes in the goat and their association with myofiber traits. Gene 2014; 555:223-30. [PMID: 25447896 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) gene family in vertebrates includes MEF2A, MEF2B, MEF2C, and MEF2D, which have important functions in the regulation of muscular growth and development. To investigate their temporal-spatial expression and functions in the goat, these genes were cloned (accession nos. JN967621-24) and their expression patterns characterized at five postnatal stages (3, 30, 60, 90, and 120days). Association analysis was then applied regarding MEF2 expression levels and myofiber diameter and density. MEF2B was shown to be weakly homologous with other species, the distant branches with other members and the lowest expression levels, suggesting that it is distinct from other family members. Expression of the other three MEF2 genes was widely distributed, but this was largely accumulated in the skeletal muscle and myocardium compared with the viscera at all developmental stages. MEF2A and MEF2D expression levels were higher overall than MEF2B and MEF2C in six tissues, and were significantly positively correlated with the myofiber diameter of the longissimus dorsi. These findings suggest that goat MEF2 genes mainly function in the skeletal muscle and myocardium, and that MEF2A and MEF2D are likely to effectively promote muscular growth and development during postnatal stages. MEF2A expression was highest in the myocardium, where MEF2C expression increased with age, implying that both gene products are related to the growth and development of postnatal myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Siyuan Zhan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Nanjiang Yellow Goat Breeding Science, Nanjiang 635600, China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000, China.
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Singh RK, Xia Z, Bland CS, Kalsotra A, Scavuzzo MA, Curk T, Ule J, Li W, Cooper TA. Rbfox2-coordinated alternative splicing of Mef2d and Rock2 controls myoblast fusion during myogenesis. Mol Cell 2014; 55:592-603. [PMID: 25087874 PMCID: PMC4142074 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing plays important regulatory roles during periods of physiological change. During development, a large number of genes coordinately express protein isoform transitions regulated by alternative splicing; however, the mechanisms that coordinate splicing and the functional integration of the resultant tissue-specific protein isoforms are typically unknown. Here we show that the conserved Rbfox2 RNA binding protein regulates 30% of the splicing transitions observed during myogenesis and is required for the specific step of myoblast fusion. Integration of Rbfox2-dependent splicing outcomes from RNA-seq with Rbfox2 iCLIP data identified Mef2d and Rock2 as Rbfox2 splicing targets. Restored activities of Mef2d and Rock2 rescued myoblast fusion in Rbfox2-depleted cultures, demonstrating functional cooperation of protein isoforms generated by coordinated alterative splicing. The results demonstrate that coordinated alternative splicing by a single RNA binding protein modulates transcription (Mef2d) and cell signaling (Rock2) programs to drive tissue-specific functions (cell fusion) to promote a developmental transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. Singh
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Departments of Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Christopher S. Bland
- The Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Marissa A. Scavuzzo
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tomaz Curk
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Trẑaŝka cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana
| | - Jernej Ule
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Wei Li
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Departments of Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Thomas A. Cooper
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Davila JL, Goff LA, Ricupero CL, Camarillo C, Oni EN, Swerdel MR, Toro-Ramos AJ, Li J, Hart RP. A positive feedback mechanism that regulates expression of miR-9 during neurogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94348. [PMID: 24714615 PMCID: PMC3979806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR-9, a neuron-specific miRNA, is an important regulator of neurogenesis. In this study we identify how miR-9 is regulated during early differentiation from a neural stem-like cell. We utilized two immortalized rat precursor clones, one committed to neurogenesis (L2.2) and another capable of producing both neurons and non-neuronal cells (L2.3), to reproducibly study early neurogenesis. Exogenous miR-9 is capable of increasing neurogenesis from L2.3 cells. Only one of three genomic loci capable of encoding miR-9 was regulated during neurogenesis and the promoter region of this locus contains sufficient functional elements to drive expression of a luciferase reporter in a developmentally regulated pattern. Furthermore, among a large number of potential regulatory sites encoded in this sequence, Mef2 stood out because of its known pro-neuronal role. Of four Mef2 paralogs, we found only Mef2C mRNA was regulated during neurogenesis. Removal of predicted Mef2 binding sites or knockdown of Mef2C expression reduced miR-9-2 promoter activity. Finally, the mRNA encoding the Mef2C binding partner HDAC4 was shown to be targeted by miR-9. Since HDAC4 protein could be co-immunoprecipitated with Mef2C protein or with genomic Mef2 binding sequences, we conclude that miR-9 regulation is mediated, at least in part, by Mef2C binding but that expressed miR-9 has the capacity to reduce inhibitory HDAC4, stabilizing its own expression in a positive feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Davila
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Loyal A Goff
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christopher L Ricupero
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Camarillo
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Eileen N Oni
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mavis R Swerdel
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alana J Toro-Ramos
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jiali Li
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ronald P Hart
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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Transcriptional regulation of mesoderm genes by MEF2D during early Xenopus development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69693. [PMID: 23894525 PMCID: PMC3716644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Xenopus, specification of the three germ layers is one of the earliest developmental decisions occurring prior to gastrulation. The maternally-expressed vegetally-localized transcription factor VegT has a central role in cell autonomous specification of endoderm and in the generation of mesoderm-inducing signals. Yet, marginally-expressed transcription factors that cooperate with mesoderm-inducing signals are less investigated. Here we report that the transcription factors MEF2A and MEF2D are expressed in the animal hemisphere before mid-blastula transition. At the initiation of zygotic transcription, expression of MEF2D expands into the marginal region that gives rise to mesoderm. Knockdown of MEF2D delayed gastrulation movements, prevented embryo elongation at the subsequent tailbud stage and caused severe defects in axial tissues. At the molecular level, MEF2D knockdown reduced the expression of genes involved in mesoderm formation and patterning. We also report that MEF2D functions with FGF signaling in a positive feedback loop; each augments the expression of the other in the marginal region and both are necessary for mesodermal gene expression. One target of MEF2D is the Nodal-related 1 gene (Xnr1) that mediates some of MEF2D mesodermal activities. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that MEF2D associates with transcriptional regulatory sequences of the Xnr1 gene. Several MEF2 binding sites within the proximal promoter region of Xnr1 were identified by their in vitro association with MEF2D protein. The same promoter region was necessary but not sufficient to mediate MEF2D activity in a reporter gene assay. In sum, our results indicate that the MEF2D protein is a key transcription factor in the marginal zone acting in a positive feedback loop with FGF signaling that promotes mesoderm specification at late blastula stages.
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Scott IC, Tomlinson W, Walding A, Isherwood B, Dougall IG. Large-scale isolation of human skeletal muscle satellite cells from post-mortem tissue and development of quantitative assays to evaluate modulators of myogenesis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4:157-69. [PMID: 23344890 PMCID: PMC3684706 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During aging, there is a decreased ability to maintain skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). Such changes in skeletal muscle are also co-morbidities of diseases including cancer, congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The loss of muscle mass results in decreased strength and exercise tolerance and reduced ability to perform daily activities. Pharmacological agents addressing these pathologies could have significant clinical impact, but their identification requires understanding of mechanisms driving myotube formation (myogenesis) and atrophy and provision of relevant assays. The aim of this study was to develop robust in vitro methods to study human myogenesis. METHODS Satellite cells were isolated by digestion of post-mortem skeletal muscle and selection using anti-CD56 MicroBeads. CD56(+) cell-derived myotubes were quantified by high content imaging of myosin heavy chains. TaqMan-polymerase chain reaction arrays were used to quantify expression of 41 selected genes during differentiation. The effects of activin receptor agonists and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) on myogenesis and gene expression were characterised. RESULTS Large-scale isolation of CD56(+) cells enabled development of a quantitative myogenesis assay with maximal myotube formation 3 days after initiating differentiation. Gene expression analysis demonstrated expression of 19 genes changed substantially during myogenesis. TNFα and activin receptor agonists inhibited myogenesis and downregulated gene expression of muscle transcription factors, structural components and markers of oxidative phenotype, but only TNFα increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS We have developed methods for large-scale isolation of satellite cells from muscle and quantitative assays for studying human myogenesis. These systems may prove useful as part of a screening cascade designed to identify therapeutic agents for improving muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Scott
- Respiratory and Inflammation, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, UK,
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Ye J, Llorian M, Cardona M, Rongvaux A, Moubarak RS, Comella JX, Bassel-Duby R, Flavell RA, Olson EN, Smith CWJ, Sanchis D. A pathway involving HDAC5, cFLIP and caspases regulates expression of the splicing regulator polypyrimidine tract binding protein in the heart. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1682-91. [PMID: 23424201 PMCID: PMC3647441 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.121384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) regulates pre-mRNA splicing, having special relevance for determining gene expression in the differentiating muscle. We have previously shown that PTB protein abundance is progressively reduced during heart development without reduction of its own transcript. Simultaneous reduction of histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression prompted us to investigate the potential link between these events. HDAC5-deficient mice have reduced cardiac PTB protein abundance, and HDAC inhibition in myocytes causes a reduction in endogenous expression of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) and caspase-dependent cleavage of PTB. In agreement with this, cardiac PTB expression is abnormally high in mice with cardiac-specific executioner caspase deficiency, and cFLIP overexpression prevents PTB cleavage in vitro. Caspase-dependent cleavage triggers further fragmentation of PTB, and these fragments accumulate in the presence of proteasome inhibitors. Experimental modification of the above processes in vivo and in vitro results in coherent changes in the alternative splicing of genes encoding tropomyosin-1 (TPM1), tropomyosin-2 (TPM2) and myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2). Thus, we report a pathway connecting HDAC, cFLIP and caspases regulating the progressive disappearance of PTB, which enables the expression of the adult variants of proteins involved in the regulation of contraction and transcription during cardiac muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Ye
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida – IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, Lleida, 25198Spain
| | - Miriam Llorian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Building O, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Maria Cardona
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida – IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, Lleida, 25198Spain
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Department of Immunobiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rana S. Moubarak
- Ciberned, Institut de Recerca Hospital, Universitari Vall d'Hebró-UAB, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Joan X. Comella
- Ciberned, Institut de Recerca Hospital, Universitari Vall d'Hebró-UAB, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eric N. Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Christopher W. J. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Building O, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Daniel Sanchis
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida – IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, Lleida, 25198Spain
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Li H, Chen D, Zhang J. Statistical analysis of combinatorial transcriptional regulatory motifs in human intron-containing promoter sequences. Comput Biol Chem 2013; 43:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Molecular cloning of the duck MEF2C gene cDNA coding domain sequence and its expression during fetal muscle tissue development. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Dietrich JB. The MEF2 family and the brain: from molecules to memory. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:179-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Clark CD, Zhang B, Lee B, Evans SI, Lassar AB, Lee KH. Evolutionary conservation of Nkx2.5 autoregulation in the second heart field. Dev Biol 2013; 374:198-209. [PMID: 23165293 PMCID: PMC3549048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac homeobox gene Nkx2.5 plays a key and dosage-sensitive role in the differentiation of outflow tract and right ventricle from progenitors of the second heart field (SHF) and Nkx2.5 mutation is strongly associated with human outflow tract congenital heart disease (OFT CHD). Therefore defining the regulatory mechanisms controlling Nkx2.5 expression in SHF populations serves an important function in understanding the etiology of complex CHD. Through a comparative analysis of regulatory elements controlling SHF expression of Nkx2.5 in the chicken and mouse, we have found evidence that Nkx2.5 autoregulation is important for maintaining Nkx2.5 expression during SHF differentiation in both species. However the mechanism of Nkx2.5 maintenance differs between placental mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates: in chick Nkx2.5 binds directly to a genomic enhancer element that is required to maintain Nkx2.5 expression in the SHF. In addition, it is likely that this is true in other non-mammalian vertebrates given that they possess a similar genomic organization. By contrast, in placental mammals, Nkx2.5 autoregulation in the SHF functions indirectly through Mef2c. These data underscore a tight relationship in mammals between Nkx2.5 and Mef2c in SHF transcriptional regulation, and highlight the potential for evolutionary cis-regulatory analysis to identify core, conserved components of the gene networks controlling heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Clark
- Regenerative Medicine, Cell Biology and Anatomy Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Boding Zhang
- Regenerative Medicine, Cell Biology and Anatomy Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Benjamin Lee
- Regenerative Medicine, Cell Biology and Anatomy Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Samuel I. Evans
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew B. Lassar
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Regenerative Medicine, Cell Biology and Anatomy Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Comparison of genome-wide binding of MyoD in normal human myogenic cells and rhabdomyosarcomas identifies regional and local suppression of promyogenic transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:773-84. [PMID: 23230269 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00916-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a pediatric tumor of skeletal muscle that expresses the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix protein MyoD but fails to undergo terminal differentiation. Prior work has determined that DNA binding by MyoD occurs in the tumor cells, but myogenic targets fail to activate. Using MyoD chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to high-throughput sequencing and gene expression analysis in both primary human muscle cells and RD rhabdomyosarcoma cells, we demonstrate that MyoD binds in a similar genome-wide pattern in both tumor and normal cells but binds poorly at a subset of myogenic genes that fail to activate in the tumor cells. Binding differences are found both across genomic regions and locally at specific sites that are associated with binding motifs for RUNX1, MEF2C, JDP2, and NFIC. These factors are expressed at lower levels in RD cells than muscle cells and rescue myogenesis when expressed in RD cells. MEF2C is located in a genomic region that exhibits poor MyoD binding in RD cells, whereas JDP2 exhibits local DNA hypermethylation in its promoter in both RD cells and primary tumor samples. These results demonstrate that regional and local silencing of differentiation factors contributes to the differentiation defect in rhabdomyosarcomas.
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