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Mao Y, Wu C, Wang X, Zhang F, Qi X, Li X, Li P, Tang B. Fluorescence imaging sheds light on the immune evasion mechanisms of hepatic stellate cells mediated by superoxide anion. Commun Biol 2024; 7:558. [PMID: 38730013 PMCID: PMC11087649 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Whether and how the reactive oxygen species generated by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) promote immune evasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains mysterious. Therefore, investigating the function of superoxide anion (O2•-), the firstly generated reactive oxygen species, during the immune evasion become necessary. In this work, we establish a novel in situ imaging method for visualization of O2•- changes in HSCs based on a new two-photon fluorescence probe TPH. TPH comprises recognition group for O2•- and HSCs targeting peptides. We observe that O2•- in HSCs gradually rose, impairing the infiltration of CD8+ T cells in HCC mice. Further studies reveal that the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is deactivated by O2•-, and then cause the up-regulation of PD-L1. Our work provides molecular insights into HSC-mediated immune evasion of HCC, which may represent potential targets for HCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantao Mao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chuanchen Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Fanghui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xinru Qi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xia Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
- Laoshan Laboratory, 168 Wenhai Middle Rd, Aoshanwei Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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2
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Asghar A, Chohan TA, Khurshid U, Saleem H, Mustafa MW, Khursheed A, Alafnan A, Batul R, Bin Break MK, Almansour K, Anwar S. A systematic review on understanding the mechanistic pathways and clinical aspects of natural CDK inhibitors on cancer progression.: Unlocking cellular and biochemical mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 393:110940. [PMID: 38467339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cell division, differentiation, and controlled cell death are all regulated by phosphorylation, a key biological function. This mechanism is controlled by a variety of enzymes, with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) being particularly important in phosphorylating proteins at serine and threonine sites. CDKs, which contain 20 unique components, serve an important role in regulating vital physiological functions such as cell cycle progression and gene transcription. Methodologically, an extensive literature search was performed using reputable databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Keywords encompassed "cyclin kinase," "cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors," "CDK inhibitors," "natural products," and "cancer therapy." The inclusion criteria, focused on relevance, publication date, and language, ensured a thorough representation of the most recent research in the field, encompassing articles published from January 2015 to September 2023. Categorization of CDKs into those regulating transcription and those orchestrating cell cycle phases provides a comprehensive understanding of their diverse functions. Ongoing clinical trials featuring CDK inhibitors, notably CDK7 and CDK4/6 inhibitors, illuminate their promising potential in various cancer treatments. This review undertakes a thorough investigation of CDK inhibitors derived from natural (marine, terrestrial, and peptide) sources. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive comprehension of the chemical classifications, origins, target CDKs, associated cancer types, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Asghar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ali Chohan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Umair Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Saleem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mian Waqar Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anjum Khursheed
- Department of Pharmacy, Grand Asian University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Alafnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahila Batul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Khaled Bin Break
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Csergeová L, Krbušek D, Janoštiak R. CIP/KIP and INK4 families as hostages of oncogenic signaling. Cell Div 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38561743 PMCID: PMC10985988 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-024-00115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
CIP/KIP and INK4 families of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) are well-established cell cycle regulatory proteins whose canonical function is binding to Cyclin-CDK complexes and altering their function. Initial experiments showed that these proteins negatively regulate cell cycle progression and thus are tumor suppressors in the context of molecular oncology. However, expanded research into the functions of these proteins showed that most of them have non-canonical functions, both cell cycle-dependent and independent, and can even act as tumor enhancers depending on their posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and cell state context. This review aims to provide an overview of canonical as well as non-canonical functions of CIP/KIP and INK4 families of CKIs, discuss the potential avenues to promote their tumor suppressor functions instead of tumor enhancing ones, and how they could be utilized to design improved treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Csergeová
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Krbušek
- BIOCEV-First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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4
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Ahuja S, Zaheer S. Multifaceted TGF-β signaling, a master regulator: From bench-to-bedside, intricacies, and complexities. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:87-127. [PMID: 37859532 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis are regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors, acting in an autocrine and paracrine manner. The role of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, especially fibrosis and cancer, overexpressed TGF-β causes extracellular matrix deposition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer-associated fibroblast formation, and/or angiogenesis. In this review article, we have tried to dive deep into the mechanism of action of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. As TGF-β and its downstream signaling mechanism are implicated in fibrosis and carcinogenesis blocking this signaling mechanism appears to be a promising avenue. However, targeting TGF-β carries substantial risk as this pathway is implicated in multiple homeostatic processes and is also known to have tumor-suppressor functions. There is a need for careful dosing of TGF-β drugs for therapeutic use and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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5
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Febres-Aldana CA, Fanaroff R, Offin M, Zauderer MG, Sauter JL, Yang SR, Ladanyi M. Diffuse Pleural Mesothelioma: Advances in Molecular Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:11-42. [PMID: 37722697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042420-092719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse pleural mesothelioma (DPM) is a highly aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the mesothelial cells lining the pleural surfaces. While DPM is a well-recognized disease linked to asbestos exposure, recent advances have expanded our understanding of molecular pathogenesis and transformed our clinical practice. This comprehensive review explores the current concepts and emerging trends in DPM, including risk factors, pathobiology, histologic subtyping, and therapeutic management, with an emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach to this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Febres-Aldana
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; ,
| | - Rachel Fanaroff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; ,
| | - Michael Offin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marjorie G Zauderer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer L Sauter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; ,
| | - Soo-Ryum Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; ,
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; ,
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6
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Saito A, Omura I, Imaizumi K. CREB3L1/OASIS: cell cycle regulator and tumor suppressor. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38215153 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoints detect DNA errors, eventually arresting the cell cycle to promote DNA repair. Failure of such cell cycle arrest causes aberrant cell proliferation, promoting the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including cancer. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress transducers activate the unfolded protein response, which not only deals with unfolded proteins in ER lumen but also orchestrates diverse physiological phenomena such as cell differentiation and lipid metabolism. Among ER stress transducers, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 (CREB3L1) [also known as old astrocyte specifically induced substance (OASIS)] is an ER-resident transmembrane transcription factor. This molecule is cleaved by regulated intramembrane proteolysis, followed by activation as a transcription factor. OASIS is preferentially expressed in specific cells, including astrocytes and osteoblasts, to regulate their differentiation. In accordance with its name, OASIS was originally identified as being upregulated in long-term-cultured astrocytes undergoing cell cycle arrest because of replicative stress. In the context of cell cycle regulation, previously unknown physiological roles of OASIS have been discovered. OASIS is activated as a transcription factor in response to DNA damage to induce p21-mediated cell cycle arrest. Although p21 is directly induced by the master regulator of the cell cycle, p53, no crosstalk occurs between p21 induction by OASIS or p53. Here, we summarize previously unknown cell cycle regulation by ER-resident transcription factor OASIS, particularly focusing on commonalities and differences in cell cycle arrest between OASIS and p53. This review also mentions tumorigenesis caused by OASIS dysfunctions, and OASIS's potential as a tumor suppressor and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Issei Omura
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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7
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Li T, Tang HC, Tsai KL. Unveiling the noncanonical activation mechanism of CDKs: insights from recent structural studies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1290631. [PMID: 38028546 PMCID: PMC10666765 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1290631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play crucial roles in a range of essential cellular processes. While the classical two-step activation mechanism is generally applicable to cell cycle-related CDKs, both CDK7 and CDK8, involved in transcriptional regulation, adopt distinct mechanisms for kinase activation. In both cases, binding to their respective cyclin partners results in only partial activity, while their full activation requires the presence of an additional subunit. Recent structural studies of these two noncanonical kinases have provided unprecedented insights into their activation mechanisms, enabling us to understand how the third subunit coordinates the T-loop stabilization and enhances kinase activity. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of CDK7 and CDK8 within their respective functional complexes, while also describing their noncanonical activation mechanisms. These insights open new avenues for targeted drug discovery and potential therapeutic interventions in various diseases related to CDK7 and CDK8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hui-Chi Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kuang-Lei Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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8
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Pluta AJ, Studniarek C, Murphy S, Norbury CJ. Cyclin-dependent kinases: Masters of the eukaryotic universe. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 15:e1816. [PMID: 37718413 PMCID: PMC10909489 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A family of structurally related cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) drives many aspects of eukaryotic cell function. Much of the literature in this area has considered individual members of this family to act primarily either as regulators of the cell cycle, the context in which CDKs were first discovered, or as regulators of transcription. Until recently, CDK7 was the only clear example of a CDK that functions in both processes. However, new data points to several "cell-cycle" CDKs having important roles in transcription and some "transcriptional" CDKs having cell cycle-related targets. For example, novel functions in transcription have been demonstrated for the archetypal cell cycle regulator CDK1. The increasing evidence of the overlap between these two CDK types suggests that they might play a critical role in coordinating the two processes. Here we review the canonical functions of cell-cycle and transcriptional CDKs, and provide an update on how these kinases collaborate to perform important cellular functions. We also provide a brief overview of how dysregulation of CDKs contributes to carcinogenesis, and possible treatment avenues. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Processing > 3' End Processing RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shona Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chris J. Norbury
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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9
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Hu Q, Huang T. Regulation of the Cell Cycle by ncRNAs Affects the Efficiency of CDK4/6 Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108939. [PMID: 37240281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate cell division at multiple levels. Aberrant proliferation induced by abnormal cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer. Over the past few decades, several drugs that inhibit CDK activity have been created to stop the development of cancer cells. The third generation of selective CDK4/6 inhibition has proceeded into clinical trials for a range of cancers and is quickly becoming the backbone of contemporary cancer therapy. Non-coding RNAs, or ncRNAs, do not encode proteins. Many studies have demonstrated the involvement of ncRNAs in the regulation of the cell cycle and their abnormal expression in cancer. By interacting with important cell cycle regulators, preclinical studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs may decrease or increase the treatment outcome of CDK4/6 inhibition. As a result, cell cycle-associated ncRNAs may act as predictors of CDK4/6 inhibition efficacy and perhaps present novel candidates for tumor therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Wang J, Zhang J, Ma Q, Zhang S, Ma F, Su W, Zhang T, Xie X, Di C. Influence of cyclin D1 splicing variants expression on breast cancer chemoresistance via CDK4/CyclinD1-pRB-E2F1 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:991-1005. [PMID: 36915230 PMCID: PMC10064037 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1 (CCND1), a mediator of cell cycle control, has a G870A polymorphism which results in the formation of two splicing variants: full-length CCND1 (CCND1a) and C-terminally truncated CCND1 species (CCND1b). However, the role of CCND1a and CCND1b variants in cancer chemoresistance remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of alternative splicing of CCND1 in breast cancer (BC) chemoresistance. To address the contribution of G870A polymorphism to the production of CCND1 variants in BC chemoresistance, we sequenced the G870A polymorphism and analysed the expressions of CCND1a and CCND1b in MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADM cells. In comparison with MCF-7 cells, MCF-7/ADM cells with the A allele could enhance alternative splicing with the increase of SC-35, upregulate the ratio of CCND1b/a at both mRNA and protein levels, and activate the CDK4/CyclinD1-pRB-E2F1 pathway. Furthermore, CCND1b expression and the downstream signalling pathway were analysed through Western blotting and cell cycle in MCF-7/ADM cells with knockdown of CCND1b. Knockdown of CCND1b downregulated the ratio of CCND1b/a, demoted cell proliferation, decelerated cell cycle progression, inhibited the CDK4/CyclinD1-pRB-E2F1 pathway and thereby decreased the chemoresistance of MCF-7/ADM cells. Finally, CCND1 G870A polymorphism, the alternative splicing of CCDN1 was detected through Sequenom Mass ARRAY platform, Sanger sequencing, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in clinical BC specimens. The increase of the ratio of CCND1b/a caused by G870A polymorphism was involved in BC chemoresistance. Thus, these findings revealed that CCND1b/a ratio caused by the polymorphism is involved in BC chemoresistance via CDK4/CyclinD1-pRB-E2F1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Bio‐Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Qinglong Ma
- School of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Shasha Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Fengdie Ma
- School of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Wei Su
- Bio‐Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Taotao Zhang
- Bio‐Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- School of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Cuixia Di
- Bio‐Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
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Targeting Human Proteins for Antiviral Drug Discovery and Repurposing Efforts: A Focus on Protein Kinases. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020568. [PMID: 36851782 PMCID: PMC9966946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great technological and medical advances in fighting viral diseases, new therapies for most of them are still lacking, and existing antivirals suffer from major limitations regarding drug resistance and a limited spectrum of activity. In fact, most approved antivirals are directly acting antiviral (DAA) drugs, which interfere with viral proteins and confer great selectivity towards their viral targets but suffer from resistance and limited spectrum. Nowadays, host-targeted antivirals (HTAs) are on the rise, in the drug discovery and development pipelines, in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. These drugs target host proteins involved in the virus life cycle and are considered promising alternatives to DAAs due to their broader spectrum and lower potential for resistance. Herein, we discuss an important class of HTAs that modulate signal transduction pathways by targeting host kinases. Kinases are considered key enzymes that control virus-host interactions. We also provide a synopsis of the antiviral drug discovery and development pipeline detailing antiviral kinase targets, drug types, therapeutic classes for repurposed drugs, and top developing organizations. Furthermore, we detail the drug design and repurposing considerations, as well as the limitations and challenges, for kinase-targeted antivirals, including the choice of the binding sites, physicochemical properties, and drug combinations.
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12
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McGriff A, Placzek WJ. Phylogenetic analysis of the MCL1 BH3 binding groove and rBH3 sequence motifs in the p53 and INK4 protein families. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277726. [PMID: 36696417 PMCID: PMC9876281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins are central, conserved regulators of apoptosis. Bcl-2 family function is regulated by binding interactions between the Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) motif in pro-apoptotic family members and the BH3 binding groove found in both the pro-apoptotic effector and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. A novel motif, the reverse BH3 (rBH3), has been shown to interact with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 homolog MCL1 (Myeloid cell leukemia 1) and have been identified in the p53 homolog p73, and the CDK4/6 (cyclin dependent kinase 4/6) inhibitor p18INK4c, (p18, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor c). To determine the conservation of rBH3 motif, we first assessed conservation of MCL1's BH3 binding groove, where the motif binds. We then constructed neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees of the INK4 and p53 protein families and analyzed sequence conservation using sequence logos of the rBH3 locus. This showed the rBH3 motif is conserved throughout jawed vertebrates p63 and p73 sequences and in chondrichthyans, amphibians, mammals, and some reptiles in p18. Finally, a potential rBH3 motif was identified in mammalian and osteichthyan p19INK4d (p19, cyclin dependent kinase 4 inhibitor d). These findings demonstrate that the interaction between MCL1 and other cellular proteins mediated by the rBH3 motif may be conserved throughout jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna McGriff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - William J. Placzek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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13
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Gupta A, Dagar G, Chauhan R, Sadida HQ, Almarzooqi SK, Hashem S, Uddin S, Macha MA, Akil ASAS, Pandita TK, Bhat AA, Singh M. Cyclin-dependent kinases in cancer: Role, regulation, and therapeutic targeting. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:21-55. [PMID: 37061333 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell division is one of the fundamental phenomena which is the basis of all life on earth. Even a single base pair mutation in DNA leads to the production of the dysregulated protein that can have catastrophic consequences. Cell division is tightly controlled and orchestrated by proteins called cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs), which serve as licensing factors during different phases of cell division. Dysregulated cell division is one of the most important hallmarks of cancer and is commonly associated with a mutation in cyclins and CDKs along with tumor suppressor proteins. Therefore, targeting the component of the cell cycle which leads to these characteristics would be an effective strategy for treating cancers. Specifically, Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) involved in cell cycle regulation have been identified to be overexpressed in many cancers. Many studies indicate that oncogenesis occurs in cancerous cells by the overactivity of different CDKs, which impact cell cycle progression and checkpoint dysregulation which is responsible for development of tumor. The development of CDK inhibitors has emerged as a promising and novel approach for cancer treatment in both solid and hematological malignancies. Some of the novel CDK inhibitors have shown remarkable results in clinical trials, such as-Ribociclib®, Palbociclib® and Abemaciclib®, which are CDK4/6 inhibitors and have received FDA approval for the treatment of breast cancer. In this chapter, we discuss the molecular mechanism through which cyclins and CDKs regulate cell cycle progression and the emergence of cyclins and CDKs as rational targets in cancer. We also discuss recent advances in developing CDK inhibitors, which have emerged as a novel class of inhibitors, and their associated toxicities in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Dagar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Chauhan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Research Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara K Almarzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Research Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Research Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Research Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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14
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Zhao S, El-Deiry WS. Non-canonical approaches to targeting hypoxic tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5351-5374. [PMID: 36628275 PMCID: PMC9827096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common characteristic in solid cancers. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in various aspects of cancer, such as angiogenesis, metastasis and therapy resistance. Targeting the HIF pathway has been regarded as a challenging but promising strategy in cancer treatment with recent FDA approval of a HIF2α-inhibitor. During the past several decades, numerous efforts have been made to understand how HIFs participate in cancer development and progression along with how HIF signaling can be modulated to achieve anti-cancer effect. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the role of hypoxia and HIFs in cancer, summarize the oxygen-dependent and independent mechanisms of HIF-1α regulation, and discuss emerging approaches targeting hypoxia and HIF signaling which possess therapeutic potential in cancer. We will emphasize on two signaling pathways, involving cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), which contribute to HIF-1α (and HIF-2α) stabilization in an oxygen-independent manner. Through reviewing their participation in malignant progression and the potential targeting strategies, we discuss the non-canonical approaches to target HIF signaling in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA,Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA,Hematology/Oncology Division, Lifespan Cancer InstituteProvidence, RI, USA
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15
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Zhang J, Pei J, Durham J, Bos T, Cong Q. Computed cancer interactome explains the effects of somatic mutations in cancers. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4479. [PMID: 36261849 PMCID: PMC9667826 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are involved in almost all essential cellular processes. Perturbation of PPI networks plays critical roles in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. While numerous high-throughput experiments have produced a vast amount of data for PPIs, these data sets suffer from high false positive rates and exhibit a high degree of discrepancy. Coevolution of amino acid positions between protein pairs has proven to be useful in identifying interacting proteins and providing structural details of the interaction interfaces with the help of deep learning methods like AlphaFold (AF). In this study, we applied AF to investigate the cancer protein-protein interactome. We predicted 1,798 PPIs for cancer driver proteins involved in diverse cellular processes such as transcription regulation, signal transduction, DNA repair, and cell cycle. We modeled the spatial structures for the predicted binary protein complexes, 1,087 of which lacked previous 3D structure information. Our predictions offer novel structural insight into many cancer-related processes such as the MAP kinase cascade and Fanconi anemia pathway. We further investigated the cancer mutation landscape by mapping somatic missense mutations (SMMs) in cancer to the predicted PPI interfaces and performing enrichment and depletion analyses. Interfaces enriched or depleted with SMMs exhibit different preferences for functional categories. Interfaces enriched in mutations tend to function in pathways that are deregulated in cancers and they may help explain the molecular mechanisms of cancers in patients; interfaces lacking mutations appear to be essential for the survival of cancer cells and thus may be future targets for PPI modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Jimin Pei
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Jesse Durham
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Tasia Bos
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Qian Cong
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
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16
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Papadimitriou MC, Pazaiti A, Iliakopoulos K, Markouli M, Michalaki V, Papadimitriou CA. Resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition: Mechanisms and strategies to overcome a therapeutic problem in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119346. [PMID: 36030016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, such as palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, have been approved in combination with hormone therapy for the treatment of patients with HR+, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Despite their promising activity, approximately 10 % of patients have de novo resistance, while the rest of them will develop acquired resistance after 24-28 months when used as first-line therapy and after a shorter period when used as second-line therapy. Various mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors have been described, including cell cycle-related mechanisms, such as RB loss, p16 amplification, CDK6 or CDK4 amplification, and cyclin E-CDK2 amplification. Other bypass mechanisms involve the activation of FGFR or PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Identifying the different mechanisms by which resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors occurs may help to design new treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes. This review presents the currently available knowledge on the mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors, explores possible treatment strategies that could overcome this therapeutic problem, and summarizes relevant recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios C Papadimitriou
- Oncology Unit, Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias 76, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Pazaiti
- Breast Clinic of Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery, Metropolitan General Hospital, Leoforos Mesogeion 264, 155 62 Cholargos, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Iliakopoulos
- Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias 76, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Mariam Markouli
- Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias 76, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Michalaki
- Oncology Unit, Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias 76, 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos A Papadimitriou
- Oncology Unit, Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias 76, 115 28 Athens, Greece.
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17
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Skin-Aging Pigmentation: Who Is the Real Enemy? Cells 2022; 11:cells11162541. [PMID: 36010618 PMCID: PMC9406699 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is induced and sustained by chronological aging and photoaging. Aging skin pigmentation such as mottled pigmentation (senile lentigo) and melasma are typical signs of photoaging. The skin, like other human organs, undergoes cellular senescence, and senescent cells in the skin increase with age. The crosstalk between melanocytes as pigmentary cells and other adjacent types of aged skin cells such as senescent fibroblasts play a role in skin-aging pigmentation. In this review, we provide an overview of cellular senescence during the skin-aging process. The discussion also includes cellular senescence related to skin-aging pigmentation and the therapeutic potential of regulating the senescence process.
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18
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Yousuf M, Alam M, Shamsi A, Khan P, Hasan GM, Rizwanul Haque QM, Hassan MI. Structure-guided design and development of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors: A review on therapeutic implications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:394-408. [PMID: 35878668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (EC 2.7.11.22) play significant roles in numerous biological processes and triggers cell cycle events. CDK6 controlled the transcriptional regulation. A dysregulated function of CDK6 is linked with the development of progression of multiple tumor types. Thus, it is considered as an effective drug target for cancer therapy. Based on the direct roles of CDK4/6 in tumor development, numerous inhibitors developed as promising anti-cancer agents. CDK4/6 inhibitors regulate the G1 to S transition by preventing Rb phosphorylation and E2F liberation, showing potent anti-cancer activity in several tumors, including HR+/HER2- breast cancer. CDK4/6 inhibitors such as abemaciclib, palbociclib, and ribociclib, control cell cycle, provoke cell senescence, and induces tumor cell disturbance in pre-clinical studies. Here, we discuss the roles of CDK6 in cancer along with the present status of CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer therapy. We further discussed, how structural features of CDK4/6 could be implicated in the design and development of potential anti-cancer agents. In addition, the therapeutic potential and limitations of available CDK4/6 inhibitors are described in detail. Recent pre-clinical and clinical information for CDK4/6 inhibitors are highlighted. In addition, combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors with other drugs for the therapeutic management of cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yousuf
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Parvez Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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19
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Chuanhui Huang, Wang S, Ma W. Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Activity of New N4-Alkyl-N2-Phenyl-Pyrrolo[3,2-d]Pyrimidine-2,4-Diamine Derivatives as CDK6 Inhibitors. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Xie Z, Hou S, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Wang Q, Liao C. Lessons Learned from Past Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Drug Discovery Efforts. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6356-6389. [PMID: 35235745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has become an effective therapeutic strategy for treating various diseases, especially cancer. Over almost three decades, although great efforts have been made to discover CDK inhibitors, many of which have entered clinical trials, only four CDK inhibitors have been approved. In the process of CDK inhibitor development, many difficulties and misunderstandings have hampered their discovery and clinical applications, which mainly include inadequate understanding of the biological functions of CDKs, less attention paid to pan- and multi-CDK inhibitors, nonideal isoform selectivity of developed selective CDK inhibitors, overlooking the metabolic stability of early discovered CDK inhibitors, no effective resistance solutions, and a lack of available combination therapy and effective biomarkers for CDK therapies. After reviewing the mechanisms of CDKs and the research progress of CDK inhibitors, this perspective summarizes and discusses these difficulties or lessons, hoping to facilitate the successful discovery of more useful CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shuzeng Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology─Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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21
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Li Q, Jiang B, Guo J, Shao H, Del Priore IS, Chang Q, Kudo R, Li Z, Razavi P, Liu B, Boghossian AS, Rees MG, Ronan MM, Roth JA, Donovan KA, Palafox M, Reis-Filho JS, de Stanchina E, Fischer ES, Rosen N, Serra V, Koff A, Chodera JD, Gray NS, Chandarlapaty S. INK4 Tumor Suppressor Proteins Mediate Resistance to CDK4/6 Kinase Inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:356-371. [PMID: 34544752 PMCID: PMC8831444 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) represent a major therapeutic vulnerability for breast cancer. The kinases are clinically targeted via ATP competitive inhibitors (CDK4/6i); however, drug resistance commonly emerges over time. To understand CDK4/6i resistance, we surveyed over 1,300 breast cancers and identified several genetic alterations (e.g., FAT1, PTEN, or ARID1A loss) converging on upregulation of CDK6. Mechanistically, we demonstrate CDK6 causes resistance by inducing and binding CDK inhibitor INK4 proteins (e.g., p18INK4C). In vitro binding and kinase assays together with physical modeling reveal that the p18INK4C-cyclin D-CDK6 complex occludes CDK4/6i binding while only weakly suppressing ATP binding. Suppression of INK4 expression or its binding to CDK6 restores CDK4/6i sensitivity. To overcome this constraint, we developed bifunctional degraders conjugating palbociclib with E3 ligands. Two resulting lead compounds potently degraded CDK4/6, leading to substantial antitumor effects in vivo, demonstrating the promising therapeutic potential for retargeting CDK4/6 despite CDK4/6i resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: CDK4/6 kinase activation represents a common mechanism by which oncogenic signaling induces proliferation and is potentially targetable by ATP competitive inhibitors. We identify a CDK6-INK4 complex that is resilient to current-generation inhibitors and develop a new strategy for more effective inhibition of CDK4/6 kinases.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 275.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiaye Guo
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hong Shao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Isabella S Del Priore
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Qing Chang
- Anti-Tumor Assessment, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rei Kudo
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pedram Razavi
- Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Bo Liu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Matthew G Rees
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa M Ronan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer A Roth
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine A Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marta Palafox
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Anti-Tumor Assessment, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neal Rosen
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Violeta Serra
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Koff
- Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John D Chodera
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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22
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Zhou N, Li S, Wu D, Zhang F, Tang F, Li Y. The lncRNA VPS9D1-AS1 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Cycle Progression by Regulating the HuR/CDK4 Axis. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:1278-1289. [PMID: 34558987 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent promising therapeutic targets associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). lncRNA VPS9D1 antisense RNA 1 (VPS9D1-AS1) regulates colon and prostate cancer, but its relevance in HCC remains to be clarified. Using microarray data from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE65485) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, VPS9D1-AS1 expression in HCC and normal liver tissue sample HCC were compared. Relative lncRNA expression was also measured through real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 80 pairs of HCC tumor and paracancerous tissues and in human HCC cell lines. VPS9D1-AS1 knockdown was achieved by transfecting these HCC cells with a specific siRNA construct in vitro, and the proliferation of these cells was quantified through cell proliferation assays and colony formation assays, while flow cytometry was employed to assess their cell cycle progression. The role of the VPS9D1-AS1 lncRNA as a regulator of HCC tumorigenesis was also assessed in vivo by subcutaneously implanting BALB/c nude mice with HepG2 cells stably expressing either sh-VPS9D1-AS1 or a control shRNA construct. Mechanistic analyses were additionally conducted by examining in vitro CDK4 and HuR expression through western blotting and qPCR. VPS9D1-AS1 expression was significantly increased in HCC tissues in the analyzed databases and our independent tissue samples. Elevated VPS9D1-AS1 expression was related to larger tumor size and more advanced tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage, and HCC patients expressing higher levels of this lncRNA exhibited poorer survival outcomes. Knocking down VPS9D1-AS1 impaired the proliferative and colony formation activity of HepG2 cells while promoting their apoptotic death. Consistently, VPS9D1-AS1 silencing suppressed HCC tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, VPS9D1-AS1 was able to bind to the HuR protein and thereby influence the stability and expression of the CDK4 mRNA, thus impacting HCC cell proliferation. The VPS9D1-AS1/HuR/CDK4 signaling axis regulates HCC tumor cell oncogenic activity, highlighting this pathway as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Deming Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Futian Tang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yumin Li
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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23
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Etman AM, Abdel Mageed SS, Ali MA, El Hassab MAEM. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase as a Novel Therapeutic Target: An Endless Story. CURRENT CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 15:139-162. [DOI: 10.2174/2212796814999201123194016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) are a family of enzymes that, along with their Cyclin
partners, play a crucial role in cell cycle regulation at many biological functions such as proliferation,
differentiation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Thus, they are tightly regulated by a number of inhibitory
and activating enzymes. Deregulation of these kinases’ activity either by amplification,
overexpression or mutation of CDKs or Cyclins leads to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells.
Hyperactivity of these kinases has been reported in a wide variety of human cancers. Hence, CDKs
have been established as one of the most attractive pharmacological targets in the development of
promising anticancer drugs. The elucidated structural features and the well-characterized molecular
mechanisms of CDKs have been the guide in designing inhibitors to these kinases. Yet, they remain
a challenging therapeutic class as they share conserved structure similarity in their active site.
Several inhibitors have been discovered from natural sources or identified through high throughput
screening and rational drug design approaches. Most of these inhibitors target the ATP binding
pocket, therefore, they suffer from a number of limitations. Here, a growing number of ATP noncompetitive
peptides and small molecules has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohamed Etman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111,Egypt
| | - Sherif Sabry Abdel Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr city, Cairo, 11829,Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr city, Cairo, 11829,Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abd El Monem El Hassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr city, Cairo, 11829,Egypt
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24
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Goel B, Tripathi N, Bhardwaj N, Jain SK. Small Molecule CDK Inhibitors for the Therapeutic Management of Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1535-1563. [PMID: 32416692 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200516152756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a group of multifunctional enzymes consisting of catalytic and regulatory subunits. The regulatory subunit, cyclin, remains dissociated under normal circumstances, and complexation of cyclin with the catalytic subunit of CDK leads to its activation for phosphorylation of protein substrates. The primary role of CDKs is in the regulation of the cell cycle. Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is one of the widely investigated tumor suppressor protein substrates of CDK, which prevents cells from entering into cell-cycle under normal conditions. Phosphorylation of Rb by CDKs causes its inactivation and ultimately allows cells to enter a new cell cycle. Many cancers are associated with hyperactivation of CDKs as a result of mutation of the CDK genes or CDK inhibitor genes. Therefore, CDK modulators are of great interest to explore as novel therapeutic agents against cancer and led to the discovery of several CDK inhibitors to clinics. This review focuses on the current progress and development of anti-cancer CDK inhibitors from preclinical to clinical and synthetic to natural small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Nancy Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Nivedita Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
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Dominant role of CDKN2B/p15INK4B of 9p21.3 tumor suppressor hub in inhibition of cell-cycle and glycolysis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2047. [PMID: 33824349 PMCID: PMC8024281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chromosome 9p21.3 is susceptible to inactivation in cell immortalization and diseases, such as cancer, coronary artery disease and type-2 diabetes. Although this locus encodes three cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (p15INK4B, p14ARF and p16INK4A), our understanding of their functions and modes of action is limited to the latter two. Here, we show that in vitro p15INK4B is markedly stronger than p16INK4A in inhibiting pRb1 phosphorylation, E2F activity and cell-cycle progression. In mice, urothelial cells expressing oncogenic HRas and lacking p15INK4B, but not those expressing HRas and lacking p16INK4A, develop early-onset bladder tumors. The potency of CDKN2B/p15INK4B in tumor suppression relies on its strong binding via key N-terminal residues to and inhibition of CDK4/CDK6. p15INK4B also binds and inhibits enolase-1, a glycolytic enzyme upregulated in most cancer types. Our results highlight the dual inhibition of p15INK4B on cell proliferation, and unveil mechanisms whereby p15INK4B aberrations may underpin cancer and non-cancer conditions. The human chromosome locus 9p21.3 is a tumour suppressor hub which encodes three CDK inhibitors, p15INK4B, p14ARF and p16INK4A. Here, the authors show that p15INK4B inhibits the cell cycle and glycolysis in a murine model of HRas + ‐mediated urothelial carcinoma and has a more relevant role as a tumour suppressor than its neighbouring p16INK4A.
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Gurushankar K, Rimac H, Potemkin V, Grishina M. Investigation of the newly characterized baimantuoluoamide a and baimantuoluoamide b alkaloids as potential cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) inhibitors using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Amani J, Gorjizadeh N, Younesi S, Najafi M, Ashrafi AM, Irian S, Gorjizadeh N, Azizian K. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) and the DNA damage response: The link between signaling pathways and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 102:103103. [PMID: 33812232 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At the cellular level, DNA repair mechanisms are crucial in maintaining both genomic integrity and stability. DNA damage appears to be a central culprit in tumor onset and progression. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their regulatory partners coordinate the cell cycle progression. Aberrant CDK activity has been linked to a variety of cancers through deregulation of cell-cycle control. Besides DNA damaging agents and chromosome instability (CIN), disruptions in the levels of cell cycle regulators including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) would result in unscheduled proliferation and cell division. The INK4 and Cip/Kip (CDK interacting protein/kinase inhibitor protein) family of CDKI proteins are involved in cell cycle regulation, transcription regulation, apoptosis, and cell migration. A thorough understanding of how these CDKIs regulate the DNA damage response through multiple signaling pathways may provide an opportunity to design efficient treatment strategies to inhibit carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nassim Gorjizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Simin Younesi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Mojtaba Najafi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Golestan, Iran
| | - Arash M Ashrafi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Saeed Irian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Gorjizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran.
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da Costa Fernandes C, Rodríguez VMO, Soares-Costa A, Cirelli JA, Justino DMN, Roma B, Zambuzzi WF, Faria G. Cystatin-like protein of sweet orange (CsinCPI-2) modulates pre-osteoblast differentiation via β-Catenin involvement. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:33. [PMID: 33751248 PMCID: PMC7985097 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytocystatins are endogenous cysteine-protease inhibitors present in plants. They are involved in initial germination rates and in plant defense mechanisms against phytopathogens. Recently, a new phytocystatin derived from sweet orange, CsinCPI-2, has been shown to inhibit the enzymatic activity of human cathepsins, presenting anti-inflammatory potential and pro-osteogenic effect in human dental pulp cells. The osteogenic potential of the CsinCPI-2 protein represents a new insight into plants cysteine proteases inhibitors and this effect needs to be better addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of pre-osteoblasts in response to CsinCPI-2, mainly focusing on cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation mechanisms. Together our data show that in the first hours of treatment, protein in CsinCPI-2 promotes an increase in the expression of adhesion markers, which decrease after 24 h, leading to the activation of Kinase-dependent cyclines (CDKs) modulating the transition from G1 to S phases cell cycle. In addition, we saw that the increase in ERK may be associated with activation of the differentiation profile, also observed with an increase in the B-Catenin pathway and an increase in the expression of Runx2 in the group that received the treatment with CsinCPI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célio da Costa Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Cell Dynamics, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Manuel Ochoa Rodríguez
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Soares-Costa
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Joni Augusto Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara Roma
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Bioassays and Cell Dynamics, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Łukasik P, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Kulczycka K, Gutowska I. Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Types and Their Mechanism of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062806. [PMID: 33802080 PMCID: PMC8001317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors have revealed that small molecule drugs have become very attractive for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Most CDK inhibitors have been developed to target the ATP binding pocket. However, CDK kinases possess a very similar catalytic domain and three-dimensional structure. These features make it difficult to achieve required selectivity. Therefore, inhibitors which bind outside the ATP binding site present a great interest in the biomedical field, both from the fundamental point of view and for the wide range of their potential applications. This review tries to explain whether the ATP competitive inhibitors are still an option for future research, and highlights alternative approaches to discover more selective and potent small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Łukasik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Kulczycka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Cyclin-dependent Kinases as Emerging Targets for Developing Novel Antiviral Therapeutics. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:836-848. [PMID: 33618979 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Besides its prominent role in cell proliferation, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key players in viral infections as both DNA and RNA viruses modify CDK function to favor viral replication. Recently, a number of specific pharmacological CDK inhibitors have been developed and approved for cancer treatment. The repurposing of these specific CDK inhibitors for the treatment of viral infections may represent a novel effective therapeutic strategy to combat old and emergent viruses. In this review, we describe the role, mechanisms of action, and potential of CDKs as antiviral drug targets. We also discuss the current clinical state of novel specific CDK inhibitors, focusing on their putative use as antivirals, especially against new emerging viruses.
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Hume S, Dianov GL, Ramadan K. A unified model for the G1/S cell cycle transition. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:12483-12501. [PMID: 33166394 PMCID: PMC7736809 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient S phase entry is essential for development, tissue repair, and immune defences. However, hyperactive or expedited S phase entry causes replication stress, DNA damage and oncogenesis, highlighting the need for strict regulation. Recent paradigm shifts and conflicting reports demonstrate the requirement for a discussion of the G1/S transition literature. Here, we review the recent studies, and propose a unified model for the S phase entry decision. In this model, competition between mitogen and DNA damage signalling over the course of the mother cell cycle constitutes the predominant control mechanism for S phase entry of daughter cells. Mitogens and DNA damage have distinct sensing periods, giving rise to three Commitment Points for S phase entry (CP1-3). S phase entry is mitogen-independent in the daughter G1 phase, but remains sensitive to DNA damage, such as single strand breaks, the most frequently-occurring lesions that uniquely threaten DNA replication. To control CP1-3, dedicated hubs integrate the antagonistic mitogenic and DNA damage signals, regulating the stoichiometric cyclin: CDK inhibitor ratio for ultrasensitive control of CDK4/6 and CDK2. This unified model for the G1/S cell cycle transition combines the findings of decades of study, and provides an updated foundation for cell cycle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hume
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Grigory L Dianov
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentieva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Tatum NJ, Endicott JA. Chatterboxes: the structural and functional diversity of cyclins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:4-20. [PMID: 32414682 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the cyclin family have divergent sequences and execute diverse roles within the cell while sharing a common fold: the cyclin box domain. Structural studies of cyclins have played a key role in our characterization and understanding of cellular processes that they control, though to date only ten of the 29 CDK-activating cyclins have been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography or cryo-electron microscopy with or without their cognate kinases. In this review, we survey the available structures of human cyclins, highlighting their molecular features in the context of their cellular roles. We pay particular attention to how cyclin activity is regulated through fine control of degradation motif recognition and ubiquitination. Finally, we discuss the emergent roles of cyclins independent of their roles as cyclin-dependent protein kinase activators, demonstrating the cyclin box domain to be a versatile and generalized scaffolding domain for protein-protein interactions across the cellular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Tatum
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A Endicott
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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Marak BN, Dowarah J, Khiangte L, Singh VP. A comprehensive insight on the recent development of Cyclic Dependent Kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Williams EA, Sharaf R, Decker B, Werth AJ, Toma H, Montesion M, Sokol ES, Pavlick DC, Shah N, Williams KJ, Venstrom JM, Alexander BM, Ross JS, Albacker LA, Lin DI, Ramkissoon SH, Elvin JA. CDKN2C-Null Leiomyosarcoma: A Novel, Genomically Distinct Class of TP53/ RB1-Wild-Type Tumor With Frequent CIC Genomic Alterations and 1p/19q-Codeletion. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:PO.20.00040. [PMID: 33015533 PMCID: PMC7529542 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) harbors frequent mutations in TP53 and RB1 but few actionable genomic alterations. Here, we searched for recurrent actionable genomic alterations in LMS that occur in the absence of common untreatable oncogenic drivers. METHODS Tissues from 276,645 unique advanced cancers, including 2,570 uterine and soft tissue LMS, were sequenced by hybrid-capture-based next-generation DNA and RNA sequencing/comprehensive genomic profiling of up to 406 genes. We characterized clinicopathologic features of relevant patient cases. RESULTS Overall, 77 LMS exhibited homozygous copy loss of CDKN2C at chromosome 1p32.3 (3.0% of LMS). Genomic alterations (GAs) in TP53, RB1, and ATRX were rare compared with the remainder of the LMS cohort (11.7% v 73.4%, 0% v 54.5%, 2.6% v 24.5%, respectively; all P < .0001). CDKN2C-null LMS patient cases were significantly enriched for GAs in CIC (40.3% v 1.4%) at 19q13.2, CDKN2A (46.8% v 7.0%), and RAD51B (16.9% v 1.7%; all P < .0001). Chromosome arm-level aneuploidy analysis of available LMS patient cases (n = 1,284) found that 81% (58 of 72) of CDKN2C-null LMS exhibited 1p/19q-codeletion, a significant enrichment compared with 5.1% in the remainder of the LMS cohort (P < .0001). In total, 99% of CDKN2C-null LMS were in women; the median age was 61 years at surgery (range, 36-81 years). Fifty-five patient cases were uterine primary, four were nonuterine, and the remaining 18 were of uncertain primary site. Sixty percent of cases showed at least focal epithelioid variant histology. Most patients had advanced-stage disease, with 62% of confirmed uterine primary LMS at International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IVB. We further validated our findings in two publicly available datasets: The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Project GENIE initiative. CONCLUSION CDKN2C-null LMS defines a genomically distinct tumor that may have prognostic and/or therapeutic clinical implications, including possible use of specific cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brennan Decker
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adrienne J. Werth
- Christiana Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Newark, DE
| | - Helen Toma
- Christiana Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Newark, DE
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey S. Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | | | | | - Shakti H. Ramkissoon
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Nebenfuehr S, Kollmann K, Sexl V. The role of CDK6 in cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2988-2995. [PMID: 32406095 PMCID: PMC7586846 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation and function of cyclin‐dependent kinase 6 (CDK6)‐ and cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)‐cyclin complexes are commonly altered with enhanced kinase activity found in hematopoietic malignancies, breast cancer and melanoma making CDK4 and CDK6 attractive targets for therapeutic interference. Although dual CDK4/6 inhibitors have revolutionized treatment of breast cancer patients and reveal promising results in several solid tumors and hematological malignancies, there is a need for novel compounds targeting the versatile kinase‐independent functions of CDK6 to improve cancer treatment. The following review summarizes the latest findings on CDK6 in cancer development and discusses novel therapeutic approaches to selectively inhibit CDK6s function as a transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Nebenfuehr
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Qin A, Reddy HG, Weinberg FD, Kalemkerian GP. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for the treatment of lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:941-952. [PMID: 32164461 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1738385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are critical regulators of cell cycle progression in both normal and malignant cells, functioning through complex molecular interactions. Deregulation of CDK-dependent pathways is commonly found in both non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, and these derangements suggest vulnerabilities that can be exploited for clinical benefit. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors present an overview of the biology of CDKs in normal and malignant cells, with a focus on lung cancer, followed by an assessment of preclinical work that has demonstrated the vital role of CDKs in lung cancer development and progression, and the activity of CDK inhibitors in a variety of lung cancer models. Finally, the experience with clinical trials of CDK inhibitors in lung cancer is discussed along with the current status of these agents in cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Despite strong biological rationale and promising preclinical studies, the results of clinical trials of CDK inhibitors in lung cancer have thus far been disappointing. Further clinical development of CDK inhibitors in lung cancer will depend on the identification of predictive biomarkers and the design of combination regimens that take advantage of the unique molecular alterations that drive lung cancer growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Qin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haritha G Reddy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank D Weinberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory P Kalemkerian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition: an opportunity to target protein-protein interactions. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 121:115-141. [PMID: 32312419 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play an integral part in cellular activities. To date, most of the activities have been evaluated in the cell cycle and transcription. Several diseases are affected by abnormalities in CDKs, related-pathways, or proteins that regulate CDK activity. CDKs are primarily dependent on activation by binding other proteins, namely Cyclins. In addition, phosphorylation of key CDK residues also plays a major part in CDK activity. To date, the most successful drugs have been developed against CDK4 and CDK6 and are FDA approved for use in advanced breast cancer. However, this is likely only a small fraction of the potential for targeting CDKs as a strategy against cancer and other diseases. Based on the extensive protein-protein interactions made by CDKs with other proteins (Cyclins and others), there are numerous possibilities for targeting strategies against protein-protein interactions. Here we describe the predominant roles of CDKs in the cell, key interacting proteins, significant 3-dimensional structural characteristics, and summarize the work-to-date in inhibition of CDKs.
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McCann JL, Klein MM, Leland EM, Law EK, Brown WL, Salamango DJ, Harris RS. The DNA deaminase APOBEC3B interacts with the cell-cycle protein CDK4 and disrupts CDK4-mediated nuclear import of Cyclin D1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12099-12111. [PMID: 31217276 PMCID: PMC6690700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit-like protein 3B (APOBEC3B or A3B), as other APOBEC3 members, is a single-stranded (ss)DNA cytosine deaminase with antiviral activity. A3B is also overexpressed in multiple tumor types, such as carcinomas of the bladder, cervix, lung, head/neck, and breast. A3B generates both dispersed and clustered C-to-T and C-to-G mutations in intrinsically preferred trinucleotide motifs (TCA/TCG/TCT). A3B-catalyzed mutations are likely to promote tumor evolution and cancer progression and, as such, are associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, little is known about cellular processes that regulate A3B. Here, we used a proteomics approach involving affinity purification coupled to MS with human 293T cells to identify cellular proteins that interact with A3B. This approach revealed a specific interaction with cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). We validated and mapped this interaction by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Functional studies and immunofluorescence microscopy experiments in multiple cell lines revealed that A3B is not a substrate for CDK4-Cyclin D1 phosphorylation nor is its deaminase activity modulated. Instead, we found that A3B is capable of disrupting the CDK4-dependent nuclear import of Cyclin D1. We propose that this interaction may favor a more potent antiviral response and simultaneously facilitate cancer mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McCann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Madeline M Klein
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Evelyn M Leland
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Emily K Law
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Daniel J Salamango
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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Urbach A, Witte OW. Divide or Commit - Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 31069222 PMCID: PMC6491688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus continuously generates new neurons that endow the brain with increased plasticity, helping to cope with changing environmental and cognitive demands. The process leading to the birth of new neurons spans several precursor stages and is the result of a coordinated series of fate decisions, which are tightly controlled by extrinsic signals. Many of these signals act through modulation of cell cycle (CC) components, not only to drive proliferation, but also for linage commitment and differentiation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on key CC components and regulators, with emphasis on G1 phase, and analyze their specific functions in precursor cells of the adult hippocampus. We explore their role for balancing quiescence versus self-renewal, which is essential to maintain a lifelong pool of neural stem cells while producing new neurons “on demand.” Finally, we discuss available evidence and controversies on the impact of CC/G1 length on proliferation versus differentiation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Pan J, Yang C, Jiang Z, Huang J. Trametes robiniophila Murr: a traditional Chinese medicine with potent anti-tumor effects. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1541-1549. [PMID: 30863164 PMCID: PMC6389013 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s193174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trametes robiniophila Murr also known as Huaier, one of the traditional Chinese medicines, has been shown an effective adjuvant of cancer therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that the anti-cancer effects of Huaier can be briefly divided into two aspects: the direct effects on tumor cells and the indirect effects on immune cells. In vitro and in vivo experiment showed Huaier directly inhibited tumor cell proliferation, induced tumor cell death, prevented metastasis and interfered with angiogenesis via various signaling pathways. The immunomodulatory effect of Huaier is associated with enhancement of the number and function of CD4+ T cells and NK cells, regulation of the polarization and function of macrophages, and elevated secretion of immune stimulatory cytokines. In this review, the anti-cancer effects and combined treatments of Huaier with other anti-cancer therapies, and the underlying mechanisms are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China, .,Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China,
| | - Chenghui Yang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China, .,Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China,
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China, .,Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China,
| | - Jian Huang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China, .,Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China,
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da Costa Fernandes CJ, Bezerra FJB, de Campos Souza B, Campos MA, Zambuzzi WF. Titanium-enriched medium drives low profile of ECM remodeling as a pre-requisite to pre-osteoblast viability and proliferative phenotype. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:339-346. [PMID: 30262301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Titanium is widely used for biomedical applications, but little information is being delivered regarding the cellular/molecular mechanisms explaining their efficacy, mainly considering the effects of the Ti-released trace elements on pre-osteoblasts. We addressed this issue by investigating decisive intracellular signal transduction able to modulate cytoskeleton rearrangement, proliferative phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. We considered titanium grades IV and V, submitted or not to dual acid-etching (w/DAE or wo/DAE, respectively). Our results showed there is no cytotoxicity, preserving AKT involvement. Additionally, Ti-enriched medium promoted a diminution of the downstream signaling upon integrin activation (phosphorylating Rac1 and cofilin), guaranteeing a dynamic cytoskeleton rearrangement. Moreover, the low profile of ECM remodeling obtained in response to trace molecules released by Ti-based devices seems contributing to the osteoblast performance in mediating extracellular support to cell anchorage. This hypothesis was validated by the up-expression of ß1-integrin, src and Focal adhesion kinase (fak) genes, mainly in response to titanium grade V. Proliferative phenotype showed an unbalance between cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and p15INK4b/p21Cip1. In conjunction, we showed for the first time that trace elements from Ti-based biomedical devices provoke important modulation of the osteoblast biology, driving cell anchoring, viability, and proliferative phenotype. Certainly, these biological outcomes compromise implant osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celio J da Costa Fernandes
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio J B Bezerra
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Campos Souza
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica Aparecida Campos
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Electron Microscopy Center, IBB, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Araki M, Ito G, Tomita T. Physiological and pathological functions of LRRK2: implications from substrate proteins. Neuronal Signal 2018; 2:NS20180005. [PMID: 32714591 PMCID: PMC7373236 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) encodes a 2527-amino acid (aa) protein composed of multiple functional domains, including a Ras of complex proteins (ROC)-type GTP-binding domain, a carboxyl terminal of ROC (COR) domain, a serine/threonine protein kinase domain, and several repeat domains. LRRK2 is genetically involved in the pathogenesis of both sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (FPD). Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, manifesting progressive motor dysfunction. PD is pathologically characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the presence of intracellular inclusion bodies called Lewy bodies (LB) in the remaining neurons. As the most frequent PD-causing mutation in LRRK2, G2019S, increases the kinase activity of LRRK2, an abnormal increase in LRRK2 kinase activity is believed to contribute to PD pathology; however, the precise biological functions of LRRK2 involved in PD pathogenesis remain unknown. Although biochemical studies have discovered several substrate proteins of LRRK2 including Rab GTPases and tau, little is known about whether excess phosphorylation of these substrates is the cause of the neurodegeneration in PD. In this review, we summarize latest findings regarding the physiological and pathological functions of LRRK2, and discuss the possible molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration caused by LRRK2 and its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Araki
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Genta Ito
- Laboratory of Brain and Neurological Disorders, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Brain and Neurological Disorders, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Ribnikar D, Volovat SR, Cardoso F. Targeting CDK4/6 pathways and beyond in breast cancer. Breast 2018; 43:8-17. [PMID: 30359883 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic or advanced breast cancer (mBC/ABC) remains incurable despite many different systemic treatment options. Hormone receptor positive (HR+) disease represents the most common subtype in both early and advanced disease. A better understanding of the biology of this BC subtype, in particular regarding potential mechanisms of endocrine resistance, has led to the development of CDK4/6 inhibitors. All three selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib have shown to significantly improve progression-free survival (PFS) when combined to endocrine therapy as first-line treatment for patients with HR+/HER-2 negative ABC, who have progressed on or after adjuvant endocrine therapy. All three of them have also shown an improved PFS as 2nd line therapy for HR+/Her2 negative ABC. Their toxicity profile is favorable, with hematological toxicity (mainly neutropenia) being predominant, followed by diarrhea and fatigue. Quality of life has been maintained in the 1st line setting or improved in the 2nd line setting. Overall survival (OS) has been reported so far only in 2 out of 7 trials as first line therapy and the difference did not reach statistical significance. In this article we review the biology of CDK signaling pathway and its inhibitors, preclinical and clinical data of all three investigated selective CDK4/6 inhibitors and their toxicity. We also discuss how these agents are being included in current international guidelines and future directions for these agents in other subtypes of breast cancer, in both advanced disease and early-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domen Ribnikar
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada, 700 University Ave, 7W 427, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Simona Ruxandra Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa" Iasi, Str. Universitatii nr 16, 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - Fatima Cardoso
- Breast Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Center/Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal, Av. De Brasilia, s/n, 1400-048, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Abstract
Inhibition of CDKs is an attractive approach to cancer therapy due to their vital role in cell growth and transcription. Pan-CDK inhibitors have shown some clinical benefit, and trials are ongoing. Selective CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors have been licensed for the treatment of hormone responsive, RB-positive breast cancer in combination with antihormonal agents. Selective inhibitors of CDKs 5, 7, 8, 9 and 12 have been identified across a range of chemotypes.
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Dai L, Zhao T, Bisteau X, Sun W, Prabhu N, Lim YT, Sobota RM, Kaldis P, Nordlund P. Modulation of Protein-Interaction States through the Cell Cycle. Cell 2018; 173:1481-1494.e13. [PMID: 29706543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Global profiling of protein expression through the cell cycle has revealed subsets of periodically expressed proteins. However, expression levels alone only give a partial view of the biochemical processes determining cellular events. Using a proteome-wide implementation of the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) to study specific cell-cycle phases, we uncover changes of interaction states for more than 750 proteins during the cell cycle. Notably, many protein complexes are modulated in specific cell-cycle phases, reflecting their roles in processes such as DNA replication, chromatin remodeling, transcription, translation, and disintegration of the nuclear envelope. Surprisingly, only small differences in the interaction states were seen between the G1 and the G2 phase, suggesting similar hardwiring of biochemical processes in these two phases. The present work reveals novel molecular details of the cell cycle and establishes proteome-wide CETSA as a new strategy to study modulation of protein-interaction states in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Dai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tianyun Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xavier Bisteau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Wendi Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Nayana Prabhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yan Ting Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Institute of Medical Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Philipp Kaldis
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Pär Nordlund
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Giancotti V, Bergamin N, Cataldi P, Rizzi C. Epigenetic Contribution of High-Mobility Group A Proteins to Stem Cell Properties. Int J Cell Biol 2018; 2018:3698078. [PMID: 29853899 PMCID: PMC5941823 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3698078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group A (HMGA) proteins have been examined to understand their participation as structural epigenetic chromatin factors that confer stem-like properties to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and cancer stem cells (CSCs). The function of HMGA was evaluated in conjunction with that of other epigenetic factors such as histones and microRNAs (miRs), taking into consideration the posttranscriptional modifications (PTMs) of histones (acetylation and methylation) and DNA methylation. HMGA proteins were coordinated or associated with histone and DNA modification and the expression of the factors related to pluripotency. CSCs showed remarkable differences compared with ESCs and iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Giancotti
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Trieste Proteine Ricerche, Palmanova, Udine, Italy
| | - Natascha Bergamin
- Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy
| | - Palmina Cataldi
- Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Rizzi
- Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy
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Wang J, Yang T, Chen H, Li H, Zheng S. Oncogene RPA1 promotes proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma via CDK4/Cyclin-D pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:424-430. [PMID: 29477843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As the sixth most prevalent cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Human replication protein A (RPA), a three-subunit protein, plays a central role in eukaryotic DNA replication, homologous recombination, and excision repair, including RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3. Recently, some studies focusing on the relation between RPA1 and carcinogenesis have demonstrated that RPA1 is a candidate oncogene and influences tumor biological behaviors in many cancers such as esophageal carcinoma, colon cancer, urothelial carcinomas, etc. However, the characteristic role of RPA1 in HCC and the detailed potential mechanism remain unknown. To identify the real effects of RPA1 on HCC and its potential pathway participating in the changes of liver cancer cells, we have conducted this study and demonstrated that RPA1 is up-regulated both in liver cancer cell lines and HCC tissues, which is associated with poorer prognosis, advanced TNM stage and larger tumor size. Stable knock-down of RPA1 by specific small hairpin RNA (shRNA) contributes to the impaired proliferate ability of SK-HEP-1 cells both in vitro and vivo. Consistently, upregulation of RPA1 in HuH-7 cells by specific adenovirus promotes tumor cells' proliferation. Furthermore, cyclin-dependent-kinase 4(CDK4)/Cyclin-D pathway is found to be well associated with RPA1 induced proliferation. In conclusion, RPA1 plays a pivotal role as a potential oncogene in HCC and promotes tumor proliferation via CDK4/Cyclin-D pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China.
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Host Tumor Suppressor p18 INK4c Functions as a Potent Cell-Intrinsic Inhibitor of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Reactivation and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01604-17. [PMID: 29298882 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01604-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are common viruses associated with lifelong infection and increased disease risk. Reactivation from latency aids the virus in maintaining infection throughout the life of the host and is responsible for a wide array of disease outcomes. Previously, we demonstrated that the virus-encoded cyclin (v-cyclin) of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) is essential for optimal reactivation from latency in normal mice but not in mice lacking the host tumor suppressor p18INK4c (p18). Whether p18 plays a cell-intrinsic or -extrinsic role in constraining reactivation remains unclear. Here, we generated recombinant viruses in which we replaced the viral cyclin with the cellular p18INK4c gene (p18KI) for targeted expression of p18, specifically within infected cells. We find that the p18KI virus is similar to the cyclin-deficient virus (cycKO) in lytic infection, establishment of latency, and infected cell reservoirs. While the cycKO virus is capable of reactivation in p18-deficient mice, expression of p18 from the p18KI virus results in a profound reactivation defect. These data demonstrate that p18 limits reactivation within latently infected cells, functioning in a cell-intrinsic manner. Further, the p18KI virus showed greater attenuation of virus-induced lethal pneumonia than the cycKO virus, indicating that p18 could further restrict γHV68 pathogenesis even in p18-sufficient mice. These studies demonstrate that host p18 imposes the requirement for the viral cyclin to reactivate from latency by functioning in latently infected cells and that p18 expression is associated with decreased disease, thereby identifying p18 as a compelling host target to limit chronic gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous viruses associated with multiple malignancies. The propensity to cycle between latency and reactivation results in an infection that is never cleared and often difficult to treat. Understanding the balance between latency and reactivation is integral to treating gammaherpesvirus infection and associated disease outcomes. This work characterizes the role of a novel inhibitor of reactivation, host p18INK4c, thereby bringing more clarity to a complex process with significant outcomes for infected individuals.
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Monteleone NJ, Lutz CS. miR-708-5p: a microRNA with emerging roles in cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71292-71316. [PMID: 29050362 PMCID: PMC5642637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They are crucial for normal development and maintaining homeostasis. Researchers have discovered that dysregulated miRNA expression contributes to many pathological conditions, including cancer. miRNAs can augment or suppress tumorigenesis based on their expression and transcribed targetome in various cell types. In recent years, researchers have begun to identify miRNAs commonly dysregulated in cancer. One recently identified miRNA, miR-708-5p, has been shown to have profound roles in promoting or suppressing oncogenesis in a myriad of solid and hematological tumors. This review highlights the diverse, sometimes controversial findings reported for miR-708-5p in cancer, and the importance of further exploring this exciting miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Monteleone
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and the School of Graduate Studies, Health Sciences Campus - Newark, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Carol S. Lutz
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and the School of Graduate Studies, Health Sciences Campus - Newark, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Xu H, Yu S, Liu Q, Yuan X, Mani S, Pestell RG, Wu K. Recent advances of highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:97. [PMID: 28438180 PMCID: PMC5404666 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell division is the hallmark of cancers. Full understanding of cell cycle regulation would contribute to promising cancer therapies. In particular, cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6), which are pivotal drivers of cell proliferation by combination with cyclin D, draw more and more attention. Subsequently, extensive studies were carried out to explore drugs inhibiting CDK4/6 and assess the efficacy and safety of these drugs in cancer, especially breast cancer. Due to the insuperable adverse events and the less activity observed in vivo, the drug development of the initial pan-CDK inhibitor flavopiridol was consequently discontinued, and then highly specific inhibitors were extensively researched and developed, including palbociclib (PD0332991), ribociclib (LEE011), and abemaciclib (LY2835219). Food and Drug Administration has approved palbociclib and ribociclib for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer, and recent clinical trial data suggest that palbociclib significantly improved clinical outcome when combined with letrozole or fulvestrant. Besides, the favorable effects of abemaciclib on prolonging survival of breast cancer patients have also been observed in clinical trials both for single-agent and combination strategy. In this review, we outline the preclinical and clinical advancement of these three orally bioavailable and highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461 USA
| | - Richard G. Pestell
- Pennsylvania Center for Cancer and Regenerative Medicine, Wynnewood, PA 19096 USA
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
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