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Perl AJ, Liu H, Hass M, Adhikari N, Chaturvedi P, Hu YC, Jiang R, Liu Y, Kopan R. Reduced Nephron Endowment in Six2-TGCtg Mice Is Due to Six3 Misexpression by Aberrant Enhancer-Promoter Interactions in the Transgene. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:566-577. [PMID: 38447671 PMCID: PMC11149036 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points Aberrant enhancer–promoter interactions detected by Hi-C drive ectopic expression of Six3 in the Six2TGCtg line. Disruption of Six3 in the Six2TGCtg line restores nephron number, implicating SIX3 interference with SIX2 function in nephron progenitor cell renewal. Background Lifelong kidney function relies on the complement of nephrons generated during mammalian development from a mesenchymal nephron progenitor cell population. Low nephron endowment confers increased susceptibility to CKD. Reduced nephron numbers in the popular Six2TGC transgenic mouse line may be due to disruption of a regulatory gene at the integration site and/or ectopic expression of a gene(s) contained within the transgene. Methods Targeted locus amplification was performed to identify the integration site of the Six2TGC transgene. Genome-wide chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) datasets were generated from nephron progenitor cells isolated from the Six2TGC +/tg mice, the Cited1 CreERT2/+ control mice, and the Six2TGC +/tg ; Tsc1 +/Flox mice that exhibited restored nephron number compared with Six2TGC +/tg mice. Modified transgenic mice lacking the C-terminal domain of Six3 were used to evaluate the mechanism of nephron number reduction in the Six2TGC +/tg mouse line. Results Targeted locus amplification revealed integration of the Six2TGC transgene within an intron of Cntnap5a on chr1, and Hi-C analysis mapped the precise integration of Six2TGC and Cited1 CreERT2 transgenes to chr1 and chr14, respectively. No changes in topology, accessibility, or expression were observed within the 50-megabase region centered on Cntnap5a in Six2TGC +/tg mice compared with control mice. By contrast, we identified an aberrant regulatory interaction between a Six2 distal enhancer and the Six3 promoter contained within the transgene. Increasing the Six2TGC tg to Six2 locus ratio or removing one Six2 allele in Six2TGC +/tg mice caused severe renal hypoplasia. Furthermore, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats disruption of Six3 within the transgene (Six2TGC ∆Six3CT ) restored nephron endowment to wild-type levels and abolished the stoichiometric effect. Conclusions These findings broadly demonstrate the utility of Hi-C data in mapping transgene integration sites and architecture. Data from genetic and biochemical studies together suggest that in Six2TGC kidneys, SIX3 interferes with SIX2 function in nephron progenitor cell renewal through its C-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Perl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew Hass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yaping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Lv P, Li J, Yao Y, Fan X, Liu C, Li H, Zhou H. A novel pyrosequencing strategy for RHD zygosity for predicting risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Lab Med 2024; 55:145-152. [PMID: 37307496 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was the development of an accurate and quantitative pyrosequence (PSQ) method for paternal RHD zygosity detection to help risk management of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). METHODS Blood samples from 96 individuals were genotyped for RHD zygosity using pyrosequencing assay. To validate the accuracy of pyrosequencing results, all the samples were then detected by the mismatch polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) method and Sanger DNA sequencing. Serological tests were performed to assess RhD phenotypes. RESULTS Serological results revealed that 36 cases were RhD-positive and 60 cases were RhD-negative. The concordance rate between pyrosequencing assay and mismatch PCR-SSP assay was 94.8% (91/96). There were 5 discordant results between pyrosequencing and the mismatch PCR-SSP assay. Sanger sequencing confirmed that the pyrosequencing assay correctly assigned zygosity for the 5 samples. CONCLUSION This DNA pyrosequencing method accurately detect RHD zygosity and will help risk management of pregnancies that are at risk of HDFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Lv
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixin Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Fan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chixiang Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Huayou Zhou
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Perl AJ, Liu H, Hass M, Adhikari N, Chaturvedi P, Hu YC, Jiang R, Liu Y, Kopan R. Reduced nephron endowment in the common Six2-TGC tg mouse line is due to Six3 misexpression by aberrant enhancer-promoter interactions in the transgene. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.06.561202. [PMID: 37873415 PMCID: PMC10592608 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Lifelong kidney function relies on the complement of nephrons generated during mammalian development from a mesenchymal nephron progenitor cell (NPC) population. Low nephron endowment confers increased susceptibility to chronic kidney disease. We asked whether reduced nephron numbers in the popular Six2TGC transgenic mouse line 1 was due to disruption of a regulatory gene at the integration site or to ectopic expression of a gene(s) contained within the transgene. Targeted locus amplification identified integration of the Six2TGC transgene within an intron of Cntnap5a on chr1. We generated Hi-C datasets from NPCs isolated from the Six2TGC tg/+ mice, the Cited1 CreERT2/+ control mice, and the Six2TGC tg/+ ; Tsc1 +/Flox,2 mice that exhibited restored nephron number compared with Six2TGC tg/+ mice, and mapped the precise integration of Six2TGC and Cited1 CreERT2 transgenes to chr1 and chr14, respectively. No changes in topology, accessibility, or expression were observed within the 50-megabase region centered on Cntnap5a in Six2TGC tg/+ mice compared with control mice. By contrast, we identified an aberrant regulatory interaction between a Six2 distal enhancer and the Six3 promoter contained within the transgene. Increasing the Six2TGC tg to Six2 locus ratio or removing one Six2 allele in Six2TGC tg/+ mice, caused severe renal hypoplasia. Furthermore, CRISPR disruption of Six3 within the transgene ( Six2TGC Δ Six3CT ) restored nephron endowment to wildtype levels and abolished the stoichiometric effect. Data from genetic and biochemical studies together suggest that in Six2TGC, SIX3 interferes with SIX2 function in NPC renewal through its C-terminal domain. Significance Using high-resolution chromatin conformation and accessibility datasets we mapped the integration site of two popular transgenes used in studies of nephron progenitor cells and kidney development. Aberrant enhancer-promoter interactions drive ectopic expression of Six3 in the Six2TGC tg line which was correlated with disruption of nephrogenesis. Disruption of Six3 within the transgene restored nephron numbers to control levels; further genetic and biochemical studies suggest that Six3 interferes with Six2 -mediated regulation of NPC renewal.
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Li SY, Bhandary B, Gu X, DeFalco T. Perivascular cells support folliculogenesis in the developing ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2213026119. [PMID: 36194632 PMCID: PMC9564831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213026119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Supporting cells of the ovary, termed granulosa cells, are essential for ovarian differentiation and oogenesis by providing a nurturing environment for oocyte maintenance and maturation. Granulosa cells are specified in the fetal and perinatal ovary, and sufficient numbers of granulosa cells are critical for the establishment of follicles and the oocyte reserve. Identifying the cellular source from which granulosa cells and their progenitors are derived is an integral part of efforts to understand basic ovarian biology and the etiology of female infertility. In particular, the contribution of mesenchymal cells, especially perivascular cells, to ovarian development is poorly understood but is likely to be a source of new information regarding ovarian function. Here we have identified a cell population in the fetal ovary, which is a Nestin-expressing perivascular cell type. Using lineage tracing and ex vivo organ culture methods, we determined that perivascular cells are multipotent progenitors that contribute to granulosa, thecal, and pericyte cell lineages in the ovary. Maintenance of these progenitors is dependent on ovarian vasculature, likely reliant on endothelial-mesenchymal Notch signaling interactions. Depletion of Nestin+ progenitors resulted in a disruption of granulosa cell specification and in an increased number of germ cell cysts that fail to break down, leading to polyovular ovarian follicles. These findings highlight a cell population in the ovary and uncover a key role for vasculature in ovarian differentiation, which may lead to insights into the origins of female gonad dysgenesis and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yun Li
- Reproductive Sciences Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Bidur Bhandary
- Reproductive Sciences Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Xiaowei Gu
- Reproductive Sciences Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Tony DeFalco
- Reproductive Sciences Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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5
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A perivascular niche for multipotent progenitors in the fetal testis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4519. [PMID: 30375389 PMCID: PMC6207726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens responsible for male sexual differentiation in utero are produced by Leydig cells in the fetal testicular interstitium. Leydig cells rarely proliferate and, hence, rely on constant differentiation of interstitial progenitors to increase their number during fetal development. The cellular origins of fetal Leydig progenitors and how they are maintained remain largely unknown. Here we show that Notch-active, Nestin-positive perivascular cells in the fetal testis are a multipotent progenitor population, giving rise to Leydig cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. When vasculature is disrupted, perivascular progenitor cells fail to be maintained and excessive Leydig cell differentiation occurs, demonstrating that blood vessels are a critical component of the niche that maintains interstitial progenitor cells. Additionally, our data strongly supports a model in which fetal Leydig cell differentiation occurs by at least two different means, with each having unique progenitor origins and distinct requirements for Notch signaling to maintain the progenitor population. Leydig cells are steroidogenic cells in the testes and produce the androgens required for male development and spermatogenesis. Here the authors show that a multipotent progenitor population producing Leydig cells, pericytes and smooth muscle cells is maintained in a perivascular niche within the mouse fetal testis.
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De Lellis L, Mammarella S, Curia MC, Veschi S, Mokini Z, Bassi C, Sala P, Battista P, Mariani-Costantini R, Radice P, Cama A. Analysis of Gene Copy Number Variations using a Method Based on Lab-on-a-Chip Technology. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:126-36. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background Copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to genome variability and their pathogenic role is becoming evident in an increasing number of human disorders. Commercial assays for routine diagnosis of CNVs are available only for a fraction of known genomic rearrangements. Thus, it is important to develop flexible and cost-effective methods that can be adapted to the detection of CNVs of interest, both in research and clinical settings. Methods We describe a new multiplex PCR-based method for CNV analysis that exploits automated microfluidic capillary electrophoresis through lab-on-a-chip technology (LOC-CNV). We tested the reproducibility of the method and compared the results obtained by LOC-CNV with those obtained using previously validated semiquantitative assays such as multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and nonfluorescent multiplex PCR coupled to HPLC (NFMP-HPLC). Results The results obtained by LOC-CNV in control individuals and carriers of pathogenic MLH1 or BRCA1 genomic rearrangements (losses or gains) were concordant with those obtained by previously validated methods, indicating that LOC-CNV is a reliable method for the detection of genomic rearrangements. Conclusion Because of its advantages with respect to time, costs, easy adaptation of previously developed multiplex assays and flexibility in novel assay design, LOC-CNV may represent a practical option to evaluate relative copy number changes in genomic targets of interest, including those identified in genome-wide analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Lellis
- Department of Drug Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti
- Aging Research Center, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti
| | - Sandra Mammarella
- Department of Drug Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti
- Aging Research Center, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti
| | - Maria Cristina Curia
- Aging Research Center, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnology, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti
| | - Serena Veschi
- Unit of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, Aging Research Center, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti
| | - Zhirajr Mokini
- Department of Drug Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti
- Aging Research Center, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti
| | - Chiara Bassi
- Unit of Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Foundation, National Cancer Institute, Milan
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM), Milan
| | - Paola Sala
- Department of Surgery, IRCCS Foundation, National Cancer Institute, Milan
| | - Pasquale Battista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Renato Mariani-Costantini
- Aging Research Center, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti
- Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnology, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Foundation, National Cancer Institute, Milan
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM), Milan
| | - Alessandro Cama
- Department of Drug Sciences, “G. d'Annunzio” University, Chieti
- Aging Research Center, “G. d'Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti
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7
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Gao Y, Wang J, Shangguan S, Bao Y, Lu X, Zou J, Dai Y, Liu J, Zhang T. Quantitative Measurement of PARD3 Copy Number Variations in Human Neural Tube Defects. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017. [PMID: 28623428 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although more than 200 genes are known to be related to neural tube defects (NTDs), the exact molecular basis is still unclear. Evaluating the contribution of copy number variation (CNV) might be a priority because CNV involves changes in the copy number of large segments of DNA, leading to phenotypic traits and disease susceptibility. Recent studies have documented that the polarity protein partitioning defective 3 homolog (Pard3) plays an essential role in the process of neural tube closure. The aim of this study was to assess the role of PARD3 CNVs in the etiology of human NTDs. Relative quantitative PCR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to quantitative measurement of CNVs in 25 PARD3 exons in 202 NTD cases and 231 controls from a region of China with a high prevalence of NTDs. The results showed that microduplications ranging from 3 to 4 were evident in coding Exon 21 and Exon 25 in both case and control groups. A novel heterozygous microdeletion spanning 444 bp of Exon 14 was identified in two cases of anencephaly and is absent from all controls analyzed. Expression analyses indicated that this heterozygotic microdeletion showed no tissue specificity and led to defective expression of PARD3. Our study provides further evidence implicating PARD3 in the etiology of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Gao
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofang Shangguan
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Bao
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Lu
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhen Zou
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohua Dai
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, No.2, Yabao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Pu D, Pan R, Liu W, Xiao P. Quantitative analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms by pyrosequencing with di-base addition. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:876-885. [PMID: 27957738 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and validated a novel method for quantitative detection of SNPs by using pyrosequencing with di-base addition (PDBA). Based on the principle that the signal intensity is proportional to the template concentration within a linear concentration range, linear formula (Y = AX + B) for each genotype is established, and the relationship between two genotypes of a single SNP can be resolved by corresponding linear formulas. Here, PDBA assays were developed to detect variants rs6717546 and rs4148324, and the linear formulas for each genotype of rs6717546 and rs4148324 were established. The method allowed to quantitatively determine each genotype and showed 100% accordant results against a panel of defined mixtures. A set of 24 template fragments containing variants rs6717546 or rs4148324 was tested to evaluate the method. Our results showed that allele frequency of each genotype was accurately quantified, with results comparable to those of conventional pyrosequencing. Furthermore, this method was capable of detecting alleles with frequencies as low as 3%, which was more sensitive than ∼5 to ∼7% level detected by conventional pyrosequencing. This method offers high sensitivity, reproducibility, and relatively low costs, and thus could provide a much-needed approach for quantitative analysis of SNPs in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Rongfang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Pengfeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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9
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Kringen MK. Analysis of Copy Number Variation by Pyrosequencing® Using Paralogous Sequences. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1315:115-21. [PMID: 26103895 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2715-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of gene copy numbers of highly similar genes is difficult with conventional PCR-based methods. However, by amplification of similar genes in the same PCR reaction followed by Pyrosequencing(®), one may distinguish the genes based on a single-nucleotide difference. The ratio between the peak heights of gene-specific nucleotides obtained in the Pyrosequencing reaction may thereby be used to calculate the relative copy numbers of target genes. This method is easy and cost effective compared to other methods, and allows for the determination of copy numbers of genes that were previously difficult to achieve.
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Liu Z, Brunskill E, Boyle S, Chen S, Turkoz M, Guo Y, Grant R, Kopan R. Second-generation Notch1 activity-trap mouse line (N1IP::CreHI) provides a more comprehensive map of cells experiencing Notch1 activity. Development 2015; 142:1193-202. [PMID: 25725069 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described the creation and analysis of a Notch1 activity-trap mouse line, Notch1 intramembrane proteolysis-Cre6MT or N1IP::Cre(LO), that marked cells experiencing relatively high levels of Notch1 activation. Here, we report and characterize a second line with improved sensitivity (N1IP::Cre(HI)) to mark cells experiencing lower levels of Notch1 activation. This improvement was achieved by increasing transcript stability and by restoring the native carboxy terminus of Cre, resulting in a five- to tenfold increase in Cre activity. The magnitude of this effect probably impacts Cre activity in strains with carboxy-terminal Ert2 fusion. These two trap lines and the related line N1IP::Cre(ERT2) form a complementary mapping tool kit to identify changes in Notch1 activation patterns in vivo as the consequence of genetic or pharmaceutical intervention, and illustrate the variation in Notch1 signal strength from one tissue to the next and across developmental time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Liu
- SAGE Labs, St Louis, MO 63146, USA Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric Brunskill
- Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Scott Boyle
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mustafa Turkoz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rachel Grant
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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11
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Elliott KT, Cuff LE, Neidle EL. Copy number change: evolving views on gene amplification. Future Microbiol 2014; 8:887-99. [PMID: 23841635 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid pace of genomic sequence analysis is increasing the awareness of intrinsically dynamic genetic landscapes. Gene duplication and amplification (GDA) contribute to adaptation and evolution by allowing DNA regions to expand and contract in an accordion-like fashion. This process affects diverse aspects of bacterial infection, including antibiotic resistance and host-pathogen interactions. In this review, microbial GDA is discussed, primarily using recent bacterial examples that demonstrate medical and evolutionary consequences. Interplay between GDA and horizontal gene transfer further impact evolutionary trajectories. Complementing the discovery of gene duplication in clinical and environmental settings, experimental evolution provides a powerful method to document genetic change over time. New methods for GDA detection highlight both its importance and its potential application for genetic engineering, synthetic biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Elliott
- Biology Department, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.
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12
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Gridley T, Groves AK. Overview of genetic tools and techniques to study Notch signaling in mice. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1187:47-61. [PMID: 25053480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1139-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations of Notch signaling in humans cause both congenital and acquired defects and cancers. Genetically engineered mice provide the most efficient and cost-effective models to study Notch signaling in a mammalian system. Here, we review the various types of genetic models, tools, and strategies to study Notch signaling in mice, and provide examples of their use. We also provide advice on breeding strategies for conditional mutant mice, and a protocol for tamoxifen administration to mouse strains expressing inducible Cre recombinase-estrogen receptor fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gridley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA,
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13
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Liu Z, Chen S, Boyle S, Zhu Y, Zhang A, Piwnica-Worms DR, Ilagan MXG, Kopan R. The extracellular domain of Notch2 increases its cell-surface abundance and ligand responsiveness during kidney development. Dev Cell 2013; 25:585-98. [PMID: 23806616 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Notch2, but not Notch1, plays indispensable roles in kidney organogenesis, and Notch2 haploinsufficiency is associated with Alagille syndrome. We proposed that proximal nephron fates are regulated by a threshold that requires nearly all available free Notch intracellular domains (NICDs) but could not identify the mechanism that explains why Notch2 (N2) is more important than Notch1 (N1). By generating mice that swap their ICDs, we establish that the overall protein concentration, expression domain, or ICD amino acid composition does not account for the differential requirement of these receptors. Instead, we find that the N2 extracellular domain (NECD) increases Notch protein localization to the cell surface during kidney development and is cleaved more efficiently upon ligand binding. This context-specific asymmetry in NICD release efficiency is further enhanced by Fringe. Our results indicate that an elevated N1 surface level could compensate for the loss of N2 signal in specific cell contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Liu Z, Liu Z, Walters BJ, Owen T, Kopan R, Zuo J. In vivo visualization of Notch1 proteolysis reveals the heterogeneity of Notch1 signaling activity in the mouse cochlea. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64903. [PMID: 23741415 PMCID: PMC3669271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) and surrounding supporting cells (SCs) in the mouse cochlea are important for hearing and are derived from the same prosensory progenitors. Notch1 signaling plays dual but contrasting and age-dependent roles in mouse cochlear development: early lateral induction and subsequent lateral inhibition. However, it has been difficult to directly visualize mouse cochlear cells experiencing various levels of Notch1 activity at single cell resolution. Here, we characterized two knock-in mouse lines, Notch1Cre (Low)/+ and Notch1Cre (High)/+, with different Cre recombinase activities, that can detect Notch1 receptor proteolysis or Notch1 activity at high and low thresholds, respectively. Using both lines together with a highly sensitive Cre reporter line, we showed that Notch1 activity is nearly undetectable during lateral induction but increases to medium and high levels during lateral inhibition. Furthermore, we found that within the neonatal organ of Corti, the vast majority of cells that experience Notch1 activity were SCs not HCs, suggesting that HCs kept undetectable Notch1 activity during the entire lineage development. Furthermore, among SC subtypes, ∼85–99% of Deiters’ and outer pillar cells but only ∼19–38% of inner pillar cells experience medium and high levels of Notch1 activity. Our results demonstrate that Notch1 activity is highly heterogeneous: 1) between lateral induction and inhibition; 2) between HC and SC lineages; 3) among different SC subtypes; 4) among different cells within each SC subtype. Such heterogeneity should elucidate how the development of the cochclear sensory epithelium is precisely controlled and how HC regeneration can be best achieved in postnatal cochleae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhenyi Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bradley J. Walters
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas Owen
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Pellegrinet L, Rodilla V, Liu Z, Chen S, Koch U, Espinosa L, Kaestner KH, Kopan R, Lewis J, Radtke F. Dll1- and dll4-mediated notch signaling are required for homeostasis of intestinal stem cells. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1230-1240.e1-7. [PMID: 21238454 PMCID: PMC3066401 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ablation of Notch signaling within the intestinal epithelium results in loss of proliferating crypt progenitors due to their conversion into postmitotic secretory cells. We aimed to confirm that Notch was active in stem cells (SCs), investigate consequences of loss of Notch signaling within the intestinal SC compartment, and identify the physiologic ligands of Notch in mouse intestine. Furthermore, we investigated whether the induction of goblet cell differentiation that results from loss of Notch requires the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4). METHODS Transgenic mice that carried a reporter of Notch1 activation were used for lineage tracing experiments. The in vivo functions of the Notch ligands Jagged1 (Jag1), Delta-like1 (Dll1), Delta-like4 (Dll4), and the transcription factor Klf4 were assessed in mice with inducible, gut-specific gene targeting (Vil-Cre-ER(T2)). RESULTS Notch1 signaling was found to be activated in intestinal SCs. Although deletion of Jag1 or Dll4 did not perturb the intestinal epithelium, inactivation of Dll1 resulted in a moderate increase in number of goblet cells without noticeable effects of progenitor proliferation. However, simultaneous inactivation of Dll1 and Dll4 resulted in the complete conversion of proliferating progenitors into postmitotic goblet cells, concomitant with loss of SCs (Olfm4(+), Lgr5(+), and Ascl2(+)). Klf4 inactivation did not interfere with goblet cell differentiation in adult wild-type or in Notch pathway-deficient gut. CONCLUSIONS Notch signaling in SCs and progenitors is activated by Dll1 and Dll4 ligands and is required for maintenance of intestinal progenitor and SCs. Klf4 is dispensable for goblet cell differentiation in intestines of adult Notch-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pellegrinet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veronica Rodilla
- Institut Municipal d’investigacio medica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhenyi Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Ute Koch
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Espinosa
- Institut Municipal d’investigacio medica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus H. Kaestner
- Department of Genetics. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology, and Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Julian Lewis
- Vertebrate Development Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
,Corresponding author: Freddy Radtke, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, Phone: +41 21 693 07 71, Fax: +41 21 693 07 45,
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Liu Z, Turkoz A, Jackson EN, Corbo JC, Engelbach JA, Garbow JR, Piwnica-Worms DR, Kopan R. Notch1 loss of heterozygosity causes vascular tumors and lethal hemorrhage in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:800-8. [PMID: 21266774 PMCID: PMC3026721 DOI: 10.1172/jci43114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the Notch signaling pathway in tumor development is complex, with Notch1 functioning either as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor in a context-dependent manner. To further define the role of Notch1 in tumor development, we systematically surveyed for tumor suppressor activity of Notch1 in vivo. We combined the previously described Notch1 intramembrane proteolysis-Cre (Nip1::Cre) allele with a floxed Notch1 allele to create a mouse model for sporadic, low-frequency loss of Notch1 heterozygosity. Through this approach, we determined the cell types most affected by Notch1 loss. We report that the loss of Notch1 caused widespread vascular tumors and organism lethality secondary to massive hemorrhage. These findings reflected a cell-autonomous role for Notch1 in suppressing neoplasia in the vascular system and provide a model by which to explore the mechanism of neoplastic transformation of endothelial cells. Importantly, these results raise concerns regarding the safety of chronic application of drugs targeting the Notch pathway, specifically those targeting Notch1, because of mechanism-based toxicity in the endothelium. Our strategy also can be broadly applied to induce sporadic in vivo loss of heterozygosity of any conditional alleles in progenitors that experience Notch1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology,
Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
BRIGHT Institute,
Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Biomedical MR Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ahu Turkoz
- Department of Developmental Biology,
Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
BRIGHT Institute,
Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Biomedical MR Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erin N. Jackson
- Department of Developmental Biology,
Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
BRIGHT Institute,
Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Biomedical MR Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph C. Corbo
- Department of Developmental Biology,
Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
BRIGHT Institute,
Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Biomedical MR Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A. Engelbach
- Department of Developmental Biology,
Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
BRIGHT Institute,
Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Biomedical MR Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel R. Garbow
- Department of Developmental Biology,
Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
BRIGHT Institute,
Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Biomedical MR Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David R. Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Developmental Biology,
Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
BRIGHT Institute,
Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Biomedical MR Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology,
Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
BRIGHT Institute,
Department of Pathology and Immunology,
Biomedical MR Laboratory, Department of Radiology, and
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Liu Z, Schneider DL, Kornfeld K, Kopan R. Simple copy number determination with reference query pyrosequencing (RQPS). Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2010:pdb.prot5491. [PMID: 20810638 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The accurate measurement of the copy number (CN) for an allele is often desired. We have developed a simple pyrosequencing-based method, reference query pyrosequencing (RQPS), to determine the CN of any allele in any genome by taking advantage of the fact that pyrosequencing can accurately measure the molar ratio of DNA fragments in a mixture that differ by a single nucleotide. The method involves the preparation of an RQPS probe, which contains two linked DNA fragments that match a reference allele with a known CN and a query allele with an unknown CN. In each fragment, a single nucleotide variation (SNV) is engineered to differentiate it from its genomic counterparts when the probe is mixed with genomic DNA. The ratios of the two pairs of fragments (probe reference vs. genomic reference and probe query vs. genomic query) in the mixture reflect the ratio between the probe and the genomic DNA in a CN-dependent manner. Pyrosequencing can be used to quantify these ratios and thus determine the CN of the query allele. This method could be used to measure the CN of any transgene, differentiate homozygotes from heterozygotes, detect the copy number variation (CNV) of endogenous genes, and screen embryonic stem (ES) cells targeted with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors that are not compatible with standard screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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