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Montanucci L, Brünger T, Bhattarai N, Boßelmann CM, Kim S, Allen JP, Zhang J, Klöckner C, Fariselli P, May P, Lemke JR, Myers SJ, Yuan H, Traynelis SF, Lal D. Distances from ligands as main predictive features for pathogenicity and functional effect of variants in NMDA receptors. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.06.24306939. [PMID: 38766179 PMCID: PMC11100844 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.24306939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variants in genes GRIN1 , GRIN2A , GRIN2B , and GRIN2D , which encode subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), have been associated with severe and heterogeneous neurologic diseases. Missense variants in these genes can result in gain or loss of the NMDAR function, requiring opposite therapeutic treatments. Computational methods that predict pathogenicity and molecular functional effects are therefore crucial for accurate diagnosis and therapeutic applications. We assembled missense variants: 201 from patients, 631 from general population, and 159 characterized by electrophysiological readouts showing whether they can enhance or reduce the receptor function. This includes new functional data from 47 variants reported here, for the first time. We found that pathogenic/benign variants and variants that increase/decrease the channel function were distributed unevenly on the protein structure, with spatial proximity to ligands bound to the agonist and antagonist binding sites being key predictive features. Leveraging distances from ligands, we developed two independent machine learning-based predictors for NMDAR missense variants: a pathogenicity predictor which outperforms currently available predictors (AUC=0.945, MCC=0.726), and the first binary predictor of molecular function (increase or decrease) (AUC=0.809, MCC=0.523). Using these, we reclassified variants of uncertain significance in the ClinVar database and refined a previous genome-informed epidemiological model to estimate the birth incidence of molecular mechanism-defined GRIN disorders. Our findings demonstrate that distance from ligands is an important feature in NMDARs that can enhance variant pathogenicity prediction and enable functional prediction. Further studies with larger numbers of phenotypically and functionally characterized variants will enhance the potential clinical utility of this method.
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Chao KR, Wang L, Panchal R, Liao C, Abderrazzaq H, Ye R, Schultz P, Compitello J, Grant RH, Kosmicki JA, Weisburd B, Phu W, Wilson MW, Laricchia KM, Goodrich JK, Goldstein D, Goldstein JI, Vittal C, Poterba T, Baxter S, Watts NA, Solomonson M, Tiao G, Rehm HL, Neale BM, Talkowski ME, MacArthur DG, O'Donnell-Luria A, Karczewski KJ, Radivojac P, Daly MJ, Samocha KE. The landscape of regional missense mutational intolerance quantified from 125,748 exomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.11.588920. [PMID: 38645134 PMCID: PMC11030311 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.588920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Missense variants can have a range of functional impacts depending on factors such as the specific amino acid substitution and location within the gene. To interpret their deleteriousness, studies have sought to identify regions within genes that are specifically intolerant of missense variation 1-12 . Here, we leverage the patterns of rare missense variation in 125,748 individuals in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) 13 against a null mutational model to identify transcripts that display regional differences in missense constraint. Missense-depleted regions are enriched for ClinVar 14 pathogenic variants, de novo missense variants from individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) 15,16 , and complex trait heritability. Following ClinGen calibration recommendations for the ACMG/AMP guidelines, we establish that regions with less than 20% of their expected missense variation achieve moderate support for pathogenicity. We create a missense deleteriousness metric (MPC) that incorporates regional constraint and outperforms other deleteriousness scores at stratifying case and control de novo missense variation, with a strong enrichment in NDDs. These results provide additional tools to aid in missense variant interpretation.
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3
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MacGowan SA, Madeira F, Britto-Borges T, Barton GJ. A unified analysis of evolutionary and population constraint in protein domains highlights structural features and pathogenic sites. Commun Biol 2024; 7:447. [PMID: 38605212 PMCID: PMC11009406 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein evolution is constrained by structure and function, creating patterns in residue conservation that are routinely exploited to predict structure and other features. Similar constraints should affect variation across individuals, but it is only with the growth of human population sequencing that this has been tested at scale. Now, human population constraint has established applications in pathogenicity prediction, but it has not yet been explored for structural inference. Here, we map 2.4 million population variants to 5885 protein families and quantify residue-level constraint with a new Missense Enrichment Score (MES). Analysis of 61,214 structures from the PDB spanning 3661 families shows that missense depleted sites are enriched in buried residues or those involved in small-molecule or protein binding. MES is complementary to evolutionary conservation and a combined analysis allows a new classification of residues according to a conservation plane. This approach finds functional residues that are evolutionarily diverse, which can be related to specificity, as well as family-wide conserved sites that are critical for folding or function. We also find a possible contrast between lethal and non-lethal pathogenic sites, and a surprising clinical variant hot spot at a subset of missense enriched positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A MacGowan
- Division of Computational Biology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee, Dow Street Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Fábio Madeira
- Division of Computational Biology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee, Dow Street Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Thiago Britto-Borges
- Division of Computational Biology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee, Dow Street Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
- Section of Bioinformatics and Systems Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Klaus Tschira Institute for Integrative Computational Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Geoffrey J Barton
- Division of Computational Biology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee, Dow Street Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
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4
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Xu Y, Song R, Perszyk RE, Chen W, Kim S, Park KL, Allen JP, Nocilla KA, Zhang J, XiangWei W, Tankovic A, McDaniels ED, Sheikh R, Mizu RK, Karamchandani MM, Hu C, Kusumoto H, Pecha J, Cappuccio G, Gaitanis J, Sullivan J, Shashi V, Petrovski S, Jauss RT, Lee HK, Bozarth X, Lynch DR, Helbig I, Pierson TM, Boerkoel CF, Myers SJ, Lemke JR, Benke TA, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. De novo GRIN variants in M3 helix associated with neurological disorders control channel gating of NMDA receptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:153. [PMID: 38538865 PMCID: PMC10973091 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are members of the glutamate receptor family and participate in excitatory postsynaptic transmission throughout the central nervous system. Genetic variants in GRIN genes encoding NMDAR subunits are associated with a spectrum of neurological disorders. The M3 transmembrane helices of the NMDAR couple directly to the agonist-binding domains and form a helical bundle crossing in the closed receptors that occludes the pore. The M3 functions as a transduction element whose conformational change couples ligand binding to opening of an ion conducting pore. In this study, we report the functional consequences of 48 de novo missense variants in GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B that alter residues in the M3 transmembrane helix. These de novo variants were identified in children with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. All 48 variants in M3 for which comprehensive testing was completed produce a gain-of-function (28/48) compared to loss-of-function (9/48); 11 variants had an indeterminant phenotype. This supports the idea that a key structural feature of the M3 gate exists to stabilize the closed state so that agonist binding can drive channel opening. Given that most M3 variants enhance channel gating, we assessed the potency of FDA-approved NMDAR channel blockers on these variant receptors. These data provide new insight into the structure-function relationship of the NMDAR gate, and suggest that variants within the M3 transmembrane helix produce a gain-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kristen L Park
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James P Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kelsey A Nocilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wenshu XiangWei
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Anel Tankovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ellington D McDaniels
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rehan Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ruth K Mizu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Manish M Karamchandani
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hirofumi Kusumoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joseph Pecha
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Gaitanis
- Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Slave Petrovski
- Ce Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin-Tobias Jauss
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hyun Kyung Lee
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Children's and Women's Health Centre of BC, Vancouver, B.C, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Xiuhua Bozarth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Lynch
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Child Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tyler Mark Pierson
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for the Undiagnosed Patient, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Children's and Women's Health Centre of BC, Vancouver, B.C, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timothy A Benke
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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5
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Allen JP, Garber KB, Perszyk R, Khayat CT, Kell SA, Kaneko M, Quindipan C, Saitta S, Ladda RL, Hewson S, Inbar-Feigenberg M, Prasad C, Prasad AN, Olewiler L, Mu W, Rosenthal LS, Scala M, Striano P, Zara F, McCullock TW, Jauss RT, Lemke JR, MacLean DM, Zhu C, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Traynelis SF. Clinical features, functional consequences, and rescue pharmacology of missense GRID1 and GRID2 human variants. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:355-373. [PMID: 37944084 PMCID: PMC10840383 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
GRID1 and GRID2 encode the enigmatic GluD1 and GluD2 proteins, which form tetrameric receptors that play important roles in synapse organization and development of the central nervous system. Variation in these genes has been implicated in neurodevelopmental phenotypes. We evaluated GRID1 and GRID2 human variants from the literature, ClinVar, and clinical laboratories and found that many of these variants reside in intolerant domains, including the amino terminal domain of both GRID1 and GRID2. Other conserved regions, such as the M3 transmembrane domain, show different intolerance between GRID1 and GRID2. We introduced these variants into GluD1 and GluD2 cDNA and performed electrophysiological and biochemical assays to investigate the mechanisms of dysfunction of GRID1/2 variants. One variant in the GRID1 distal amino terminal domain resides at a position predicted to interact with Cbln2/Cbln4, and the variant disrupts complex formation between GluD1 and Cbln2, which could perturb its role in synapse organization. We also discovered that, like the lurcher mutation (GluD2-A654T), other rare variants in the GRID2 M3 domain create constitutively active receptors that share similar pathogenic phenotypes. We also found that the SCHEMA schizophrenia M3 variant GluD1-A650T produced constitutively active receptors. We tested a variety of compounds for their ability to inhibit constitutive currents of GluD receptor variants and found that pentamidine potently inhibited GluD2-T649A constitutive channels (IC50 50 nM). These results identify regions of intolerance to variation in the GRID genes, illustrate the functional consequences of GRID1 and GRID2 variants, and suggest how these receptors function normally and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Kathryn B Garber
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Atlanta GA 30322, United States
- EGL Genetics, 2460 Mountain Industrial Blvd., Tucker, GA 30084, United States
| | - Riley Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Cara T Khayat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Steven A Kell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1515 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Maki Kaneko
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Catherine Quindipan
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Sulagna Saitta
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Departments of Human Genetics, OBGYN and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Roger L Ladda
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, 600 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Stacy Hewson
- Department of Genetic Counselling, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Michal Inbar-Feigenberg
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children and Pediatrics, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Chitra Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics (Section of Genetics and Metabolism), Western University and Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Children’s Hospital LHSC, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON N6A5W9, Canada
| | - Asuri N Prasad
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University and Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Children’s Hospital LHSC, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON N6A5W9, Canada
| | - Leah Olewiler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, United States
| | - Weiyi Mu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore MD 21287, United States
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline St., Baltimore MD 21287, United States
| | - Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Largo Paolo Daneo, 3, 16132 Genova GE, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Pavilion 16, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 516147 Genoa GE, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Largo Paolo Daneo, 3, 16132 Genova GE, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Pavilion 16, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 516147 Genoa GE, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Pavilion 20, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 516147 Genoa GE, Italy
| | - Tyler W McCullock
- Department Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester NY, 14642, United States
| | - Robin-Tobias Jauss
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Haus W, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Haus W, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - David M MacLean
- Department Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester NY, 14642, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, 615 Michael St., Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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6
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Hanson JE, Yuan H, Perszyk RE, Banke TG, Xing H, Tsai MC, Menniti FS, Traynelis SF. Therapeutic potential of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulators in psychiatry. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:51-66. [PMID: 37369776 PMCID: PMC10700609 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate a slow component of excitatory synaptic transmission, are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, and regulate synaptic plasticity. NMDA receptor modulators have long been considered as potential treatments for psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett Syndrome, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. New interest in NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets has been spurred by the findings that certain inhibitors of NMDA receptors produce surprisingly rapid and robust antidepressant activity by a novel mechanism, the induction of changes in the brain that well outlast the presence of drug in the body. These findings are driving research into an entirely new paradigm for using NMDA receptor antagonists in a host of related conditions. At the same time positive allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors are being pursued for enhancing synaptic function in diseases that feature NMDA receptor hypofunction. While there is great promise, developing the therapeutic potential of NMDA receptor modulators must also navigate the potential significant risks posed by the use of such agents. We review here the emerging pharmacology of agents that target different NMDA receptor subtypes, offering new avenues for capturing the therapeutic potential of targeting this important receptor class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tue G Banke
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ming-Chi Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Frank S Menniti
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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7
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XiangWei W, Perszyk RE, Liu N, Xu Y, Bhattacharya S, Shaulsky GH, Smith-Hicks C, Fatemi A, Fry AE, Chandler K, Wang T, Vogt J, Cohen JS, Paciorkowski AR, Poduri A, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Zhai Q, Fang F, Leng J, Garber K, Myers SJ, Jauss RT, Park KL, Benke TA, Lemke JR, Yuan H, Jiang Y, Traynelis SF. Clinical and functional consequences of GRIA variants in patients with neurological diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:345. [PMID: 37921875 PMCID: PMC10754216 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
AMPA receptors are members of the glutamate receptor family and mediate a fast component of excitatory synaptic transmission at virtually all central synapses. Thus, their functional characteristics are a critical determinant of brain function. We evaluate intolerance of each GRIA gene to genetic variation using 3DMTR and report here the functional consequences of 52 missense variants in GRIA1-4 identified in patients with various neurological disorders. These variants produce changes in agonist EC50, response time course, desensitization, and/or receptor surface expression. We predict that these functional and localization changes will have important consequences for circuit function, and therefore likely contribute to the patients' clinical phenotype. We evaluated the sensitivity of variant receptors to AMPAR-selective modulators including FDA-approved drugs to explore potential targeted therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu XiangWei
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nana Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Subhrajit Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont Colleges, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Gil H Shaulsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Constance Smith-Hicks
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Andrew E Fry
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kate Chandler
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine (MCGM), Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Saint Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Julie Vogt
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - Julie S Cohen
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Alex R Paciorkowski
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Child Neurology, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Institute of Sleep and Consciousness Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qiongxiang Zhai
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jie Leng
- Department Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450066, Henan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Kathryn Garber
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Robin-Tobias Jauss
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristen L Park
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Timothy A Benke
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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8
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Liu N, Li J, Gao K, Perszyk RE, Zhang J, Wang J, Wu Y, Jenkins A, Yuan H, Traynelis SF, Jiang Y. De novo CLPTM1 variants with reduced GABA A R current response in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2968-2981. [PMID: 37577761 PMCID: PMC10840799 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical features and potential pathogenesis mechanism of de novo CLPTM1 variants associated with epilepsy. METHODS Identify de novo genetic variants associated with epilepsy by reanalyzing trio-based whole-exome sequencing data. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with these variants and performed functional in vitro studies in cells expressing mutant complementary DNA for these variants using whole-cell voltage-clamp current recordings and outside-out patch-clamp recordings from transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. RESULTS Two de novo missense variants related to epilepsy were identified in the CLPTM1 gene. Functional studies indicated that CLPTM1-p.R454H and CLPTM1-p.R568Q variants reduced the γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAA R) current response amplitude recorded under voltage clamp compared to the wild-type receptors. These variants also reduced the charge transfer and altered the time course of desensitization and deactivation following rapid removal of GABA. The surface expression of the GABAA R γ2 subunit from the CLPTM1-p.R568Q group was significantly reduced compared to CLPTM1-WT. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of functionally relevant variants within the CLPTM1 gene. Patch-clamp recordings showed that these de novo CLPTM1 variants reduce GABAA R currents and charge transfer, which should promote excitation and hypersynchronous activity. This study may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of the CLPTM1 variants underlying the patients' phenotypes, as well as for exploring potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Beijing, China
- Children Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinliang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Beijing, China
- Children Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Beijing, China
- Children Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Beijing, China
- Children Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Study on Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Beijing, China
- Children Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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9
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Myers SJ, Yuan H, Perszyk RE, Zhang J, Kim S, Nocilla KA, Allen JP, Bain JM, Lemke JR, Lal D, Benke TA, Traynelis SF. Classification of missense variants in the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor GRIN gene family as gain- or loss-of-function. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2857-2871. [PMID: 37369021 PMCID: PMC10508039 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technology have generated a large amount of genetic data from patients with neurological conditions. These data have provided diagnosis of many rare diseases, including a number of pathogenic de novo missense variants in GRIN genes encoding N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). To understand the ramifications for neurons and brain circuits affected by rare patient variants, functional analysis of the variant receptor is necessary in model systems. For NMDARs, this functional analysis needs to assess multiple properties in order to understand how variants could impact receptor function in neurons. One can then use these data to determine whether the overall actions will increase or decrease NMDAR-mediated charge transfer. Here, we describe an analytical and comprehensive framework by which to categorize GRIN variants as either gain-of-function (GoF) or loss-of-function (LoF) and apply this approach to GRIN2B variants identified in patients and the general population. This framework draws on results from six different assays that assess the impact of the variant on NMDAR sensitivity to agonists and endogenous modulators, trafficking to the plasma membrane, response time course and channel open probability. We propose to integrate data from multiple in vitro assays to arrive at a variant classification, and suggest threshold levels that guide confidence. The data supporting GoF and LoF determination are essential to assessing pathogenicity and patient stratification for clinical trials as personalized pharmacological and genetic agents that can enhance or reduce receptor function are advanced. This approach to functional variant classification can generalize to other disorders associated with missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kelsey A Nocilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James P Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bain
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Dennis Lal
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Köln 50923, Germany
| | - Timothy A Benke
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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10
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Song R, Zhang J, Perszyk RE, Camp CR, Tang W, Kannan V, Li J, Xu Y, Chen J, Li Y, Liang SH, Traynelis SF, Yuan H. Differential responses of disease-related GRIN variants located in pore-forming M2 domain of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor to FDA-approved inhibitors. J Neurochem 2023:10.1111/jnc.15942. [PMID: 37649269 PMCID: PMC10902181 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), ionotropic glutamate receptors, mediate a slow component of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and play a key role in normal brain function and development. Genetic variations in GRIN genes encoding NMDAR subunits that alter the receptor's functional characteristics are associated with a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Pathological GRIN variants located in the M2 re-entrant loop lining the channel pore cause significant functional changes, the most consequential alteration being a reduction in voltage-dependent Mg2+ inhibition. Voltage-dependent Mg2+ block is a unique feature of NMDAR biology whereby channel activation requires both ligand binding and postsynaptic membrane depolarization. Thus, loss of NMDAR Mg2+ block will have a profound impact on synaptic function and plasticity. Here, we choose 11 missense variants within the GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B genes that alter residues located in the M2 loop and significantly reduce Mg2+ inhibition. Each variant was evaluated for tolerance to genetic variation using the 3-dimensional structure and assessed for functional rescue pharmacology via electrophysiological recordings. Three FDA-approved NMDAR drugs-memantine, dextromethorphan, and ketamine-were chosen based on their ability to bind near the M2 re-entrant loop, potentially rectifying dysregulated NMDAR function by supplementing the reduced voltage-dependent Mg2+ block. These results provide insight of structural determinants of FDA-approved NMDAR drugs at their binding sites in the channel pore and may further define conditions necessary for the use of such agents as potential rescue pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chad R Camp
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Weiting Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Varun Kannan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yinlong Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Xie L, McDaniel MJ, Perszyk RE, Kim S, Cappuccio G, Shapiro KA, Muñoz-Cabello B, Sanchez-Lara PA, Grand K, Zhang J, Nocilla KA, Sheikh R, Armengol L, Romano R, Pierson TM, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Traynelis SF. Functional effects of disease-associated variants reveal that the S1-M1 linker of the NMDA receptor critically controls channel opening. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:110. [PMID: 37000222 PMCID: PMC10641759 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The short pre-M1 helix within the S1-M1 linker (also referred to as the pre-M1 linker) between the agonist-binding domain (ABD, S1) and the M1 transmembrane helix of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is devoid of missense variants within the healthy population but is a locus for de novo pathogenic variants associated with neurological disorders. Several de novo variants within this helix have been identified in patients presenting early in life with intellectual disability, developmental delay, and/or epilepsy. In this study, we evaluated functional properties for twenty variants within the pre-M1 linker in GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B genes, including six novel missense variants. The effects of pre-M1 variants on agonist potency, sensitivity to endogenous allosteric modulators, response time course, channel open probability, and surface expression were assessed. Our data indicated that virtually all of the variants evaluated altered channel function, and multiple variants had profound functional consequences, which may contribute to the neurological conditions in the patients harboring the variants in this region. These data strongly suggest that the residues within the pre-M1 helix play a key role in channel gating and are highly intolerant to genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Miranda J McDaniel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin A Shapiro
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Katheryn Grand
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kelsey A Nocilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rehan Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lluis Armengol
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, SL (qGenomics), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Romano
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Tyler Mark Pierson
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Center for the Undiagnosed Patient, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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12
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Montañez-Miranda C, Perszyk RE, Harbin NH, Okalova J, Ramineni S, Traynelis SF, Hepler JR. Functional Assessment of Cancer-Linked Mutations in Sensitive Regions of Regulators of G Protein Signaling Predicted by Three-Dimensional Missense Tolerance Ratio Analysis. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 103:21-37. [PMID: 36384958 PMCID: PMC10955721 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins modulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by acting as negative regulators of G proteins. Genetic variants in RGS proteins are associated with many diseases, including cancers, although the impact of these mutations on protein function is uncertain. Here we analyze the RGS domains of 15 RGS protein family members using a novel bioinformatic tool that measures the missense tolerance ratio (MTR) using a three-dimensional (3D) structure (3DMTR). Subsequent permutation analysis can define the protein regions that are most significantly intolerant (P < 0.05) in each dataset. We further focused on RGS14, RGS10, and RGS4. RGS14 exhibited seven significantly tolerant and seven significantly intolerant residues, RGS10 had six intolerant residues, and RGS4 had eight tolerant and six intolerant residues. Intolerant and tolerant-control residues that overlap with pathogenic cancer mutations reported in the COSMIC cancer database were selected to define the functional phenotype. Using complimentary cellular and biochemical approaches, proteins were tested for effects on GPCR-Gα activation, Gα binding properties, and downstream cAMP levels. Identified intolerant residues with reported cancer-linked mutations RGS14-R173C/H and RGS4-K125Q/E126K, and tolerant RGS14-S127P and RGS10-S64T resulted in a loss-of-function phenotype in GPCR-G protein signaling activity. In downstream cAMP measurement, tolerant RGS14-D137Y and RGS10-S64T and intolerant RGS10-K89M resulted in change of function phenotypes. These findings show that 3DMTR identified intolerant residues that overlap with cancer-linked mutations cause phenotypic changes that negatively impact GPCR-G protein signaling and suggests that 3DMTR is a potentially useful bioinformatics tool for predicting functionally important protein residues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human genetic variant/mutation information has expanded rapidly in recent years, including cancer-linked mutations in regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins. However, experimental testing of the impact of this vast catalogue of mutations on protein function is not feasible. We used the novel bioinformatics tool three-dimensional missense tolerance ratio (3DMTR) to define regions of genetic intolerance in RGS proteins and prioritize which cancer-linked mutants to test. We found that 3DMTR more accurately classifies loss-of-function mutations in RGS proteins than other databases thereby offering a valuable new research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montañez-Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas H Harbin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Okalova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suneela Ramineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John R Hepler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (C.M.-M., R.E.P., N.H.H., S.R., S.F.T., J.R.H.) and Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics (J.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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13
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Sanders AL, Hermanson JN, Samuels DC, Plate L, Sanders CR. Compendium of proteins containing segments that exhibit zero-tolerance to amino acid variation in humans. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4408. [PMID: 36040257 PMCID: PMC9387208 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genetic missense tolerance ratio (MTR) analysis systematically evaluates all possible segments in a given protein-encoding transcript found in the human population. This method scores each segment for the number of observed missense variants versus the number of silent mutations in that same segment. An MTR score of 0 indicates that no missense mutations are observed within a given segment. This is indicative of evolutionary purifying selection, which excludes mutations in that segment from the general human population. Here, we conducted MTR analysis on each of the roughly 20,000 protein-encoding human genes. It was seen that there are 257 genes with at least one 31-residue encoding segment with MTR = 0 (1.3% of all human genes). The proteins encoded by these 257 genes were tabulated along with information regarding the sequence location of each intolerant segment, the likely function of the protein, and so forth. The most functionally-enriched family among these proteins is a collection of several dozen proteins that are directly involved in RNA splicing. Some of the other proteins with zero-tolerance segments have thus far escaped significant characterization. Indeed, while a number of these proteins have previously been genetically linked to human disorders, many have not. We hypothesize that this compendium of human proteins with zero-tolerance segments can be used to complement disease mutation data as a pointer to genes and proteins that are associated with interesting and underexplored human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Sanders
- Department of BiochemistryVanderbilt University School of Medicine—Basic SciencesNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Jake N. Hermanson
- Quantitative Chemical and Physical Biology Graduate ProgramVanderbilt University School of Medicine—Basic SciencesNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - David C. Samuels
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Lars Plate
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Charles R. Sanders
- Department of BiochemistryVanderbilt University School of Medicine—Basic SciencesNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Center for Structural BiologyVanderbilt University School of Medicine—Basic SciencesNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
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14
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Li B, Roden DM, Capra JA. The 3D mutational constraint on amino acid sites in the human proteome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3273. [PMID: 35672414 PMCID: PMC9174330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the tolerance of protein sites to genetic variation has become a cornerstone of variant interpretation. We hypothesize that the constraint on missense variation at individual amino acid sites is largely shaped by direct interactions with 3D neighboring sites. To quantify this constraint, we introduce a framework called COntact Set MISsense tolerance (or COSMIS) and comprehensively map the landscape of 3D mutational constraint on 6.1 million amino acid sites covering 16,533 human proteins. We show that 3D mutational constraint is pervasive and that the level of constraint is strongly associated with disease relevance both at the site and the protein level. We demonstrate that COSMIS performs significantly better at variant interpretation tasks than other population-based constraint metrics while also providing structural insight into the functional roles of constrained sites. We anticipate that COSMIS will facilitate the interpretation of protein-coding variation in evolution and prioritization of sites for mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Dan M Roden
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - John A Capra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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15
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Li B, Jin B, Capra JA, Bush WS. Integration of Protein Structure and Population-Scale DNA Sequence Data for Disease Gene Discovery and Variant Interpretation. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2022; 5:141-161. [PMID: 35508071 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-122220-112147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The experimental and computational techniques for capturing information about protein structures and genetic variation within the human genome have advanced dramatically in the past 20 years, generating extensive new data resources. In this review, we discuss these advances, along with new approaches for determining the impact a genetic variant has on protein function. We focus on the potential of new methods that integrate human genetic variation into protein structures to discover relationships to disease, including the discovery of mutational hotspots in cancer-related proteins, the localization of protein-altering variants within protein regions for common complex diseases, and the assessment of variants of unknown significance for Mendelian traits. We expect that approaches that integrate these data sources will play increasingly important roles in disease gene discovery and variant interpretation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science, Volume 5 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bowen Jin
- Graduate Program in Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - John A Capra
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
| | - William S Bush
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
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16
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Han W, Yuan H, Allen JP, Kim S, Shaulsky GH, Perszyk RE, Traynelis SF, Myers SJ. Opportunities for Precision Treatment of GRIN2A and GRIN2B Gain-of-Function Variants in Triheteromeric N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:54-66. [PMID: 35110392 PMCID: PMC11046977 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are tetrameric assemblies of two glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits, GluN1 and two GluN2, that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Four genes (GRIN2A-D) encode four distinct GluN2 subunits (GluN2A-D). Thus, NMDARs can be diheteromeric assemblies of two GluN1 plus two identical GluN2 subunits, or triheteromeric assemblies of two GluN1 subunits plus two different GluN2 subunits. An increasing number of de novo GRIN variants have been identified in patients with neurologic conditions and with GRIN2A and GRIN2B harboring the vast majority (> 80%) of variants in these cases. These variants produce a wide range of effects on NMDAR function depending upon its subunit subdomain location and additionally on the subunit composition of diheteromeric versus triheteromeric NMDARs. Increasing evidence implicates triheteromeric GluN1/GluN2A/GluN2B receptors as a major component of the NMDAR pool in the adult cortex and hippocampus. Here, we explore the ability of GluN2A- and GluN2B-selective inhibitors to reduce excess current flow through triheteromeric GluN1/GluN2A/GluN2B receptors that contain one copy of GRIN2A or GRIN2B gain-of-function variants. Our data reveal a broad range of sensitivities for variant-containing triheteromeric receptors to subunit-selective inhibitors, with some variants still showing strong sensitivity to inhibitors, whereas others are relatively insensitive. Most variants, however, retain sensitivity to non-selective channel blockers and the competitive antagonist D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid. These results suggest that with comprehensive analysis, certain disease-related GRIN2A and GRIN2B variants can be identified as potential targets for subunit-selective modulation and potential therapeutic gain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Triheteromeric NMDA receptors that contain one copy each of the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits show intermediate sensitivity to GluN2A- and GluN2B-selective inhibitors, making these compounds candidates for attenuating overactive, GRIN variant-containing NMDA receptors associated with neurological conditions. We show that functional evaluation of variant properties with inhibitor pharmacology can support selection of a subset of variants for which GluN2 subunit-selective agents remain effective inhibitors of variant-containing triheteromeric NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - James P Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Gil H Shaulsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., R.E.P., S.F.T., S.J.M.) and Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (W.H., H.Y., J.P.A., S.K., G.H.S., S.F.T., S.J.M.)
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17
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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