1
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Martín-Pérez L, Medina Rivero S, Vázquez Sulleiro M, Naranjo A, Gómez IJ, Ruíz-González ML, Castellanos-Gomez A, Garcia-Hernandez M, Pérez EM, Burzurí E. Direct Magnetic Evidence, Functionalization, and Low-Temperature Magneto-Electron Transport in Liquid-Phase Exfoliated FePS 3. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3007-3018. [PMID: 36651757 PMCID: PMC9933618 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism and the existence of magnetic order in a material is determined by its dimensionality. In this regard, the recent emergence of magnetic layered van der Waals (vdW) materials provides a wide playground to explore the exotic magnetism arising in the two-dimensional (2D) limit. The magnetism of 2D flakes, especially antiferromagnetic ones, however, cannot be easily probed by conventional magnetometry techniques, being often replaced by indirect methods like Raman spectroscopy. Here, we make use of an alternative approach to provide direct magnetic evidence of few-layer vdW materials, including antiferromagnets. We take advantage of a surfactant-free, liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) method to obtain thousands of few-layer FePS3 flakes that can be quenched in a solvent and measured in a conventional SQUID magnetometer. We show a direct magnetic evidence of the antiferromagnetic transition in FePS3 few-layer flakes, concomitant with a clear reduction of the Néel temperature with the flake thickness, in contrast with previous Raman reports. The quality of the LPE FePS3 flakes allows the study of electron transport down to cryogenic temperatures. The significant through-flake conductance is sensitive to the antiferromagnetic order transition. Besides, an additional rich spectra of electron transport excitations, including secondary magnetic transitions and potentially magnon-phonon hybrid states, appear at low temperatures. Finally, we show that the LPE is additionally a good starting point for the mass covalent functionalization of 2D magnetic materials with functional molecules. This technique is extensible to any vdW magnetic family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martín-Pérez
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samara Medina Rivero
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Naranjo
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Jénnifer Gómez
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andres Castellanos-Gomez
- 2D
Foundry, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Hernandez
- 2D
Foundry, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio M. Pérez
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Burzurí
- IMDEA
Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics
Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Alakshin E, Kondratyeva E, Garaeva A, Sakhatskii A, Likholetova M, Romanova I, Tagirov M. Size effect of DyF 3 nanoparticles on Curie temperature. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11353-11358. [PMID: 35894518 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01567f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of DyF3 nanoparticles samples were synthesized by a hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave at 140 °C, 160 °C, 200 °C, and 230 °C for 24 h. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. It was found that DyF3 particles possessed an ellipsoidal shape and size varying from 16 to 225 nm. Moroever, the Curie temperature TC shifts to lower temperatures when the particle size decreases. For the first ime, the critical exponent of the correlation length (ν = 1.51 ± 0.25) and critical size (d0 = 1.2 ± 0.6 nm) for the dipole ferromagnet DyF3 has been determined experimentally by the finite-size-scaling theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Alakshin
- Kazan Federal University, Institute of Physics, 420008, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, Russian Federation
- Tatarstan Academy of Science, 420111, Bauman str. 20, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Kondratyeva
- Kazan Federal University, Institute of Physics, 420008, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, Russian Federation
- Tatarstan Academy of Science, 420111, Bauman str. 20, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Adeliya Garaeva
- Kazan Federal University, Institute of Physics, 420008, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Sakhatskii
- Saint Petersburg State University, 199034, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Likholetova
- Saint Petersburg State University, 199034, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Romanova
- Kazan Federal University, Institute of Physics, 420008, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Murat Tagirov
- Kazan Federal University, Institute of Physics, 420008, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, Russian Federation
- Tatarstan Academy of Science, 420111, Bauman str. 20, Kazan, Russian Federation
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3
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The Effects of Substrate Temperature on the Growth, Microstructural and Magnetic Properties of Gadolinium-Containing Films on Aluminum Nitride. SURFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate future novel devices incorporating rare earth metal films and III-V semiconductors on Si substrates, this study investigates the mechanisms of growth via molecular beam epitaxy of gadolinium (Gd) on aluminum nitride (AlN) by determining the impact of substrate temperature on microstructure. The Gd films underwent extensive surface analysis via in situ reflective high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and ex-situ SEM and AFM. Characterization of the surface features of rare earth metal films is important, as surface geometry has been shown to strongly impact magnetic properties. SEM and AFM imaging determined that Gd films grown on AlN (0001) from 80 °C to 400 °C transition from wetting, nodular films to island–trench growth mode to reduce in-plane lattice strain. XRD and Raman spectroscopy of the films revealed that they were primarily comprised of GdN, Gd and Gd2O3. The samples were also analyzed by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. From the room temperature magnetic studies, the thick films showed superparamagnetic behavior, with samples grown between 240 °C and 270 °C showing high magnetic susceptibility. Increasing GdN (111) 2θ peak position and single-crystal growth modes correlated with increasing peak magnetization of the thin films, suggesting that lattice strain in single-crystal films was the primary driver of enhanced magnetic susceptibility.
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4
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Bedoya-Pinto A, Ji JR, Pandeya AK, Gargiani P, Valvidares M, Sessi P, Taylor JM, Radu F, Chang K, Parkin SSP. Intrinsic 2D-XY ferromagnetism in a van der Waals monolayer. Science 2021; 374:616-620. [PMID: 34709893 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing-Rong Ji
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Avanindra K Pandeya
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | - Paolo Sessi
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - James M Taylor
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florin Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Chang
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
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5
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Kamber U, Bergman A, Eich A, Iuşan D, Steinbrecher M, Hauptmann N, Nordström L, Katsnelson MI, Wegner D, Eriksson O, Khajetoorians AA. Self-induced spin glass state in elemental and crystalline neodymium. Science 2020; 368:368/6494/eaay6757. [PMID: 32467362 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spin glasses are a highly complex magnetic state of matter intricately linked to spin frustration and structural disorder. They exhibit no long-range order and exude aging phenomena, distinguishing them from quantum spin liquids. We report a previously unknown type of spin glass state, the spin-Q glass, observable in bulk-like crystalline metallic neodymium thick films. Using spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy combined with ab initio calculations and atomistic spin-dynamics simulations, we visualized the variations in atomic-scale noncolinear order and its response to magnetic field and temperature. We quantified the aging phenomena relating the glassiness to crystalline symmetry and the energy landscape. This result not only resolves the long-standing debate of the magnetism of neodymium, but also suggests that glassiness may arise in other magnetic solids lacking extrinsic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Kamber
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anders Bergman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Eich
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Diana Iuşan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manuel Steinbrecher
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nadine Hauptmann
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lars Nordström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikhail I Katsnelson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Wegner
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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6
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Massoudi J, Smari M, Nouri K, Dhahri E, Khirouni K, Bertaina S, Bessais L, Hlil EK. Magnetic and spectroscopic properties of Ni–Zn–Al ferrite spinel: from the nanoscale to microscale. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34556-34580. [PMID: 35514426 PMCID: PMC9056800 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05522k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the annealing effect on the structural, elastic, thermodynamic, optical, magnetic, and electric properties of Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe1.5Al0.5O4 (NZFAO) nanoparticles (NPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalel Massoudi
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sfax
- Sfax 3000
- Tunisia
| | - Mourad Smari
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sfax
- Sfax 3000
- Tunisia
| | - Kamel Nouri
- CMTR
- ICMPE, UMR 7182 CNRS-UPEC
- F-94320 Thiais
- France
| | - Essebti Dhahri
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sfax
- Sfax 3000
- Tunisia
| | - Kamel Khirouni
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux et des Nanomatériaux Appliquée a` l'Environnement
- Faculté des Sciences de Gabès Cité Erriadh
- Université de Gabès
- 6079 Gabès
- Tunisia
| | - Sylvain Bertaina
- IM2NP
- CNRS
- Faculté des Sciences de Saint-Jérôme
- Université d'Aix-Marseille
- 13397 Marseille
| | | | - El Kebir Hlil
- Institut Néel
- CNRS
- Université J. Fourier
- 38042 Grenoble
- France
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7
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Bobowski K, Gleich M, Pontius N, Schüßler-Langeheine C, Trabant C, Wietstruk M, Frietsch B, Weinelt M. Influence of the pump pulse wavelength on the ultrafast demagnetization of Gd(0 0 0 1) thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:234003. [PMID: 28398211 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6c92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the magnetization dynamics of gadolinium metal after femtosecond laser excitation recording the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism in reflection (XMCD-R) at the Gd M 5 absorption edge. Varying the photon energy of the pump pulse allows us to change the initial energy distribution of photoexcited carriers. The overall similar response for excitation with 0.95, 1.55 and 3.10 eV photons at comparable pump fluences indicates that ultrafast ballistic carrier transport leads to a homogeneous energy distribution on the femtosecond timescale in the probed sample volume. Differences are observed in the initial ultrafast demagnetization magnitude. They are attributed to an enhanced spin-flip probability at higher electron energies characterizing the non-thermal electron distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Bobowski
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Hellman F, Hoffmann A, Tserkovnyak Y, Beach GSD, Fullerton EE, Leighton C, MacDonald AH, Ralph DC, Arena DA, Dürr HA, Fischer P, Grollier J, Heremans JP, Jungwirth T, Kimel AV, Koopmans B, Krivorotov IN, May SJ, Petford-Long AK, Rondinelli JM, Samarth N, Schuller IK, Slavin AN, Stiles MD, Tchernyshyov O, Thiaville A, Zink BL. Interface-Induced Phenomena in Magnetism. REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS 2017; 89:025006. [PMID: 28890576 PMCID: PMC5587142 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.89.025006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews static and dynamic interfacial effects in magnetism, focusing on interfacially-driven magnetic effects and phenomena associated with spin-orbit coupling and intrinsic symmetry breaking at interfaces. It provides a historical background and literature survey, but focuses on recent progress, identifying the most exciting new scientific results and pointing to promising future research directions. It starts with an introduction and overview of how basic magnetic properties are affected by interfaces, then turns to a discussion of charge and spin transport through and near interfaces and how these can be used to control the properties of the magnetic layer. Important concepts include spin accumulation, spin currents, spin transfer torque, and spin pumping. An overview is provided to the current state of knowledge and existing review literature on interfacial effects such as exchange bias, exchange spring magnets, spin Hall effect, oxide heterostructures, and topological insulators. The article highlights recent discoveries of interface-induced magnetism and non-collinear spin textures, non-linear dynamics including spin torque transfer and magnetization reversal induced by interfaces, and interfacial effects in ultrafast magnetization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Hellman
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Axel Hoffmann
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tserkovnyak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Geoffrey S D Beach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Eric E Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0401, USA
| | - Chris Leighton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Allan H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0264, USA
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Physics Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Dario A Arena
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-7100, USA
| | - Hermann A Dürr
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Peter Fischer
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; Physics Department, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 94056, USA
| | - Julie Grollier
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales and Université Paris Sud 11, 1 Avenue Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Joseph P Heremans
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Tomas Jungwirth
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, 162 53 Praha 6, Czech Republic; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey V Kimel
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Koopmans
- Department of Applied Physics, Center for NanoMaterials, COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilya N Krivorotov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Steven J May
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Nitin Samarth
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ivan K Schuller
- Department of Physics and Center for Advanced Nanoscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Andrei N Slavin
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA
| | - Mark D Stiles
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6202, USA
| | - Oleg Tchernyshyov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - André Thiaville
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR CNRS 8502, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Barry L Zink
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
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9
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Das B, Balasubramanian B, Manchanda P, Mukherjee P, Skomski R, Hadjipanayis GC, Sellmyer DJ. Mn5Si3 Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Size-Induced Ferromagnetism. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1132-1137. [PMID: 26756914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mn-based silicides are fascinating due to their exotic spin textures and unique crystal structures, but the low magnetic ordering temperatures and/or small magnetic moments of bulk alloys are major impediments to their use in practical applications. In sharp contrast to bulk Mn5Si3, which is paramagnetic at room temperature and exhibits low-temperature antiferromagnetic ordering, we show ferromagnetic ordering in Mn5Si3 nanoparticles with a high Curie temperature (Tc ≈ 590 K). The Mn5Si3 nanoparticles have an average size of 8.6 nm and also exhibit large saturation magnetic polarizations (Js = 10.1 kG at 300 K and 12.4 kG at 3 K) and appreciable magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants (K1 = 6.2 Mergs/cm(3) at 300 K and at 12.8 Mergs/cm(3) at 3 K). The drastic change of the magnetic ordering and properties in the nanoparticles are attributed to low-dimensional and quantum-confinement effects, evident from first-principle density-functional-theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - George C Hadjipanayis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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10
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Lee JM, Jang C, Min BC, Lee SW, Lee KJ, Chang J. All-Electrical Measurement of Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction Using Collective Spin-Wave Dynamics. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:62-67. [PMID: 26653115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), which arises from the broken inversion symmetry and spin-orbit coupling, is of prime interest as it leads to a stabilization of chiral magnetic order and provides an efficient manipulation of magnetic nanostructures. Here, we report all-electrical measurement of DMI using propagating spin wave spectroscopy based on the collective spin wave with a well-defined wave vector. We observe a substantial frequency shift of spin waves depending on the spin chirality in Pt/Co/MgO structures. After subtracting the contribution from other sources to the frequency shift, it is possible to quantify the DMI energy in Pt/Co/MgO systems. The result reveals that the DMI in Pt/Co/MgO originates from the interfaces, and the sign of DMI corresponds to the inversion asymmetry of the film structures. The electrical excitation and detection of spin waves and the influence of interfacial DMI on the collective spin-wave dynamics will pave the way to the emerging field of spin-wave logic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Lee
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Chaun Jang
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Byoung-Chul Min
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Seo-Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Joonyeon Chang
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, Korea
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11
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Ferdinand A, Probst AC, Michels A, Birringer R, Kaul SN. Critical behaviour of nanocrystalline gadolinium: evidence for random uniaxial dipolar universality class. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:056003. [PMID: 24444664 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/5/056003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on how nanocrystal size affects the critical behaviour of the rare-earth metal Gd near the ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic phase transition. The asymptotic critical behaviour of the coarse-grained polycrystalline sample (with an average crystallite size of L≅100 μm) is that of a (pure) uniaxial dipolar ferromagnet, as is the case with single crystal Gd, albeit the width of the asymptotic critical region (ACR) is reduced. As the grain size approaches ∼30 nm, the ACR is so narrow that it could not be accessed in the present experiments. Inaccessibly narrow ACR for L ∼ 30 nm and continuous increase in the width of the ACR as L decreases from 16 to 9.5 nm basically reflect a crossover to the random uniaxial dipolar fixed point caused by the quenched random exchange disorder prevalent at the internal interfaces (grain boundaries).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferdinand
- Experimentalphysik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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12
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Bern F, Ziese M, Setzer A, Pippel E, Hesse D, Vrejoiu I. Structural, magnetic and electrical properties of SrRuO3 films and SrRuO3/SrTiO3 superlattices. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:496003. [PMID: 24184982 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/49/496003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
SrRuO3 films and SrRuO3/SrTiO3 superlattices grown on SrTiO3(001) were studied by structural, magnetic, magnetoresistance and Hall effect measurements. The superlattices showed heteroepitaxial growth with coherent interfaces and a Ru/Ti diffusion region of 1-1.5 unit cells. The resistivity had metallic character above a critical thickness of 3-4 unit cells, becoming insulating below. There was no hint of conduction processes along the interfaces. Both magnetization and magnetoresistance measurements showed an increase of the magnetic anisotropy, consistent with magnetostriction effects. The magnetostriction coefficient was estimated as λ100 ∼ 1.4 × 10(-4). Three unit cell thick SrRuO3 layers in SrRuO3/SrTiO3 superlattices were found to have tetragonal crystal symmetry, as deduced from the sign change of the anomalous Hall constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bern
- Division of Superconductivity and Magnetism, Faculty of Physics and Geosciences, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Fink J, Schierle E, Weschke E, Geck J. Resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:056502. [PMID: 23563216 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/5/056502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Resonant (elastic) soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) offers a unique element, site and valence specific probe to study spatial modulations of charge, spin and orbital degrees of freedom in solids on the nanoscopic length scale. It is not only used to investigate single-crystalline materials. This method also enables one to examine electronic ordering phenomena in thin films and to zoom into electronic properties emerging at buried interfaces in artificial heterostructures. During the last 20 years, this technique, which combines x-ray scattering with x-ray absorption spectroscopy, has developed into a powerful probe to study electronic ordering phenomena in complex materials and furthermore delivers important information on the electronic structure of condensed matter. This review provides an introduction to the technique, covers the progress in experimental equipment, and gives a survey on recent RSXS studies of ordering in correlated electron systems and at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fink
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, PO Box 270116, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Witt JDS, Hase TPA, Fan R, Charlton TR, Langridge S, Blamire MG. Strain dependent selection of spin-slip phases in sputter deposited thin-film epitaxial holmium. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:416006. [PMID: 21959945 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/41/416006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the structural and magnetic characterization of sputter deposited epitaxial Ho. We present room temperature characterization by atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction and temperature dependent characterization by x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. The data show the onset and change of the magnetic state as a function of temperature. Films of different thickness, exhibiting signs of differing epitaxially induced strain, tend towards specific spin-slip phases in the low temperature regime. The more highly strained thinnest films tend towards values with a longer magnetic wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D S Witt
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.
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Mirhosseini H, Ernst A, Henk J. Electron correlation beyond the local density approximation: self-interaction correction in gadolinium. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:245601. [PMID: 21393786 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/24/245601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on detailed first-principles calculations which focus on the magnetic and structural properties of the (0001) surface of gadolinium. The electronic correlation within the localized 4f states is treated within the self-interaction correction (SIC), thus going beyond the local spin-density approximation. The ferromagnetic ground state is predicted correctly if the SIC is applied; the effect of surface relaxations on Heisenberg exchange parameters and on the Curie temperature are addressed by Monte Carlo calculations. The SIC also has a profound effect on the dispersion of the d surface states, due to hybridization of the 4f states with the 5d valence states. The best agreement with photoemission experiments is obtained within the transition state approximation, which takes into account the orbital relaxation. The Rashba spin-orbit coupling in the d surface states is fully captured by our relativistic multiple scattering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mirhosseini
- Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Kaul SN, Basheed GA. Finite-size scaling in band ferromagnets with non-universal critical behavior. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:426002. [PMID: 21715861 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/42/426002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ultra-high sensitivity of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique has been fully exploited to study the finite-size effects in the critical region near the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition in Cr(75-x)Fe(25+x) (x = 0, 5) thin films of high structural and magnetic quality. Conclusive experimental evidence is provided for the validity of finite-size scaling. Irrespective of the film thickness and composition, the critical exponents β, γ and ν for spontaneous magnetization, initial magnetic susceptibility and spin-spin correlation length retain their bulk values so that no dimensionality crossover occurs within the film thickness range covered in the FMR experiments. The present results indicate that (i) like Cr(75-x)Fe(25+x), the previously studied Fe, Co, Ni, and CoNi(3) thin films behave as itinerant-electron (band) ferromagnets in which the isotropic long-range interactions between spins decay as J(r)∼r(-(d+σ)) (σ>0), and (ii) the lattice dimensionality d, spin dimensionality m, and range of spin-spin interactions (via the material-specific parameter σ) decide the (non-universal) values of the critical exponents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Kaul
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Central University PO, Hyderabad-500 046, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Rausch R, Nolting W. The Curie temperature of thin ferromagnetic films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:376002. [PMID: 21832358 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/37/376002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The thickness-dependent Curie temperature T(c)(d) of thin ferromagnetic films is calculated within the molecular field approximation ('Weiss mean field') of the Heisenberg model. Two higher mean field theories are applied to obtain a quantitative improvement of the results: the Oguchi cluster method and the 'constant coupling approximation' (CCA). Analytical expressions are derived from difference equations or eigenvalue problems with an unknown parameter which can be solved numerically. Explicit expressions for T(c)(d) can be given if the interaction is restricted to next neighbour monolayers only, for any value of the spin S within the Weiss mean field and for S = 1/2 within the CCA. Effects of an enhanced interaction within the surface layers are briefly investigated. Calculated values of T(c)(d) for EuO are presented within the three models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Rausch
- Festkörpertheorie, Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Döbrich F, Elmas M, Ferdinand A, Markmann J, Sharp M, Eckerlebe H, Kohlbrecher J, Birringer R, Michels A. Grain-boundary-induced spin disorder in nanocrystalline gadolinium. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:156003. [PMID: 21825378 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/15/156003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Based on experimental magnetic-field-dependent neutron scattering data, we have calculated the autocorrelation function of the spin misalignment of nanocrystalline (160)gadolinium. The analysis suggests the existence of two characteristic length scales in the spin system: the smaller one is about 5 nm and is attributed to the defect cores of the grain boundaries, whereas the larger length scale is of the order of the average crystallite size D = 21 nm and presumably describes the response of the magnetization to the magnetic anisotropy field of the individual crystallites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Döbrich
- Technische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Size dependence of phase transition temperatures of ferromagnetic, ferroelectric and superconductive nanocrystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11467-007-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Weschke E, Ott H, Schierle E, Schüssler-Langeheine C, Vyalikh DV, Kaindl G, Leiner V, Ay M, Schmitte T, Zabel H, Jensen PJ. Finite-size effect on magnetic ordering temperatures in long-period antiferromagnets: holmium thin films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:157204. [PMID: 15524935 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.157204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2003] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The thickness dependence of the helical antiferromagnetic ordering temperature T(N) was studied for thin Ho metal films by resonant magnetic soft x-ray and neutron diffraction. In contrast with the Curie temperature of ferromagnets, T(N) was found to decrease with film thickness d according to [T(N)(infinity)-T(N)(d)]/T(N)(d) proportional variant (d-d(0))(-lambda(')), where lambda(') is a phenomenological exponent and d(0) is of the order of the bulk magnetic period L(b). These observations are reproduced by mean-field calculations that suggest a linear relationship between d(0) and L(b) in long-period antiferromagnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Weschke
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Schiller R, Nolting W. Prediction of a surface state and a related surface insulator-metal transition for the (100) surface of stochiometric EuO. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:3847-3850. [PMID: 11329339 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the temperature and layer-dependent electronic structure of a 20-layer EuO(100) film using a combination of first-principles and model calculation based on the ferromagnetic Kondo-lattice model. The results suggest the existence of a EuO(100) surface state which can lead to a surface insulator-metal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schiller
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Invalidenstrasse 110, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Arnold CS, Pappas DP. Gd(0001): A semi-infinite three-dimensional heisenberg ferromagnet with ordinary surface transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:5202-5205. [PMID: 11102221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.5202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
By comparing the surface and bulk magnetization of smooth, well-ordered Gd samples, we show that the surface has an ordinary transition, i.e., a common Curie temperature for surface and bulk. A quantitative statistical analysis of the temperature dependent magnetization is presented. Critical exponents for both surface, beta(S) = 0.83+/-0.04, and bulk, beta(B) = 0.376+/-0.015, are consistent with the semi-infinite three-dimensional Heisenberg model with homogeneous exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- CS Arnold
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, USA
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Pietzsch O, Kubetzka A, Bode M, Wiesendanger R. Real-space observation of dipolar antiferromagnetism in magnetic nanowires by spin-polarized scanning tunneling spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:5212-5215. [PMID: 10990905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.5212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have performed spin-polarized scanning tunneling spectroscopy of dipolar antiferromagnetically coupled Fe nanowires with a height of two atomic layers and an average separation of 8 nm grown on stepped W(110). Domain walls within the nanowires exhibit a significantly reduced width when pinned at structural constrictions. The lateral spin reorientation in the direction perpendicular to the wires has been studied with subnanometer spatial resolution. It is found that the spin canting in the Fe nanowires monotonously increases towards the step edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pietzsch
- Institute of Applied Physics and Microstructure Research Center, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
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Krill C, Merzoug F, Krauss W, Birringer R. Magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Gd and W/Gd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0965-9773(97)00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dowben P, McIlroy D, Li D. Chapter 159 Surface magnetism of the lanthanides. HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1273(97)24004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Donath M, Gubanka B, Passek F. Temperature-Dependent Spin Polarization of Magnetic Surface State at Gd(0001). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:5138-5141. [PMID: 10062723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Ambrose T, Chien CL. Finite-size effects and uncompensated magnetization in thin antiferromagnetic CoO layers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:1743-1746. [PMID: 10060506 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Tober ED, Ynzunza RX, Westphal C, Fadley CS. Relationship between morphology and magnetic behavior for Gd thin films on W(110). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:5444-5448. [PMID: 9984151 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.5444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Back CH, Weber W, Bischof A, Pescia D, Allenspach R. Probing oscillatory exchange coupling with a paramagnet. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:13114-13117. [PMID: 9980492 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.r13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Sosa-Hernández EM, Aguilera-Granja F, Morán-López JL. Phase transitions in bcc(110) binary-alloy thin films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:5392-5399. [PMID: 9981730 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.5392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Berger A, Pang AW, Hopster H. Magnetic reorientation transition of Gd(0001)/W(110) films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:1078-1089. [PMID: 9980685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Arenholz E, Navas E, Starke K, Baumgarten L, Kaindl G. Magnetic circular dichroism in core-level photoemission from Gd, Tb, and Dy in ferromagnetic materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:8211-8220. [PMID: 9977431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.8211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Elmers HJ, Hauschild J, Höche H, Gradmann U, Bethge H, Heuer D, Köhler U. Submonolayer magnetism of Fe(110) on W(110): Finite width scaling of stripes and percolation between islands. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:898-901. [PMID: 10057567 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Li D, Dowben PA, Ortega JE, Himpsel FJ. Unoccupied surface electronic structure of Gd(0001). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:7734-7738. [PMID: 10009520 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.7734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Vescovo E, Carbone C, Rader O. Surface magnetism of Gd(0001) films: Evidence for an unexpected phase transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:7731-7734. [PMID: 10006954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.7731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Li D, Zhang J, Dowben PA, Onellion M. Altering the Gd(0001) surface electronic structure with hydrogen adsorption. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:5612-5620. [PMID: 10009079 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.5612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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