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Tao B, Wan C, Tang P, Feng J, Wei H, Wang X, Andrieu S, Yang H, Chshiev M, Devaux X, Hauet T, Montaigne F, Mangin S, Hehn M, Lacour D, Han X, Lu Y. Coherent Resonant Tunneling through Double Metallic Quantum Well States. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3019-3026. [PMID: 30933564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Study of resonant tunneling through multimetallic quantum well (QW) structure is not only important for the fundamental understanding of quantum transport but also for the great potential to generate advanced functionalities of spintronic devices. However, it remains challenging to engineer such a structure due to the short electron phase coherence length in metallic QW system. Here, we demonstrate the successful fabrication of double-QW structure in a single fully epitaxial magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) heterostructure, where two Fe QW layers are sandwiched between three MgAlO x tunnel barriers. We show clear evidence of the coherent resonant tunneling through the discrete QW states in the two QWs. The coherent resonant tunneling condition is fulfilled only when the middle barrier between the two QWs is thin enough and available QW states are present simultaneously in both QWs under a certain bias. Compared to the single QW structure, the resonant tunneling in double-QW MTJ produces strong conductivity oscillations with much narrower peak width (about half) owing to the enhanced energy filtering effect. This study presents a comprehensive understanding of the resonant tunneling mechanism in MTJ with multiple QWs, which is essential for future development of new spintronic devices operating in the quantum tunneling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshan Tao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , 54011 Nancy , France
- Institute of Electrical Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Caihua Wan
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Ping Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jiafeng Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Hongxiang Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Stéphane Andrieu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , 54011 Nancy , France
| | - Hongxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Mairbek Chshiev
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, INAC-Spintec , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Xavier Devaux
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , 54011 Nancy , France
| | - Thomas Hauet
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , 54011 Nancy , France
| | - François Montaigne
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , 54011 Nancy , France
| | - Stéphane Mangin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , 54011 Nancy , France
| | - Michel Hehn
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , 54011 Nancy , France
| | - Daniel Lacour
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , 54011 Nancy , France
| | - Xiufeng Han
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour , UMR 7198, campus ARTEM, 2 Allée André Guinier , 54011 Nancy , France
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2
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Tong J, Feng Y, Tian F, Zhou L, Qin G, Zhang X. Unusual interfacial magnetic interactions for τ-MnAl with Fe(Co) atomic layers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2443-2452. [PMID: 30652708 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06599c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial magnetic interaction and coupling mechanism for τ-MnAl with Fe(Co) atomic layers have been studied using first principles calculations. The stable surface and interface were firstly determined by the surface energy of τ-MnAl and interface energy of τ-MnAl/Fe(Co) films, respectively. Their magnetic coupling interactions were investigated by varying the Fe(Co) atomic layer numbers. It is noted that both Fe and Co exhibited ferromagnetic coupling with τ-MnAl. Interestingly, an unusual oscillation phenomenon of magnetic coupling for τ-MnAl with Fe(Co) atomic layers was observed depending on the layer thickness of Fe(Co). Moreover, Fe and Co showed different oscillation modes. The energy difference between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic states is larger for τ-MnAl/Fe and τ-MnAl/Co when the Fe(Co) layer numbers are even and odd, respectively. Their mechanisms were analyzed based on the band structures and the confinement of electrons in quantum wells. It is found that the magnetic coupling oscillation in τ-MnAl/Fe originated from both the spin up Δ1 band and spin down Δ5 band at the [capital Gamma, Greek, macron] points. Comparatively, the oscillation of τ-MnAl/Co is due to the spin up band at the X[combining macron] point. The present results could provide insight to further understand interfacial exchange interactions among magnetic layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
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3
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Moras P, Bihlmayer G, Vescovo E, Sheverdyaeva PM, Papagno M, Ferrari L, Carbone C. Spin-polarized confined states in Ag films on Fe(1 1 0). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:495806. [PMID: 29091051 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa9760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of thin Ag(1 1 1) films on ferromagnetic Fe(1 1 0) shows a series of spin-polarized peaks. These features derive from Ag sp-bands, which form quantum well states and resonances due to confinement by a spin-dependent interface potential barrier. The spin-up states are broader and located at higher binding energy than the corresponding spin-down states at [Formula: see text], although the differences attenuate near the Fermi level. The spin-down states display multiple gap openings, which interrupt their parabolic-like dispersion. First-principles calculations attribute these findings to the symmetry- and spin-selective hybridization of the Ag states with the exchange-split bands of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moras
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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4
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Manna S, Przybylski M, Sander D, Kirschner J. The role of electron confinement in Pd films for the oscillatory magnetic anisotropy in an adjacent Co layer. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:456001. [PMID: 27609044 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/45/456001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the interplay between quantum well states in Pd and the magnetic anisotropy in Pd/Co/Cu (0 0 1) by combined scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and magneto optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements. Low temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals occupied and unoccupied quantum well states (QWS) in atomically flat Pd films on Co/Cu (0 0 1). These states give rise to sharp peaks in the differential conductance spectra. A quantitative analysis of the spectra reveals the electronic dispersion of the Pd (0 0 1) d-band ([Formula: see text]-type) along the [Formula: see text]-X direction. In situ MOKE experiments on Pd/Co/Cu (1, 1, 13) uncover a periodic variation of the in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy as a function of Pd thickness with a period of 6 atomic layers Pd. STS shows that QWS in Pd cross the Fermi level with the same periodicity of 6 atomic layers. Backed by previous theoretical work we ascribe the variation of the magnetic anisotropy in Co to QWS in the Pd overlayer. Our results suggest a novel venue towards tailoring uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of ferromagnetic films by exploiting QWS in an adjacent material with large spin-orbit coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Manna
- Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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5
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Chang CH, Dou KP, Chen YC, Hong TM, Kaun CC. Engineering the interlayer exchange coupling in magnetic trilayers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16844. [PMID: 26596253 PMCID: PMC4657024 DOI: 10.1038/srep16844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
When the thickness of metal film approaches the nanoscale, itinerant carriers resonate between its boundaries and form quantum well states (QWSs), which are crucial to account for the film’s electrical, transport and magnetic properties. Besides the classic origin of particle-in-a-box, the QWSs are also susceptible to the crystal structures that affect the quantum resonance. Here we investigate the QWSs and the magnetic interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) in the Fe/Ag/Fe (001) trilayer from first-principles calculations. We find that the carriers at the Brillouin-zone center (belly) and edge (neck) separately form electron- and hole-like QWSs that give rise to an oscillatory feature for the IEC as a function of the Ag-layer thickness with long and short periods. Since the QWS formation sensitively depends on boundary conditions, one can switch between these two IEC periods by changing the Fe-layer thickness. These features, which also occur in the magnetic trilayers with other noble-metal spacers, open a new degree of freedom to engineer the IEC in magnetoresistance devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hao Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Peng Dou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzay-Ming Hong
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Cheng Kaun
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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6
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Tao BS, Yang HX, Zuo YL, Devaux X, Lengaigne G, Hehn M, Lacour D, Andrieu S, Chshiev M, Hauet T, Montaigne F, Mangin S, Han XF, Lu Y. Long-Range Phase Coherence in Double-Barrier Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with a Large Thick Metallic Quantum Well. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:157204. [PMID: 26550750 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.157204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Double-barrier heterostructures are model systems for the study of electron tunneling and discrete energy levels in a quantum well (QW). Until now resonant tunneling phenomena in metallic QWs have been observed for limited thicknesses (1-2 nm) under which electron phase coherence is conserved. In the present study we show evidence of QW resonance states in Fe QWs up to 12 nm thick and at room temperature in fully epitaxial double MgAlO_{x} barrier magnetic tunnel junctions. The electron phase coherence displayed in this QW is of unprecedented quality because of a homogenous interface phase shift due to the small lattice mismatch at the Fe-MgAlO_{x} interface. The physical understanding of the critical role of interface strain on QW phase coherence will greatly promote the development of spin-dependent quantum resonant tunneling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Tao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - H X Yang
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SPINTEC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC-SPINTEC, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, SPINTEC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Y L Zuo
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - X Devaux
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - G Lengaigne
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Hehn
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - D Lacour
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - S Andrieu
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Chshiev
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SPINTEC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC-SPINTEC, F-38000 Grenoble, France and CNRS, SPINTEC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Hauet
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - F Montaigne
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - S Mangin
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - X F Han
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y Lu
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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7
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Wu Q, Altman MS. Probing buried magnetic interface structure with the quantum size effect in spin-dependent electron reflectivity. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 3:530-5. [PMID: 25728296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The quantum size effect (QSE) in electron reflectivity from Fe thin films grown on a W(110) surface precovered with a two monolayer Cu film has been investigated using spin polarized low energy electron microscopy. Spin-dependent QSE-induced oscillations in the reflected intensity occur with energy and film thickness. The series of intensity peaks that is observed identifies spin-dependent quantum well resonances in the Fe film that are sensitive to electronic band structure and details of the buried interface. Information about the spin-dependent unoccupied bands of the Fe film in the ΓΝ direction normal to the film plane is obtained by analyzing the observed quantum well resonance conditions. The spin-split bands that are determined are uniformly shifted downward by 1.7 eV compared to bulk-like bands determined previously in Fe films on a bare W(110) substrate by the same method. Evidence is also obtained that the buried interface that defines the thin film quantum well boundary is located one layer above the W(110) surface. These results suggest that the Cu layer in direct contact with the substrate remains largely intact, but the weakly-bound second Cu layer mixes or segregates freely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - M S Altman
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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8
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Wu Q, Altman MS. Spin polarized low energy electron microscopy of quantum well resonances in Fe films on the Cu-covered W(110) surface. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 130:109-14. [PMID: 23628648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spin polarized low energy electron microscopy has been used to investigate the quantum size effect (QSE) in electron reflectivity from Fe films grown on a pseudomorphic Cu layer on a W(110) surface. Intensity oscillations caused by the QSE as functions of Fe film thickness and incident electron energy identify quantum well resonance conditions in the film. Evaluation of these intensity oscillations using the phase accumulation model provides information on the unoccupied spin polarized band structure in the Fe film above the vacuum level. We also find evidence that the presence of the non-magnetic Cu layer shifts spin polarized quantum well resonances in the Fe layer uniformly downward in energy by 1.1eV compared to Fe/W(110) films without an interface Cu layer, suggesting that the Cu layer gives a small degree of control over the quantum well resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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9
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Tanaka Y, Mishra P, Tateishi R, Cuong NT, Orita H, Otani M, Nakayama T, Uchihashi T, Sakamoto K. Highly ordered cobalt-phthalocyanine chains on fractional atomic steps: one-dimensionality and electron hybridization. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1317-1323. [PMID: 23270336 DOI: 10.1021/nn304898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Precisely controlled fabrication of low-dimensional molecular structures with tailored morphologies and electronic properties is at the heart of the nanotechnology research. Especially, the formation of one-dimensional (1D) structures has been strongly desired due to their expected high performance for information processing in electronic/magnetic devices. So far, however, they have been obtained by tough and slow methods such as manipulation of individual molecules, which are totally unsuited for mass production. Here we show that highly ordered cobalt-phthalocyanine chains can be self-assembled on a metal surface using fractional atomic steps as a template. We also demonstrate that the substrate surface electrons, which can be confined by cobalt-phthalocyanine molecules, can propagate along the step arrays and can hybridize with the molecular orbitals. These findings provide a significant step toward readily realization of 1D charge/spin transport, which can be mediated either directly by the molecules or by the surface electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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10
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Dey P, Weber W. Electron-spin motion: a new tool to study ferromagnetic films and surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:473201. [PMID: 22075703 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/47/473201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
When electrons are interacting with a ferromagnetic material, their spin-polarization vector is expected to move. This spin motion, comprising an azimuthal precession and a polar rotation about the magnetization direction of the ferromagnet, has been studied in spin-polarized electron scattering experiments both in transmission and reflection geometry. In this review we show that electron-spin motion can be considered as a new tool to study ferromagnetic films and surfaces and we discuss its application to a number of different problems: (a) the transmission of spin-polarized electrons across ferromagnetic films, (b) the influence of spin-dependent gaps in the electronic band structure on the spin motion in reflection geometry, (c) interference experiments with spin-polarized electrons and (d) the influence of lattice relaxations in ferromagnetic films on the spin motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dey
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UDS-CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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11
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12
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Zhang HG, Hu H, Pan Y, Mao JH, Gao M, Guo HM, Du SX, Greber T, Gao HJ. Graphene based quantum dots. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:302001. [PMID: 21399330 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/30/302001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Laterally localized electronic states are identified on a single layer of graphene on ruthenium by low temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). The individual states are separated by 3 nm and comprise regions of about 90 carbon atoms. This constitutes a highly regular quantum dot-array with molecular precision. It is evidenced by quantum well resonances (QWRs) with energies that relate to the corrugation of the graphene layer. The dI/dV conductance spectra are modeled by a layer height dependent potential-well with a delta-function potential that describes the barrier for electron penetration into graphene. The resulting QWRs are strongest and lowest in energy on the isolated 'hill' regions with a diameter of 2 nm, where the graphene is decoupled from the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Pletikosić I, Kralj M, Sokčević D, Brako R, Lazić P, Pervan P. Photoemission and density functional theory study of Ir(111); energy band gap mapping. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:135006. [PMID: 21389509 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/13/135006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have performed combined angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the electronic structure of the Ir(111) surface, with the focus on the existence of energy band gaps. The investigation was motivated by the experimental results suggesting Ir(111) as an ideal support for the growth of weakly bonded graphene. Therefore, our prime interest was electronic structure around the [Formula: see text] symmetry point. In accordance with DFT calculations, ARPES has shown a wide energy band gap with the shape of a parallelogram centred around the [Formula: see text] point. Within the gap three surface states were identified; one just below the Fermi level and two spin-orbit split surface states at the bottom of the gap.
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14
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Altman MS. Trends in low energy electron microscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:084017. [PMID: 21389393 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/8/084017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and spin polarized LEEM (SPLEEM) are two powerful in situ techniques for the study of surfaces, thin films and other surface-supported nanostructures. Their real-time imaging and complementary diffraction capabilities allow the study of structure, morphology, magnetism and dynamic processes with high spatial and temporal resolution. Progress in methods, instrumentation and understanding of novel contrast mechanisms that derive from the wave nature and spin degree of freedom of the electron continue to advance applications of LEEM and SPLEEM in these areas and beyond. We review here the basic imaging principles and recent developments that demonstrate the current capabilities of these techniques and suggest potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Altman
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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15
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Xie YP, Wu YZ, Gong XG. Quantum-well states in a double-well system: an example of Cu/Co(Ni)/Cu. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:052203. [PMID: 21386334 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/5/052203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The quantum-well (QW) states in the Cu/Co double-well system are studied by first-principles calculations. We have shown that the monolayer Ni or Co as a heterogeneous spacer in Cu QW can not only disturb the QW states extending into the whole structure, but also create new QW states because of the interfaces introduced, resulting in sub-well-confining electrons. If the QW state energy in two sub-wells is close to each other, these two sub-well QW states can couple together. We have also demonstrated that monolayer Co and Ni spacers play different roles for modulating QW states at different energy levels, which also result in a complicated distribution of QW states. The obtained results are in good agreement with experiment data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ping Xie
- Surface Physics Laboratory and Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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16
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Mathias S, Wiesenmayer M, Aeschlimann M, Bauer M. Quantum-well wave-function localization and the electron-phonon interaction in thin Ag nanofilms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:236809. [PMID: 17280230 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.236809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The electron-phonon interaction in thin Ag nanofilms epitaxially grown on Cu(111) is investigated by temperature-dependent and angle-resolved photoemission from silver quantum-well states. Clear oscillations in the electron-phonon coupling parameter as a function of the silver film thickness are observed. Different from other thin film systems where quantum oscillations are related to the Fermi-level crossing of quantum-well states, we can identify a new mechanism behind these oscillations, based on the wave-function localization of the quantum-well states in the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mathias
- Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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17
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Wu YZ, Schmid AK, Qiu ZQ. Spin-dependent quantum interference from epitaxial MgO thin films on Fe(001). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:217205. [PMID: 17155772 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.217205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Spin-dependent electron reflection from MgO thin films grown on Fe(001) was measured using spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy. The electron reflectivity exhibits quantum interference from which two MgO energy bands with Delta1 symmetry were determined in experiment. We found that a bulklike MgO energy gap is fully established for MgO film thicker than 3 atomic monolayers and that the electron reflectivity from the MgO/Fe interface exhibits a spin-dependent amplitude and a spin-independent phase change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Wu
- Surface Physics Laboratory (National Key Laboratory), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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18
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Wang Y, Lu ZY, Zhang XG, Han XF. First-principles theory of quantum well resonance in double barrier magnetic tunnel junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:087210. [PMID: 17026335 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.087210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum well (QW) resonances in Fe(001)/MgO/Fe/MgO/Fe double barrier magnetic tunnel junctions are calculated from first principles. By including the Coulomb blockade energy due to the finite size islands of the middle Fe film, we confirm that the oscillatory differential resistance observed in a recent experiment [T. Nozaki, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 027208 (2006)10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.027208] originates from the QW resonances from the Delta1 band of the Fe majority-spin channel. The primary source of smearing at low temperatures is shown to be the variation of the Coulomb blockade energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetism, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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19
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Joly L, Ha JK, Alouani M, Kortus J, Weber W. Electron spin precession upon reflecting from ferromagnetic surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:137206. [PMID: 16712030 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.137206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrons with the polarization vector perpendicular to the magnetization of Fe, Co, and Ni films are spin analyzed after reflecting from the ferromagnet. At low primary electron energies a strong spin motion is found, namely, a precession of the polarization around the magnetization and a change of the angle between the polarization and the magnetization. This observation can be accounted for by the existence of spin-dependent gaps in the electronic band structure of the ferromagnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Joly
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, ULP-CNRS 23 rue du Loess, Boîte Postale 43, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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20
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Varykhalov A, Shikin AM, Gudat W, Moras P, Grazioli C, Carbone C, Rader O. Probing the ground state electronic structure of a correlated electron system by quantum well states: Ag/Ni(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:247601. [PMID: 16384423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.247601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ground state electronic properties of the strongly correlated transition metal Ni are usually not accessible from the excitation spectra measured in photoelectron spectroscopy. We show that the bottom of the Ni d band along [111] can be probed through the energy dependence of the phase of quantum-well states in Ag/Ni(111). Our model description of the quantum-well energies measured by angle-resolved photoemission determines the bottom of the empty set 1 d band of Ni as 2.6 eV, in full agreement with standard local density theory and at variance with the values of 1.7-1.8 eV from direct angle-resolved photoemission experiments of Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Varykhalov
- BESSY, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Wu YZ, Schmid AK, Altman MS, Jin XF, Qiu ZQ. Spin-dependent Fabry-Pérot interference from a Cu thin film grown on fcc Co(001). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:027201. [PMID: 15698221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spin-dependent electron reflection from a Cu thin film grown on Co/Cu(001) was investigated using spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM). Fabry-Pe rot type interference was observed and is explained using the phase accumulation model. SPLEEM images of the Cu overlayer reveal magnetic domains in the Co underlayer, with the domain contrast oscillating with electron energy and Cu film thickness. This behavior is attributed to the spin-dependent electron reflectivity at the Cu/Co interface which leads to spin-dependent Fabry-Pe rot electron interference in the Cu film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Wu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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22
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Man IKH, Altman MS. Low-energy electron microscopy of layer spacings and quantum electronic structure of ultrathin films. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Man KL, Qiu ZQ, Altman MS. Kinetic limitations in electronic growth of Ag films on Fe(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:236104. [PMID: 15601178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.236104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantum well (QW) resonances are identified in Ag films on an Fe(100) surface and are used in low energy electron microscopy to monitor film morphology during annealing and growth. We find that Ag films thermally decompose to thicknesses that are stabilized by QW states at the Gamma point. Novel growth morphologies are also observed that highlight the competition between kinetic limitations and the QW state energetics that promote electronic growth. These combined observations help to explain the unusual bifurcation mode of thermal decomposition that was reported previously for this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Man
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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24
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Quantum-Well States in Ultra-Thin Metal Films on Semiconductor Surfaces. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2004.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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26
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Ogawa S, Nagano H, Petek H. Optical intersubband transitions and femtosecond dynamics in Ag/Fe(100) quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:116801. [PMID: 11909418 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.116801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The optical intersubband transitions and femtosecond dynamics of electrons in quantum well states in Ag/Fe(100) are investigated by interferometric time-resolved two-photon photoemission. The quantum well wave functions and transition probabilities are evaluated from the two-photon photoemission resonance energies and intensities using an extended phase accumulation model. Direct femtosecond pump-probe correlation measurements elucidate the importance of interfaces in confined structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ogawa
- Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama 350-0395, Japan
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27
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Electronic Properties of Van Der Waals-Epitaxy Films and Interfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47126-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Luh D, Paggel JJ, Miller T, Chiang T. d-band quantum well states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:3410-3413. [PMID: 11019102 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Observations of d-band quantum well states are made for atomically uniform Ag films on Fe(100) using angle-resolved photoemission. For increasing film thicknesses, quantum well peaks within the small 4d bandwidth multiply rapidly and merge into a bulklike spectrum at approximately 25 monolayers. An analysis of the peak positions yields a highly accurate bulk band structure of Ag. A very narrow d-band peak width (13 meV) is observed at the band top.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luh
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3080 and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2902, USA
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29
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Kawakami RK, Rotenberg E, Choi HJ, Escorcia-Aparicio EJ, Bowen MO, Wolfe JH, Arenholz E, Zhang ZD, Smith NV, Qiu ZQ. Quantum-well states in copper thin films. Nature 1999. [DOI: 10.1038/18178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Wong CM, McNeill JD, Gaffney KJ, Ge NH, Miller AD, Liu SH, Harris CB. Femtosecond Studies of Electron Dynamics at Dielectric-Metal Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983913c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - J. D. McNeill
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - K. J. Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - N.-H. Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - A. D. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - S. H. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - C. B. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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31
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Harris CB, Ge NH, Lingle RL, McNeill JD, Wong CM. FEMTOSECOND DYNAMICS OF ELECTRONS ON SURFACES AND AT INTERFACES. Annu Rev Phys Chem 1997; 48:711-44. [PMID: 15012454 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.48.1.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon photoemission is a promising new technique that has been developed for the study of electron dynamics at interfaces. A femtosecond laser is used to both create an excited electronic distribution at the surface and eject the distribution for subsequent energy analysis. Time- and momentum-resolved two-photon photoemission spectra as a function of layer thickness fully determine the conduction band dynamics at the interface. Earlier clean surface studies showed how excited electron lifetimes are affected by the crystal band structure and vacuum image potential. Recent studies of various insulator/metal interfaces show that the dynamics of excess electrons are largely determined by the electron affinity of the adsorbate. In general, electron dynamics at the interface are influenced by the substrate and adlayer band structures, dielectric screening, and polaron formation in the two-dimensional overlayer lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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32
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Weissmann M, Llois AM, Ramírez R, Kiwi M. Transport properties of Co-Ni superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:15335-15340. [PMID: 9985598 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.15335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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33
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Valla T, Pervan P, Milun M, Hayden AB, Woodruff DP. Electronic structure of silver and copper ultrathin films on V(100): Quantum-well states. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:11786-11795. [PMID: 9984970 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.11786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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34
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McNeill JD, Lingle RL, Jordan RE, Padowitz DF, Harris CB. Interfacial quantum well states of Xe and Kr adsorbed on Ag(111). J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Crampin S, Ciccacci F. Integrity of quantum-well resonances in metallic overlayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:13817-13823. [PMID: 9983136 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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36
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Crampin S, Inglesfield JE. Quantum-well states in Cu/Co overlayers and sandwiches. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:9115-9122. [PMID: 9982412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.9115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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37
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Vescovo E, Rader O, Redinger J, Blügel S, Carbone C. Two-dimensional spin-polarized states of Ag on Fe(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:12418-12424. [PMID: 9978010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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38
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Fischer R, Fauster T. Coupling of image states to quantum-well states for Au on Pd(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:7112-7115. [PMID: 9977271 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.7112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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39
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Li D, Pearson J, Mattson JE, Bader SD, Johnson PD. Photoemission study of quantum confinement by a finite barrier: Cu/Co(wedge)/Cu(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:7195-7199. [PMID: 9977282 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.7195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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40
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Pizzini S, Fontaine A, Giorgetti C, Dartyge E, Bobo JF, Piecuch M, Baudelet F. Evidence for the spin polarization of copper in Co/Cu and Fe/Cu multilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:1470-1473. [PMID: 10059028 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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41
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Patthey F, Schneider W. Layer-by-layer-resolved quantum-well states in ultrathin silver islands on graphite: A photoemission study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:17560-17563. [PMID: 9976164 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.17560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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42
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Fauster T. Calculation of surface states using a one-dimensional scattering model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00331925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Brookes NB, Chang Y, Johnson PD. Ag/Fe(001) interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:15330-15336. [PMID: 9975885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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44
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Johnson PD, Garrison K, Dong Q, Smith NV, Li D, Mattson J, Pearson J, Bader SD. Hybridization and the effective mass of quantum-well states in magnetic multilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:8954-8956. [PMID: 9974936 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.8954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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