1
|
Zeller G, Díaz Barrero D, Wiesen P, Niemes S, Tuchscherer N, Aker M, Leonhardt AMW, Demand J, Valerius K, Bornschein B, Schlösser M, Telle HH. Demonstration of tritium adsorption on graphene. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2838-2849. [PMID: 38817427 PMCID: PMC11134268 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report on studies of graphene exposed to tritium gas in a controlled environment. The single layer graphene on a SiO2/Si substrate was exposed to 400 mbar of T2, for a total time of ∼55 h. The resistivity of the graphene sample was measured in situ during tritium exposure using the van der Pauw method. We found that the sheet resistance increases by three orders of magnitude during the exposure, suggesting significant chemisorption of tritium. After exposure, the samples were characterised ex situ via spatio-chemical mapping with a confocal Raman microscope, to study the effect of tritium on the graphene structure (tritiation yielding T-graphene), as well as the homogeneity of modifications across the whole area of the graphene film. The Raman spectra after tritium exposure were comparable to previously observed results in hydrogen-loading experiments, carried out by other groups. By thermal annealing we also could demonstrate, using Raman spectral analysis, that the structural changes were largely reversible. Considering all observations, we conclude that the graphene film was at least partially tritiated during the tritium exposure, and that the graphene film by and large withstands the bombardment by electrons from the β-decay of tritium, as well as by energetic primary and secondary ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genrich Zeller
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Desedea Díaz Barrero
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Paul Wiesen
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Simon Niemes
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Nancy Tuchscherer
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Max Aker
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Artus M W Leonhardt
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jannik Demand
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Kathrin Valerius
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Beate Bornschein
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Magnus Schlösser
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Helmut H Telle
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qing F, Guo X, Hou Y, Ning C, Wang Q, Li X. Toward the Production of Super Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310678. [PMID: 38708801 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The quality requirements of graphene depend on the applications. Some have a high tolerance for graphene quality and even require some defects, while others require graphene as perfect as possible to achieve good performance. So far, synthesis of large-area graphene films by chemical vapor deposition of carbon precursors on metal substrates, especially on Cu, remains the main way to produce high-quality graphene, which has been significantly developed in the past 15 years. However, although many prototypes are demonstrated, their performance is still more or less far from the theoretical property limit of graphene. This review focuses on how to make super graphene, namely graphene with a perfect structure and free of contaminations. More specially, this study focuses on graphene synthesis on Cu substrates. Typical defects in graphene are first discussed together with the formation mechanisms and how they are characterized normally, followed with a brief review of graphene properties and the effects of defects. Then, the synthesis progress of super graphene from the aspects of substrate, grain size, wrinkles, contamination, adlayers, and point defects are reviewed. Graphene transfer is briefly discussed as well. Finally, the challenges to make super graphene are discussed and a strategy is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhu Qing
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Xiaomeng Guo
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yuting Hou
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Congcong Ning
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Qisong Wang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering (Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Banhart F. The Formation and Transformation of Low-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials by Electron Irradiation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310462. [PMID: 38700071 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Low-dimensional materials based on graphene or graphite show a large variety of phenomena when they are subjected to irradiation with energetic electrons. Since the 1990s, electron microscopy studies, where a certain irradiation dose is unavoidable, have witnessed unexpected structural transformations of graphitic nanoparticles. It is recognized that electron irradiation is not only detrimental but also bears considerable potential in the formation of new graphitic structures. With the availability of aberration-corrected electron microscopes and the discovery of techniques to produce monolayers of graphene, detailed insight into the atomic processes occurring during electron irradiation became possible. Threshold energies for atom displacements are determined and models of different types of lattice vacancies are confirmed experimentally. However, experimental evidence for the configuration of interstitial atoms in graphite or adatoms on graphene remained indirect, and the understanding of defect dynamics still depends on theoretical concepts. This article reviews irradiation phenomena in graphene- or graphite-based nanomaterials from the scale of single atoms to tens of nanometers. Observations from the 1990s can now be explained on the basis of new results. The evolution of the understanding during three decades of research is presented, and the remaining problems are pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun DY, Li LH, Yuan GT, Ouyang YL, Tan R, Yin WJ, Wei XL, Tang ZK. Enhanced OER catalytic activity of single metal atoms supported by the pentagonal NiN 2 monolayer: insight from density functional theory calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6292-6299. [PMID: 38305764 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05464k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional material-supported single metal atom catalysts have been extensively studied and proved effective in electrocatalytic reactions in recent years. In this work, we systematically investigate the OER catalytic properties of single metal atoms supported by the NiN2 monolayer. Several typical transition metals with high single atom catalytic activity, such as Fe, Co, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt, were selected as catalytic active sites. The energy calculations show that transition metal atoms (Fe, Co, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt) are easily embedded in the NiN2 monolayer with Ni vacancies due to the negative binding energy. The calculated OER overpotentials of Fe, Co, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt embedded NiN2 monolayers are 0.92 V, 0.47 V, 1.13 V, 0.66 V, 1.25 V, 0.28 V, and 0.94 V, respectively. Compared to the 0.57 V OER overpotential of typical OER noble metal catalysts IrO2, Co@NiN2 and Ir@NiN2 exhibit high OER catalytic activity due to lower overpotential, especially for Ir@NiN2. The high catalytic activity of the Ir embedded NiN2 monolayer can be explained well by the d-band center model. It is found that the adsorption strength of the embedded TM atoms with intermediates follows a linear relationship with their d-band centers. Besides, the overpotential of the Ir embedded NiN2 monolayer can be further reduced to 0.24 V under -2% biaxial strain. Such findings are expected to be employed in more two-dimensional material-supported single metal atom catalyzed reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy Materials and Application Technologies, University of Hunan Province & College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China.
| | - Long-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy Materials and Application Technologies, University of Hunan Province & College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China.
| | - Guo-Tao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy Materials and Application Technologies, University of Hunan Province & College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China.
| | - Yu-Lou Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy Materials and Application Technologies, University of Hunan Province & College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China.
| | - Rui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy Materials and Application Technologies, University of Hunan Province & College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China.
| | - Wen-Jin Yin
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy Materials and Application Technologies, University of Hunan Province & College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China.
| | - Zhen-Kun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy Materials and Application Technologies, University of Hunan Province & College of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barboza AM, da Silva-Santos JA, Aliaga LCR, Bastos IN, Faria DF. Silicene growth mechanisms on Au(111) and Au(110) substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:165602. [PMID: 38176066 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad1aff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable theoretical applications of silicene, its synthesis remains a complex task, with epitaxial growth being one of the main routes involving depositing evaporated Si atoms onto a suitable substrate. Additionally, the requirement for a substrate to maintain the silicene stability poses several difficulties in accurately determining the growth mechanisms and the resulting structures, leading to conflicting results in the literature. In this study, large-scale molecular dynamics simulations are performed to uncover the growth mechanisms and characteristics of epitaxially grown silicene sheets on Au(111) and Au(110) substrates, considering different temperatures and Si deposition rates. The growth process has been found to initiate with the nucleation of several independent islands homogeneously distributed on the substrate surface, which gradually merge to form a complete silicene sheet. The results consistently demonstrate the presence of a buckled silicene structure, although this characteristic is notably reduced when using an Au(111) substrate. Furthermore, the analysis also focuses on the quality and growth mode of the silicene sheets, considering the influence of temperature and deposition rate. The findings reveal a prevalence of the Frank-van der Merwe growth mode, along with diverse forms of defects throughout the sheets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M Barboza
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Polytechnic Institute, 28625-570 Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José A da Silva-Santos
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Polytechnic Institute, 28625-570 Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis C R Aliaga
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Polytechnic Institute, 28625-570 Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivan N Bastos
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Polytechnic Institute, 28625-570 Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiara F Faria
- Rio de Janeiro State University, Polytechnic Institute, 28625-570 Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rajkamal A, Kim H. Theoretical verification on adsorptive removal of caffeine by carbon and nitrogen-based surfaces: Role of charge transfer, π electron occupancy, and temperature. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139667. [PMID: 37516324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Eliminating an emerging water pollutant, caffeine molecules, from an aqueous solution using carbon and nitrogen-based adsorbents is of significant interest to public health. These adsorbents have been shown to have decent adsorption capacity toward caffeine due to their surface functionality. Therefore, screening various carbon and nitrogen-based surfaces can be a better option for high-performance adsorbents to remove caffeine efficiently from wastewater. Herein, we present combined first principles and molecular dynamics quantification of the adsorption enthalpies of caffeine molecules on the possible active sites of carbon and nitrogen-based adsorbents (graphene, phagraphene, graphdiyne, single-wall carbon nanotube, fullerene, and graphitic carbon nitride) with the incorporation of Van der Waals interactions. From the DFT calculations, N-doped carbon surfaces show the highest adsorption energies of single and dimer CAF compared to pristine carbon-based adsorbents. A charge density difference and Bader charge analysis display that high charge transfer occurs between the caffeine's oxygen and the surface's nitrogen atoms. An abundance of π-electrons from the nitrogen atoms, composed of large electron clouds of aromatic rings on the graphitic carbon surface, tends to favor extensive π-π interactions with the caffeine molecule. The high value of pz electron occupancy (1.445) of N in the hexagonal ring of the graphitic surface transfers additional charge transfer, which leads to strong adsorption energy of CAF than pristine surfaces. Also, the g-C3N4 surface adsorbs the CAF molecule with higher adsorption than other N-doped carbon surfaces due to the high pz_eo (1.5448) of N atoms on the surface. At 310 K, the water molecules' kinetics aids the single and dimer caffeine molecules to adsorb with the highest adsorption energies on the active sites of g-C3N4 surfaces than graphene adsorbent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Rajkamal
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Environmental Waste Recycle Institute, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Hern Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Environmental Waste Recycle Institute, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dimov N, Staykov A, Kusdhany MIM, Lyth SM. Tailoring the work function of graphene via defects, nitrogen-doping and hydrogenation: A first principles study. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:415001. [PMID: 37490587 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7ecf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of defects, nitrogen doping, and hydrogen saturation on the work function of graphene is investigated via first principle calculations. Whilst Stone-Wales defects have little effect, single and double vacancy defects increase the work function by decreasing charge density in theπ-electron system. Substitutional nitrogen doping in defect-free graphene significantly decreases the work function, because the nitrogen atoms donate electrons to theπ-electron system. In the presence of defects, these competing effects mean that higher nitrogen content is required to achieve similar reduction in work function as for crystalline graphene. Doping with pyridinic nitrogen atoms at vacancies slightly increases the work function, since pyridinic nitrogen does not contribute electrons to theπ-electron system. Meanwhile, hydrogen saturation of the pyridinic nitrogen atoms significantly reduces the work function, due to a shift from pyridinic to graphitic-type behavior. These findings clearly explain some of the experimental work functions obtained for carbon and nitrogen-doped carbon materials in the literature, and has implications in applications such as photocatalysis, photovoltaics, electrochemistry, and electron field emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Dimov
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aleksandar Staykov
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Stephen M Lyth
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Automotive Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
- Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
- Department of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Santos E. Structural Dynamics in the Presence of Water of Graphene Bilayers with Defects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2038. [PMID: 37513049 PMCID: PMC10385876 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of a bilayer of graphene containing one mono-vacancy in the top layer has been investigated in the framework of DFTB in the absence and in the presence of water. Due to the speed of the code, we can describe details of the behavior, which are not directly accessible experimentally and cannot be treated by DFT or classical molecular dynamics. The presence of water enhances the displacement of carbon atoms in the perpendicular direction to the surface. Our results explain very well a variety of experimental findings. In particular, the stabilization of the Jahn-Teller distortion by hydrogenation of one of the carbon atoms at the edge of a mono-vacancy has been elucidated. This work is the first analysis of the behavior of a graphene vacancy at room temperature in contact with water based on a quantum mechanical molecular dynamics method, where both graphene and solvent are treated at the same level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Santos
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Mez-Starck-Haus, Oberberghof 7, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang X, Zhou X, Xu W, He L, Zhou Y, Hua Q, Wu G, Li D, Dong R. Mechanistic investigation of the influence of defects on armchair unburned carbon for PbCl 2 adsorption. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504231172613. [PMID: 37198909 PMCID: PMC10450311 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231172613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As the largest consumer of coal energy, coal-fired power plants emit large amounts of PbCl2 each year, which is of wide concern due to its high toxicity, global migration, and accumulation. Unburned carbon is considered a promising adsorbent for effective PbCl2 removal. However, there is a problem that the current unburned carbon model cannot show the structure of carbon defects on the actual unburned carbon surface. Therefore, it is important to construct defective unburned carbon models with practical significance. In addition, the adsorption mechanism of PbCl2 by an unburned model is not studied deeply enough and the reaction mechanism is not clear yet. This has seriously affected the development of effective adsorbents. To reveal the adsorption mechanism of PbCl2 on unburned carbon, the adsorption mechanism of PbCl2 on defective unburned carbon surfaces was analyzed by using the density flooding theory to investigate the adsorption process of PbCl2 on different unburned carbon models. This will provide theoretical guidance for the design and development of adsorbents for the removal of PbCl2 from coal-fired power plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Jiang
- CHN Energy Taizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhou
- CHN Energy Taizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- CHN Energy Taizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Lijun He
- CHN Energy Taizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Yaming Zhou
- CHN Energy Taizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Qiaojian Hua
- CHN Energy Taizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Guoxing Wu
- CHN Energy Taizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- CHN Energy Taizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Ruixin Dong
- Shandong Shangao Power Technology Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao Z, Huang Z, Zhang W, Perez-Aguilar JM, Gu Z, Tu Y. The single-atom catalytic activity of the hydrogen evolution reaction of the experimentally synthesized boridene 2D material: a density functional theory study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:80. [PMID: 36856893 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous theoretical studies have suggested that two-dimensional (2D) MBene materials might display adequate monatomic catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Recently, a study reported the experimental synthesis of a 2D MBene (Mo4/3B2), re-defined as boridene, albeit no effort has been devoted to explore the single-atom catalytic activity for HER of this experimentally synthesized 2D material. Therefore, we herein investigate the single-atom HER performance of the boridene. Interestingly, with Mo defects mixed with single Au and Zn atoms shows excellent hydrogen evolution performance, and the change in the Gibbs free energy ([Formula: see text]) value is close to 0 eV, which can even match the performance of Pt-based materials. Through analysis of the charge density difference and density of states, the mechanism affecting the HER performance is explained at the electronic level. This work provides a new direction for the use of the Mo4/3B2 monolayer two-dimensional materials in the field of single-atom catalysis for HER. METHODS This study used the DFT calculations in Vienna ab initio simulation package. The GGA-Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional with DFT-D2 correction is used to describe the exchange-correlation interactions. The projection augmented wave is used with the plane wave cutoff of 500 eV. The convergences of energy and force are 10-5 eV and 0.01 eV/Å, respectively. A vacuum layer with a height of 20 Å is set in the Z direction. For geometry optimization, self-consistent, and DOS calculations, the k-point grids sampled in Brillouin zones are 3 × 3 × 1, 9 × 9 × 1, and 9 × 9 × 1, respectively. The AIMD simulation is performed in the canonical ensemble (NVT), and the temperature was maintained at 300 K by Nosé-Hoover thermostats with a time step of 2.0 fs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoju Gao
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Zhijing Huang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Wenya Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-Aguilar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, 72570, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Zonglin Gu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Yusong Tu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yin H, Lin H, Zhang Y, Huang S. Iron(II) Phthalocyanine Adsorbed on Defective Graphenes: A Density Functional Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43915-43922. [PMID: 36506202 PMCID: PMC9730508 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The adsorptions of iron(II) phthalocyanine (FePc) on graphene and defective graphene were investigated systematically using density functional theory. Three types of graphene defects covering stone-wales (SW), single vacancy (SV), and double vacancy (DV) were taken into account, in which DV defects included DV(5-8-5), DV(555-777), and DV(5555-6-7777). The calculations of formation energies of defects showed that the SW defect has the lowest formation energy, and it was easier for DV defects to form compared with the SV defect. It is more difficult to rotate or move FePc on the surface of defective graphenes than on the surface of graphene due to bigger energy differences at different sites. Although the charge analysis indicated the charge transfers from graphene or defective graphene to FePc for all studied systems, the electron distributions of FePc on various defective graphenes were different. Especially for FePc@SV, the d xy orbital of Fe in the conduction band moved toward the Fermi level about 1 eV, and the d xz of Fe in the valence band for FePc@SV also moved toward the Fermi level compared with FePc@graphene and other FePc@defective graphenes. Between the planes of FePc and defective graphene, the electron accumulation occurs majorly in the position of the FePc molecular plane for FePc@SW, FePc@DV(5-8-5), and FePc@DV(5555-6-7777) as well as FePc@graphene. However, electrons were accumulated on the upper and lower surfaces of the FePc molecular plane for FePc@SV and FePc@DV(555-777). Thus, the electron distribution of FePc can be modulated by introducing the interfaces of different defective graphenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yin
- College
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350108, P. R. China
| | - Heyun Lin
- College
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350108, P. R. China
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350108, P. R. China
| | - Shuping Huang
- College
of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350108, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, Fuzhou, Fujian350108, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Miranda LP, da Costa DR, Peeters FM, Costa Filho RN. Vacancy clustering effect on the electronic and transport properties of bilayer graphene nanoribbons. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:055706. [PMID: 36322965 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac9f50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental realizations of two-dimensional materials are hardly free of structural defects such as e.g. vacancies, which, in turn, modify drastically its pristine physical defect-free properties. In this work, we explore effects due to point defect clustering on the electronic and transport properties of bilayer graphene nanoribbons, for AA and AB stacking and zigzag and armchair boundaries, by means of the tight-binding approach and scattering matrix formalism. Evident vacancy concentration signatures exhibiting a maximum amplitude and an universality regardless of the system size, stacking and boundary types, in the density of states around the zero-energy level are observed. Our results are explained via the coalescence analysis of the strong sizeable vacancy clustering effect in the system and the breaking of the inversion symmetry at high vacancy densities, demonstrating a similar density of states for two equivalent degrees of concentration disorder, below and above the maximum value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P Miranda
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - D R da Costa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - F M Peeters
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R N Costa Filho
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh A, Ahmed A, Sharma A, Arya S. Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100910. [PMID: 36291046 PMCID: PMC9599499 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
Collapse
|
14
|
Computational screening of TMN4 based graphene-like BC6N for CO2 electroreduction to C1 hydrocarbon products. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Bhatt MD, Kim H, Kim G. Various defects in graphene: a review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21520-21547. [PMID: 35975063 PMCID: PMC9347212 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01436j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pristine graphene has been considered one of the most promising materials because of its excellent physical and chemical properties. However, various defects in graphene produced during synthesis or fabrication hinder its performance for applications such as electronic devices, transparent electrodes, and spintronic devices. Due to its intrinsic bandgap and nonmagnetic nature, it cannot be used in nanoelectronics or spintronics. Intrinsic and extrinsic defects are ultimately introduced to tailor electronic and magnetic properties and take advantage of their hidden potential. This article emphasizes the current advancement of intrinsic and extrinsic defects in graphene for potential applications. We also discuss the limitations and outlook for such defects in graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heeju Kim
- Hybrid Materials Center, Sejong University Seoul 05006 Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University Seoul 05006 Korea
| | - Gunn Kim
- Hybrid Materials Center, Sejong University Seoul 05006 Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University Seoul 05006 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Adsorption of hydrogen isotopes on graphene. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Ferretti A, Sinha S, Sagresti L, Araya-Hermosilla E, Prato M, Mattoli V, Pucci A, Brancato G. One-step functionalization of mildly and strongly reduced graphene oxide with maleimide: an experimental and theoretical investigation of the Diels-Alder [4+2] cycloaddition reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2491-2503. [PMID: 35023509 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For large-scale graphene applications, such as the production of polymer-graphene nanocomposites, exfoliated graphene oxide (GO) and its reduced form (rGO) are presently considered to be very suitable starting materials, showing enhanced chemical reactivity with respect to pristine graphene, in addition to suitable electronic properties (i.e., tunable band gap). Among other chemical processes, a suitable way to obtain surface decoration of graphene is through a direct one-step Diels-Alder (DA) reaction, e.g. through the use of dienophile or diene moieties. However, the feasibility and extent of decoration largely depends on the specific graphene microstructure that in the case of rGO sheets is not easy to control and generally presents a high degree of inhomogeneity owing to various on-plane functionalization (e.g., epoxide and hydroxyl groups) or in-plane lattice defects. In an effort to gain some insights into the covalent functionalization of variably reduced GO samples, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study on the DA cycloaddition reaction of maleimide, a dienophile functional unit well-suited for chemical conjugation of polymers and macromolecules. In particular, we considered both mildly and strongly reduced GOs. Using thermogravimetry, Raman and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental analysis we show evidence of variable chemical reactivity of rGO as a function of the residual oxygen content. Moreover, from quantum mechanical calculations carried out at the DFT level on different graphene reaction sites, we provide a more detailed molecular view to interpret experimental findings and to assess the reactivity series of different graphene modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Ferretti
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Industriale, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sourab Sinha
- Scuola Normale Superiore and CSGI, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luca Sagresti
- Scuola Normale Superiore and CSGI, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Esteban Araya-Hermosilla
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione della Strumentazione dell'Università di Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Brancato
- Scuola Normale Superiore and CSGI, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Isbill SB, Shields AE, Kapsimalis RJ, Niedziela JL. Computational investigations of Dienes defect- and vacancy-induced changes in the electronic and vibrational properties of carbon fiber structural units. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27385-27396. [PMID: 34859811 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03930j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber (CF) is a promising lightweight alternative to steel and is of significant interest for energy applications. As CF continues to find new uses and is exposed to new external conditions, a noninvasive method of monitoring its structural integrity is critical. Raman spectroscopy is a commonly used method for this monitoring; however, it is highly inferential, and the interpretation of the data is not always straightforward. In this work, we perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate changes in the vibrational properties of CF structural units (i.e., graphene and graphite) caused by monovacancy and Dienes defects as a foundation for modeling more complex defects that move our model toward that of realistic CF. Using large computational supercells, we can understand how these defects change the electronic structure and vibrational properties of graphene and graphite for interdefect distances near those of the lower experimental limit. The monovacancy opens an electronic bandgap at the K point. Although no such electronic gap is opened by the Dienes defect, both defects introduce flat defect bands near the Fermi energy. The Dienes defect creates long-range deviations of the phonons, leading to substantial broadening of the highest frequency optical modes in the band structure compared to that of the pristine material. In contrast, the phonon changes caused by the monovacancy are short range, and only minor changes in the band structure or phonon density of states were observed. These findings can assist in the interpretation of experimental results by providing atomic-scale insight into key electronic and vibrational features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Isbill
- Nuclear Nonproliferation Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA.
| | - Ashley E Shields
- Nuclear Nonproliferation Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA.
| | - Roger J Kapsimalis
- Nuclear Nonproliferation Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA.
| | - J L Niedziela
- Nuclear Nonproliferation Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen Y, Zhang X, Qin J, Liu R. Transition metal atom doped Ni3S2 as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting: Design strategy from DFT studies. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Lu S, Huynh HL, Lou F, Guo M, Yu Z. Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CH4 over transition metal atom embedded antimonene: First-principles study. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
21
|
Lu S, Huynh HL, Lou F, Guo K, Yu Z. Single transition metal atom embedded antimonene monolayers as efficient trifunctional electrocatalysts for the HER, OER and ORR: a density functional theory study. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12885-12895. [PMID: 34477772 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient, stable and cost-effective electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been pursued for several decades. Herein, by employing density functional theory (DFT), a wide range of transition metal (TM = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Ir, Pt and Au) atoms anchored on antimonene (Sb monolayer) with a single Sb vacancy as single-atom catalysts (SACs) were investigated for their HER, OER and ORR performance. The results indicate that the defective Sb monolayer can be stable. Some TM@Sb monolayers show excellent stability and good electrical conductivity, beneficial for electron transfer during electrocatalytic reactions. The Ir@ and Pt@Sb monolayers exhibit excellent HER performance, both with about -0.01 eV of ΔG*H. The d band centre of the TM@Sb monolayer can be used to describe the binding strength between substrates and intermediates directly. The best OER electrocatalyst is the Pt@Sb monolayer, which shows an overpotential (ηOER) of 0.48 V. In contrast, the best ORR electrocatalyst is the Ag@Sb monolayer with an ηORR of 0.50 V, followed by Pd@, Rh@, Cd@ and Pt@Sb monolayers. Compared with pristine antimonene, only the noble metal atom could improve its OER and ORR performance effectively, and the Pt@Sb monolayer can be a trifunctional electrocatalyst for the HER/OER/ORR. Therefore, our calculations highlight a new type of SAC based on antimonene, which can be useful for energy conversion and storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Lu
- Department of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gan J, Li F, Tang Q. Vacancies-Engineered M 2CO 2 MXene as an Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4805-4813. [PMID: 33999629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vacancy engineering is proposed to effectively modulate the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of M2CO2 MXene. A single C vacancy slightly weakens the H adsorption, while the introduction of a M vacancy or coupled M+C vacancies can greatly enhance the H binding. For a MXene with intrinsic too-strong H adsorption, double C vacancies are effective in weakening the binding and promoting the activity. The activity tuning is closely correlated to the electronic structures of the defected MXene, where the highest occupied peak position of the surface O electronic states shows an apparent linear trend with ΔGH and can be used to qualitatively predict the activity. The weakened or strengthened H adsorption by a C or M vacancy is attributed to the upshifted or downshifted Fermi level of surface O, respectively. Our results indicate the potential of defect chemistry to tune the catalytic activity of MXene and provide new possibilities to enhance the applications of MXene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Wang S. Interfacial Strengthening of Graphene/Aluminum Composites through Point Defects: A First-Principles Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:738. [PMID: 33804166 PMCID: PMC8001873 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between point defects and mechanical properties has not been fully understood yet from a theoretical perspective. This study systematically investigated how the Stone-Wales (SW) defect, the single vacancy (SV), and the double vacancy (DV) affect the mechanical properties of graphene/aluminum composites. The interfacial bonding energies containing the SW and DV defects were about twice that of the pristine graphene. Surprisingly, the interfacial bonding energy of the composites with single vacancy was almost four times that of without defect in graphene. These results indicate that point defects enhance the interfacial bonding strength significantly and thus improve the mechanical properties of graphene/aluminum composites, especially the SV defect. The differential charge density elucidates that the formation of strong Al-C covalent bonds at the defects is the most fundamental reason for improving the mechanical properties of graphene/aluminum composites. The theoretical research results show the defective graphene as the reinforcing phase is more promising to be used in the metal matrix composites, which will provide a novel design guideline for graphene reinforced metal matrix composites. Furthermore, the sp3-hybridized C dangling bonds increase the chemical activity of the SV graphene, making it possible for the SV graphene/aluminum composites to be used in the catalysis field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaoqing Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xiong Z, Zhong L, Wang H, Li X. Structural Defects, Mechanical Behaviors, and Properties of Two-Dimensional Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1192. [PMID: 33802523 PMCID: PMC7961825 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the success of monolayer graphene exfoliation, two-dimensional (2D) materials have been extensively studied due to their unique structures and unprecedented properties. Among these fascinating studies, the most predominant focus has been on their atomic structures, defects, and mechanical behaviors and properties, which serve as the basis for the practical applications of 2D materials. In this review, we first highlight the atomic structures of various 2D materials and the structural and energy features of some common defects. We then summarize the recent advances made in experimental, computational, and theoretical studies on the mechanical properties and behaviors of 2D materials. We mainly emphasized the underlying deformation and fracture mechanisms and the influences of various defects on mechanical behaviors and properties, which boost the emergence and development of topological design and defect engineering. We also further introduce the piezoelectric and flexoelectric behaviors of specific 2D materials to address the coupling between mechanical and electronic properties in 2D materials and the interactions between 2D crystals and substrates or between different 2D monolayers in heterostructures. Finally, we provide a perspective and outlook for future studies on the mechanical behaviors and properties of 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Xiong
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.X.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Lei Zhong
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.X.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
- Midea Group, Foshan 528311, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.X.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and Materials, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.X.); (L.Z.); (H.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Syuhada I, Hauwali NUJ, Rosikhin A, Sustini E, Noor FA, Winata T. Bond order redefinition needed to reduce inherent noise in molecular dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3674. [PMID: 33574347 PMCID: PMC7878785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present the bond order redefinition needed to reduce the inherent noise in order to enhance the accuracy of molecular dynamics simulations. We propose defining the bond order as a fraction of energy distribution. It happens due to the character of the material in nature, which tries to maintain its environment. To show the necessity, we developed a factory empirical interatomic potential (FEIP) for carbon that implements the redefinition with a short-range interaction approach. FEIP has been shown to enhance the accuracy of the calculation of lattice constants, cohesive energy, elastic properties, and phonons compared to experimental data, and can even be compared to other potentials with the long-range interaction approach. The enhancements due to FEIP can reduce the inherent noise, then provide a better prediction of the energy based on the behaviour of the atomic environment. FEIP can also transform simple two-body interactions into many-body interactions, which is useful for enhancing accuracy. Due to implementing the bond order redefinition, FEIP offers faster calculations than other complex interatomic potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibnu Syuhada
- Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Nikodemus Umbu Janga Hauwali
- Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Rosikhin
- Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Euis Sustini
- Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Fatimah Arofiati Noor
- Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Toto Winata
- Physics of Electronic Materials Research Division, Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhou Y, Gao G, Chu W, Wang LW. Transition-metal single atoms embedded into defective BC 3 as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction reactions. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1331-1339. [PMID: 33410443 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Searching for high-activity, stable and low-cost catalysts toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are of significant importance to the development of renewable energy technologies. By using the computational screening method based on the density functional theory (DFT), we have systematically studied a wide range of transition metal (TM) atoms doped a defective BC3 monolayer (B atom vacancy VB and C atom vacancy VC), denoted as TM@VB and TM@VC (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt), as efficient single atom catalysts for OER and ORR. The calculated results show that all the considered TM atoms can tightly bind with the defective BC3 monolayers to prevent the atomically dispersed atoms from clustering. The interaction strength between intermediates (HO*, O* and HOO*) and catalyst govern the catalytic activities of OER and ORR, which has a direct correlation with the d-band center (εd) of the TM active site that can be tuned by adjusting TM atoms with various d electron numbers. For TM@VB catalysts, it was found that the best catalyst for OER is Co@VB with an overpotential ηOER of 0.43 V, followed by Rh@VB (ηOER = 0.49 V), while for ORR, Rh@VB exhibits the lowest overpotential ηORR of 0.40 V, followed by Pd@VB (ηORR = 0.45 V). For TM@VC catalysts, the best catalyst for OER is Ni@VC (ηOER = 0.47 V), followed by Pt@VC (ηOER = 0.53 V), and for ORR, Pd@VC exhibits the highest activity with ηORR of 0.45 V. The results suggest that the high activity of the newly predicted well dispersed Rh@VB SAC is comparable to that of noble metal oxide benchmark catalysts for both OER and ORR. Importantly, Rh@VB may remain stable against dissolution at pH = 0 condition. The high energy barrier prevents the isolated Rh atom from clustering and ab initio molecule dynamic simulation (AIMD) result suggests that Rh@VB can remain stable under 300 K, indicating its kinetic stability. Our findings highlight a novel family of efficient and stable SAC based on carbon material, which offer a useful guideline to screen the metal active site for catalyst designation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China. and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA.
| | - Guoping Gao
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA.
| | - Wei Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ryu GH, Lee S, Kim JH, Lee GD, Lee Z. OH molecule-involved formation of point defects in monolayer graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:025704. [PMID: 32947266 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abb9d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Point defects in freestanding graphene monolayers such as monovacancies (MVs) and divacancies have been investigated at atomic scale with aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and theoretical calculations. In general, these defects can be formed simply by the absence of individual carbon atoms and carbon bond reconstructions in the graphene lattice under electron and ion irradiation. However, in this study, we found that oxygen and hydrogen atoms can be involved in the formation of these point defects caused by the simultaneous detachment of oxygen-carbon atoms. Here we report the effect of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms on the graphene surface forming the point defects under electron beam irradiation, and their role of stabilizing other MVs when composed of 13-5 ring pairs. In addition, theoretical analysis using density functional theory calculations demonstrates that the participating atoms can form the point defects in the intermediate states and stabilize 13-5 ring pairs under electron beam irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Hee Ryu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Kim
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Do Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Barlocco I, Capelli S, Lu X, Tumiati S, Dimitratos N, Roldan A, Villa A. Role of defects in carbon materials during metal-free formic acid dehydrogenation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22768-22777. [PMID: 33174567 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05774f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Commercial graphite (GP), graphite oxide (GO), and two carbon nanofibers (CNF-PR24-PS and CNF-PR24-LHT) were used as catalysts for the metal-free dehydrogenation reaction of formic acid (FA) in the liquid phase. Raman and XPS spectroscopy demonstrated that the activity is directly correlated with the defectiveness of the carbon material (GO > CNF-PR24-PS > CNF-PR24-LHT > GP). Strong deactivation phenomena were observed for all the catalysts after 5 minutes of reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the single vacancies present on the graphitic layers are the only active sites for FA dehydrogenation, while other defects, such as double vacancies and Stone-Wales (SW) defects, rarely adsorb FA molecules. Two different reaction pathways were found, one passing through a carboxyl species and the other through a hydroxymethylene intermediate. In both mechanisms, the active sites were poisoned by an intermediate species such as CO and atomic hydrogen, explaining the catalyst deactivation observed in the experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Barlocco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen H, Handoko AD, Wang T, Qu J, Xiao J, Liu X, Legut D, Wei Seh Z, Zhang Q. Defect-Enhanced CO 2 Reduction Catalytic Performance in O-Terminated MXenes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5690-5698. [PMID: 32815277 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2 RR) represents a promising way to generate fuels and chemical feedstock sustainably. Recently, studies have shown that two-dimensional metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) can be promising CO2 RR electrocatalysts due to the alternating -C and -H coordination with intermediates that decouples scaling relations seen on transition metal catalysts. However, further by tuning the electronic and surface structure of MXenes it should still be possible to reach higher turnover number and selectivities. To this end, defect engineering of MXenes for electrochemical CO2 RR has not been investigated to date. In this work, first-principles modelling simulations are employed to systematically investigate CO2 RR on M2 XO2 -type MXenes with transition metal and carbon/nitrogen vacancies. We found that the -C-coordinated intermediates take the form of fragments (e. g., *COOH, *CHO) whereas the -H-coordinated intermediates form a complete molecule (e. g., *HCOOH, *H2 CO). Interestingly, the fragment-type intermediates become more strongly bound when transition-metal vacancies are present on most MXenes, while the molecule-type intermediates are largely unaffected, allowing the CO2 RR overpotential to be tuned. The most promising defective MXene is Hf2 NO2 containing Hf vacancies, with a low overpotential of 0.45 V. More importantly, through electronic structure analysis it could be observed that the Fermi level of the MXene changes significantly in the presence of vacancies, indicating that the Fermi level shift can be used as an ideal descriptor to rapidly predict the catalytic performance of defective MXenes. Such an evaluation strategy is applicable to other catalysts beyond MXenes, which could enhance high throughput screening efforts for accelerated catalyst discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hetian Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Albertus D Handoko
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Tianshuai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jiale Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jiewen Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Dominik Legut
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Zhi Wei Seh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qianfan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Long BA, Lau CY, Rodriguez DJ, Tang SA, Anderson SL. Sublimation Kinetics for Individual Graphite and Graphene Nanoparticles (NPs): NP-to-NP Variations and Evolving Structure-Kinetics and Structure-Emissivity Relationships. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14090-14101. [PMID: 32698584 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A single nanoparticle (NP) mass spectrometry method was used to measure sublimation rates as a function of nanoparticle temperature (TNP) for sets of individual graphite and graphene NPs. Initially, the NP sublimation rates were ∼400 times faster than those for bulk graphite, and there were large NP-to-NP variations. Over time, the rates slowed substantially, though they remained well above the bulk rate. The initial activation energies (Ea values) were correspondingly low and doubled, as a few monolayers worth of material was sublimed from the surfaces. The high initial rates and low Ea values are attributed to large numbers of edge, defect, and other low coordination sites on the NP surfaces, and the changes are attributed to atomic-scale "smoothing" of the surface by preferential sublimation of the less stable sites. The emissivity of the NPs also changed after heating, more frequently increasing. The emissivity and sublimation rates were anticorrelated, leading to the conclusion that high densities of low-coordination sites on the NP surfaces enhance sublimation but suppress emissivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Chris Y Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Daniel J Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Susanna An Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Scott L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cao MS, Wang XX, Zhang M, Cao WQ, Fang XY, Yuan J. Variable-Temperature Electron Transport and Dipole Polarization Turning Flexible Multifunctional Microsensor beyond Electrical and Optical Energy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907156. [PMID: 31995267 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Humans are undergoing a fateful transformation focusing on artificial intelligence, quantum information technology, virtual reality, etc., which is inseparable from intelligent nano-micro devices. However, the booming of "Big Data" brings about an even greater challenge by growing electromagnetic radiation. Herein, an innovative flexible multifunctional microsensor is proposed, opening up a new horizon for intelligent devices. It integrates "non-crosstalk" multiple perception and green electromagnetic interference shielding only in one pixel, with satisfactory sensitivity and fast information feedback. Importantly, beneficial by deep insight into the variable-temperature electromagnetic response, the microsensor tactfully transforms the urgent threat of electromagnetic radiation into "wealth," further integrating self-power. This result will refresh researchers' realization of next-generation devices, ushering in a new direction for aerospace engineering, remote sensing, communications, medical treatment, biomimetic robot, prosthetics, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fang
- School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Luo M, Li BL, Li D. Effects of Divacancy and Extended Line Defects on the Thermal Transport Properties of Graphene Nanoribbons. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1609. [PMID: 31766154 PMCID: PMC6915358 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of divacancy, including isolated defects and extended line defects (ELD), on the thermal transport properties of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are investigated using the Nonequilibrium Green's function method. Different divacancy defects can effectively tune the thermal transport of GNRs and the thermal conductance is significantly reduced. The phonon scattering of a single divacancy is mostly at high frequencies while the phonon scattering at low frequencies is also strong for randomly distributed multiple divacancies. The collective effect of impurity scattering and boundary scattering is discussed, which makes the defect scattering vary with the boundary condition. The effect on thermal transport properties of a divacancy is also shown to be closely related to the cross section of the defect, the internal structure and the bonding strength inside the defect. Both low frequency and high frequency phonons are scattered by 48, d5d7 and t5t7 ELD. However, the 585 ELD has almost no influence on phonon scattering at low frequency region, resulting in the thermal conductance of GNRs with 585 ELD being 50% higher than that of randomly distributed 585 defects. All these results are valuable for the design and manufacture of graphene nanodevices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM), Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China;
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Bo-Lin Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology (EBEAM), Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China;
| | - Dengfeng Li
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gerber IC, Serp P. A Theory/Experience Description of Support Effects in Carbon-Supported Catalysts. Chem Rev 2019; 120:1250-1349. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iann C. Gerber
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Serp
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPR 8241 CNRS, INPT, 31400 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Montes-Campos H, Manuel Otero-Mato J, Carlos Longo R, Cabeza O, Javier Gallego L, Miguel Varela L. Mixtures of lithium salts and ionic liquids at defected graphene walls. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
36
|
Kumar CNS, Konrad M, Chakravadhanula VSK, Dehm S, Wang D, Wenzel W, Krupke R, Kübel C. Nanocrystalline graphene at high temperatures: insight into nanoscale processes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2485-2494. [PMID: 36132723 PMCID: PMC9419052 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During high temperature pyrolysis of polymer thin films, nanocrystalline graphene with a high defect density, active edges and various nanostructures is formed. The catalyst-free synthesis is based on the temperature assisted transformation of a polymer precursor. The processing conditions have a strong influence on the final thin film properties. However, the precise elemental processes that govern the polymer pyrolysis at high temperatures are unknown. By means of time resolved in situ transmission electron microscopy investigations we reveal that the reactivity of defects and unsaturated edges plays an integral role in the structural dynamics. Both mobile and stationary structures with varying size, shape and dynamics have been observed. During high temperature experiments, small graphene fragments (nanoflakes) are highly unstable and tend to lose atoms or small groups of atoms, while adjacent larger domains grow by addition of atoms, indicating an Ostwald-like ripening in these 2D materials, besides the mechanism of lateral merging of nanoflakes with edges. These processes are also observed in low-dose experiments with negligible electron beam influence. Based on energy barrier calculations, we propose several inherent temperature-driven mechanisms of atom rearrangement, partially involving catalyzing unsaturated sites. Our results show that the fundamentally different high temperature behavior and stability of nanocrystalline graphene in contrast to pristine graphene is caused by its reactive nature. The detailed analysis of the observed dynamics provides a pioneering overview of the relevant processes during ncg heating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C N Shyam Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Manuel Konrad
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | | | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Maroudas D, Muniz AR, Ramasubramaniam A. Structure-properties relations in graphene derivatives and metamaterials obtained by atomic-scale modeling. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2019.1628229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Maroudas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Andre R. Muniz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ashwin Ramasubramaniam
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Annenkov MR, Lvova NA, Popkov DO. Interaction between Fluorine and Graphene Vacancy Defects. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
39
|
Ångstrom-Scale, Atomically Thin 2D Materials for Corrosion Mitigation and Passivation. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal deterioration via corrosion is a ubiquitous and persistent problem. Ångstrom-scale, atomically thin 2D materials are promising candidates for effective, robust, and economical corrosion passivation coatings due to their ultimate thinness and excellent mechanical and electrical properties. This review focuses on elucidating the mechanism of 2D materials in corrosion mitigation and passivation related to their physicochemical properties and variations, such as defects, out-of-plane deformations, interfacial states, temporal and thickness variations, etc. In addition, this review discusses recent progress and developments of 2D material coatings for corrosion mitigation and passivation as well as the significant challenges to overcome in the future.
Collapse
|
40
|
Study of Implantation Defects in CVD Graphene by Optical and Electrical Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A Chemical Vapor Deposition graphene monolayer grown on 6H–SiC (0001) substrates was used for implantation experiments. The graphene samples were irradiated by He+ and N+ ions. The Raman spectra and electrical transport parameters were measured as a function of increasing implantation fluence. The defect concentration was determined from intensity ratio of the Raman D and G peaks, while the carrier’s concentration was determined from the relations between G and 2D Raman modes energies. It was found that the number of defects generated by one ion is 0.0025 and 0.045 and the mean defect radius about 1.5 and 1.34 nm for He+ and N+, respectively. Hole concentration and mobility were determined from van der Pauw measurements. It was found that mobility decreases nearly by three orders of magnitude with increase of defect concentration. The inverse of mobility versus defect concentration is a linear function, which indicates that the main scattering mechanism is related to defects generated by ion implantation. The slope of inverse mobility versus defect concentration provides the value of defect radius responsible for scattering carriers at about 0.75 nm. This estimated defect radius indicates that the scattering centres most likely consist of reconstructed divacancies or larger vacancy complexes.
Collapse
|
41
|
Thermodynamic stability of magnetic states of monovacancy in graphene revealed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:751. [PMID: 30679667 PMCID: PMC6345904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability of magnetic states is essential for potential spintronic applications. Here we report on the thermal stability of magnetic states of monovacancy graphene using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. At room temperature, thermal fluctuations of the graphene lattice induce a rapid magnetic switching between two states with a high and low magnetic moment, indicating that due to the instability of the atomic structure of the vacancy, the associated magnetic moment is thermodynamically unstable. Lowering the temperature can significantly reduce the rate of the switching process and enhance the resident time on the high magnetic state. It stabilizes in the high magnetic state at as low as 30 K. Analyzing the atomic trajectories and the instant electronic structures confirms that these two magnetic states in MD simulations correspond to the magnetic and nonmagnetic states reported in the literatures. Such fluctuations of local magnetic moments are associated with the vertical displacement of the carbon atoms with the unsaturated dangling bond. This study reveals the dynamical correlation between atomic movement and the magnetic switching, and a comprehensive picture of vacancy magnetism in graphene. It has implications in graphene based spintronic devices.
Collapse
|
42
|
Pinheiro M, Cardoso DVV, Aquino AJA, Machado FBC, Lischka H. The characterization of electronic defect states of single and double carbon vacancies in graphene sheets using molecular density functional theory. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1567848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Pinheiro
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adélia J. A. Aquino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Burian A, Dore JC, Jurkiewicz K. Structural studies of carbons by neutron and x-ray scattering. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:016501. [PMID: 30462611 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aae882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon can have many different forms and the characterisation of structural features on a length scale of 1 Å to 10 μm is important in defining its physical and chemical properties for the various forms. The use of either electro-magnetic (x-ray) or particle (neutron) beams plays an important role in determining these characteristics. In this paper, we review the various techniques that are used to determine the structural features by experimental means and how the data are processed to give the required information in a suitable form for detailed analysis by computer simulation. Diffraction methods are used for studies of the atomic arrangement and small-angle scattering techniques are used for studies of microporosity in the sample materials. The experimental data obtained from a wide range of different carbon materials are considered and how these results can be used as a basis for modelling the structures in a quantitative manner is also considered. This information underpins their use as active components in a wide range of functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Burian
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul.75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland. Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, ul.75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yang G, Li L, Lee WB, Ng MC. Structure of graphene and its disorders: a review. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2018; 19:613-648. [PMID: 30181789 PMCID: PMC6116708 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1494493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer graphene exhibits extraordinary properties owing to the unique, regular arrangement of atoms in it. However, graphene is usually modified for specific applications, which introduces disorder. This article presents details of graphene structure, including sp2 hybridization, critical parameters of the unit cell, formation of σ and π bonds, electronic band structure, edge orientations, and the number and stacking order of graphene layers. We also discuss topics related to the creation and configuration of disorders in graphene, such as corrugations, topological defects, vacancies, adatoms and sp3-defects. The effects of these disorders on the electrical, thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of graphene are analyzed subsequently. Finally, we review previous work on the modulation of structural defects in graphene for specific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gao Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lihua Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Bun Lee
- The State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Man Cheung Ng
- The State Key Laboratory of Ultraprecision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bonfanti M, Achilli S, Martinazzo R. Sticking of atomic hydrogen on graphene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:283002. [PMID: 29845971 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aac89f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an ever growing interest in the interactions between hydrogen atoms and a graphene sheet. Largely motivated by the possibility of modulating the electric, optical and magnetic properties of graphene, a huge number of studies have appeared recently that added to and enlarged earlier investigations on graphite and other carbon materials. In this review we give a glimpse of the many facets of this adsorption process, as they emerged from these studies. The focus is on those issues that have been addressed in detail, under carefully controlled conditions, with an emphasis on the interplay between the adatom structures, their formation dynamics and the electric, magnetic and chemical properties of the carbon sheet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bonfanti
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ling L, Feng X, Cao Y, Liu P, Fan M, Zhang R, Wang B. The catalytic CO oxidative coupling to dimethyl oxalate on Pd clusters anchored on defected graphene: A theoretical study. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
47
|
Tuček J, Błoński P, Ugolotti J, Swain AK, Enoki T, Zbořil R. Emerging chemical strategies for imprinting magnetism in graphene and related 2D materials for spintronic and biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3899-3990. [PMID: 29578212 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00288b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, a single two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms with an arrangement mimicking the honeycomb hexagonal architecture, has captured immense interest of the scientific community since its isolation in 2004. Besides its extraordinarily high electrical conductivity and surface area, graphene shows a long spin lifetime and limited hyperfine interactions, which favors its potential exploitation in spintronic and biomedical applications, provided it can be made magnetic. However, pristine graphene is diamagnetic in nature due to solely sp2 hybridization. Thus, various attempts have been proposed to imprint magnetic features into graphene. The present review focuses on a systematic classification and physicochemical description of approaches leading to equip graphene with magnetic properties. These include introduction of point and line defects into graphene lattices, spatial confinement and edge engineering, doping of graphene lattice with foreign atoms, and sp3 functionalization. Each magnetism-imprinting strategy is discussed in detail including identification of roles of various internal and external parameters in the induced magnetic regimes, with assessment of their robustness. Moreover, emergence of magnetism in graphene analogues and related 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides, metal halides, metal dinitrides, MXenes, hexagonal boron nitride, and other organic compounds is also reviewed. Since the magnetic features of graphene can be readily masked by the presence of magnetic residues from synthesis itself or sample handling, the issue of magnetic impurities and correct data interpretations is also addressed. Finally, current problems and challenges in magnetism of graphene and related 2D materials and future potential applications are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Tuček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ma D, Zhang J, Tang Y, Fu Z, Yang Z, Lu Z. Repairing single and double atomic vacancies in a C 3N monolayer with CO or NO molecules: a first-principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13517-13527. [PMID: 29726866 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01653d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Even the simplest point defect in a two-dimensional (2D) material can have a significant influence on its electronic, magnetic, and chemical properties. Defect repairing in 2D materials has been a focus of concern in recent years. Based on first-principles calculations, the repair of C and N single vacancies with CO or NO molecules in a C3N monolayer has been studied. The repair process consists of two steps, i.e., filling of the vacancy with the first molecule and removal of the extra O atom by a second molecule. Overall, the repair processes of C and N single vacancies by CO or NO molecules are both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable, as evidenced by the significant energy released and the small energy barriers. In addition, the electronic and magnetic properties and the chemical activity of the C3N monolayer before and after the defect repair have been studied systematically. In addition to single vacancies, the repair of double vacancies with CO was also studied; this process is much less kinetically favorable than the case of single vacancies. This study provides useful insight into the effects of simple atomic vacancies on the physical and chemical properties of the C3N 2D semiconductor and also presents a promising strategy for repairing vacancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Ma
- School of Physics, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Physics, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yanan Tang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Zhaoming Fu
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Zongxian Yang
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Zhansheng Lu
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang Z, Penev ES, Yakobson BI. Two-dimensional boron: structures, properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:6746-6763. [PMID: 29085946 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00261k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Situated between metals and non-metals in the periodic table, boron is one of the most chemically versatile elements, forming at least sixteen bulk polymorphs composed of interlinked boron polyhedra. In low-dimensionality, boron chemistry remains or becomes even more intriguing since boron clusters with several to tens of atoms favor planar or cage-like structures, which are similar to their carbon counterparts in terms of conformation and electronic structure. The similarity between boron and carbon has raised a question of whether there exists stable two-dimensional (2D) boron, as a conceptual precursor, from which other boron nanostructures may be built. Here, we review the current theoretical and experimental progress in realizing boron atomic layers. Starting by describing a decade-long effort towards understanding the size-dependent structures of boron clusters, we present how theory plays a role in extrapolating boron clusters into 2D form, from a freestanding state to that on substrates, as well as in exploring practical routes for their synthesis that recently culminated in experimental realization. While 2D boron has been revealed to have unusual mechanical, electronic and chemical properties, materializing its potential in practical applications remains largely impeded by lack of routes towards transfer from substrates and controlled synthesis of quality samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kulish VV. Surface reactivity and vacancy defects in single-layer borophene polymorphs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:11273-11281. [PMID: 28417128 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00637c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Single-layer borophene is a novel 2D material which combines high strength, light weight and metallicity. Using first-principles calculations, we systematically investigate the defect formation and surface reactivity in three major borophene polymorphs (α, β and triangular). We find that β-B is generally the most reactive borophene form, while α-B is the least reactive. In particular, there is more than 1.5 eV difference in substitutional energies for typical dopants in β-B and α-B polymorphs. Single vacancy defects can be created quite easily in all borophene sheets with formation energies (0.16 to 1.93 eV) much lower than those in graphene (7.69 eV). Adatom adsorption is exothermic and stabilizes electron-deficient boron monolayers. Many interesting properties arise from the rich structural chemistry of borophene, comprising four-, five-, and six-coordinated atoms, as well as hexagonal vacancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadym V Kulish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|