1
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Zhu C, Pedretti BJ, Kuehster L, Ganesan V, Sanoja GE, Lynd NA. Ionic Conductivity, Salt Partitioning, and Phase Separation in High-Dielectric Contrast Polyether Blends and Block Polymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Congzhi Zhu
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Pedretti
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Louise Kuehster
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Gabriel E. Sanoja
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Matsumoto M, Takeuchi K, Inoue Y, Tsunashima K, Yamada H. Molecular Insight into the Ionic Conduction of Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Cation-Based Ionic Liquids Using Dielectric and Spectroscopy Analyses. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10490-10499. [PMID: 36417887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the primary properties of ionic liquids (ILs) comprising quaternary phosphonium cations and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide anions and compared them with those of corresponding quaternary-ammonium-cation-based ILs. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy was used to confirm the coupling between the translational and orientational motions of ions, and our results demonstrated that the high ionic conductivity of the phosphonium-based ILs was attributed to their fast rotational dynamics. The differences between ILs with different cations were further evaluated using vibrational (Raman and terahertz) spectroscopy. The Raman spectroscopy data revealed that the cation structure affected the conformation and flexibility (conformational change) of the anion. Furthermore, terahertz spectroscopy allowed us to evaluate the relationship between ion transport and intermolecular interactions between the cation and anion of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara639-1080, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeuchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara639-1080, Japan
| | - Yohtaro Inoue
- Research Division of Polymer Functional Materials, Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 2-7-1 Ayumino, Izumi, Osaka594-1157, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Wakayama College, Gobo, Wakayama644-0023, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara639-1080, Japan
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3
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Hernández SI, Altava B, Portillo-Rodríguez JA, Santamaría-Holek I, García-Alcántara C, Luis SV, Compañ V. The Debye length and anionic transport properties of composite membranes based on supported ionic liquid-like phases (SILLPS). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29731-29746. [PMID: 36458515 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01519f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the ionic transport properties of BMIM [NTf2] in supported ionic-liquid-like phase (SILLP)-based membranes has been carried out based on experimental impedance spectroscopy measurements. The direct current (dc)-conductivity was analyzed to determine the temperature and frequency dependence. The fit of the loss tangent curve data with the Cole-Cole approximation of the electrode polarization model provides the conductivity, diffusivity, and density of charge carriers. Among these quantities, a significant increase in conductivity is observed when an ionic liquid is added to the polymeric matrix containing imidazolium fragments. The use of a recent generalization of Eyring's absolute rate theory allowed the elucidation of how the local entropy restrictions, due to the porosity of the polymeric matrix, control the conductive process. The fit of the conductivity data as a function of temperature manifests the behavior of the excess entropy with respect to the temperature. The activation entropy and enthalpy were also determined. Our results correlate the Debye length (LD) with the experimental values of conductivity, electrode polarization relaxation time, and sample relaxation time involved. Our work provides novel insights into the description of ionic transport in membranes as the diffusivity, mobility, and free charge density depend on the LD. Moreover, we discuss the behavior of the polarization relaxation time, the sample relaxation time, and the static permittivity as a function of the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Hernández
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación-Juriquilla, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP 76230, Mexico.
| | - Belen Altava
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, 12080-Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
| | - J A Portillo-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Quéretaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n, Centro Universitario, C.P. 760009, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Iván Santamaría-Holek
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación-Juriquilla, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP 76230, Mexico.
| | - C García-Alcántara
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP 76230, Mexico.
| | - Santiago V Luis
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat Jaume I, 12080-Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, C/Camino de Vera s/n, 46022-Valencia, Spain.
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4
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Jones S, Bamford J, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Decoupling Ion Transport and Matrix Dynamics to Make High Performance Solid Polymer Electrolytes. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:430-448. [PMID: 36561285 PMCID: PMC9761859 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transport of ions through solid polymeric electrolytes (SPEs) involves a complicated interplay of ion solvation, ion-ion interactions, ion-polymer interactions, and free volume. Nonetheless, prevailing viewpoints on the subject promote a significantly simplified picture, likening ion transport in a polymer to that in an unstructured fluid at low solute concentrations. Although this idealized liquid transport model has been successful in guiding the design of homogeneous electrolytes, structured electrolytes provide a promising alternate route to achieve high ionic conductivity and selectivity. In this perspective, we begin by describing the physical origins of the idealized liquid transport mechanism and then proceed to examine known cases of decoupling between the matrix dynamics and ionic transport in SPEs. Specifically we discuss conditions for "decoupled" mobility that include a highly polar electrolyte environment, a percolated path of free volume elements (either through structured or unstructured channels), high ion concentrations, and labile ion-electrolyte interactions. Finally, we proceed to reflect on the potential of these mechanisms to promote multivalent ion conductivity and the need for research into the interfacial properties of solid polymer electrolytes as well as their performance at elevated potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus
D. Jones
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - James Bamford
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States,Mitsubishi
Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States,
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5
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Ion Correlations and Partial Ionicities in the Lamellar Phases of Block Copolymeric Ionic Liquids. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1265-1271. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Park J, Staiger A, Mecking S, Winey KI. Enhanced Li-Ion Transport through Selectively Solvated Ionic Layers of Single-Ion Conducting Multiblock Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1008-1013. [PMID: 35876880 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate enhanced Li+ transport through the selectively solvated ionic layers of a single-ion conducting polymer. The polymer is a precisely segmented ion-containing multiblock copolymers with well-defined Li+SO3- ionic layers between crystallized linear aliphatic 18-carbon blocks. X-ray scattering reveals that the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) molecules selectively solvate the ionic layers without disrupting the crystallization of the polymer backbone. The amount of DMSO (∼21 wt %) calculated from the increased layer spacing is consistent with thermogravimetric analysis. The ionic conductivity through DMSO-solvated ionic layers is >104 times higher than in the dried state, indicating a significant enhancement of ion transport in the presence of this solvent. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) further elucidates the role of the structural relaxation time (τ) and the number of free Li+ (n) on the ionic conductivity (σ). Specifically, DRS reveals that the solvation of ionic domains with DMSO contributes to both accelerating the structural relaxation and the dissociation of ion pairs. This study is the initial demonstration that selective solvation is a viable design strategy to improve ionic conductivity in nanophase separated, single-ion conducting multiblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anne Staiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karen I Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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7
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Kang P, Wu L, Chen D, Su Y, Zhu Y, Lan J, Yang X, Sui G. Dynamical Ion Association and Transport Properties in PEO-LiTFSI Electrolytes: Effect of Salt Concentration. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4531-4542. [PMID: 35695471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The association of ions describes the formation of ion species in electrolyte solutions and is strongly related to the salt concentration. However, the discussion of ion species and their transport is ambiguous in some studies on electrolyte materials due to the assumption of ideal solutions. Accordingly, in this work, molecular dynamics simulations are used to study ion association and transport properties of poly(ethylene)oxide (PEO)-lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide electrolytes over a range of salt concentrations (r = [Li]/[EO]) from 0.01 to 0.20. Based on the analysis of the solvation environment and ion species, it is revealed that the distinct ion-ion correlations exist in two different characteristic areas, with a salt concentration of 0.10 as the limit. Below the critical concentration, the dynamic equilibrium between free ions and ion pairs is the most important process affecting the transport properties of electrolytes, but the process may have a minor influence on the applicability of the Nernst-Einstein relation. In concentrated solutions, a large number of ion pairs, triplets, and so forth appear in the electrolytes. The high-order ion clusters, with an average size of 3.95 at r = 0.20, are the main stable structures for transporting Li+, but the trapped free ions are the most abundant ion species. Meanwhile, the effect of salt concentrations on the average transport of ion clusters is to increase their average lifetime, but their transport rates remain unchanged. In addition, the coupling dynamics between ions and polymers is also discussed in order to gain a complete insight into the importance of salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peibin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaotian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinle Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Gang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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8
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Gupta S, Singh PK, Bhattacharya B. Change in charge carrier dynamics by incorporating ionic liquid into poly ethylene oxide–based sodium acetate polymer electrolytes. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221088737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ethylene oxide) based sodium ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes films (salt NaCH3COO) with varying amounts of an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl 3-methylimidazolium thiocyante were prepared by solution-cast method. All the prepared samples were characterized in detail for their ion transport characteristics at room temperature and temperature dependent behavior as well using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The measurement of ionic conductivity shows the many fold enhancement due the incorporation of ionic liquid in the polymer electrolyte matrix. The charge carrier density and mobility of charge carriers has been calculated and used for explaining the conductivity variations in these films. The increase in conductivity has been explained in terms of plasticization effect of ionic liquid and number of charge carriers per unit volume of electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Gupta
- Centre of Excellence, Solar Cells and Renewable Energy, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Pramod K Singh
- Centre of Excellence, Solar Cells and Renewable Energy, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - B Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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9
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Barbero G, Scarfone A. A kinetic derivation of a Butler-Volmer-like equation for the current-voltage characteristics in an adsorbing medium. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Alebrahim T, Chakraborty A, Hu L, Patil S, Cheng S, Acharya D, Doherty CM, Hill AJ, Cook TR, Lin H. Gas transport characteristics of supramolecular networks of metal-coordinated highly branched Poly(ethylene oxide). J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Wang Y. Low-frequency dynamics in ionic liquids: Comparison of experiments and the random barrier model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16501-16511. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01858f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By examining the fine features of dielectric spectra of ionic liquids, we show that the derivative of real permittivity progressively broadens at low frequencies when the glass transition is approached...
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12
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How the cation size impacts on the relaxational and diffusional dynamics of supercooled butylammonium-based ionic liquids: DPEBA–TFSI versus BTMA–TFSI. Z PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Li-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide based ionic liquids with either butyl-trimethylammonium or N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-(propionyloxy)-ethyl)butan-1-ammonium as the anion were studied using proton and fluorine relaxometry as well as using field-gradient diffusometry to gain separate access to cation and anion dynamics in these compounds. The transport parameters obtained for these ionic liquids are compared with the estimates based on the conductivity data from literature and from the present work. The impact of cation size on correlation effects, the latter parameterized in terms of various Haven ratios, is mapped out.
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13
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Deviations from linearity in impedance spectroscopy measurements confirmed by Kramers-Kronig analysis. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Silva Andrade JD, Santana A, Freire F, Barbero G, Lelidis I. Concentration dependance of the capacitive to inductive transition observed in electrolytic solutions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Utpalla P, Sharma SK, Deshpande SK, Bahadur J, Sen D, Sahu M, Pujari PK. Role of free volumes and segmental dynamics on ion conductivity of PEO/LiTFSI solid polymer electrolytes filled with SiO 2 nanoparticles: a positron annihilation and broadband dielectric spectroscopy study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8585-8597. [PMID: 33876020 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The limited ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes is a major issue for their industrial application. Enhancement of ionic conductivity in the poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, based electrolyte has been achieved by loading passive nanofillers such as SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). To investigate the role of modifications in free volume characteristics and the polymer chain dynamics induced by the loading of passive fillers on the ionic conductivity of the PEO based ternary electrolyte, a systematic investigation has been carried out using positron annihilation and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. As a result of interfacial interactions, the loading of SiO2 NPs alters the semi-crystalline morphology of PEO resulting in a higher crystallinity at lower loadings due to the surface confinement of PEO chains, and the formation of smaller PEO crystallites at higher loadings due to interparticle nanoconfinement. These modifications are accompanied by a decrease in free volume fraction at the lowest loading (0.5 wt%) followed by an increase at higher loadings (≥2.0 wt%). The Almond-West formalism considering two different universalities in different temperature and frequency ranges has been used to explain the ion-conduction process at different NP loadings. The Li ion conductivity is observed to be maximum for a 5.0 wt% loading of SiO2 NPs. The enhancement in ionic conductivity is observed to be directly correlated with the free volume characteristics and segmental dynamics of the PEO matrix, confirming their role in ion transport in polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Utpalla
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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16
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Choi UH, Price TL, Schoonover DV, Xie R, Gibson HW, Colby RH. Role of Chain Polarity on Ion and Polymer Dynamics: Molecular Volume-Based Analysis of the Dielectric Constant for Polymerized Norbornene-Based Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Terry L. Price
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Daniel V. Schoonover
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Renxuan Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Harry W. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ralph H. Colby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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17
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Compañ V, Escorihuela J, Olvera J, García-Bernabé A, Andrio A. Influence of the anion on diffusivity and mobility of ionic liquids composite polybenzimidazol membranes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Olvera-Mancilla J, Escorihuela J, Alexandrova L, Andrio A, García-Bernabé A, Del Castillo LF, Compañ V. Effect of metallacarborane salt H[COSANE] doping on the performance properties of polybenzimidazole membranes for high temperature PEMFCs. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7624-7635. [PMID: 32735001 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00743a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a series of composite proton exchange membranes comprising a cobaltacarborane protonated H[Co(C2B9H11)2] named (H[COSANE]) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) for a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is reported, with the aim of enhancing the proton conductivity of PBI membranes doped with phosphoric acid. The effects of the anion [Co(C2B9H11)2] concentration in three different polymeric matrices based on the PBI structure, poly(2,2'-(m-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole) (PBI-1), poly[2,2'-(p-oxydiphenylene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole] (PBI-2) and poly(2,2'-(p-hexafluoroisopropylidene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole) (PBI-3), have been investigated. The conductivity, diffusivity and mobility are greater in the composite membrane poly(2,2'-(p-hexafluoroisopropylidene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole) containing fluorinated groups, reaching a maximum when the amount of H[COSANE] was 15%. In general, all the prepared membranes displayed excellent and tunable properties as conducting materials, with conductivities higher than 0.03 S cm-1 above 140 °C. From an analysis of electrode polarization (EP) the proton diffusion coefficients and mobility have been calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Olvera-Mancilla
- Departamento de polímeros, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-360, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Larissa Alexandrova
- Departamento de polímeros, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-360, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Andreu Andrio
- Departament de Física Aplicada, Universitat Jaume I, 12080, Castelló, Spain
| | - Abel García-Bernabé
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada (ETSII), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Campus de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Luis Felipe Del Castillo
- Departamento de polímeros, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-360, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada (ETSII), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Campus de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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19
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Barbero G, Evangelista LR, Lenzi EK. Frequency dispersion in the fractional Langmuir approximation for the adsorption–desorption phenomena. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that a kinetic equation of fractional order may be used to account for the frequency dispersion of the effective parameters in the framework of the Langmuir approximation for the adsorption–desorption phenomena. A frequency dependence of these parameters naturally arises in this formalism, indicating that it may play a similar role of a generalization of the Langmuir isotherm obtained from a homogeneous distribution of relaxation times. The fractional approach formalism opens the possibility to consider different relaxation regimes characterizing the interfacial behaviour of electrolytic cells, and may be a powerful tool to interpret complex impedance spectroscopy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barbero
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata del Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoye shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Luiz Roberto Evangelista
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata del Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ervin K. Lenzi
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 87030-900, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
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20
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Olmedo-Martínez JL, Porcarelli L, Alegría Á, Mecerreyes D, Müller AJ. High Lithium Conductivity of Miscible Poly(ethylene oxide)/Methacrylic Sulfonamide Anionic Polyelectrolyte Polymer Blends. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Olmedo-Martínez
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luca Porcarelli
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Melbourne 3125, Australia
| | - Ángel Alegría
- Materials Physics Center, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 5, San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, San Sebastián 20080, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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21
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Bocharova V, Sokolov AP. Perspectives for Polymer Electrolytes: A View from Fundamentals of Ionic Conductivity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - A. P. Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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22
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Khazimullin MV, Lebedev YA. Influence of dielectric layers on estimates of diffusion coefficients and concentrations of ions from impedance spectroscopy. Phys Rev E 2020; 100:062601. [PMID: 31962391 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.062601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present the analysis of the impedance spectra for a binary electrolyte confined between blocking electrodes with dielectric layers. An expression for the impedance is derived from Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations in the linear approximation taking into account the voltage drop on the dielectric layer. The analysis shows that characteristic features of the frequency dependence of the impedance are determined by the ratio of the Debye length and the effective thickness of the dielectric layer. The impact of the dielectric layer is especially strong in the case of high concentrated electrolytes, where the Debye length is small and thus comparable to the effective thickness of the dielectric layer. To verify the model, measurements of the impedance spectra and transient currents in a liquid crystal 4-n-pentyl-4^{'}-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) confined between polymer-coated electrodes in cells of different thicknesses are performed. The estimates for the diffusion coefficient and ion concentration in 5CB obtained from the analysis of the impedance spectra and the transient currents are consistent and agree with previously reported data. We demonstrate that calculations of the ion parameters from the impedance spectra without taking into account the dielectric layer contribution lead in most cases to incorrect results. Application of the model to analyze violations of the low-frequency impedance scaling and contradictions in the estimates of the ion parameters recently found in some ionic electrolytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Khazimullin
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, Ufa, Russia, 450075
| | - Yuriy A Lebedev
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, Ufa, Russia, 450075
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23
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Wieland F, Bocharova V, Münzner P, Hiller W, Sakrowski R, Sternemann C, Böhmer R, Sokolov AP, Gainaru C. Structure and dynamics of short-chain polymerized ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:034903. [PMID: 31325936 DOI: 10.1063/1.5109228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining experimental results obtained with X-ray scattering and field-gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and an assessment of new and previous dielectric and rheology data, our study focuses on the molecular weight (Mw) evolution of local structure and dynamics in a homologous series of covalently bonded ionic liquids. Performed on a family of electrolytes with a tailored degree of ionic decoupling, this study reveals the differences between monomeric and oligomeric melts with respect to their structural organization, mass and charge transport, and molecular diffusion. Our study demonstrates that for the monomeric compound, the broadband conductivity and mechanical spectra reflect the same underlying distribution of activation barriers and that the Random Barrier Model describes fairly well both the ionic and structural relaxation processes in these materials. Moreover, the oligomers with chains comprising ten segments only exhibit both structural and dynamical fingerprints of a genuine polymer. A comparison of conductivity levels estimated using the self-diffusion coefficients probed via NMR and those probed directly with dielectric spectroscopy reveals the emerging of ion correlations which are affecting the macroscopic charge transport in these materials in a chain-length dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wieland
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - V Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - P Münzner
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - W Hiller
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Sakrowski
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Sternemann
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Böhmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - C Gainaru
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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24
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Raicopol M, Dascalu C, Devan C, Alexe-Ionescu A, Barbero G. A simple model of ac hopping surface conductivity in ionic liquids. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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25
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Valverde D, Garcia-Bernabé A, Andrio A, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV, Compañ V. Free ion diffusivity and charge concentration on cross-linked polymeric ionic liquid iongel films based on sulfonated zwitterionic salts and lithium ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17923-17932. [PMID: 31380865 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01903k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The properties of various mixtures of a zwitterionic ionic liquid (ZIs-1) and LiNTf2, including their conductivity, have been studied showing how they can be adjusted through their molar composition. Conductivity tends to increase with the LiNTf2 content although it presents a minimum at the region close to the eutectic point. These mixtures also provide excellent features as liquid phases for the preparation of composite materials based on crosslinked PILs. The prepared films display excellent and tuneable properties as conducting materials, with conductivities that can be higher than 10-2 S cm-1 above 100 °C. The selected polymeric compositions show very good mechanical properties and thermal stability, even for low crosslinking degrees, along with a suitable flexibility and good transparency. The final properties of the films correlate with the composition of the monomeric mixture used and with that of the ZIs-1:LiNTf2 mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Valverde
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, Avda. Sos, Baynat s/n, Castellon 12071, Spain.
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26
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Andrio A, Hernández SI, García-Alcántara C, del Castillo LF, Compañ V, Santamaría-Holek I. Temperature dependence of anomalous protonic and superprotonic transport properties in mixed salts based on CsH2PO4. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12948-12960. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transport properties of mixed salts based on CsH2PO4 are influenced by the interactions among charge carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Andrio
- Departamento de Física
- Universitat Jaume I
- 12080-Castellón
- Spain
| | - S. I. Hernández
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación-Juriquilla
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
- Juriquilla
- Mexico
| | - C. García-Alcántara
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación-Juriquilla
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
- Juriquilla
- Mexico
| | - L. F. del Castillo
- Departamento de Polímeros
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Ciudad de México
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada
- Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
- 46022-Valencia
- Spain
| | - Iván Santamaría-Holek
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación-Juriquilla
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
- Juriquilla
- Mexico
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27
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Heres M, Cosby T, Mapesa EU, Liu H, Berdzinski S, Strehmel V, Dadmun M, Paddison SJ, Sangoro J. Ion Transport in Glassy Polymerized Ionic Liquids: Unraveling the Impact of the Molecular Structure. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Berdzinski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Hochschule Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Hochschule Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany
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28
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Barjola A, Escorihuela J, Andrio A, Giménez E, Compañ V. Enhanced Conductivity of Composite Membranes Based on Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) (SPEEK) with Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E1042. [PMID: 30551604 PMCID: PMC6316602 DOI: 10.3390/nano8121042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) ZIF-8, ZIF-67, and a Zn/Co bimetallic mixture (ZMix) were synthesized and used as fillers in the preparation of composite sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes. The presence of the ZIFs in the polymeric matrix enhanced proton transport relative to that observed for SPEEK or ZIFs alone. The real and imaginary parts of the complex conductivity were obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the temperature and frequency dependence of the real part of the conductivity were analyzed. The results at different temperatures show that the direct current (dc) conductivity was three orders of magnitude higher for composite membranes than for SPEEK, and that of the SPEEK/ZMix membrane was higher than those for SPEEK/Z8 and SPEEK/Z67, respectively. This behavior turns out to be more evident as the temperature increases: the conductivity of the SPEEK/ZMix was 8.5 × 10-3 S·cm-1, while for the SPEEK/Z8 and SPEEK/Z67 membranes, the values were 2.5 × 10-3 S·cm-1 and 1.6 × 10-3 S·cm-1, respectively, at 120 °C. Similarly, the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant were obtained, and an analysis of tan δ was carried out for all of the membranes under study. Using this value, the diffusion coefficient and the charge carrier density were obtained using the analysis of electrode polarization (EP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Barjola
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Andreu Andrio
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12080, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Enrique Giménez
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
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29
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Stacy EW, Gainaru CP, Gobet M, Wojnarowska Z, Bocharova V, Greenbaum SG, Sokolov AP. Fundamental Limitations of Ionic Conductivity in Polymerized Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catalin P. Gainaru
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mallory Gobet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Zaneta Wojnarowska
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, SMCEBI, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Steven G. Greenbaum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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30
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Conductivity study of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks, Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide doped with Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks, and mixed matrix membranes of Polyetherimide/Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide doped with Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for proton conducting applications. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Pabst F, Gabriel J, Weigl P, Blochowicz T. Molecular dynamics of supercooled ionic liquids studied by light scattering and dielectric spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Lelidis I, Barbero G. Role of the displacement current on Warburg-type behavior. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:052604. [PMID: 28618597 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.052604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the role of the displacement current in the analysis of the electric response of an electrolytic cell to an external stimulus. We show that several models proposed to interpret the spectra deduced by means of the impedance spectroscopy technique are questionable. In particular, we demonstrate that even in the frequency range below the Debye frequency the role of the displacement current is fundamental, and its omission leads to incorrect results for the impedance of the cell. In our analysis, the boundary conditions on the bulk current density are of Nernstian and of Ohmic type. The analysis is limited to a fully dissociated electrolyte, and for only one type of mobile ions, as discussed in several papers devoted to the subject. Particular attention is given to the spatial dependence of the current density. We show that Warburg-like behavior is never predicted in the framework of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck model, if the electric impedance of the cell is correctly evaluated. From this conclusion, valid for media with only one type of mobile ions, it follows that if Warburg-like behavior is experimentally observed the theoretical interpretation is still an open problem, and its origin is probably related to the boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lelidis
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia del Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.,Faculty of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, Athens 157 84, Greece.,Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire de Physique des Systèmes Complexes, 33 Rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - G Barbero
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia del Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhl (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoye Shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
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33
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Adams M, Richmond V, Smith D, Wang Y, Fan F, Sokolov AP, Waldow DA. Decoupling of ion conductivity from segmental dynamics in oligomeric ethylene oxide functionalized oxanorbornene dicarboximide homopolymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Kumar R, Mahalik JP, Bocharova V, Stacy EW, Gainaru C, Saito T, Gobet MP, Greenbaum S, Sumpter BG, Sokolov AP. A Rayleighian approach for modeling kinetics of ionic transport in polymeric media. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:064902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Jyoti P. Mahalik
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Eric W. Stacy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Catalin Gainaru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Mallory P. Gobet
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Steve Greenbaum
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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35
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Barbero G, Lelidis I. Analysis of Warburg's impedance and its equivalent electric circuits. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24934-24944. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The analogy between a transmission line and an electrolytic cell is not physically grounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Barbero
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
- Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI)
| | - I. Lelidis
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
- Faculty of Physics
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36
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Gainaru C, Stacy EW, Bocharova V, Gobet M, Holt AP, Saito T, Greenbaum S, Sokolov AP. Mechanism of Conductivity Relaxation in Liquid and Polymeric Electrolytes: Direct Link between Conductivity and Diffusivity. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:11074-11083. [PMID: 27681664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b08567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Combining broadband impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance we analyzed charge and mass transport in two polymerized ionic liquids and one of their monomeric precursors. In order to establish a general procedure for extracting single-particle diffusivity from their conductivity spectra, we critically assessed several approaches previously employed to describe the onset of diffusive charge dynamics and of the electrode polarization in ion conducting materials. Based on the analysis of the permittivity spectra, we demonstrate that the conductivity relaxation process provides information on ion diffusion and the magnitude of cross-correlation effects between ionic motions. A new approach is introduced which is able to estimate ionic diffusivities from the characteristic times of conductivity relaxation and ion concentration without any adjustable parameters. This opens the venue for a deeper understanding of charge transport in concentrated and diluted electrolyte solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gainaru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.,Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund , D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E W Stacy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - V Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - M Gobet
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - A P Holt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - T Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - S Greenbaum
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Hunter College of The City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - A P Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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37
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Macdonald JR, Barbero G. Reanalysis of the electrode polarization in electrolytic cells limited by blocking electrodes. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:042608. [PMID: 27841515 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.042608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the effect of ions on the electric response of an insulting liquid by means of the total electric polarization induced in a cell by an external field. The limiting surfaces are assumed blocking and identical and the ions pointike nonpolarizable charged particles. The analysis is limited to the case where the selective ionic adsorption is absent, in such a manner that in the absence of external electric field the sample is locally and globally neutral. We obtain formulas for the effective dielectric constant renormalized by the presence of the ions in the absence and presence of adsorption from the surfaces. Our results coincide with those obtained by means of the electric impedance of the cell. From the coincidence of the results relevant to the effective dielectric constant we infer that the ions in an insulating liquid do not have a conductive or dielectric nature. They are just electric charges dissolved in an insulating liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ross Macdonald
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - G Barbero
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata del Politecnico, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoye shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
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38
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de Andrade T, Freire F, Barbero G, Alexe–Ionescu A. Interface description of Milli-Q water cells: Temperature dependence of the CPE parameters. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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García-Bernabé A, Rivera A, Granados A, Luis SV, Compañ V. Ionic transport on composite polymers containing covalently attached and absorbed ionic liquid fragments. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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40
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Nozaki Y, Yamaguchi K, Tomida K, Taniguchi N, Hara H, Takikawa Y, Sadakane K, Nakamura K, Konishi T, Fukao K. Phase Transition and Dynamics in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Crystals through a Metastable Highly Ordered Smectic Phase. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5291-300. [PMID: 27195480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phase transition behavior and dynamics of ionic liquid crystals, 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with various alkyl chain lengths, were investigated by X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy to elucidate the mechanism of their structural and phase changes. A metastable phase was found to appear via a supercooled smectic phase on cooling. In the metastable phase, disorder in the smectic phase is partially frozen; thus, the phase has order higher than that of the smectic phase but lower than that of the crystalline phase. During the subsequent heating process, the frozen disorder activates, and a crystalline phase appears in the supercooled smectic phase before entering the smectic phase. The relationship between the phase behavior and the dynamics of charge carriers such as ions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nozaki
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University , Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Keito Yamaguchi
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University , Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kenji Tomida
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University , Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Natsumi Taniguchi
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University , Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hironori Hara
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University , Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takikawa
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University , Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Koichiro Sadakane
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University , Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University , Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Konishi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Fukao
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University , Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
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41
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Chintapalli M, Timachova K, Olson KR, Mecham SJ, Devaux D, DeSimone JM, Balsara NP. Relationship between Conductivity, Ion Diffusion, and Transference Number in Perfluoropolyether Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin R. Olson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sue J. Mecham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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42
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Roy A, Dutta B, Bhattacharya S. Correlation of the average hopping length to the ion conductivity and ion diffusivity obtained from the space charge polarization in solid polymer electrolytes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusion constant and other electrical parameters of some LiTFSi salt dissociated PEO based polymer electrolytes has been estimated from the impedance spectroscopy data with reasonable agreement to that obtained from PFG-NMR study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Roy
- Department of Physics
- University of Kalyani
- Kalyani
- India
| | - Bula Dutta
- Department of Chemistry
- P. D. Women's College
- Jalpaiguri-735101
- India
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43
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Dam T, Jena SS, Pradhan DK. The ionic transport mechanism and coupling between the ion conduction and segmental relaxation processes of PEO20-LiCF3SO3 based ion conducting polymer clay composites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19955-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An insight into thermally activated ion-hopping, relaxation dynamics and the coupled ion-conduction mechanism observed in ion-conducting polymer clay composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapabrata Dam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- National Institute of Technology Rourkela
- Odisha-769008
- India
| | - Sidhartha S. Jena
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- National Institute of Technology Rourkela
- Odisha-769008
- India
| | - Dillip K. Pradhan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- National Institute of Technology Rourkela
- Odisha-769008
- India
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44
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Taniguchi N, Fukao K, Sotta P, Long DR. Dielectric relaxation of thin films of polyamide random copolymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:052605. [PMID: 26066192 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.052605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the relaxation behavior of thin films of a polyamide random copolymer, PA66/6I, with various film thicknesses using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Two dielectric signals are observed at high temperatures, the α process and the relaxation process due to electrode polarization (the EP process). The relaxation time of the EP process has a Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann type of temperature dependence, and the glass transition temperature, T(g), evaluated from the EP process agrees very well with the T(g) determined from the thermal measurements. The fragility index derived from the EP process increases with decreasing film thickness. The relaxation time and the dielectric relaxation strength of the EP process are described by a linear function of the film thickness d for large values of d, which can be regarded as experimental evidence for the validity of attributing the observed signal to the EP process. Furthermore, there is distinct deviation from this linear law for thicknesses smaller than a critical value. This deviation observed in thinner films is associated with an increase in the mobility and/or diffusion constant of the charge carriers responsible for the EP process. The α process is located in a higher-frequency region than the EP process at high temperatures but merges with the EP process at lower temperatures near the glass transition region. The thickness dependence of the relaxation time of the α process is different from that of the EP process. This suggests that there is decoupling between the segmental motion of the polymers and the translational motion of the charge carriers in confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Taniguchi
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Koji Fukao
- Department of Physics, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire Polyméres et Matériaux Avancès Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS/Solvay 5268, Axel'One, 87 Avenue des Frères Perret, F-69192 Saint Fons, France
| | - Didier R Long
- Laboratoire Polyméres et Matériaux Avancès Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS/Solvay 5268, Axel'One, 87 Avenue des Frères Perret, F-69192 Saint Fons, France
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45
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Kumar R, Bocharova V, Strelcov E, Tselev A, Kravchenko II, Berdzinski S, Strehmel V, Ovchinnikova OS, Minutolo JA, Sangoro JR, Agapov AL, Sokolov AP, Kalinin SV, Sumpter BG. Ion transport and softening in a polymerized ionic liquid. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:947-955. [PMID: 25463322 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymerized ionic liquids (PolyILs) are promising materials for various solid state electronic applications such as dye-sensitized solar cells, lithium batteries, actuators, field-effect transistors, light emitting electrochemical cells, and electrochromic devices. However, fundamental understanding of interconnection between ionic transport and mechanical properties in PolyILs is far from complete. In this work, local charge transport and structural changes in films of a PolyIL are studied using an integrated experiment-theory based approach. Experimental data for the kinetics of charging and steady state current-voltage relations can be explained by taking into account the dissociation of ions under an applied electric field (known as the Wien effect). Onsager's theory of the Wien effect coupled with the Poisson-Nernst-Planck formalism for the charge transport is found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The agreement between the theory and experiments allows us to predict structural properties of the PolyIL films. We have observed significant softening of the PolyIL films beyond certain threshold voltages and formation of holes under a scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tip, through which an electric field was applied. The observed softening is explained by the theory of depression in glass transition temperature resulting from enhanced dissociation of ions with an increase in applied electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN-37831, USA.
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46
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Alexe-Ionescu AL, Barbero G, Lelidis I. Independence of the effective dielectric constant of an electrolytic solution on the ionic distribution in the linear Poisson-Nernst-Planck model. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:084505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4893712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Examination of the fundamental relation between ionic transport and segmental relaxation in polymer electrolytes. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Wen YH, Lu Y, Dobosz KM, Archer LA. Structure, Ion Transport, and Rheology of Nanoparticle Salts. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5004002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ho Wen
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yingying Lu
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kerianne M. Dobosz
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lynden A. Archer
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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49
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Alexe-Ionescu AL, Barbero G, Lelidis I. Comment on "Modeling of electrode polarization for electrolytic cells with a limited ionic adsorption". PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:056401. [PMID: 25353928 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.056401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Sawada [Phys. Rev. E 88, 032406 (2013)] proposed a model to take into account the dielectric dispersion of ionic origin in a weak electrolyte cell. We first show that the model is based on questionable assumptions. Next, we point out an error in the author's calculation of the current in the external circuit. Finally, we demonstrate why some criticism on recent papers is irrelevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Alexe-Ionescu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania and Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - G Barbero
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy and Department of Physics, Solid State Section, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, Athens 157 84, Greece
| | - I Lelidis
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy and Department of Physics, Solid State Section, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, Athens 157 84, Greece
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50
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Sawada A. Modeling of electrode polarization for electrolytic cells with a limited ionic adsorption. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:032406. [PMID: 24125275 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.032406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dilute electrolytic cells filled with chlorobenzene containing small amounts of tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate show anomalous dielectric dispersions in low-frequency regions. We propose a new model for electrode polarization in order to analyze the dielectric behavior of the dilute electrolytic cells. The model comprises two capacitive components: One is the space-charge polarization accompanied with a specific ionic adsorption on electrodes, and the other is the electrode capacitance which is brought about by an electronic spillover from the electrode surface. This model can primarily explain the anomalous frequency-dependent dielectric behavior of the electrolytic cells not only with low electrolyte concentrations, but also with high concentrations and can correctly describe the characteristics of the electrode polarization reflected in the dielectric spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sawada
- Advanced Technologies Research and Developments, Merck Ltd., Aikawa, Kanagawa 243-0303, Japan
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