1
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Sio H, Krygier A, Braun DG, Rudd RE, Bonev SA, Coppari F, Millot M, Fratanduono DE, Bhandarkar N, Bitter M, Bradley DK, Efthimion PC, Eggert JH, Gao L, Hill KW, Hood R, Hsing W, Izumi N, Kemp G, Kozioziemski B, Landen OL, Le Galloudec K, Lockard TE, Mackinnon A, McNaney JM, Ose N, Park HS, Remington BA, Schneider MB, Stoupin S, Thorn DB, Vonhof S, Wu CJ, Ping Y. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure of dynamically-compressed copper up to 1 terapascal. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7046. [PMID: 37949859 PMCID: PMC10638371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Large laser facilities have recently enabled material characterization at the pressures of Earth and Super-Earth cores. However, the temperature of the compressed materials has been largely unknown, or solely relied on models and simulations, due to lack of diagnostics under these challenging conditions. Here, we report on temperature, density, pressure, and local structure of copper determined from extended x-ray absorption fine structure and velocimetry up to 1 Terapascal. These results nearly double the highest pressure at which extended x-ray absorption fine structure has been reported in any material. In this work, the copper temperature is unexpectedly found to be much higher than predicted when adjacent to diamond layer(s), demonstrating the important influence of the sample environment on the thermal state of materials; this effect may introduce additional temperature uncertainties in some previous experiments using diamond and provides new guidance for future experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - A Krygier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - R E Rudd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - S A Bonev
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - N Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - P C Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - L Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, 100 Stellarator Rd, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - R Hood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - G Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - K Le Galloudec
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - T E Lockard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - A Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - N Ose
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - S Stoupin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - S Vonhof
- General Atomics, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - C J Wu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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2
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Shi J, Liang Z, Wang J, Pan S, Ding C, Wang Y, Wang HT, Xing D, Sun J. Double-Shock Compression Pathways from Diamond to BC8 Carbon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:146101. [PMID: 37862650 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.146101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon is one of the most important elements for both industrial applications and fundamental research, including life, physics, chemistry, materials, and even planetary science. Although theoretical predictions on the transition from diamond to the BC8 (Ia3[over ¯]) carbon were made more than thirty years ago, after tremendous experimental efforts, direct evidence for the existence of BC8 carbon is still lacking. In this study, a machine learning potential was developed for high-pressure carbon fitted from first-principles calculations, which exhibited great capabilities in modeling the melting and Hugoniot line. Using the molecular dynamics based on this machine learning potential, we designed a thermodynamic pathway that is achievable for the double shock compression experiment to obtain the elusive BC8 carbon. Diamond was compressed up to 584 GPa after the first shock at 20.5 km/s. Subsequently, in the second shock compression at 24.8 or 25.0 km/s, diamond was compressed to a supercooled liquid and then solidified to BC8 in around 1 ns. Furthermore, the critical nucleus size and nucleation rate of BC8 were calculated, which are crucial for nano-second x-ray diffraction measurements to observe BC8 carbon during shock compressions. The key to obtaining BC8 carbon lies in the formation of liquid at a sufficient supercooling. Our work provides a feasible pathway by which the long-sought BC8 phase of carbon can be reached in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixing Liang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuning Pan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Tian Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingyu Xing
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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3
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Lee SK, Yi Y, Kim YH, Kim HI, Chow P, Xiao Y, Eng P, Shen G. Imaging of the electronic bonding of diamond at pressures up to 2 million atmospheres. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg4159. [PMID: 37205753 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Diamond shows unprecedented hardness. Because hardness is a measure of resistance of chemical bonds in a material to external indentation, the electronic bonding nature of diamond beyond several million atmospheres is key to understanding the origin of hardness. However, probing the electronic structures of diamond at such extreme pressure has not been experimentally possible. The measurements on the inelastic x-ray scattering spectra for diamond up to 2 million atmospheres provide data on the evolution of its electronic structures under compression. The mapping of the observed electronic density of states allows us to obtain a two-dimensional image of the bonding transitions of diamond undergoing deformation. The spectral change near edge onset is minor beyond a million atmospheres, while its electronic structure displays marked pressure-induced electron delocalization. Such electronic responses indicate that diamond's external rigidity is supported by its ability to reconcile internal stress, providing insights into the origins of hardness in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Keun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoosoo Yi
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyo-Im Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Paul Chow
- HPCAT, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
| | - Yuming Xiao
- HPCAT, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
| | - Peter Eng
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guoyin Shen
- HPCAT, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
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4
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Bethkenhagen M, Sharma A, Suryanarayana P, Pask JE, Sadigh B, Hamel S. Properties of carbon up to 10 million kelvin from Kohn-Sham density functional theory molecular dynamics. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:015306. [PMID: 36797894 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.015306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurately modeling dense plasmas over wide-ranging conditions of pressure and temperature is a grand challenge critically important to our understanding of stellar and planetary physics as well as inertial confinement fusion. In this work, we employ Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) molecular dynamics (MD) to compute the properties of carbon at warm and hot dense matter conditions in the vicinity of the principal Hugoniot. In particular, we calculate the equation of state (EOS), Hugoniot, pair distribution functions, and diffusion coefficients for carbon at densities spanning 8 g/cm^{3} to 16 g/cm^{3} and temperatures ranging from 100 kK to 10 MK using the Spectral Quadrature method. We find that the computed EOS and Hugoniot are in good agreement with path integral Monte Carlo results and the sesame database. Additionally, we calculate the ion-ion structure factor and viscosity for selected points. All results presented are at the level of full Kohn-Sham DFT-MD, free of empirical parameters, average-atom, and orbital-free approximations employed previously at such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Bethkenhagen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5276, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Abhiraj Sharma
- College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Phanish Suryanarayana
- College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - John E Pask
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Babak Sadigh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Sebastien Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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5
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Celliers PM, Millot M. Imaging velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) diagnostics for high energy density sciences. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:011101. [PMID: 36725591 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two variants of optical imaging velocimetry, specifically the one-dimensional streaked line-imaging and the two-dimensional time-resolved area-imaging versions of the Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR), have become important diagnostics in high energy density sciences, including inertial confinement fusion and dynamic compression of condensed matter. Here, we give a brief review of the historical development of these techniques, then describe the current implementations at major high energy density (HED) facilities worldwide, including the OMEGA Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility. We illustrate the versatility and power of these techniques by reviewing diverse applications of imaging VISARs for gas-gun and laser-driven dynamic compression experiments for materials science, shock physics, condensed matter physics, chemical physics, plasma physics, planetary science and astronomy, as well as a broad range of HED experiments and laser-driven inertial confinement fusion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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Giri A, Karna P, Hopkins PE. Exceptionally Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum Driven by Extreme Pressures: A First-Principles Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10918-10923. [PMID: 36394985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extreme pressure conditions reveal fundamental insights into the physical properties of elemental metals that are otherwise not evident under ambient conditions. Herein, we use the density functional perturbation theory to demonstrate that the change in thermal conductivity as a result of large hydrostatic pressures at room temperature for aluminum is the largest of any known material. More specifically, in comparison to ambient conditions, we find that the change in thermal conductivity for aluminum is greater than the relative changes in thermal conductivities of diamond and cubic boron nitride combined, which are two of the most thermally conductive bulk materials known to date. We attribute this to the relatively larger increase in mean free paths and lifetimes of electrons in aluminum as a result of weaker electron-phonon coupling at higher pressures. Our work reveals direct insights into the exceptional electronic transport properties of pressurized aluminum and advances a broad paradigm for understanding thermal transport in metals under extreme pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Giri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Pravin Karna
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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7
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Kim D, Smith RF, Ocampo IK, Coppari F, Marshall MC, Ginnane MK, Wicks JK, Tracy SJ, Millot M, Lazicki A, Rygg JR, Eggert JH, Duffy TS. Structure and density of silicon carbide to 1.5 TPa and implications for extrasolar planets. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2260. [PMID: 35477934 PMCID: PMC9046200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable recent interest in the high-pressure behavior of silicon carbide, a potential major constituent of carbon-rich exoplanets. In this work, the atomic-level structure of SiC was determined through in situ X-ray diffraction under laser-driven ramp compression up to 1.5 TPa; stresses more than seven times greater than previous static and shock data. Here we show that the B1-type structure persists over this stress range and we have constrained its equation of state (EOS). Using this data we have determined the first experimentally based mass-radius curves for a hypothetical pure SiC planet. Interior structure models are constructed for planets consisting of a SiC-rich mantle and iron-rich core. Carbide planets are found to be ~10% less dense than corresponding terrestrial planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kim
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - I K Ocampo
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - M C Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M K Ginnane
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J K Wicks
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S J Tracy
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - T S Duffy
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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8
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Metastability of diamond ramp-compressed to 2 terapascals. Nature 2021; 589:532-535. [PMID: 33505034 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbon is the fourth-most prevalent element in the Universe and essential for all known life. In the elemental form it is found in multiple allotropes, including graphite, diamond and fullerenes, and it has long been predicted that even more structures can exist at pressures greater than those at Earth's core1-3. Several phases have been predicted to exist in the multi-terapascal regime, which is important for accurate modelling of the interiors of carbon-rich exoplanets4,5. By compressing solid carbon to 2 terapascals (20 million atmospheres; more than five times the pressure at Earth's core) using ramp-shaped laser pulses and simultaneously measuring nanosecond-duration time-resolved X-ray diffraction, we found that solid carbon retains the diamond structure far beyond its regime of predicted stability. The results confirm predictions that the strength of the tetrahedral molecular orbital bonds in diamond persists under enormous pressure, resulting in large energy barriers that hinder conversion to more-stable high-pressure allotropes1,2, just as graphite formation from metastable diamond is kinetically hindered at atmospheric pressure. This work nearly doubles the highest pressure at which X-ray diffraction has been recorded on any material.
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9
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Zhao D, Wang M, Xiao G, Zou B. Thinking about the Development of High-Pressure Experimental Chemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7297-7306. [PMID: 32787316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure chemistry is an interdisciplinary science which uses high-pressure experiments and theories to study the interactions, reactions, and transformations among atoms or molecules. It has been extensively studied thus far and achieved rapid development over the past decades. However, what is next for high-pressure chemistry? In this Perspective, we mainly focus on the development of high-pressure experimental chemistry from our own viewpoint. An overview of the series of topics is as follows: (I) high pressure used as an effective tool to help resolve scientific disputes regarding phenomena observed under ambient conditions; (II) high-pressure reactions of interest to synthetic chemists; (III) utilizing chemical methods to quench the high-pressure phase; (IV) using high pressure to achieve what chemists want to do but could not do; (V) potential applications of in situ properties under high pressure. This Perspective is expected to offer future research opportunities for researchers to develop high-pressure chemistry and to inspire new endeavors in this area to promote the field of compression chemistry science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Meiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guanjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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10
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Rygg JR, Smith RF, Lazicki AE, Braun DG, Fratanduono DE, Kraus RG, McNaney JM, Swift DC, Wehrenberg CE, Coppari F, Ahmed MF, Barrios MA, Blobaum KJM, Collins GW, Cook AL, Di Nicola P, Dzenitis EG, Gonzales S, Heidl BF, Hohenberger M, House A, Izumi N, Kalantar DH, Khan SF, Kohut TR, Kumar C, Masters ND, Polsin DN, Regan SP, Smith CA, Vignes RM, Wall MA, Ward J, Wark JS, Zobrist TL, Arsenlis A, Eggert JH. X-ray diffraction at the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:043902. [PMID: 32357733 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report details of an experimental platform implemented at the National Ignition Facility to obtain in situ powder diffraction data from solids dynamically compressed to extreme pressures. Thin samples are sandwiched between tamper layers and ramp compressed using a gradual increase in the drive-laser irradiance. Pressure history in the sample is determined using high-precision velocimetry measurements. Up to two independently timed pulses of x rays are produced at or near the time of peak pressure by laser illumination of thin metal foils. The quasi-monochromatic x-ray pulses have a mean wavelength selectable between 0.6 Å and 1.9 Å depending on the foil material. The diffracted signal is recorded on image plates with a typical 2θ x-ray scattering angle uncertainty of about 0.2° and resolution of about 1°. Analytic expressions are reported for systematic corrections to 2θ due to finite pinhole size and sample offset. A new variant of a nonlinear background subtraction algorithm is described, which has been used to observe diffraction lines at signal-to-background ratios as low as a few percent. Variations in system response over the detector area are compensated in order to obtain accurate line intensities; this system response calculation includes a new analytic approximation for image-plate sensitivity as a function of photon energy and incident angle. This experimental platform has been used up to 2 TPa (20 Mbar) to determine the crystal structure, measure the density, and evaluate the strain-induced texturing of a variety of compressed samples spanning periods 2-7 on the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C E Wehrenberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M F Ahmed
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - K J M Blobaum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A L Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Di Nicola
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - E G Dzenitis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S Gonzales
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B F Heidl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A House
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - T R Kohut
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C Kumar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N D Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D N Polsin
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C A Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R M Vignes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M A Wall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Ward
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T L Zobrist
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Arsenlis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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11
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Ye Q, Hu Y, Duan X, Liu H, Zhang H, Zhang C, Sun L, Yang W, Xu W, Cai Q, Wang Z, Jiang S. Theoretical development and experimental validation on the measurement of temperature by extended X-ray absorption fine structure. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:436-445. [PMID: 32153282 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation on the theoretical framework of the ultra-fast measurement of temperature by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) applied in laser-driven-compression experiments has been carried out and a new temperature measurement scheme based on the EXAFS cumulant expansion analysis and anharmonic correlated Debye model has been advanced. By considering the anharmonic effect of thermal vibration and avoiding the employment of the empirical model as well as parameters which have large inherent uncertainties in the temperature determination, this new scheme is theoretically more accurate than traditional ones. Then the performance of the new measurement scheme and traditional methods were validated on a synchrotron radiation platform by temperature-dependent EXAFS (TDEXAFS) experiments on Au, Fe, V and Ti; the results showed that the new scheme could provide the most accurate measured temperatures with much lower uncertainties. This accurate scheme gives a firmer physical ground to the EXAFS temperature measurement technique and can expect to be applied in laser-driven compression experiments and promote the development of matter state research at extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hu
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Duan
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Sun
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Yang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Cai
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhebin Wang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoen Jiang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
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12
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Ping Y, Whitley HD, McKelvey A, Kemp GE, Sterne PA, Shepherd R, Marinak M, Hua R, Beg FN, Eggert JH. Heat-release equation of state and thermal conductivity of warm dense carbon by proton differential heating. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:043204. [PMID: 31771018 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Warm dense carbon is generated at 0.3-2.0 g/cc and 1-7 eV by proton heating. The release equation of state (EOS) after heating and thermal conductivity of warm dense carbon are studied experimentally in this regime using a Au/C dual-layer target to initiate a temperature gradient and two picosecond time-resolved diagnostics to probe the surface expansion and heat flow. Comparison between the data and simulations using various EOSs and thermal conductivity models is quantified with a statistical χ^{2} analysis. Out of seven EOS tables and five thermal conductivity models, only L9061 with the Lee-More model provides a probability above 50% to match all data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Heather D Whitley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Andrew McKelvey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gregory E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Phillp A Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Ronnie Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Marty Marinak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Rui Hua
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Farhat N Beg
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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13
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Swift DC, Fratanduono DE, Kraus RG, Dowling EA. Non-iterative characteristics analysis for high-pressure ramp loading. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:093903. [PMID: 31575262 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the canonical ramp compression experiment, a smoothly increasing load is applied to the surface of the sample, and the particle velocity history is measured at two or more different distances into the sample, at interfaces where the surface of the sample can be probed. The velocity histories are used to deduce a stress-density relation, usually using iterative Lagrangian analysis to account for the perturbing effect of the impedance mismatch at the interface. In that technique, a stress-density relation is assumed in order to correct for the perturbation and is adjusted until it becomes consistent with the deduced stress-density relation. This process is subject to the usual difficulties of nonlinear optimization, such as the existence of local minima (sensitivity to the initial guess), possible failure to converge, and relatively large computational effort. We show that, by considering the interaction of successive characteristics reaching a free surface, the stress-density relation can be deduced directly by recursion rather than iteration. This calculation is orders of magnitude faster than iterative analysis and does not require an initial guess. Direct recursion may be less suitable for very noisy data, but it was robust when applied to trial data. The stress-density relation deduced was identical to the result from iterative Lagrangian analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C Swift
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Dayne E Fratanduono
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Richard G Kraus
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Evan A Dowling
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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14
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Zhang YY, Tang MX, Cai Y, E JC, Luo SN. Deducing density and strength of nanocrystalline Ta and diamond under extreme conditions from X-ray diffraction. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:413-421. [PMID: 30855250 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518017216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In situ X-ray diffraction with advanced X-ray sources offers unique opportunities for investigating materials properties under extreme conditions such as shock-wave loading. Here, Singh's theory for deducing high-pressure density and strength from two-dimensional (2D) diffraction patterns is rigorously examined with large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of isothermal compression and shock-wave compression. Two representative solids are explored: nanocrystalline Ta and diamond. Analysis of simulated 2D X-ray diffraction patterns is compared against direct molecular dynamics simulation results. Singh's method is highly accurate for density measurement (within 1%) and reasonable for strength measurement (within 10%), and can be used for such measurements on nanocrystalline and polycrystalline solids under extreme conditions (e.g. in the megabar regime).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Zhang
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - M X Tang
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Cai
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - J C E
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - S N Luo
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
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15
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Barbero N, Abbiati G, Enrico E, Amato G, Vittone E, Ott HR, Mesot J, Shiroka T. Design optimization through thermomechanical finite-element analysis of a hybrid piston-clamped anvil cell for nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:013901. [PMID: 30709234 DOI: 10.1063/1.5059391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of materials under extreme pressure conditions requires high-performance cells whose design invariably involves trade-offs between the maximum achievable pressure, the allowed sample volume, and the possibility of real-time pressure monitoring. With a newly conceived hybrid piston-clamped anvil cell, we offer a relatively simple and versatile system, suitable for nuclear magnetic resonance experiments up to 4.4 GPa. Finite-element models, taking into account mechanical and thermal conditions, were used to optimize and validate the design prior to the realization of the device. Cell body and gaskets were made of beryllium-copper alloy and the pistons and pusher were made of tungsten carbide, while the anvils consist of zirconium dioxide. The low-temperature pressure cell performance was tested by monitoring in situ the pressure-dependent 63Cu nuclear-quadrupole-resonance signal of Cu2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Barbero
- Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Abbiati
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Enrico
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, INRIM, Strada delle Cacce 91, Turin, Italy
| | - G Amato
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, INRIM, Strada delle Cacce 91, Turin, Italy
| | - E Vittone
- Physics Department and NIS Interdepartmental Center, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - H-R Ott
- Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Mesot
- Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Shiroka
- Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Wicks JK, Smith RF, Fratanduono DE, Coppari F, Kraus RG, Newman MG, Rygg JR, Eggert JH, Duffy TS. Crystal structure and equation of state of Fe-Si alloys at super-Earth core conditions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao5864. [PMID: 29707632 PMCID: PMC5916515 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The high-pressure behavior of Fe alloys governs the interior structure and dynamics of super-Earths, rocky extrasolar planets that could be as much as 10 times more massive than Earth. In experiments reaching up to 1300 GPa, we combine laser-driven dynamic ramp compression with in situ x-ray diffraction to study the effect of composition on the crystal structure and density of Fe-Si alloys, a potential constituent of super-Earth cores. We find that Fe-Si alloy with 7 weight % (wt %) Si adopts the hexagonal close-packed structure over the measured pressure range, whereas Fe-15wt%Si is observed in a body-centered cubic structure. This study represents the first experimental determination of the density and crystal structure of Fe-Si alloys at pressures corresponding to the center of a ~3-Earth mass terrestrial planet. Our results allow for direct determination of the effects of light elements on core radius, density, and pressures for these planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- June K. Wicks
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Raymond F. Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | | | - Federica Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Richard G. Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Matthew G. Newman
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J. Ryan Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623–1299, USA
| | - Jon H. Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Thomas S. Duffy
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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17
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Mirkarimi PB, Bettencourt KA, Teslich NE, Peterson SC. Recent Advances in the Fabrication of Very Thick, Multistepped Iron and Tantalum Films for EOS Targets. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-tfm20-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Mirkarimi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
| | - K. A. Bettencourt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
| | - N. E. Teslich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
| | - S. C. Peterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
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18
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Schöttler M, French M, Cebulla D, Redmer R. Free energy model for solid high-pressure phases of carbon. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:145401. [PMID: 26974530 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/14/145401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Analytic free energy models for three solid high-pressure phases--diamond, body centered cubic phase with eight atoms in the unit cell (BC8), and simple cubic (SC)--are developed using density functional theory. We explicitly include anharmonic effects by performing molecular dynamics simulations and investigate their density and temperature dependence in detail. Anharmonicity in the nuclear motion shifts the phase transitions significantly compared to the harmonic approximation. Furthermore, we apply a thermodynamically constrained correction that brings the equation of state in accordance with diamond anvil cell experiments. The performance of our thermodynamic functions is validated against Hugoniot experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schöttler
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059, Rostock Germany
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19
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Lazicki A, Rygg JR, Coppari F, Smith R, Fratanduono D, Kraus RG, Collins GW, Briggs R, Braun DG, Swift DC, Eggert JH. X-Ray Diffraction of Solid Tin to 1.2 TPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:075502. [PMID: 26317730 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.075502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report direct in situ measurements of the crystal structure of tin between 0.12 and 1.2 TPa, the highest stress at which a crystal structure has ever been observed. Using angle-dispersive powder x-ray diffraction, we find that dynamically compressed Sn transforms to the body-centered-cubic (bcc) structure previously identified by ambient-temperature quasistatic-compression studies and by zero-kelvin density-functional theory predictions between 0.06 and 0.16 TPa. However, we observe no evidence for the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase found by those studies to be stable above 0.16 TPa. Instead, our results are consistent with bcc up to 1.2 TPa. We conjecture that at high temperature bcc is stabilized relative to hcp due to differences in vibrational free energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Briggs
- The University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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20
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Abstract
Crystal structure prediction at high pressures unbiased by any prior known structure information has recently become a topic of considerable interest. We here present a short overview of recently developed structure prediction methods and propose current challenges for crystal structure prediction. We focus on first-principles crystal structure prediction at high pressures, paying particular attention to novel high pressure structures uncovered by efficient structure prediction methods. Finally, a brief perspective on the outstanding issues that remain to be solved and some directions for future structure prediction researches at high pressure are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yanming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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21
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Patel S, Suggit MJ, Stubley PG, Hawreliak JA, Ciricosta O, Comley AJ, Collins GW, Eggert JH, Foster JM, Wark JS, Higginbotham A. Single Hit Energy-resolved Laue Diffraction. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:053908. [PMID: 26026537 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ white light Laue diffraction has been successfully used to interrogate the structure of single crystal materials undergoing rapid (nanosecond) dynamic compression up to megabar pressures. However, information on strain state accessible via this technique is limited, reducing its applicability for a range of applications. We present an extension to the existing Laue diffraction platform in which we record the photon energy of a subset of diffraction peaks. This allows for a measurement of the longitudinal and transverse strains in situ during compression. Consequently, we demonstrate measurement of volumetric compression of the unit cell, in addition to the limited aspect ratio information accessible in conventional white light Laue. We present preliminary results for silicon, where only an elastic strain is observed. VISAR measurements show the presence of a two wave structure and measurements show that material downstream of the second wave does not contribute to the observed diffraction peaks, supporting the idea that this material may be highly disordered, or has undergone large scale rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Patel
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Suggit
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Stubley
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - James A Hawreliak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Orlando Ciricosta
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Comley
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - Gilbert W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - John M Foster
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - Justin S Wark
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Higginbotham
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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22
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Goldman N. Multi-center semi-empirical quantum models for carbon under extreme thermodynamic conditions. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Ileri N, Goldman N. Graphene and nano-diamond synthesis in expansions of molten liquid carbon. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:164709. [PMID: 25362334 DOI: 10.1063/1.4899071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their widespread use in high-pressure experiments, little is known about the physical and chemical properties of carbon-containing materials as they expand and cool to ambient conditions. As a result, interpretation of experiments can rely on use of unconstrained models with poor accuracy for the ensuing equation of state properties and final chemical products. To this end, we use quantum simulations to study the free expansion and cooling of carbon from metallic liquid states achieved during shock compression. Expansions from three different sets of shock conditions yielded of a variety of chain and ring structures. We then quantify the relative amounts of graphite-like and diamond-like particles formed during cooling and equilibration. We observe that for all cases, graphene sheets are the majority product formed with more extreme initial conditions producing increasingly larger amounts of diamond particles. Our results can address key needs for future meso-scale models of experiments, where knowledge of material properties and chemical end products can have a pronounced effect on interpreting experimental observables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Ileri
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Nir Goldman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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24
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Ramp compression of diamond to five terapascals. Nature 2014; 511:330-3. [PMID: 25030170 DOI: 10.1038/nature13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of more than a thousand planets outside our Solar System, together with the significant push to achieve inertially confined fusion in the laboratory, has prompted a renewed interest in how dense matter behaves at millions to billions of atmospheres of pressure. The theoretical description of such electron-degenerate matter has matured since the early quantum statistical model of Thomas and Fermi, and now suggests that new complexities can emerge at pressures where core electrons (not only valence electrons) influence the structure and bonding of matter. Recent developments in shock-free dynamic (ramp) compression now allow laboratory access to this dense matter regime. Here we describe ramp-compression measurements for diamond, achieving 3.7-fold compression at a peak pressure of 5 terapascals (equivalent to 50 million atmospheres). These equation-of-state data can now be compared to first-principles density functional calculations and theories long used to describe matter present in the interiors of giant planets, in stars, and in inertial-confinement fusion experiments. Our data also provide new constraints on mass-radius relationships for carbon-rich planets.
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25
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Smith RF, Eggert JH, Jeanloz R, Duffy TS, Braun DG, Patterson JR, Rudd RE, Biener J, Lazicki AE, Hamza AV, Wang J, Braun T, Benedict LX, Celliers PM, Collins GW. Ramp compression of diamond to five terapascals. Nature 2014. [PMID: 25030170 DOI: 10.1038/nature13526.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of more than a thousand planets outside our Solar System, together with the significant push to achieve inertially confined fusion in the laboratory, has prompted a renewed interest in how dense matter behaves at millions to billions of atmospheres of pressure. The theoretical description of such electron-degenerate matter has matured since the early quantum statistical model of Thomas and Fermi, and now suggests that new complexities can emerge at pressures where core electrons (not only valence electrons) influence the structure and bonding of matter. Recent developments in shock-free dynamic (ramp) compression now allow laboratory access to this dense matter regime. Here we describe ramp-compression measurements for diamond, achieving 3.7-fold compression at a peak pressure of 5 terapascals (equivalent to 50 million atmospheres). These equation-of-state data can now be compared to first-principles density functional calculations and theories long used to describe matter present in the interiors of giant planets, in stars, and in inertial-confinement fusion experiments. Our data also provide new constraints on mass-radius relationships for carbon-rich planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Jeanloz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Department of Astronomy and Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T S Duffy
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - D G Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Patterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R E Rudd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A V Hamza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Department of Astronomy and Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L X Benedict
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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26
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Wang J, Smith RF, Coppari F, Eggert JH, Boehly TR, Collins GW, Duffy TS. Ramp compression of magnesium oxide to 234 GPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/500/6/062002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Higginbotham A, Patel S, Hawreliak JA, Ciricosta O, Collins GW, Coppari F, Eggert JH, Suggit MJ, Tang H, Wark JS. Single photon energy dispersive x-ray diffraction. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:033906. [PMID: 24689599 DOI: 10.1063/1.4867456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the pressure range accessible to laser driven compression experiments on solid material rising rapidly, new challenges in the diagnosis of samples in harsh laser environments are emerging. When driving to TPa pressures (conditions highly relevant to planetary interiors), traditional x-ray diffraction techniques are plagued by increased sources of background and noise, as well as a potential reduction in signal. In this paper we present a new diffraction diagnostic designed to record x-ray diffraction in low signal-to-noise environments. By utilising single photon counting techniques we demonstrate the ability to record diffraction patterns on nanosecond timescales, and subsequently separate, photon-by-photon, signal from background. In doing this, we mitigate many of the issues surrounding the use of high intensity lasers to drive samples to extremes of pressure, allowing for structural information to be obtained in a regime which is currently largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Higginbotham
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Shamim Patel
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - James A Hawreliak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Orlando Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Gilbert W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Federica Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Matthew J Suggit
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Tang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Justin S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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28
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Sun J, Martinez-Canales M, Klug DD, Pickard CJ, Needs RJ. Stable all-nitrogen metallic salt at terapascal pressures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:175502. [PMID: 24206503 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.175502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The phase diagram and equation of state of dense nitrogen are of interest in understanding the fundamental physics and chemistry under extreme conditions, including planetary processes, and in discovering new materials. We predict several stable phases of nitrogen at multi-TPa pressures, including a P4/nbm structure consisting of partially charged N(2)(δ+) pairs and N(5)(δ-) tetrahedra, which is stable in the range 2.5-6.8 TPa. This is followed by a modulated layered structure between 6.8 and 12.6 TPa, which also exhibits a significant charge transfer. The P4/nbm metallic nitrogen salt and the modulated structure are stable at high pressures and temperatures, and they exhibit strongly ionic features and charge density distortions, which is unexpected in an element under such extreme conditions and could represent a new class of nitrogen materials. The P-T phase diagram of nitrogen at TPa pressures is investigated using quasiharmonic phonon calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China and Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany and Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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29
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Ping Y, Coppari F, Hicks DG, Yaakobi B, Fratanduono DE, Hamel S, Eggert JH, Rygg JR, Smith RF, Swift DC, Braun DG, Boehly TR, Collins GW. Solid iron compressed up to 560 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:065501. [PMID: 23971582 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.065501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic compression by multiple shocks is used to compress iron up to 560 GPa (5.6 Mbar), the highest solid-state pressure yet attained for iron in the laboratory. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy offers simultaneous density, temperature, and local-structure measurements for the compressed iron. The data show that the close-packed structure of iron is stable up to 560 GPa, the temperature at peak compression is significantly higher than expected from pure compressive work, and the dynamic strength of iron is many times greater than the static strength based on lower pressure data. The results provide the first constraint on the melting line of iron above 400 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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30
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Yoo CS. Physical and chemical transformations of highly compressed carbon dioxide at bond energies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:7949-66. [PMID: 23615853 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50761k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide exhibits a richness of high-pressure polymorphs with a great diversity in intermolecular interaction, chemical bonding, and crystal structures. It ranges from typical molecular solids to fully extended covalent solids with crystal structures similar to those of SiO2. These extended solids of carbon dioxide are fundamentally new materials exhibiting interesting optical nonlinearity, low compressibility and high energy density. Furthermore, the large disparity in chemical bonding between the extended network and molecular structures results in a broad metastability domain for these phases to room temperature and almost to ambient pressure and thereby offers enhanced opportunities for novel materials developments. Broadly speaking, these molecular-to-non-molecular transitions occur due to electron delocalization manifested as a rapid increase in electron kinetic energy at high density. The detailed mechanisms, however, are more complex with phase metastabilities, path-dependent phases and phase boundaries, and large lattice strains and structural distortions - all of which are controlled by well beyond thermodynamic constraints to chemical kinetics associated with the governing phases and transitions. As a result, the equilibrium phase boundary is difficult to locate precisely (experimentally or theoretically) and is often obscured by the presence of metastable phases (ordered or disordered). This paper will review the pressure-induced transformations observed in highly compressed carbon dioxide and present chemistry perspectives on those molecular-to-non-molecular transformations that can be applied to other low-Z molecular solids at Mbar pressures where the compression energy rivals the chemical bond energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Shik Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
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31
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Robinson DR, Wilson M. The liquid<−>amorphous transition and the high pressure phase diagram of carbon. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:155101. [PMID: 23462588 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/15/155101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The phase diagram of carbon is mapped to high pressure using a computationally-tractable potential model. The use of a relatively simple (Tersoff-II) potential model allows a large range of phase space to be explored. The coexistence (melting) curve for the diamond crystal/liquid dyad is mapped directly by modelling the solid/liquid interfaces. The melting curve is found to be re-entrant and belongs to a conformal class of diamond/liquid coexistence curves. On supercooling the liquid a phase transition to a tetrahedral amorphous form (ta-C) is observed. The liquid <−> amorphous coexistence curve is mapped onto the pT plane and is found to also be re-entrant. The entropy changes for both melting and the amorphous −> liquid transitions are obtained from the respective coexistence curves and the associated changes in molar volume. The structural change on amorphization is analysed at different points on the coexistence curve including for transitions that are both isochoric and isocoordinate (no change in nearest-neighbour coordination number). The conformal nature of the melting curve is highlighted with respect to the known behaviour of Si. The relationship of the observed liquid/amorphous coexistence curve to the Si low- and high-density amorphous (LDA/HDA) transition is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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32
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Martinez-Canales M, Pickard CJ, Needs RJ. Thermodynamically stable phases of carbon at multiterapascal pressures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:045704. [PMID: 22400866 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.045704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phases of carbon are studied up to pressures of 1 petapascal (PPa) using first-principles density-functional-theory methods and a structure searching algorithm. Our extensive search over the potential energy surface supports the sequence of transitions diamond → BC8 → simple cubic under increasing pressure found in previous theoretical studies. At higher pressures we predict a soft-phonon driven transition to a simple hexagonal structure at 6.4 terapascals (TPa), and further transitions to the face centered cubic electride structure at 21 TPa, a double hexagonal close packed structure at 270 TPa, and the body centered cubic structure at 650 TPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martinez-Canales
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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33
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Sun J, Martinez-Canales M, Klug DD, Pickard CJ, Needs RJ. Persistence and eventual demise of oxygen molecules at terapascal pressures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:045503. [PMID: 22400862 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.045503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Computational searches for structures of solid oxygen under high pressures in the multi-TPa range are carried out using density-functional-theory methods. We find that molecular oxygen persists to about 1.9 TPa at which it transforms into a semiconducting square-spiral-like polymeric structure (I4(1)/acd) with a band gap of ~3.0 eV. Solid oxygen forms a metallic zigzag chainlike structure (Cmcm) at about 3.0 TPa, but the chains in each layer gradually merge as the pressure is increased and a structure of Fmmm symmetry forms at about 9.3 TPa in which each atom has four nearest neighbors. The superconducting properties of molecular oxygen do not vary much with compression, although the structure becomes more symmetric. The electronic properties of oxygen have a complex evolution with pressure, swapping between insulating, semiconducting, and metallic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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34
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Khazaei M, Liang Y, Bahramy MS, Pichierri F, Esfarjani K, Kawazoe Y. High-pressure phases of hydrogen cyanide: formation of hydrogenated carbon nitride polymers and layers and their electronic properties. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:405403. [PMID: 21937792 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/40/405403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have performed a set of first-principles simulations to consider the possible phase transitions in molecular crystals of HCN under high pressure. Our calculations reveal several transition paths from the orthorhombic phase to tetragonal and then to triclinic phases. The transitions from the orthorhombic to the tetragonal phases are of the second order, whereas those from the tetragonal to the triclinic phases turn out to be of the first-order type and characterized by an abrupt decrease in volume. Our calculations show that, by adjustment of the temperature and pressure of the HCN molecular crystal, novel layered and polymeric crystals with insulating, semiconducting or metallic properties can be found. Based on our simulation results, two different crystal formation mechanisms are deduced. The stabilities of the predicted structures at ambient pressure are further assessed by performing phonon or MD simulations. In addition, the electron transport properties of the predicted polymers are obtained using the non-equilibrium Green's function technique combined with density functional theory. The results show that the polymers have metallic-like I-V characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khazaei
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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35
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Vailionis A, Gamaly EG, Mizeikis V, Yang W, Rode AV, Juodkazis S. Evidence of superdense aluminium synthesized by ultrafast microexplosion. Nat Commun 2011; 2:445. [PMID: 21863012 PMCID: PMC3265372 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At extreme pressures and temperatures, such as those inside planets and stars, common materials form new dense phases with compacted atomic arrangements and unusual physical properties. The synthesis and study of new phases of matter at pressures above 100 GPa and temperatures above 10(4) K--warm dense matter--may reveal the functional details of planet and star interiors, and may lead to materials with extraordinary properties. Many phases have been predicted theoretically that may be realized once appropriate formation conditions are found. Here we report the synthesis of a superdense stable phase of body-centred-cubic aluminium, predicted by first-principles theories to exist at pressures above 380 GPa. The superdense Al phase was synthesized in the non-equilibrium conditions of an ultrafast laser-induced microexplosion confined inside sapphire (α-Al(2)O(3)). Confined microexplosions offer a strategy to create and recover high-density polymorphs, and a simple method for tabletop study of warm dense matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Vailionis
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Eugene G. Gamaly
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Vygantas Mizeikis
- Division of Global Research Leaders, (Research Institute of Electronics), Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Wenge Yang
- HPSynC—Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IIlinois 60439, USA
| | - Andrei V. Rode
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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36
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Lang JM, Gupta YM. Experimental determination of third-order elastic constants of diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:125502. [PMID: 21517323 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.125502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To determine the nonlinear elastic response of diamond, single crystals were shock compressed along the [100], [110], and [111] orientations to 120 GPa peak elastic stresses. Particle velocity histories and elastic wave velocities were measured by using laser interferometry. The measured elastic wave profiles were used, in combination with published acoustic measurements, to determine the complete set of third-order elastic constants. These constants represent the first experimental determination, and several differ significantly from those calculated by using theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lang
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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37
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Mirkarimi PB, Bettencourt KA, Kellam MC, Davis PJ, Teslich NE, Alameda JB. Thick, Multistepped Iron and Tantalum Targets for Equation-of-State Measurements at High Pressures and Low Temperatures. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.13182/fst10-3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Mirkarimi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
| | - K. A. Bettencourt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
| | - M. C. Kellam
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
| | - P. J. Davis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
| | - N. E. Teslich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
| | - J. B. Alameda
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
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38
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Neumayer P, Fortmann C, Döppner T, Davis P, Falcone RW, Kritcher AL, Landen OL, Lee HJ, Lee RW, Niemann C, Le Pape S, Glenzer SH. Plasmons in strongly coupled shock-compressed matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:075003. [PMID: 20868053 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.075003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present the first measurements of the plasmon dispersion and damping in laser shock-compressed solid matter. Petawatt laser produced K-α radiation scatters on boron targets compressed by a 10 ns-long 400 J laser pulse. In the vicinity of the Fermi momentum, the scattering spectra show dispersionless, collisionally damped plasmons, indicating a strongly coupled electron liquid. These observations agree with calculations that include the Born-Mermin approximation to account for electron-ion collisional damping and local field corrections reflecting electron-electron correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Neumayer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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39
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McMahon MI, Ackland GJ. Aluminium: Simple metal no more. NATURE MATERIALS 2010; 9:607-608. [PMID: 20651797 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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40
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Reed EJ, Maiti A, Fried LE. Anomalous sound propagation and slow kinetics in dynamically compressed amorphous carbon. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:016607. [PMID: 20365491 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.016607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have performed molecular-dynamics simulations of dynamic compression waves propagating through amorphous carbon using the Tersoff potential and find that a variety of dynamic compression features appear for two different initial densities. These features include steady elastic shocks, steady chemically reactive shocks, unsteady elastic waves, and unsteady chemically reactive waves. We show how these features can be distinguished by analyzing time-dependent propagation speeds, time-dependent sound speeds, and comparison to multiscale shock technique (MSST) simulations. Understanding such features is a key challenge in quasi-isentropic experiments involving phase transformations. In addition to direct simulations of dynamic compression, we employ the MSST and find agreement with the direct method for this system for the shocks observed. We show how the MSST can be extended to include explicit material viscosity and demonstrate on an amorphous Lennard-Jones system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Reed
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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41
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High-Rate Plastic Deformation of Nanocrystalline Tantalum to Large Strains: Molecular Dynamics Simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.633-634.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the ability to generate extremes of pressure and temperature in dynamic experiments and to probe the response of materials has motivated the need for special materials optimized for those conditions as well as a need for a much deeper understanding of the behavior of materials subjected to high pressure and/or temperature. Of particular importance is the understanding of rate effects at the extremely high rates encountered in those experiments, especially with the next generation of laser drives such as at the National Ignition Facility. Here we use large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the high-rate deformation of nanocrystalline tantalum to investigate the processes associated with plastic deformation for strains up to 100%. We use initial atomic configurations that were produced through simulations of solidification in the work of Streitz et al [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, (2006) 225701]. These 3D polycrystalline systems have typical grain sizes of 10-20 nm. We also study a rapidly quenched liquid (amorphous solid) tantalum. We apply a constant volume (isochoric), constant temperature (isothermal) shear deformation over a range of strain rates, and compute the resulting stress-strain curves to large strains for both uniaxial and biaxial compression. We study the rate dependence and identify plastic deformation mechanisms. The identification of the mechanisms is facilitated through a novel technique that computes the local grain orientation, returning it as a quaternion for each atom. This analysis technique is robust and fast, and has been used to compute the orientations on the fly during our parallel MD simulations on supercomputers. We find both dislocation and twinning processes are important, and they interact in the weak strain hardening in these extremely fine-grained microstructures.
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42
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Sun J, Klug DD, Martoňák R. Structural transformations in carbon under extreme pressure: Beyond diamond. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:194512. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3139060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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