1
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Chen P, Xu Q, Ding Z, Chen Q, Xu J, Cheng Z, Qiu X, Yuan B, Meng S, Yao N. Identification of a common ice nucleus on hydrophilic and hydrophobic close-packed metal surfaces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5813. [PMID: 37726300 PMCID: PMC10509196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing a general model of heterogeneous ice nucleation has long been challenging because of the surface water structures found on different substrates. Identifying common water clusters, regardless of the underlying substrate, is one of the key steps toward solving this problem. Here, we demonstrate the presence of a common water cluster found on both hydrophilic Pt(111) and hydrophobic Cu(111) surfaces using scanning tunneling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy. Water molecules self-assemble into a structure with a central flat-lying hexagon and three fused pentagonal rings, forming a cluster consisting of 15 individual water molecules. This cluster serves as a critical nucleus during ice nucleation on both surfaces: ice growth beyond this cluster bifurcates to form two-dimensional (three-dimensional) layers on hydrophilic (hydrophobic) surfaces. Our results reveal the inherent similarity and distinction at the initial stage of ice growth on hydrophilic and hydrophobic close-packed metal surfaces; thus, these observations provide initial evidence toward a general model for water-substrate interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Chen
- Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540-8211, USA
| | - Qiuhao Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zijing Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiyu Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhihai Cheng
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 100190, Beijing, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Bingkai Yuan
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Nan Yao
- Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540-8211, USA.
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2
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Osterloh N, Pan T, Morgenstern K. Locally varying formation of nanoclusters across a low-intensity ultra-short laser spot. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 8:55-62. [PMID: 36331373 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00386d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-short laser illumination is an intriguing tool for engineering material by light. It is usually employed at or above the ablation threshold. Practical applications profit from tailoring surface properties, for instance, by structural changes to the surface layer of an irradiated target. A target-orientated restructuring of surfaces on the nanoscale is much less explored. In particular, an intrinsic intensity variation across a laser spot has not yet been considered or employed. We image the unexpected nanoscale clusters formed on the Cu(111) surface upon illumination of a Cu sample far below its ablation threshold by femtosecond laser light, employing a specifically-developed multi-scale approach. We unravel that these clusters vary significantly in size and shape across the micrometer-scale 400 nm 50 fs laser spot (repetition rate: 250 kHz). There are three qualitatively different regions separated by sharp changes. The observations highlight the importance of local fluence for specific types of nanoclusters. Ultra-short laser illumination represents a non-trivial interplay between photo-thermal and electron-induced mechanisms, transport of heat and electrons, and material properties, which we discuss for identifying the underlying principles. Our study demonstrates that a multitude of as yet unconsidered processes are involved in the tailoring of nanoscale materials by ultra-short laser light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Osterloh
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Physical Chemistry I, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Tianluo Pan
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Physical Chemistry I, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany.
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Physical Chemistry I, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany.
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3
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Bertram C, Auburger P, Bockstedte M, Stähler J, Bovensiepen U, Morgenstern K. Impact of Electron Solvation on Ice Structures at the Molecular Scale. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1310-1316. [PMID: 31985230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron attachment and solvation at ice structures are well-known phenomena. The energy liberated in such events is commonly understood to cause temporary changes at such ice structures, but it may also trigger permanent modifications to a yet unknown extent. We determine the impact of electron solvation on D2O structures adsorbed on Cu(111) with low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, two-photon photoemission, and ab initio theory. Solvated electrons, generated by ultraviolet photons, lead not only to transient but also to permanent structural changes through the rearrangement of individual molecules. The persistent changes occur near sites with a high density of dangling OD groups that facilitate electron solvation. We conclude that energy dissipation during solvation triggers permanent molecular rearrangement via vibrational excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Bertram
- Physical Chemistry I , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
- Faculty of Physics , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstr. 1 , D-47048 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Philipp Auburger
- Solid State Theory , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstr. 7B2 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Michel Bockstedte
- Solid State Theory , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstr. 7B2 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials , University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a , A-5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Julia Stähler
- Department of Physical Chemistry , Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Faculty of Physics , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstr. 1 , D-47048 Duisburg , Germany
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Physical Chemistry I , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
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4
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Dong A, Yan L, Sun L, Yan S, Shan X, Guo Y, Meng S, Lu X. Identifying Few-Molecule Water Clusters with High Precision on Au(111) Surface. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6452-6457. [PMID: 29812905 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the nature of a hydrogen-bond network in water structures is one of the imperative objectives of science. With the use of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope, water clusters on a Au(111) surface were directly imaged with molecular resolution by a functionalized tip. The internal structures of the water clusters as well as the geometry variations with the increase of size were identified. In contrast to a buckled water hexamer predicted by previous theoretical calculations, our results present deterministic evidence for a flat configuration of water hexamers on Au(111), corroborated by density functional theory calculations with properly implemented van der Waals corrections. The consistency between the experimental observations and improved theoretical calculations not only renders the internal structures of absorbed water clusters unambiguously, but also directly manifests the crucial role of van der Waals interactions in constructing water-solid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anning Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lihuan Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , 201210 , China
| | - Xinyan Shan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
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5
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Böckmann H, Gawinkowski S, Waluk J, Raschke MB, Wolf M, Kumagai T. Near-Field Enhanced Photochemistry of Single Molecules in a Scanning Tunneling Microscope Junction. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:152-157. [PMID: 29266954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optical near-field excitation of metallic nanostructures can be used to enhance photochemical reactions. The enhancement under visible light illumination is of particular interest because it can facilitate the use of sunlight to promote photocatalytic chemical and energy conversion. However, few studies have yet addressed optical near-field induced chemistry, in particular at the single-molecule level. In this Letter, we report the near-field enhanced tautomerization of porphycene on a Cu(111) surface in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) junction. The light-induced tautomerization is mediated by photogenerated carriers in the Cu substrate. It is revealed that the reaction cross section is significantly enhanced in the presence of a Au tip compared to the far-field induced process. The strong enhancement occurs in the red and near-infrared spectral range for Au tips, whereas a W tip shows a much weaker enhancement, suggesting that excitation of the localized plasmon resonance contributes to the process. Additionally, using the precise tip-surface distance control of the STM, the near-field enhanced tautomerization is examined in and out of the tunneling regime. Our results suggest that the enhancement is attributed to the increased carrier generation rate via decay of the excited near-field in the STM junction. Additionally, optically excited tunneling electrons also contribute to the process in the tunneling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Böckmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylwester Gawinkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Martin Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- JST-PRESTO , 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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6
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Liriano ML, Gattinoni C, Lewis EA, Murphy CJ, Sykes ECH, Michaelides A. Water-Ice Analogues of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Water Nanoclusters on Cu(111). J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6403-6410. [PMID: 28418246 PMCID: PMC5432957 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Water has an incredible ability to
form a rich variety of structures,
with 16 bulk ice phases identified, for example, as well as numerous
distinct structures for water at interfaces or under confinement.
Many of these structures are built from hexagonal motifs of water
molecules, and indeed, for water on metal surfaces, individual hexamers
of just six water molecules have been observed. Here, we report the
results of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy experiments
and density functional theory calculations which reveal a host of
new structures for water–ice nanoclusters when adsorbed on
an atomically flat Cu surface. The H-bonding networks within the nanoclusters
resemble the resonance structures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
and water–ice analogues of inene, naphthalene, phenalene, anthracene,
phenanthrene, and triphenylene have been observed. The specific structures
identified and the H-bonding patterns within them reveal new insight
about water on metals that allows us to refine the so-called “2D
ice rules”, which have so far proved useful in understanding
water–ice structures at solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Liriano
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Chiara Gattinoni
- Thomas Young Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Emily A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Colin J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E Charles H Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Thomas Young Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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7
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Morgenstern K. Hydratisierung von und auf Oberflächen. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201700767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Guo Y, Ding Z, Sun L, Li J, Meng S, Lu X. Inducing Transient Charge State of a Single Water Cluster on Cu(111) Surface. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4489-4495. [PMID: 27007702 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hydrated electron on solid surface is a crucial species to interfacial chemistry. We present a joint low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory investigation to explore the existence of a transient hydrated electron state induced by injecting tunneling electrons into a single water nonamer cluster on Cu(111) surface. The directional diffusion of water cluster under the Coulomb repulsive potential has been observed as evidence for the emergence of the transient hydrated electron. A critical structure transformation in water cluster for the emergence of hydrated electron has been identified. A charging mechanism has been proposed based on density functional theory calculation and scanning tunneling microscope results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijing Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihuan Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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9
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Liriano ML, Carrasco J, Lewis EA, Murphy CJ, Lawton TJ, Marcinkowski MD, Therrien AJ, Michaelides A, Sykes ECH. The interplay of covalency, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion leads to a long range chiral network: The example of 2-butanol. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:094703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4941560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Liriano
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Javier Carrasco
- CIC Energigune, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain
| | - Emily A. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Colin J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Timothy J. Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Therrien
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Thomas Young Centre, London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - E. Charles H. Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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10
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Xu Y, Dibble CJ, Petrik NG, Smith RS, Kay BD, Kimmel GA. Complete Wetting of Pt(111) by Nanoscale Liquid Water Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:541-547. [PMID: 26785059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The melting and wetting of nanoscale crystalline ice films on Pt(111) that are transiently heated above the melting point in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) using nanosecond laser pulses are studied with infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and Kr temperature-programmed desorption. The as-grown crystalline ice films consist of nanoscale ice crystallites embedded in a hydrophobic water monolayer. Upon heating, these crystallites melt to form nanoscale droplets of liquid water. Rapid cooling after each pulse quenches the films, allowing them to be interrogated with UHV surface science techniques. With each successive heat pulse, these liquid drops spread across the surface until it is entirely covered with a multilayer water film. These results, which show that nanoscale water films completely wet Pt(111), are in contrast to molecular dynamics simulations predicting partial wetting of water drops on a hydrophobic water monolayer. The results provide valuable insights into the wetting characteristics of nanoscale water films on a clean, well-characterized, single-crystal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xu
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Collin J Dibble
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nikolay G Petrik
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Scott Smith
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Greg A Kimmel
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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11
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Bazarnik M, Bugenhagen B, Elsebach M, Sierda E, Frank A, Prosenc MH, Wiesendanger R. Toward Tailored All-Spin Molecular Devices. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:577-582. [PMID: 26704349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular based spintronic devices offer great potential for future energy-efficient information technology as they combine ultimately small size, high-speed operation, and low-power consumption. Recent developments in combining atom-by-atom assembly with spin-sensitive imaging and characterization at the atomic level have led to a first prototype of an all-spin atomic-scale logic device, but the very low working temperature limits its application. Here, we show that a more stable spintronic device could be achieved using tailored Co-Salophene based molecular building blocks, combined with in situ electrospray deposition under ultrahigh vacuum conditions as well as control of the surface-confined molecular assembly at the nanometer scale. In particular, we describe the tools to build a molecular, strongly bonded device structure from paramagnetic molecular building blocks including spin-wires, gates, and tails. Such molecular device concepts offer the advantage of inherent parallel fabrication based on molecular self-assembly as well as an order of magnitude higher operation temperatures due to enhanced energy scales of covalent through-bond linkage of basic molecular units compared to substrate-mediated coupling schemes employing indirect exchange coupling between individual adsorbed magnetic atoms on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Bazarnik
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg , Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology , Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bernhard Bugenhagen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Micha Elsebach
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg , Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emil Sierda
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology , Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Annika Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc H Prosenc
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Roland Wiesendanger
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg , Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Natarajan SK, Behler J. Neural network molecular dynamics simulations of solid–liquid interfaces: water at low-index copper surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:28704-28725. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05711j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation of the water–copper interface have been carried out using high-dimensional neural network potential based on density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Behler
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- D-44780 Bochum
- Germany
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13
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Zaum C, Meyer-Auf-der-Heide KM, Mehlhorn M, McDonough S, Schneider WF, Morgenstern K. Differences between thermal and laser-induced diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:146104. [PMID: 25910140 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.146104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A combination of femtosecond laser excitation with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope is used to study long-range interaction during diffusion of CO on Cu(111). Both thermal and laser-driven diffusion show an oscillatory energy dependence on the distance to neighboring molecules. Surprisingly, the phase is inverted; i.e., at distances at which thermal diffusion is most difficult, it is easiest for laser-driven diffusion and vice versa. We explain this unexpected behavior by a transient stabilization of the negative ion during diffusion as corroborated by ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Zaum
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Abteilung für atomare und molekulare Strukturen (ATMOS), Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - K M Meyer-Auf-der-Heide
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Abteilung für atomare und molekulare Strukturen (ATMOS), Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Mehlhorn
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Abteilung für atomare und molekulare Strukturen (ATMOS), Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S McDonough
- Departement of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - W F Schneider
- Departement of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - K Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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14
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Visualizing cyclic peptide hydration at the single-molecule level. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2461. [PMID: 23955234 PMCID: PMC3746206 DOI: 10.1038/srep02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of water molecules in the selective transport of potassium ions across cell membranes is important. Experimental investigations of valinomycin–water interactions remain huge challenge due to the poor solubility of valinomycin in water. Herein, we removed this experimental obstacle by introducing gaseous water and valinomycin onto a Cu(111) surface to investigate the hydration of valinomycin. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we revealed that water could affect the adsorption structure of valinomycin. Hydrogen bond interactions occurred primarily at the carbonyl oxygen of valinomycin and resulted in the formation of valinomycin hydrates. The single-molecule perspective revealed in our investigation could provide new insight into the role of water on the conformation transition of valinomycin, which might provide a new molecular basis for the ion transport mechanism at the water/membrane interface.
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15
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Boucher MB, Marcinkowski MD, Liriano ML, Murphy CJ, Lewis EA, Jewell AD, Mattera MFG, Kyriakou G, Flytzani-Stephanopoulos M, Sykes ECH. Molecular-scale perspective of water-catalyzed methanol dehydrogenation to formaldehyde. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6181-6187. [PMID: 23746268 DOI: 10.1021/nn402055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Methanol steam reforming is a promising reaction for on-demand hydrogen production. Copper catalysts have excellent activity and selectivity for methanol conversion to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This product balance is dictated by the formation and weak binding of formaldehyde, the key reaction intermediate. It is widely accepted that oxygen adatoms or oxidized copper are required to activate methanol. However, we show herein by studying a well-defined metallic copper surface that water alone is capable of catalyzing the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde. Our results indicate that six or more water molecules act in concert to deprotonate methanol to methoxy. Isolated palladium atoms in the copper surface further promote this reaction. This work reveals an unexpected role of water, which is typically considered a bystander in this key chemical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Boucher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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16
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Carrasco J, Hodgson A, Michaelides A. A molecular perspective of water at metal interfaces. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:667-74. [PMID: 22825022 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water/solid interfaces are relevant to a broad range of physicochemical phenomena and technological processes such as corrosion, lubrication, heterogeneous catalysis and electrochemistry. Although many fields have contributed to rapid progress in the fundamental knowledge of water at interfaces, detailed molecular-level understanding of water/solid interfaces comes mainly from studies on flat metal substrates. These studies have recently shown that a remarkably rich variety of structures form at the interface between water and even seemingly simple flat surfaces. In this Review we discuss the most exciting work in this area, in particular the emerging physical insight and general concepts about how water binds to metal surfaces. We also provide a perspective on outstanding problems, challenges and open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carrasco
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Pan D, Liu LM, Slater B, Michaelides A, Wang E. Melting the ice: on the relation between melting temperature and size for nanoscale ice crystals. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4562-9. [PMID: 21568289 DOI: 10.1021/nn200252w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the melting of ice is an everyday process, important issues remain unclear particularly on the nanoscale. Indeed despite extensive studies into ice melting and premelting, little is known about the relationship between (pre)melting and crystal size and morphology, with, for example, the melting temperature of ice nanocrystals being unclear. Here we report extensive long-time force-field-based molecular dynamics studies of the melting of hexagonal ice nanocrystals in the ca. 2 to 8 nm size range. We show that premelting is initiated at the corners of the crystals, then the edges between facets, and then the flat surfaces; that is, the melting temperature is related to the degree of coordination. A strong size dependence of the melting temperature is observed, with the combination of small particle size and premelting leading nanosized ice crystals to have liquid-like surfaces as low as about 130 K below the bulk ice melting temperature. These results will be of relevance in understanding the size dependence of ice crystal morphology and the surface reactivity of ice particles under atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Pan
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 603, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Petek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States, and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States, and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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19
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Russell SM, Liu DJ, Kawai M, Kim Y, Thiel PA. Low-temperature adsorption of H2S on Ag(111). J Chem Phys 2010; 133:124705. [PMID: 20886963 DOI: 10.1063/1.3481481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
H(2)S forms a rich variety of structures on Ag(111) at low temperature and submonolayer coverage. The molecules decorate step edges, exist as isolated entities on terraces, and aggregate into clusters and islands, under various conditions. One type of island exhibits a (√37×√37)R25.3° unit cell. Typically, molecules in the clusters and islands are separated by about 0.4 nm, the same as the S-S separation in crystalline H(2)S. Density functional theory indicates that hydrogen-bonded clusters contain two types of molecules. One is very similar to an isolated adsorbed H(2)S molecule, with both S-H bonds nearly parallel to the surface. The other has a S-H bond pointed toward the surface. The potential energy surface for adsorption and diffusion is very smooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena M Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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20
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Hynninen T, Heinonen V, Dias CL, Karttunen M, Foster AS, Ala-Nissila T. Cutting ice: nanowire regelation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:086102. [PMID: 20868115 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.086102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Even below its normal melting temperature, ice melts when subjected to high pressure and refreezes once the pressure is lifted. A classic demonstration of this regelation phenomenon is the passing of a thin wire through a block of ice when sufficient force is exerted. Here we present a molecular-dynamics study of a nanowire cutting through ice to unravel the molecular level mechanisms responsible for regelation. In particular, we show that the transition from a stationary to a moving wire due to increased driving force changes from symmetric and continuous to asymmetric and discontinuous as a hydrophilic wire is replaced by a hydrophobic one. This is explained at the molecular level in terms of the wetting properties of the wire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Hynninen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
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21
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Riedel D. Single molecule manipulation at low temperature and laser scanning tunnelling photo-induced processes analysis through time-resolved studies. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:264009. [PMID: 21386466 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/26/264009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes, firstly, the statistical analysis used to determine the processes that occur during the manipulation of a single molecule through electronically induced excitations with a low temperature (5 K) scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). Various molecular operation examples are described and the ability to probe the ensuing molecular manipulation dynamics is discussed within the excitation context. It is, in particular, shown that such studies can reveal reversible manipulation for tuning dynamics through variation of the excitation energy. Secondly, the photo-induced process arising from the irradiation of the STM junction is also studied through feedback loop dynamics analysis, allowing us to distinguish between photo-thermally and photo-electronically induced signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Riedel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, ISMO, CNRS, Bâtiment 210, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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22
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Politano A, Chiarello G. Enhancement of hydrolysis in alkali ultrathin layers on metal substrates in the presence of electron confinement. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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