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Leuchs G, Andrianov AV, Anashkina EA, Manshina AA, Banzer P, Sondermann M. Extreme Concentration and Nanoscale Interaction of Light. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1842-1851. [PMID: 35726245 PMCID: PMC9204814 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrating light strongly calls for appropriate polarization patterns of the focused light beam and for up to a full 4π solid angle geometry. Focusing on the extreme requires efficient coupling to nanostructures of one kind or another via cylindrical vector beams having such patterns, the details of which depend on the geometry and property of the respective nanostructure. Cylindrical vector beams can not only be used to study a nanostructure, but also vice versa. Closely related is the discussion of topics such as the ultimate diffraction limit, a resonant field enhancement near nanoscopic absorbers, as well as speculations about nonresonant field enhancement, which, if it exists, might be relevant to pair production in vacuum. These cases do require further rigorous simulations and more decisive experiments. While there is a wide diversity of scenarios, there are also conceptually very different models offering helpful intuitive pictures despite this diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Leuchs
- Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Andrianov
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena A. Anashkina
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Lobachevsky
State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alina A. Manshina
- Institute
of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii prospect, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Peter Banzer
- Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Sondermann
- Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Bianchet LC, Alves N, Zarraoa L, Bruno N, Mitchell MW. Manipulating and measuring single atoms in the Maltese cross geometry. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:102. [PMID: 37645131 PMCID: PMC10446080 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13972.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Optical microtraps at the focus of high numerical aperture (high-NA) imaging systems enable efficient collection, trapping, detection and manipulation of individual neutral atoms for quantum technology and studies of optical physics associated with super- and sub-radiant states. The recently developed "Maltese cross" geometry (MCG) atom trap uses four in-vacuum lenses to achieve four-directional high-NA optical coupling to single trapped atoms and small atomic arrays. This article presents the first extensive characterisation of atomic behaviour in a MCG atom trap. Methods: We employ a MCG system optimised for high coupling efficiency and characterise the resulting properties of the trap and trapped atoms. Using current best practices, we measure occupancy, loading rate, lifetime, temperature, fluorescence anti-bunching and trap frequencies. We also use the four-directional access to implement a new method to map the spatial distribution of collection efficiency from high-NA optics: we use the two on-trap-axis lenses to produce a 1D optical lattice, the sites of which are stochastically filled and emptied by the trap loading process. The two off-trap-axis lenses are used for imaging and single-mode collection. Correlations of single-mode and imaging fluorescence signals are then used to map the single-mode collection efficiency. Results: We observe trap characteristics comparable to what has been reported for single-atom traps with one- or two-lens optical systems. The collection efficiency distribution in the axial and transverse directions is directly observed to be in agreement with expected collection efficiency distribution from Gaussian beam optics. Conclusions: The multi-directional high-NA access provided by the Maltese cross geometry enables complex manipulations and measurements not possible in geometries with fewer directions of access, and can be achieved while preserving other trap characteristics such as lifetime, temperature, and trap size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena C. Bianchet
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Natalia Alves
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Laura Zarraoa
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Natalia Bruno
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, Florence, 50125, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Morgan W. Mitchell
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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3
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Medina-Dozal L, Ramos-Prieto I, Récamier J. Approximate Evolution for A Hybrid System-An Optomechanical Jaynes-Cummings Model. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E1373. [PMID: 33279918 PMCID: PMC7762087 DOI: 10.3390/e22121373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we start from a phenomenological Hamiltonian built from two known systems: the Hamiltonian of a pumped optomechanical system and the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian. Using algebraic techniques we construct an approximate time evolution operator U^(t) for the forced optomechanical system (as a product of exponentials) and take the JC Hamiltonian as an interaction. We transform the later with U^(t) to obtain a generalized interaction picture Hamiltonian which can be linearized and whose time evolution operator is written in a product form. The analytic results are compared with purely numerical calculations using the full Hamiltonian and the agreement between them is remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Récamier
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 48-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62251, Mexico; (L.M.-D.); (I.R.-P.)
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4
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Bruno N, Bianchet LC, Prakash V, Li N, Alves N, Mitchell MW. Maltese cross coupling to individual cold atoms in free space. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:31042-31052. [PMID: 31684344 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.031042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the simultaneous observation from four directions of the fluorescence of single 87Rb atoms trapped at the common focus of four high numerical aperture (NA=0.5) aspheric lenses. We use an interferometrically-guided pick-and-place technique to precisely and stably position the lenses along the four cardinal directions with their foci at a single central point. The geometry gives right angle access to a single quantum emitter, and will enable new trapping, excitation, and collection methods. The fluorescence signals indicate both sub-Poissonian atom number statistics and photon anti-bunching, showing suitability for cold atom quantum optics.
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5
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Abdi M, Plenio MB. Quantum Effects in a Mechanically Modulated Single-Photon Emitter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:023602. [PMID: 30720325 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.023602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent observation of quantum emitters in monolayers of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has provided a novel platform for optomechanical experiments where the single-photon emitters can couple to the motion of a freely suspended h-BN membrane. Here, we propose a scheme where the electronic degree of freedom (d.o.f.) of an embedded color center is coupled to the motion of the hosting h-BN resonator via dispersive forces. We show that the coupling of membrane vibrations to the electronic d.o.f. of the emitter can reach the strong regime. By suitable driving of a three-level Λ-system composed of two spin d.o.f. in the electronic ground state as well as an isolated excited state of the emitter, a multiple electromagnetically induced transparency spectrum becomes available. The experimental feasibility of the efficient vibrational ground-state cooling of the membrane via quantum interference effects in the two-color drive scheme is numerically confirmed. More interestingly, the emission spectrum of the defect exhibits a frequency comb with frequency spacings as small as the fundamental vibrational mode, which finds applications in high-precision spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Abdi
- Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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6
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Chin YS, Steiner M, Kurtsiefer C. Nonlinear photon-atom coupling with 4Pi microscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 29089501 PMCID: PMC5663764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementing nonlinear interactions between single photons and single atoms is at the forefront of optical physics. Motivated by the prospects of deterministic all-optical quantum logic, many efforts are currently underway to find suitable experimental techniques. Focusing the incident photons onto the atom with a lens yielded promising results, but is limited by diffraction to moderate interaction strengths. However, techniques to exceed the diffraction limit are known from high-resolution imaging. Here we adapt a super-resolution imaging technique, 4Pi microscopy, to efficiently couple light to a single atom. We observe 36.6(3)% extinction of the incident field, and a modified photon statistics of the transmitted field-indicating nonlinear interaction at the single-photon level. Our results pave the way to few-photon nonlinear optics with individual atoms in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Sum Chin
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Matthias Steiner
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Christian Kurtsiefer
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
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7
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Leong V, Seidler MA, Steiner M, Cerè A, Kurtsiefer C. Time-resolved scattering of a single photon by a single atom. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13716. [PMID: 27897173 PMCID: PMC5141341 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scattering of light by matter has been studied extensively in the past. Yet, the most fundamental process, the scattering of a single photon by a single atom, is largely unexplored. One prominent prediction of quantum optics is the deterministic absorption of a travelling photon by a single atom, provided the photon waveform matches spatially and temporally the time-reversed version of a spontaneously emitted photon. Here we experimentally address this prediction and investigate the influence of the photon's temporal profile on the scattering dynamics using a single trapped atom and heralded single photons. In a time-resolved measurement of atomic excitation we find a 56(11)% increase of the peak excitation by photons with an exponentially rising profile compared with a decaying one. However, the overall scattering probability remains unchanged within the experimental uncertainties. Our results demonstrate that envelope tailoring of single photons enables precise control of the photon–atom interaction. The efficient excitation of atoms using photons is a fundamental step in the control of photon-atom interaction and quantum information protocols. Here the authors show that photons with an exponentially rising envelope excite a single atom efficiently compared to a decaying temporal shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Leong
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Mathias Alexander Seidler
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Matthias Steiner
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Alessandro Cerè
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christian Kurtsiefer
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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8
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Steiner M, Meyer HM, Reichel J, Köhl M. Photon emission and absorption of a single ion coupled to an optical-fiber cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:263003. [PMID: 25615321 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.263003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a light-matter interface which consists of a single 174Yb+ ion coupled to an optical fiber cavity. We observe that photons at 935 nm are mainly emitted into the cavity mode and that correlations between the polarization of the photon and the spin state of the ion are preserved despite the intrinsic coupling into a single-mode fiber. Complementary, when a faint coherent light field is injected into the cavity mode, we find enhanced and polarization dependent absorption by the ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steiner
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - H M Meyer
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom and Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Köhl
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom and Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Souza JA, Figueroa E, Chibani H, Villas-Boas CJ, Rempe G. Coherent control of quantum fluctuations using cavity electromagnetically induced transparency. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:113602. [PMID: 24074086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study the all-optical control of the quantum fluctuations of a light beam via a combination of single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Specifically, the EIT control field is used to tune the CQED transition frequencies in and out of resonance with the probe light. In this way, photon blockade and antiblockade effects are employed to produce sub-Poissonian and super-Poissonian light fields, respectively. The achievable quantum control paves the way towards the realization of a prototype of a novel quantum transistor which amplifies or attenuates the relative intensity noise of a light beam. Its feasibility is demonstrated by calculations using realistic parameters from recent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Souza
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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10
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Leuchs G, Sondermann M. Light-matter interaction in free space. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2013; 60:36-42. [PMID: 23606789 PMCID: PMC3627204 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2012.716461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We review recent experimental advances in the field of efficient coupling of single atoms and light in free space. Furthermore, a comparison of efficient free space coupling and strong coupling in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is given. Free space coupling does not allow for observing oscillatory exchange between the light field and the atom which is the characteristic feature of strong coupling in cavity QED. Like cavity QED, free space QED does, however, offer full switching of the light field, a 180° phase shift conditional on the presence of a single atom as well as 100% absorption probability of a single photon by a single atom. Furthermore, free space cavity QED comprises the interaction with a continuum of modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Leuchs
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
| | - Markus Sondermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Hétet G, Slodička L, Hennrich M, Blatt R. Single atom as a mirror of an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:133002. [PMID: 22026849 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.133002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
By tightly focusing a laser field onto a single cold ion trapped in front of a far-distant dielectric mirror, we could observe a quantum electrodynamic effect whereby the ion behaves as the optical mirror of a Fabry-Pérot cavity. We show that the amplitude of the laser field is significantly altered due to a modification of the electromagnetic mode structure around the atom in a novel regime in which the laser intensity is already changed by the atom alone. We propose a direct application of this system as a quantum memory for single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hétet
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Hoi IC, Wilson CM, Johansson G, Palomaki T, Peropadre B, Delsing P. Demonstration of a single-photon router in the microwave regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:073601. [PMID: 21902392 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.073601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have embedded an artificial atom, a superconducting transmon qubit, in an open transmission line and investigated the strong scattering of incident microwave photons (∼6 GHz). When an input coherent state, with an average photon number N≪1 is on resonance with the artificial atom, we observe extinction of up to 99.6% in the forward propagating field. We use two-tone spectroscopy to study scattering from excited states and we observe electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We then use EIT to make a single-photon router, where we can control to what output port an incoming signal is delivered. The maximum on-off ratio is around 99% with a rise and fall time on the order of nanoseconds, consistent with theoretical expectations. The router can easily be extended to have multiple output ports and it can be viewed as a rudimentary quantum node, an important step towards building quantum information networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Io-Chun Hoi
- MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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13
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Roy D. Two-photon scattering by a driven three-level emitter in a one-dimensional waveguide and electromagnetically induced transparency. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:053601. [PMID: 21405395 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.053601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We study correlated two-photon transport in a (quasi-)one-dimensional photonic waveguide coupled to a three-level Λ-type emitter driven by a classical light field. Two-photon correlation is much stronger in the waveguide for a driven three-level emitter (3LE) than a two-level emitter. The driven 3LE waveguide shows electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), and we investigate the scaling of EIT for one and two photons. We show that the two transmitted photons are bunched together at any distance separation when energy of the incident photons meets "two-photon resonance" criterion for EIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Roy
- Department of Physics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0319, USA
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14
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Kampschulte T, Alt W, Brakhane S, Eckstein M, Reimann R, Widera A, Meschede D. Optical control of the refractive index of a single atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:153603. [PMID: 21230902 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.153603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the elementary case of electromagnetically induced transparency with a single atom inside an optical cavity probed by a weak field. We observe the modification of the dispersive and absorptive properties of the atom by changing the frequency of a control light field. Moreover, a strong cooling effect has been observed at two-photon resonance, increasing the storage time of our atoms twenty-fold to about 16 seconds. Our result points towards all-optical switching with single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kampschulte
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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