1
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McCaw A, Ewaniuk J, Shastri BJ, Rotenberg N. Reconfigurable quantum photonic circuits based on quantum dots. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:2951-2959. [PMID: 39006136 PMCID: PMC11245123 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quantum photonic integrated circuits, composed of linear-optical elements, offer an efficient way for encoding and processing quantum information on-chip. At their core, these circuits rely on reconfigurable phase shifters, typically constructed from classical components such as thermo- or electro-optical materials, while quantum solid-state emitters such as quantum dots are limited to acting as single-photon sources. Here, we demonstrate the potential of quantum dots as reconfigurable phase shifters. We use numerical models based on established literature parameters to show that circuits utilizing these emitters enable high-fidelity operation and are scalable. Despite the inherent imperfections associated with quantum dots, such as imperfect coupling, dephasing, or spectral diffusion, we show that circuits based on these emitters may be optimized such that these do not significantly impact the unitary infidelity. Specifically, they do not increase the infidelity by more than 0.001 in circuits with up to 10 modes, compared to those affected only by standard nanophotonic losses and routing errors. For example, we achieve fidelities of 0.9998 in quantum-dot-based circuits enacting controlled-phase and - not gates without any redundancies. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of quantum emitter-driven quantum information processing and pave the way for cryogenically-compatible, fast, and low-loss reconfigurable quantum photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McCaw
- Centre for Nanophotonics, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen’s University, 64 Bader Lane, K7L 3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob Ewaniuk
- Centre for Nanophotonics, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen’s University, 64 Bader Lane, K7L 3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhavin J. Shastri
- Centre for Nanophotonics, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen’s University, 64 Bader Lane, K7L 3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, M5G 1M1, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nir Rotenberg
- Centre for Nanophotonics, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen’s University, 64 Bader Lane, K7L 3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Boos K, Kim SK, Bracht T, Sbresny F, Kaspari JM, Cygorek M, Riedl H, Bopp FW, Rauhaus W, Calcagno C, Finley JJ, Reiter DE, Müller K. Signatures of Dynamically Dressed States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:053602. [PMID: 38364136 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.053602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of a resonant light field with a quantum two-level system is of key interest both for fundamental quantum optics and quantum technological applications employing resonant excitation. While emission under resonant continuous-wave excitation has been well studied, the more complex emission spectrum of dynamically dressed states-a quantum two-level system driven by resonant pulsed excitation-has so far been investigated in detail only theoretically. Here, we present the first experimental observation of the complete resonance fluorescence emission spectrum of a single quantum two-level system, in the form of an excitonic transition in a semiconductor quantum dot, driven by finite Gaussian pulses. We observe multiple emerging sidebands as predicted by theory, with an increase of their number and spectral detuning with excitation pulse intensity and a dependence of their spectral shape and intensity on the pulse length. Detuning-dependent measurements provide additional insights into the emission features. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations of the emission spectra, corroborating our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Boos
- Walter Schottky Institut, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, and MCQST, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sang Kyu Kim
- Walter Schottky Institut, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, and MCQST, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Bracht
- Condensed Matter Theory, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Friedrich Sbresny
- Walter Schottky Institut, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, and MCQST, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jan M Kaspari
- Condensed Matter Theory, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Moritz Cygorek
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Hubert Riedl
- Walter Schottky Institut, TUM School of Natural Sciences, and MCQST, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Frederik W Bopp
- Walter Schottky Institut, TUM School of Natural Sciences, and MCQST, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - William Rauhaus
- Walter Schottky Institut, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, and MCQST, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Carolin Calcagno
- Walter Schottky Institut, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, and MCQST, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Walter Schottky Institut, TUM School of Natural Sciences, and MCQST, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Doris E Reiter
- Condensed Matter Theory, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kai Müller
- Walter Schottky Institut, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, and MCQST, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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3
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Wells L, Müller T, Stevenson RM, Skiba-Szymanska J, Ritchie DA, Shields AJ. Coherent light scattering from a telecom C-band quantum dot. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8371. [PMID: 38102132 PMCID: PMC10724139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum networks have the potential to transform secure communication via quantum key distribution and enable novel concepts in distributed quantum computing and sensing. Coherent quantum light generation at telecom wavelengths is fundamental for fibre-based network implementations, but Fourier-limited emission and subnatural linewidth photons have so far only been reported from systems operating in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range. Here, we use InAs/InP quantum dots to demonstrate photons with coherence times much longer than the Fourier limit at telecom wavelength via elastic scattering of excitation laser photons. Further, we show that even the inelastically scattered photons have coherence times within the error bars of the Fourier limit. Finally, we make direct use of the minimal attenuation in fibre for these photons by measuring two-photon interference after 25 km of fibre, demonstrating finite interference visibility for photons emitted about 100,000 excitation cycles apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wells
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - T Müller
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK.
| | - R M Stevenson
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK
| | - J Skiba-Szymanska
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK
| | - D A Ritchie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - A J Shields
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0GZ, UK
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4
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Jun S, Choi M, Kim B, Morassi M, Tchernycheva M, Song HG, Yeo HS, Gogneau N, Cho YH. Enhancement of Single-Photon Purity and Coherence of III-Nitride Quantum Dot with Polarization-Controlled Quasi-Resonant Excitation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205229. [PMID: 36449654 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
III-Nitride semiconductor-based quantum dots (QDs) play an essential role in solid-state quantum light sources because of their potential for room-temperature operation. However, undesired background emission from the surroundings deteriorates single-photon purity. Moreover, spectral diffusion causes inhomogeneous broadening and limits the applications of QDs in quantum photonic technologies. To overcome these obstacles, it is demonstrated that directly pumping carriers to the excited state of the QD reduces the number of carriers generated in the vicinities. The polarization-controlled quasi-resonant excitation is applied to InGaN QDs embedded in GaN nanowire. To analyze the different excitation mechanisms, polarization-resolved absorptions are investigated under the above-barrier bandgap, below-barrier bandgap, and quasi-resonant excitation conditions. By employing polarization-controlled quasi-resonant excitation, the linewidth is reduced from 353 to 272 µeV, and the second-order correlation value is improved from 0.470 to 0.231. Therefore, a greater single-photon purity can be obtained at higher temperatures due to decreased linewidth and background emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmoon Jun
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Choi
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Baul Kim
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Martina Morassi
- Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Maria Tchernycheva
- Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Hyun Gyu Song
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Seop Yeo
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Noëlle Gogneau
- Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Yong-Hoon Cho
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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5
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Post-processing of real-time quantum event measurements for an optimal bandwidth. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1105. [PMID: 36670214 PMCID: PMC9859797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Single electron tunneling and its transport statistics have been studied for some time using high precision charge detectors. However, this type of detection requires advanced lithography, optimized material systems and low temperatures (mK). A promising alternative, recently demonstrated, is to exploit an optical transition that is turned on or off when a tunnel event occurs. High bandwidths should be achievable with this approach, although this has not been adequately investigated so far. We have studied low temperature resonance fluorescence from a self-assembled quantum dot embedded in a diode structure. We detect single photons from the dot in real time and evaluate the recorded data only after the experiment, using post-processing to obtain the random telegraph signal of the electron transport. This is a significant difference from commonly used charge detectors and allows us to determine the optimal time resolution for analyzing our data. We show how this post-processing affects both the determination of tunneling rates using waiting-time distributions and statistical analysis using full-counting statistics. We also demonstrate, as an example, that we can analyze our data with bandwidths as high as 175 kHz. Using a simple model, we discuss the limiting factors for achieving the optimal bandwidth and propose how a time resolution of more than 1 MHz could be achieved.
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6
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Chanana A, Larocque H, Moreira R, Carolan J, Guha B, Melo EG, Anant V, Song J, Englund D, Blumenthal DJ, Srinivasan K, Davanco M. Ultra-low loss quantum photonic circuits integrated with single quantum emitters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7693. [PMID: 36509782 PMCID: PMC9744872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaling of many photonic quantum information processing systems is ultimately limited by the flux of quantum light throughout an integrated photonic circuit. Source brightness and waveguide loss set basic limits on the on-chip photon flux. While substantial progress has been made, separately, towards ultra-low loss chip-scale photonic circuits and high brightness single-photon sources, integration of these technologies has remained elusive. Here, we report the integration of a quantum emitter single-photon source with a wafer-scale, ultra-low loss silicon nitride photonic circuit. We demonstrate triggered and pure single-photon emission into a Si3N4 photonic circuit with ≈ 1 dB/m propagation loss at a wavelength of ≈ 930 nm. We also observe resonance fluorescence in the strong drive regime, showing promise towards coherent control of quantum emitters. These results are a step forward towards scaled chip-integrated photonic quantum information systems in which storing, time-demultiplexing or buffering of deterministically generated single-photons is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Chanana
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ,grid.421663.40000 0004 7432 9327Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Hugo Larocque
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Renan Moreira
- grid.133342.40000 0004 1936 9676Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Jacques Carolan
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Present Address: Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Biswarup Guha
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA ,grid.94225.38000000012158463XJoint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Emerson G. Melo
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Materials Engineering Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP Brazil
| | - Vikas Anant
- grid.505023.1Photon Spot, Inc., Monrovia, CA USA
| | - Jindong Song
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792 South Korea
| | - Dirk Englund
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Daniel J. Blumenthal
- grid.133342.40000 0004 1936 9676Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA ,grid.94225.38000000012158463XJoint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- grid.94225.38000000012158463XMicrosystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD USA
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7
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Hanschke L, Schweickert L, Carreño JCL, Schöll E, Zeuner KD, Lettner T, Casalengua EZ, Reindl M, da Silva SFC, Trotta R, Finley JJ, Rastelli A, Del Valle E, Laussy FP, Zwiller V, Müller K, Jöns KD. Origin of Antibunching in Resonance Fluorescence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:170402. [PMID: 33156681 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Resonance fluorescence has played a major role in quantum optics with predictions and later experimental confirmation of nonclassical features of its emitted light such as antibunching or squeezing. In the Rayleigh regime where most of the light originates from the scattering of photons with subnatural linewidth, antibunching would appear to coexist with sharp spectral lines. Here, we demonstrate that this simultaneous observation of subnatural linewidth and antibunching is not possible with simple resonant excitation. Using an epitaxial quantum dot for the two-level system, we independently confirm the single-photon character and subnatural linewidth by demonstrating antibunching in a Hanbury Brown and Twiss type setup and using high-resolution spectroscopy, respectively. However, when filtering the coherently scattered photons with filter bandwidths on the order of the homogeneous linewidth of the excited state of the two-level system, the antibunching dip vanishes in the correlation measurement. Our observation is explained by antibunching originating from photon-interferences between the coherent scattering and a weak incoherent signal in a skewed squeezed state. This prefigures schemes to achieve simultaneous subnatural linewidth and antibunched emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hanschke
- Walter Schottky Institut and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas Schweickert
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Camilo López Carreño
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Schöll
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharina D Zeuner
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lettner
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marcus Reindl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Rinaldo Trotta
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Elena Del Valle
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Física Téorica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabrice P Laussy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
- Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Val Zwiller
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kai Müller
- Walter Schottky Institut and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus D Jöns
- Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Zhai L, Löbl MC, Nguyen GN, Ritzmann J, Javadi A, Spinnler C, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Warburton RJ. Low-noise GaAs quantum dots for quantum photonics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4745. [PMID: 32958795 PMCID: PMC7506537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots are both excellent single-photon sources and hosts for single spins. This combination enables the deterministic generation of Raman-photons—bandwidth-matched to an atomic quantum-memory—and the generation of photon cluster states, a resource in quantum communication and measurement-based quantum computing. GaAs quantum dots in AlGaAs can be matched in frequency to a rubidium-based photon memory, and have potentially improved electron spin coherence compared to the widely used InGaAs quantum dots. However, their charge stability and optical linewidths are typically much worse than for their InGaAs counterparts. Here, we embed GaAs quantum dots into an n-i-p-diode specially designed for low-temperature operation. We demonstrate ultra-low noise behaviour: charge control via Coulomb blockade, close-to lifetime-limited linewidths, and no blinking. We observe high-fidelity optical electron-spin initialisation and long electron-spin lifetimes for these quantum dots. Our work establishes a materials platform for low-noise quantum photonics close to the red part of the spectrum. GaAs quantum dots emitting at the near-red part of the spectrum usually suffers from excess charge-noise. With a careful design of a n-i-p-diode structure hosting GaAs quantum dots, the authors demonstrate ultralow-noise behaviour and high-fidelity spin initialisation close to rubidium wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhai
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias C Löbl
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giang N Nguyen
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, DE-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Ritzmann
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, DE-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alisa Javadi
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Spinnler
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, DE-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, DE-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Richard J Warburton
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Phillips CL, Brash AJ, McCutcheon DPS, Iles-Smith J, Clarke E, Royall B, Skolnick MS, Fox AM, Nazir A. Photon Statistics of Filtered Resonance Fluorescence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:043603. [PMID: 32794814 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.043603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectral filtering of resonance fluorescence is widely employed to improve single photon purity and indistinguishability by removing unwanted backgrounds. For filter bandwidths approaching the emitter linewidth, complex behavior is predicted due to preferential transmission of components with differing photon statistics. We probe this regime using a Purcell-enhanced quantum dot in both weak and strong excitation limits, finding excellent agreement with an extended sensor theory model. By changing only the filter width, the photon statistics can be transformed between antibunched, bunched, or Poissonian. Our results verify that strong antibunching and a subnatural linewidth cannot simultaneously be observed, providing new insight into the nature of coherent scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Phillips
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Brash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Dara P S McCutcheon
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Iles-Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street Building, Manchester M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Clarke
- EPSRC National Epitaxy Facility, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Royall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - A Mark Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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10
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Bao Y, Lin Q, Su R, Zhou ZK, Song J, Li J, Wang XH. On-demand spin-state manipulation of single-photon emission from quantum dot integrated with metasurface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba8761. [PMID: 32832685 PMCID: PMC7439567 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The semiconductor quantum dot (QD) has been successfully demonstrated as a potentially scalable and on-chip integration technology to generate the triggered photon streams that have many important applications in quantum information science. However, the randomicity of these photon streams emitted from the QD seriously compromises its use and especially hinders the on-demand manipulation of the spin states. Here, by accurately integrating a QD and its mirror image onto the two foci of a bifocal metalens, we demonstrate the on-demand generation and separation of the spin states of the emitted single photons. The photon streams with different spin states emitted from the QD can be flexibly manipulated to propagate along arbitrarily designed directions with high collimation of the smallest measured beaming divergence angle of 3.17°. Our work presents an effectively integrated quantum method for the simultaneously on-demand manipulation of the polarization, propagation, and collimation of the emitted photon streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qiaoling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rongbin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhang-Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jindong Song
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices Research, Post-Si Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02-791, South Korea
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xue-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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11
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Vibrational enhancement of quadrature squeezing and phase sensitivity in resonance fluorescence. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3034. [PMID: 31292447 PMCID: PMC6620290 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrational environments are commonly considered to be detrimental to the optical emission properties of solid-state and molecular systems, limiting their performance within quantum information protocols. Given that such environments arise naturally it is important to ask whether they can instead be turned to our advantage. Here we show that vibrational interactions can be harnessed within resonance fluorescence to generate optical states with a higher degree of quadrature squeezing than in isolated atomic systems. Considering the example of a driven quantum dot coupled to phonons, we demonstrate that it is feasible to surpass the maximum level of squeezing theoretically obtainable in an isolated atomic system and indeed come close to saturating the fundamental upper bound on squeezing from a two-level emitter. We analyse the performance of these vibrationally-enhanced squeezed states in a phase estimation protocol, finding that for the same photon flux, they can outperform the single mode squeezed vacuum state. Vibrational interactions are usually considered an obstacle to the creation and manipulation of quantum states; looking at the paradigmatic example of a driven quantum dot, the authors show how they could actually help to engineer optical states that are impossible to reach in the perfectly isolated case.
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12
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Koong ZX, Scerri D, Rambach M, Santana TS, Park SI, Song JD, Gauger EM, Gerardot BD. Fundamental Limits to Coherent Photon Generation with Solid-State Atomlike Transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:167402. [PMID: 31702372 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.167402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coherent generation of indistinguishable single photons is crucial for many quantum communication and processing protocols. Solid-state realizations of two-level atomic transitions or three-level spin-Λ systems offer significant advantages over their atomic counterparts for this purpose, albeit decoherence can arise due to environmental couplings. One popular approach to mitigate dephasing is to operate in the weak-excitation limit, where the excited-state population is minimal and coherently scattered photons dominate over incoherent emission. Here we probe the coherence of photons produced using two-level and spin-Λ solid-state systems. We observe that the coupling of the atomiclike transitions to the vibronic transitions of the crystal lattice is independent of the driving strength, even for detuned excitation using the spin-Λ configuration. We apply a polaron master equation to capture the non-Markovian dynamics of the vibrational manifolds. These results provide insight into the fundamental limitations to photon coherence from solid-state quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X Koong
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - D Scerri
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - M Rambach
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - T S Santana
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - S I Park
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - J D Song
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - E M Gauger
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - B D Gerardot
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
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13
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Brash AJ, Iles-Smith J, Phillips CL, McCutcheon DPS, O'Hara J, Clarke E, Royall B, Wilson LR, Mørk J, Skolnick MS, Fox AM, Nazir A. Light Scattering from Solid-State Quantum Emitters: Beyond the Atomic Picture. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:167403. [PMID: 31702333 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.167403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coherent scattering of light by a single quantum emitter is a fundamental process at the heart of many proposed quantum technologies. Unlike atomic systems, solid-state emitters couple to their host lattice by phonons. Using a quantum dot in an optical nanocavity, we resolve these interactions in both time and frequency domains, going beyond the atomic picture to develop a comprehensive model of light scattering from solid-state emitters. We find that even in the presence of a low-Q cavity with high Purcell enhancement, phonon coupling leads to a sideband that is completely insensitive to excitation conditions and to a nonmonotonic relationship between laser detuning and coherent fraction, both of which are major deviations from atomlike behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Brash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Iles-Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L Phillips
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Dara P S McCutcheon
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - John O'Hara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Clarke
- EPSRC National Epitaxy Facility, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DE, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Royall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Luke R Wilson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Mørk
- Department of Photonics Engineering, DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Building 343, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maurice S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - A Mark Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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14
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Lochner P, Kurzmann A, Schott R, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Lorke A, Geller M. Contrast of 83% in reflection measurements on a single quantum dot. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8817. [PMID: 31217487 PMCID: PMC6584550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a high optical contrast between the photon emission from a single self-assembled quantum dot (QD) and the back-scattered excitation laser light. In an optimized semiconductor heterostructure with an epitaxially grown gate, an optically-matched layer structure and a distributed Bragg reflector, a record value of 83% is obtained; with tilted laser excitation even 885%. This enables measurements on a single dot without lock-in technique or suppression of the laser background by cross-polarization. These findings open up the possibility to perform simultaneously time-resolved and polarization-dependent resonant optical spectroscopy on a single quantum dot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Lochner
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Annika Kurzmann
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Lorke
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martin Geller
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany
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15
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Jalnapurkar S, Anderson P, Moiseev ES, Palittapongarnpim P, Narayanan A, Barclay PE, Lvovsky AI. Measuring fluorescence into a nanofiber by observing field quadrature noise. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1678-1681. [PMID: 30933120 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We perform balanced homodyne detection of the electromagnetic field in a single-mode tapered optical nanofiber surrounded by rubidium atoms in a magneto-optical trap. Resonant fluorescence of atoms into the nanofiber mode manifests itself as increased quantum noise of the field quadratures. The autocorrelation function of the homodyne detector's output photocurrent exhibits exponential fall-off with a decay time constant of 26.3±0.6 ns, which is consistent with the theoretical expectation under our experimental conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experiment in which fluorescence into a tapered optical nanofiber has been observed and measured by balanced optical homodyne detection.
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16
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Strauß M, Carmele A, Schleibner J, Hohn M, Schneider C, Höfling S, Wolters J, Reitzenstein S. Wigner Time Delay Induced by a Single Quantum Dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:107401. [PMID: 30932646 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.107401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resonant scattering of weak coherent laser pulses on a single two-level system realized in a semiconductor quantum dot is investigated with respect to a time delay between incoming and scattered light. This type of time delay was predicted by Wigner in 1955 for purely coherent scattering and was confirmed for an atomic system in 2013 [R. Bourgain et al., Opt. Lett. 38, 1963 (2013)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.38.001963]. In the presence of electron-phonon interaction, we observe deviations from Wigner's theory related to incoherent and strongly non-Markovian scattering processes which are hard to quantify via a detuning-independent pure dephasing time. We observe detuning-dependent Wigner delays of up to 530 ps in our experiments which are supported quantitatively by microscopic theory allowing for pure dephasing times of up to 950 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Strauß
- Insitut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10263 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Carmele
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10263 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Schleibner
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10263 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Hohn
- Insitut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10263 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut,Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut,Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Janik Wolters
- Insitut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10263 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Insitut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10263 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Al-Ashouri A, Kurzmann A, Merkel B, Ludwig A, Wieck AD, Lorke A, Geller M. Photon Noise Suppression by a Built-in Feedback Loop. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:135-141. [PMID: 30560670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Visionary quantum photonic networks need transform-limited single photons on demand. Resonance fluorescence on a quantum dot provides the access to a solid-state single photon source, where the environment is unfortunately the source of spin and charge noise that leads to fluctuations of the emission frequency and destroys the needed indistinguishability. We demonstrate a built-in stabilization approach for the photon stream, which relies solely on charge carrier dynamics of a two-dimensional hole gas inside a micropillar structure. The hole gas is fed by hole tunneling from field-ionized excitons and influences the energetic position of the excitonic transition by changing the local electric field at the position of the quantum dot. The standard deviation of the photon noise is suppressed by nearly 50% (noise power reduction of 6 dB) and it works in the developed micropillar structure for frequencies up to 1 kHz. This built-in feedback loop represents an easy way for photon noise suppression in large arrays of single photon emitters and promises to reach higher bandwidth by device optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amran Al-Ashouri
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstrasse 1 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Annika Kurzmann
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstrasse 1 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin Merkel
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstrasse 1 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Axel Lorke
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstrasse 1 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Martin Geller
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstrasse 1 , 47057 Duisburg , Germany
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18
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Quijandría F, Strandberg I, Johansson G. Steady-State Generation of Wigner-Negative States in One-Dimensional Resonance Fluorescence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:263603. [PMID: 30636134 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.263603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate numerically that the nonlinearity provided by a continuously driven two-level system allows for the generation of Wigner-negative states of the electromagnetic field confined in one spatial dimension. Wigner-negative states, also known as Wigner nonclassical states, are desirable for quantum information protocols beyond the scope of classical computers. Focusing on the steady-state emission from the two-level system, we find the largest negativity at the drive strength where the coherent reflection vanishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Quijandría
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Strandberg
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Göran Johansson
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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19
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Fang W, Li GX, Yang Y. Controllable radiation properties of a driven exciton-biexciton quantum dot couples to a graphene sheet. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29561-29587. [PMID: 30470118 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the radiation properties of a driven exciton-biexciton structure quantum dot placed close to a graphene sheet. The study of the Purcell factor then demonstrates the tunability of light-matter coupling, which in turn provides the possibility to control the steady-state populations. As the result, dipole transitions can be selectively enhanced and asymmetry in the resonance fluorescence can be observed. Meanwhile, both quadratures can exhibit two-mode squeezing at the Rabi sideband frequencies. A further study shows that although the increase in the environment temperature has a destructive influence on the population imbalance, squeezing occurs even at room temperature. Due to the flexibility in controlling the resonance fluorescence spectrum and producing two-mode squeezed states, our proposal would have potential applications in quantum information and other quantum research fields.
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20
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Petrosyan D, Mølmer K. Deterministic Free-Space Source of Single Photons Using Rydberg Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:123605. [PMID: 30296151 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.123605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose an efficient free-space scheme to create single photons in a well-defined spatiotemporal mode. To that end, we first prepare a single source atom in an excited Rydberg state. The source atom interacts with a large ensemble of ground-state atoms via a laser-mediated dipole-dipole exchange interaction. Using an adiabatic passage with a chirped laser pulse, we produce a spatially extended spin wave of a single Rydberg excitation in the ensemble, accompanied by the transition of the source atom to another Rydberg state. The collective atomic excitation can then be converted to a propagating optical photon via a coherent coupling field. In contrast to previous approaches, our single-photon source does not rely on the strong coupling of a single emitter to a resonant cavity, nor does it require the heralding of collective excitation or complete Rydberg blockade of multiple excitations in the atomic ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Petrosyan
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Klaus Mølmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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21
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Liu F, Brash AJ, O'Hara J, Martins LMPP, Phillips CL, Coles RJ, Royall B, Clarke E, Bentham C, Prtljaga N, Itskevich IE, Wilson LR, Skolnick MS, Fox AM. High Purcell factor generation of indistinguishable on-chip single photons. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:835-840. [PMID: 30013218 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On-chip single-photon sources are key components for integrated photonic quantum technologies. Semiconductor quantum dots can exhibit near-ideal single-photon emission, but this can be significantly degraded in on-chip geometries owing to nearby etched surfaces. A long-proposed solution to improve the indistinguishablility is to use the Purcell effect to reduce the radiative lifetime. However, until now only modest Purcell enhancements have been observed. Here we use pulsed resonant excitation to eliminate slow relaxation paths, revealing a highly Purcell-shortened radiative lifetime (22.7 ps) in a waveguide-coupled quantum dot-photonic crystal cavity system. This leads to near-lifetime-limited single-photon emission that retains high indistinguishablility (93.9%) on a timescale in which 20 photons may be emitted. Nearly background-free pulsed resonance fluorescence is achieved under π-pulse excitation, enabling demonstration of an on-chip, on-demand single-photon source with very high potential repetition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- JARA-Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alistair J Brash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - John O'Hara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luis M P P Martins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Rikki J Coles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Benjamin Royall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Edmund Clarke
- EPSRC National Epitaxy Facility, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Nikola Prtljaga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Gooch & Housego (Torquay), Torquay, UK
| | - Igor E Itskevich
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Luke R Wilson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maurice S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Mark Fox
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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22
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Kreinberg S, Grbešić T, Strauß M, Carmele A, Emmerling M, Schneider C, Höfling S, Porte X, Reitzenstein S. Quantum-optical spectroscopy of a two-level system using an electrically driven micropillar laser as a resonant excitation source. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:41. [PMID: 30839591 PMCID: PMC6107011 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two-level emitters are the main building blocks of photonic quantum technologies and are model systems for the exploration of quantum optics in the solid state. Most interesting is the strict resonant excitation of such emitters to control their occupation coherently and to generate close to ideal quantum light, which is of utmost importance for applications in photonic quantum technology. To date, the approaches and experiments in this field have been performed exclusively using bulky lasers, which hinders the application of resonantly driven two-level emitters in compact photonic quantum systems. Here we address this issue and present a concept for a compact resonantly driven single-photon source by performing quantum-optical spectroscopy of a two-level system using a compact high-β microlaser as the excitation source. The two-level system is based on a semiconductor quantum dot (QD), which is excited resonantly by a fiber-coupled electrically driven micropillar laser. We dress the excitonic state of the QD under continuous wave excitation, and trigger the emission of single photons with strong multi-photon suppression (g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) = 0.02 ) and high photon indistinguishability (V = 57±9%) via pulsed resonant excitation at 156 MHz. These results clearly demonstrate the high potential of our resonant excitation scheme, which can pave the way for compact electrically driven quantum light sources with excellent quantum properties to enable the implementation of advanced quantum communication protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Kreinberg
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomislav Grbešić
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Strauß
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Carmele
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Emmerling
- Technische Physik, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS UK
| | - Xavier Porte
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Senellart P, Solomon G, White A. High-performance semiconductor quantum-dot single-photon sources. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:1026-1039. [PMID: 29109549 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Single photons are a fundamental element of most quantum optical technologies. The ideal single-photon source is an on-demand, deterministic, single-photon source delivering light pulses in a well-defined polarization and spatiotemporal mode, and containing exactly one photon. In addition, for many applications, there is a quantum advantage if the single photons are indistinguishable in all their degrees of freedom. Single-photon sources based on parametric down-conversion are currently used, and while excellent in many ways, scaling to large quantum optical systems remains challenging. In 2000, semiconductor quantum dots were shown to emit single photons, opening a path towards integrated single-photon sources. Here, we review the progress achieved in the past few years, and discuss remaining challenges. The latest quantum dot-based single-photon sources are edging closer to the ideal single-photon source, and have opened new possibilities for quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Senellart
- Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology CNRS, UMR9001, University Paris-Saclay, C2N - Site de Marcoussis, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Glenn Solomon
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20889, USA
| | - Andrew White
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems and Centre for Quantum Computer and Communication Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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24
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Rotenberg N, Türschmann P, Haakh HR, Martin-Cano D, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Small slot waveguide rings for on-chip quantum optical circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:5397-5414. [PMID: 28380801 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.005397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic interfaces between single emitters and light promise to enable new quantum optical technologies. Here, we use a combination of finite element simulations and analytic quantum theory to investigate the interaction of various quantum emitters with slot-waveguide rings. We predict that for rings with radii as small as 1.44 μm, with a Q-factor of 27,900, near-unity emitter-waveguide coupling efficiencies and emission enhancements on the order of 1300 can be achieved. By tuning the ring geometry or introducing losses, we show that realistic emitter-ring systems can be made to be either weakly or strongly coupled, so that we can observe Rabi oscillations in the decay dynamics even for micron-sized rings. Moreover, we demonstrate that slot waveguide rings can be used to directionally couple emission, again with near-unity efficiency. Our results pave the way for integrated solid-state quantum circuits involving various emitters.
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25
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Hughes S, Agarwal GS. Anisotropy-Induced Quantum Interference and Population Trapping between Orthogonal Quantum Dot Exciton States in Semiconductor Cavity Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:063601. [PMID: 28234504 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.063601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe how quantum dot semiconductor cavity systems can be engineered to realize anisotropy-induced dipole-dipole coupling between orthogonal dipole states in a single quantum dot. Quantum dots in single-mode cavity structures as well as photonic crystal waveguides coupled to spin states or linearly polarized excitons are considered. We demonstrate how the dipole-dipole coupling can control the radiative decay rate of excitons and form pure entangled states in the long time limit. We investigate both field-free entanglement evolution and coherently pumped exciton regimes, and show how a double-field pumping scenario can completely eliminate the decay of coherent Rabi oscillations and lead to population trapping. In the Mollow triplet regime, we explore the emitted spectra from the driven dipoles and show how a nonpumped dipole can take on the form of a spectral triplet, quintuplet, or a singlet, which has applications for producing subnatural linewidth single photons and more easily accessing regimes of high-field quantum optics and cavity-QED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hughes
- Department of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Girish S Agarwal
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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26
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Generation of single photons with highly tunable wave shape from a cold atomic ensemble. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13556. [PMID: 27886166 PMCID: PMC5133620 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of ultra-narrowband, pure and storable single photons with widely tunable wave shape is an enabling step toward hybrid quantum networks requiring interconnection of remote disparate quantum systems. It allows interaction of quantum light with several material systems, including photonic quantum memories, single trapped ions and opto-mechanical systems. Previous approaches have offered a limited tuning range of the photon duration of at most one order of magnitude. Here we report on a heralded single photon source with controllable emission time based on a cold atomic ensemble, which can generate photons with temporal durations varying over three orders of magnitude up to 10 μs without a significant change of the readout efficiency. We prove the nonclassicality of the emitted photons, show that they are emitted in a pure state, and demonstrate that ultra-long photons with nonstandard wave shape can be generated, which are ideally suited for several quantum information tasks. Generation of narrowband pure and storable single photons is an enabling step towards hybrid quantum networks interconnecting different systems. Here the authors report on a heralded single photon source based on a cold ensemble of atoms with controllable emission time and high photon shape tunability.
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27
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Grünwald P, Aßmann M, Heckötter J, Fröhlich D, Bayer M, Stolz H, Scheel S. Signatures of Quantum Coherences in Rydberg Excitons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:133003. [PMID: 27715094 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.133003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coherent optical control of individual particles has been demonstrated both for atoms and semiconductor quantum dots. Here we demonstrate the emergence of quantum coherent effects in semiconductor Rydberg excitons in bulk Cu_{2}O. Because of the spectral proximity between two adjacent Rydberg exciton states, a single-frequency laser may pump both resonances with little dissipation from the detuning. As a consequence, additional resonances appear in the absorption spectrum that correspond to dressed states consisting of two Rydberg exciton levels coupled to the excitonic vacuum, forming a V-type three-level system, but driven only by one laser light source. We show that the level of pure dephasing in this system is extremely low. These observations are a crucial step towards coherently controlled quantum technologies in a bulk semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grünwald
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Aßmann
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Heckötter
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Fröhlich
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Bayer
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - H Stolz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - S Scheel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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28
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Stockill R, Le Gall C, Matthiesen C, Huthmacher L, Clarke E, Hugues M, Atatüre M. Quantum dot spin coherence governed by a strained nuclear environment. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12745. [PMID: 27615704 PMCID: PMC5027245 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between a confined electron and the nuclei of an optically active quantum dot provides a uniquely rich manifestation of the central spin problem. Coherent qubit control combines with an ultrafast spin–photon interface to make these confined spins attractive candidates for quantum optical networks. Reaching the full potential of spin coherence has been hindered by the lack of knowledge of the key irreversible environment dynamics. Through all-optical Hahn echo decoupling we now recover the intrinsic coherence time set by the interaction with the inhomogeneously strained nuclear bath. The high-frequency nuclear dynamics are directly imprinted on the electron spin coherence, resulting in a dramatic jump of coherence times from few tens of nanoseconds to the microsecond regime between 2 and 3 T magnetic field and an exponential decay of coherence at high fields. These results reveal spin coherence can be improved by applying large magnetic fields and reducing strain inhomogeneity. Spins confined to quantum dots are a possible qubit, but the mechanism that limits their coherence is unclear. Here, the authors use an all-optical Hahn-echo technique to determine the intrinsic coherence time of such spins set by its interaction with the inhomogeneously strained nuclear bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stockill
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - C Le Gall
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - C Matthiesen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - L Huthmacher
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - E Clarke
- EPSRC National Centre for III-V Technologies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - M Hugues
- CNRS-CRHEA, rue Bernard Grégory, Valbonne 06560, France
| | - M Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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29
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Pedrotti LM, Agha I. Theoertical investigation of quantum waveform shaping for single photon emitters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16687-16694. [PMID: 27464122 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a new technique for quantum-compatible waveform shaping that extends the time lens method, and relies only on phase operations. Under realistic experimental conditions, we show that it is possible to both temporally compress and shape optical waveforms in the nanosecond to tens of picoseconds range, which is generally difficult to achieve using standard dispersive pulse-shaping techniques.
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30
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Kurzmann A, Merkel B, Labud PA, Ludwig A, Wieck AD, Lorke A, Geller M. Optical Blocking of Electron Tunneling into a Single Self-Assembled Quantum Dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:017401. [PMID: 27419589 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.017401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved resonance fluorescence (RF) is used to analyze electron tunneling between a single self-assembled quantum dot (QD) and an electron reservoir. In equilibrium, the RF intensity reflects the average electron occupation of the QD and exhibits a gate voltage dependence that is given by the Fermi distribution in the reservoir. In the time-resolved signal, however, we find that the relaxation rate for electron tunneling is, surprisingly, independent of the occupation in the charge reservoir-in contrast to results from all-electrical transport measurements. Using a master equation approach, which includes both the electron tunneling and the optical excitation or recombination, we are able to explain the experimental data by optical blocking, which also reduces the electron tunneling rate when the QD is occupied by an exciton.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kurzmann
- Fakultät für Physik and CENIDE, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - B Merkel
- Fakultät für Physik and CENIDE, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - P A Labud
- Chair of Applied Solid State Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A Ludwig
- Chair of Applied Solid State Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A D Wieck
- Chair of Applied Solid State Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A Lorke
- Fakultät für Physik and CENIDE, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - M Geller
- Fakultät für Physik and CENIDE, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, Duisburg 47048, Germany
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31
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Malein RNE, Santana TS, Zajac JM, Dada AC, Gauger EM, Petroff PM, Lim JY, Song JD, Gerardot BD. Screening Nuclear Field Fluctuations in Quantum Dots for Indistinguishable Photon Generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:257401. [PMID: 27391751 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.257401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A semiconductor quantum dot can generate highly coherent and indistinguishable single photons. However, intrinsic semiconductor dephasing mechanisms can reduce the visibility of two-photon interference. For an electron in a quantum dot, a fundamental dephasing process is the hyperfine interaction with the nuclear spin bath. Here, we directly probe the consequence of the fluctuating nuclear spins on the elastic and inelastic scattered photon spectra from a resident electron in a single dot. We find the in-plane component of the nuclear Overhauser field leads to detuned Raman scattered photons, broadened over experimental time scales by field fluctuations, which are distinguishable from both the elastic and incoherent components of the resonance fluorescence. This significantly reduces two-photon interference visibility. However, we demonstrate successful screening of the nuclear spin noise, which enables the generation of coherent single photons that exhibit high visibility two-photon interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N E Malein
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - T S Santana
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - J M Zajac
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - A C Dada
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - E M Gauger
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - P M Petroff
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - J Y Lim
- Center for Opto-Electronic Convergence Systems, KIST, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - J D Song
- Center for Opto-Electronic Convergence Systems, KIST, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - B D Gerardot
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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32
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Wang H, Duan ZC, Li YH, Chen S, Li JP, He YM, Chen MC, He Y, Ding X, Peng CZ, Schneider C, Kamp M, Höfling S, Lu CY, Pan JW. Near-Transform-Limited Single Photons from an Efficient Solid-State Quantum Emitter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:213601. [PMID: 27284656 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
By pulsed s-shell resonant excitation of a single quantum dot-micropillar system, we generate long streams of 1000 near-transform-limited single photons with high mutual indistinguishability. The Hong-Ou-Mandel interference of two photons is measured as a function of their emission time separation varying from 13 ns to 14.7 μs, where the visibility slightly drops from 95.9(2)% to a plateau of 92.1(5)% through a slow dephasing process occurring at a time scale of 0.7 μs. A temporal and spectral analysis reveals the pulsed resonance fluorescence single photons are close to the transform limit, which are readily useful for multiphoton entanglement and interferometry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Z-C Duan
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Y-H Li
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Si Chen
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - J-P Li
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Y-M He
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Instität and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitat Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wüzburg, Germany
| | - M-C Chen
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yu He
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - X Ding
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Peng
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Instität and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitat Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wüzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kamp
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Instität and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitat Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wüzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Instität and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitat Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wüzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory, Shanghai 201315, China
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Bennett AJ, Lee JP, Ellis DJP, Meany T, Murray E, Floether FF, Griffths JP, Farrer I, Ritchie DA, Shields AJ. Cavity-enhanced coherent light scattering from a quantum dot. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501256. [PMID: 27152337 PMCID: PMC4846434 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The generation of coherent and indistinguishable single photons is a critical step for photonic quantum technologies in information processing and metrology. A promising system is the resonant optical excitation of solid-state emitters embedded in wavelength-scale three-dimensional cavities. However, the challenge here is to reject the unwanted excitation to a level below the quantum signal. We demonstrate this using coherent photon scattering from a quantum dot in a micropillar. The cavity is shown to enhance the fraction of light that is resonantly scattered toward unity, generating antibunched indistinguishable photons that are 16 times narrower than the time-bandwidth limit, even when the transition is near saturation. Finally, deterministic excitation is used to create two-photon N00N states with which we make superresolving phase measurements in a photonic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Bennett
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
| | - James P. Lee
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - David J. P. Ellis
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
| | - Thomas Meany
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
| | - Eoin Murray
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Frederik F. Floether
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jonathan P. Griffths
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ian Farrer
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - David A. Ritchie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Andrew J. Shields
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
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34
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Nazir A, McCutcheon DPS. Modelling exciton-phonon interactions in optically driven quantum dots. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:103002. [PMID: 26882465 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/10/103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We provide a self-contained review of master equation approaches to modelling phonon effects in optically driven self-assembled quantum dots. Coupling of the (quasi) two-level excitonic system to phonons leads to dissipation and dephasing, the rates of which depend on the excitation conditions, intrinsic properties of the QD sample, and its temperature. We describe several techniques, which include weak-coupling master equations that are perturbative in the exciton-phonon coupling, as well as those based on the polaron transformation that can remain valid for strong phonon interactions. We additionally consider the role of phonons in altering the optical emission characteristics of quantum dot devices, outlining how we must modify standard quantum optics treatments to account for the presence of the solid-state environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Nazir
- Photon Science Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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35
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Fotso HF, Feiguin AE, Awschalom DD, Dobrovitski VV. Suppressing Spectral Diffusion of Emitted Photons with Optical Pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:033603. [PMID: 26849596 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.033603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In many quantum architectures the solid-state qubits, such as quantum dots or color centers, are interfaced via emitted photons. However, the frequency of photons emitted by solid-state systems exhibits slow uncontrollable fluctuations over time (spectral diffusion), creating a serious problem for implementation of the photon-mediated protocols. Here we show that a sequence of optical pulses applied to the solid-state emitter can stabilize the emission line at the desired frequency. We demonstrate efficiency, robustness, and feasibility of the method analytically and numerically. Taking nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond as an example, we show that only several pulses, with the width of 1 ns, separated by few ns (which is not difficult to achieve) can suppress spectral diffusion. Our method provides a simple and robust way to greatly improve the efficiency of photon-mediated entanglement and/or coupling to photonic cavities for solid-state qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Fotso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - A E Feiguin
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - D D Awschalom
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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36
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A quantum dot single-photon source with on-the-fly all-optical polarization control and timed emission. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8473. [PMID: 26436776 PMCID: PMC4600753 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sources of single photons are key elements for applications in quantum information science. Among the different sources available, semiconductor quantum dots excel with their integrability in semiconductor on-chip solutions and the potential that photon emission can be triggered on demand. Usually, the photon is emitted from a single-exciton ground state. Polarization of the photon and time of emission are either probabilistic or pre-determined by electronic properties of the system. Here, we study the direct two-photon emission from the biexciton. The two-photon emission is enabled by a laser pulse driving the system into a virtual state inside the band gap. From this intermediate state, the single photon of interest is then spontaneously emitted. We show that emission through this higher-order transition provides a versatile approach to generate a single photon. Through the driving laser pulse, polarization state, frequency and emission time of the photon can be controlled on-the-fly. Single photon sources are important for applications in quantum information. Here, the authors exploit higher-order transitions from a biexciton state to the ground state of a semiconductor quantum dot to emit single photons with all-optical control of their frequency, polarization and emission time.
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37
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Transform-limited single photons from a single quantum dot. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8204. [PMID: 26348157 PMCID: PMC4569856 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a quantum photonics network requires a source of very-high-fidelity single photons. An outstanding challenge is to produce a transform-limited single-photon emitter to guarantee that single photons emitted far apart in the time domain are truly indistinguishable. This is particularly difficult in the solid-state as the complex environment is the source of noise over a wide bandwidth. A quantum dot is a robust, fast, bright and narrow-linewidth emitter of single photons; layer-by-layer growth and subsequent nano-fabrication allow the electronic and photonic states to be engineered. This represents a set of features not shared by any other emitter but transform-limited linewidths have been elusive. Here, we report transform-limited linewidths measured on second timescales, primarily on the neutral exciton but also on the charged exciton close to saturation. The key feature is control of the nuclear spins, which dominate the exciton dephasing via the Overhauser field. Photons emitted from a quantum dot typically have slightly different frequencies owing to various sources of noise. Here, the authors suppress the noise, notably the noise arising from the nuclear spins, and demonstrate single-photon emission with a transform-limited optical linewidth.
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38
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Schulte CHH, Hansom J, Jones AE, Matthiesen C, Le Gall C, Atatüre M. Quadrature squeezed photons from a two-level system. Nature 2015; 525:222-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Reithmaier G, Kaniber M, Flassig F, Lichtmannecker S, Müller K, Andrejew A, Vučković J, Gross R, Finley JJ. On-Chip Generation, Routing, and Detection of Resonance Fluorescence. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5208-5213. [PMID: 26102603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantum optical circuits can be used to generate, manipulate, and exploit nonclassical states of light to push semiconductor based photonic information technologies to the quantum limit. Here, we report the on-chip generation of quantum light from individual, resonantly excited self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots, efficient routing over length scales ≥1 mm via GaAs ridge waveguides, and in situ detection using evanescently coupled integrated NbN superconducting single photon detectors fabricated on the same chip. By temporally filtering the time-resolved luminescence signal stemming from single quantum dots we use the quantum optical circuit to perform time-resolved excitation spectroscopy on single dots and demonstrate resonance fluorescence with a line-width of 10 ± 1 μeV; key elements needed for the use of single photons in prototypical quantum photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reithmaier
- †Walter Schottky Institut und Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Kaniber
- †Walter Schottky Institut und Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Flassig
- †Walter Schottky Institut und Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Lichtmannecker
- †Walter Schottky Institut und Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Müller
- †Walter Schottky Institut und Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- §E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - A Andrejew
- †Walter Schottky Institut und Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Vučković
- §E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - R Gross
- ‡Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften und Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- ∥Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - J J Finley
- †Walter Schottky Institut und Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
- ∥Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
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40
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Abstract
A general theory and calculation framework for the prediction of frequency-resolved single molecule photon counting statistics is presented. Expressions for the generating function of photon counts are derived, both for the case of naive "detection" based solely on photon emission from the molecule and also for experimentally realizable detection of emitted photons, and are used to explicitly calculate low-order photon-counting moments. The two cases of naive detection versus physical detection are compared to one another and it is demonstrated that the physical detection scheme resolves certain inconsistencies predicted via the naive detection approach. Applications to two different models for molecular dynamics are considered: a simple two-level system and a two-level absorber subject to spectral diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golan Bel
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus 84990, Israel
| | - Frank L H Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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41
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Konthasinghe K, Peiris M, Petrak B, Yu Y, Niu ZC, Muller A. Correlations in pulsed resonance fluorescence. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:1846-1849. [PMID: 25872089 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the first and second-order correlations of the light scattered near-resonantly by a quantum dot under excitation by a frequency comb, i.e., a periodically pulsed laser source. In contrast to its monochromatic counterpart, the pulsed resonance fluorescence spectrum features a superposition of sidebands distributed around a central peak with maximal sideband intensity near the Rabi frequency. Distinguishing between the coherently and incoherently scattered light reveals pulse-area dependent Rabi oscillations evolving with different phase for each component. Our observations, which can be reproduced theoretically, may impact schemes for remote entanglement based on pulsed two-photon interference.
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42
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Meyer HM, Stockill R, Steiner M, Le Gall C, Matthiesen C, Clarke E, Ludwig A, Reichel J, Atatüre M, Köhl M. Direct photonic coupling of a semiconductor quantum dot and a trapped ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:123001. [PMID: 25860737 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coupling individual quantum systems lies at the heart of building scalable quantum networks. Here, we report the first direct photonic coupling between a semiconductor quantum dot and a trapped ion and we demonstrate that single photons generated by a quantum dot controllably change the internal state of a Yb^{+} ion. We ameliorate the effect of the 60-fold mismatch of the radiative linewidths with coherent photon generation and a high-finesse fiber-based optical cavity enhancing the coupling between the single photon and the ion. The transfer of information presented here via the classical correlations between the σ_{z} projection of the quantum-dot spin and the internal state of the ion provides a promising step towards quantum-state transfer in a hybrid photonic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Meyer
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - R Stockill
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - M Steiner
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - C Le Gall
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - C Matthiesen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - E Clarke
- EPSRC National Centre for III-V Technologies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - A Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - M Köhl
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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43
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Proux R, Maragkou M, Baudin E, Voisin C, Roussignol P, Diederichs C. Measuring the photon coalescence time window in the continuous-wave regime for resonantly driven semiconductor quantum dots. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:067401. [PMID: 25723243 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.067401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We revisit Mandel's notion that the degree of coherence equals the degree of indistinguishability by performing Hong-Ou-Mandel- (HOM-)type interferometry with single photons elastically scattered by a cw resonantly driven excitonic transition of an InAs/GaAs epitaxial quantum dot. We present a comprehensive study of the temporal profile of the photon coalescence phenomenon which shows that photon indistinguishability can be tuned by the excitation laser source, in the same way as their coherence time. A new figure of merit, the coalescence time window, is introduced to quantify the delay below which two photons are indistinguishable. This criterion sheds new light on the interpretation of HOM experiments under cw excitation, particularly when photon coherence times are longer than the temporal resolution of the detectors. The photon indistinguishability is extended over unprecedented time scales beyond the detectors' response time, thus opening new perspectives to conducting quantum optics with single photons and conventional detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Proux
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Maria Maragkou
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Emmanuel Baudin
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Christophe Voisin
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Roussignol
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Carole Diederichs
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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44
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Zhang J, Huo Y, Rastelli A, Zopf M, Höfer B, Chen Y, Ding F, Schmidt OG. Single photons on-demand from light-hole excitons in strain-engineered quantum dots. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:422-427. [PMID: 25471544 DOI: 10.1021/nl5037512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time on-demand and wavelength-tunable single-photon emission from light-hole (LH) excitons in strain engineered GaAs quantum dots (QDs). The LH photon emission from tensile-strained GaAs QDs is systematically investigated with polarization-resolved, power-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy, and photon-correlation measurements. By integrating QD-containing nanomembranes onto a piezo-actuator and driving single QDs with picosecond laser pulses, we achieve triggered and wavelength-tunable LH single-photon emission. Fourier transform spectroscopy is also performed, from which the coherence time of the LH single-photon emission is studied. We envision that this new type of LH exciton-based single-photon source (SPS) can be applied to realize an all-semiconductor based quantum interface in distributed quantum networks [Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 096602].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Zhang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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45
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Schlehahn A, Krüger L, Gschrey M, Schulze JH, Rodt S, Strittmatter A, Heindel T, Reitzenstein S. Operating single quantum emitters with a compact Stirling cryocooler. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:013113. [PMID: 25638078 DOI: 10.1063/1.4906548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of an easy-to-operate light source emitting single photons has become a major driving force in the emerging field of quantum information technology. Here, we report on the application of a compact and user-friendly Stirling cryocooler in the field of nanophotonics. The Stirling cryocooler is used to operate a single quantum emitter constituted of a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) at a base temperature below 30 K. Proper vibration decoupling of the cryocooler and its surrounding enables free-space micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy to identify and analyze different charge-carrier states within a single quantum dot. As an exemplary application in quantum optics, we perform a Hanbury-Brown and Twiss experiment demonstrating a strong suppression of multi-photon emission events with g((2))(0) < 0.04 from this Stirling-cooled single quantum emitter under continuous wave excitation. Comparative experiments performed on the same quantum dot in a liquid helium (LHe)-flow cryostat show almost identical values of g((2))(0) for both configurations at a given temperature. The results of this proof of principle experiment demonstrate that low-vibration Stirling cryocoolers that have so far been considered exotic to the field of nanophotonics are an attractive alternative to expensive closed-cycle cryostats or LHe-flow cryostats, which could pave the way for the development of high-quality table-top non-classical light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schlehahn
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Krüger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Gschrey
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - J-H Schulze
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Rodt
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Strittmatter
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Heindel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Reitzenstein
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Makhonin MN, Dixon JE, Coles RJ, Royall B, Luxmoore IJ, Clarke E, Hugues M, Skolnick MS, Fox AM. Waveguide coupled resonance fluorescence from on-chip quantum emitter. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:6997-7002. [PMID: 25381734 DOI: 10.1021/nl5032937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Resonantly driven quantum emitters offer a very promising route to obtain highly coherent sources of single photons required for applications in quantum information processing (QIP). Realizing this for on-chip scalable devices would be important for scientific advances and practical applications in the field of integrated quantum optics. Here we report on-chip quantum dot (QD) resonance fluorescence (RF) efficiently coupled into a single-mode waveguide, a key component of a photonic integrated circuit, with a negligible resonant laser background and show that the QD coherence is enhanced by more than a factor of 4 compared to off-resonant excitation. Single-photon behavior is confirmed under resonant excitation, and fast fluctuating charge dynamics are revealed in autocorrelation g((2)) measurements. The potential for triggered operation is verified in pulsed RF. These results pave the way to a novel class of integrated quantum-optical devices for on-chip quantum information processing with embedded resonantly driven quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim N Makhonin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and ‡EPSRC National Centre for III-V Technologies, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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47
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Arcari M, Söllner I, Javadi A, Lindskov Hansen S, Mahmoodian S, Liu J, Thyrrestrup H, Lee EH, Song JD, Stobbe S, Lodahl P. Near-unity coupling efficiency of a quantum emitter to a photonic crystal waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:093603. [PMID: 25215983 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A quantum emitter efficiently coupled to a nanophotonic waveguide constitutes a promising system for the realization of single-photon transistors, quantum-logic gates based on giant single-photon nonlinearities, and high bit-rate deterministic single-photon sources. The key figure of merit for such devices is the β factor, which is the probability for an emitted single photon to be channeled into a desired waveguide mode. We report on the experimental achievement of β=98.43%±0.04% for a quantum dot coupled to a photonic crystal waveguide, corresponding to a single-emitter cooperativity of η=62.7±1.5. This constitutes a nearly ideal photon-matter interface where the quantum dot acts effectively as a 1D "artificial" atom, since it interacts almost exclusively with just a single propagating optical mode. The β factor is found to be remarkably robust to variations in position and emission wavelength of the quantum dots. Our work demonstrates the extraordinary potential of photonic crystal waveguides for highly efficient single-photon generation and on-chip photon-photon interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arcari
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Söllner
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Javadi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Lindskov Hansen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Mahmoodian
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Liu
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Thyrrestrup
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E H Lee
- Center for Opto-Electronic Convergence Systems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - J D Song
- Center for Opto-Electronic Convergence Systems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - S Stobbe
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Lodahl
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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48
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Wei YJ, He Y, He YM, Lu CY, Pan JW, Schneider C, Kamp M, Höfling S, McCutcheon DPS, Nazir A. Temperature-dependent Mollow triplet spectra from a single quantum dot: Rabi frequency renormalization and sideband linewidth insensitivity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:097401. [PMID: 25216004 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.097401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate temperature-dependent resonance fluorescence spectra obtained from a single self-assembled quantum dot. A decrease of the Mollow triplet sideband splitting is observed with increasing temperature, an effect we attribute to a phonon-induced renormalization of the driven dot Rabi frequency. We also present first evidence for a nonperturbative regime of phonon coupling, in which the expected linear increase in sideband linewidth as a function of temperature is canceled by the corresponding reduction in Rabi frequency. These results indicate that dephasing in semiconductor quantum dots may be less sensitive to changes in temperature than expected from a standard weak-coupling analysis of phonon effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, & CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yu He
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, & CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yu-Ming He
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, & CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, & CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, & CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kamp
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, Saint Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom; Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dara P S McCutcheon
- Department of Photonics Engineering, DTU Fotonik, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark and Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA and IFIBA, Conicet, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ahsan Nazir
- Photon Science Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom and Controlled Quantum Dynamics Theory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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49
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Kim H, Shen TC, Roy-Choudhury K, Solomon GS, Waks E. Resonant interactions between a Mollow triplet sideband and a strongly coupled cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:027403. [PMID: 25062230 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.027403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate resonant coupling of a Mollow triplet sideband to an optical cavity in the strong coupling regime. We show that, in this regime, the resonant sideband is strongly enhanced relative to the detuned sideband. Furthermore, the linewidth of the Mollow sidebands exhibits a highly nonlinear pump power dependence when tuned across the cavity resonance due to strong resonant interactions with the cavity mode. We compare our results to calculations using the effective phonon master equation and show that the nonlinear linewidth behavior is caused by strong coherent interaction with the cavity mode that exists only when the Mollow sideband is near cavity resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyochul Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, IREAP, and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Thomas C Shen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, IREAP, and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Kaushik Roy-Choudhury
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, IREAP, and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Glenn S Solomon
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Edo Waks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, IREAP, and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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50
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Muñoz CS, Del Valle E, Tudela AG, Müller K, Lichtmannecker S, Kaniber M, Tejedor C, Finley JJ, Laussy FP. Emitters of N-photon bundles. NATURE PHOTONICS 2014; 8:550-555. [PMID: 25013456 PMCID: PMC4083484 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the ouput of a light emitter is one of the basic tasks of photonics, with landmarks such as the laser and single-photon sources. The development of quantum applications makes it increasingly important to diversify the available quantum sources. Here, we propose a cavity QED scheme to realize emitters that release their energy in groups, or "bundles" of N photons, for integer N. Close to 100% of two-photon emission and 90% of three-photon emission is shown to be within reach of state of the art samples. The emission can be tuned with system parameters so that the device behaves as a laser or as a N-photon gun. The theoretical formalism to characterize such emitters is developed, with the bundle statistics arising as an extension of the fundamental correlation functions of quantum optics. These emitters will be useful for quantum information processing and for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sánchez Muñoz
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Del Valle
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A González Tudela
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Müller
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universiẗat München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Lichtmannecker
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universiẗat München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Kaniber
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universiẗat München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Tejedor
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Finley
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universiẗat München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F P Laussy
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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