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Zeng L, Feng C, Gu D, Wang X, Zhang K, Liu B, Zhao Z. Online single-shot characterization of ultrafast pulses from high-gain free-electron lasers. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 2:929-936. [PMID: 38933379 PMCID: PMC11197556 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) provide cutting-edge tools for fundamental researches to study nature down to the atomic level at a time-scale that fits this resolution. A precise knowledge of temporal information of FEL pulses is the central issue for its applications. Here we proposed and demonstrated a novel method to determine the FEL temporal profiles online. This robust method, designed for ultrafast FELs, allows researchers to acquire real-time longitudinal profiles of FEL pulses as well as their arrive times with respect to the external optical laser with a resolution better than 6 fs. Based on this method, we can also directly measure various properties of FEL pulses and correlations between them online. This helps us to further understand the FEL lasing processes and realize the generation of stable, nearly fully coherent soft X-ray laser pulses at the Shanghai Soft X-ray FEL facility. This method will enhance the experimental opportunities for ultrafast science in various areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Duan Gu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Kaiqing Zhang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhentang Zhao
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
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2
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Kim YY, Khubbutdinov R, Carnis J, Kim S, Nam D, Nam I, Kim G, Shim CH, Yang H, Cho M, Min CK, Kim C, Kang HS, Vartanyants IA. Statistical analysis of hard X-ray radiation at the PAL-XFEL facility performed by Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1465-1479. [PMID: 36345755 PMCID: PMC9641567 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry experiment based on second-order correlations was performed at the PAL-XFEL facility. The statistical properties of the X-ray radiation were studied within this experiment. Measurements were performed at the NCI beamline at 10 keV photon energy under various operation conditions: self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), SASE with a monochromator, and self-seeding regimes at 120 pC, 180 pC and 200 pC electron bunch charge. Statistical analysis showed short average pulse duration from 6 fs to 9 fs depending on the operational conditions. A high spatial degree of coherence of about 70-80% was determined in the spatial domain for the SASE beams with the monochromator and self-seeding regime of operation. The obtained values describe the statistical properties of the beams generated at the PAL-XFEL facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yong Kim
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruslan Khubbutdinov
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jerome Carnis
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewoong Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyuk Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyujin Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hyun Shim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeryong Yang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghoon Cho
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changbum Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Kang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ivan A. Vartanyants
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Alonso-Mori R, Sokaras D, Cammarata M, Ding Y, Feng Y, Fritz D, Gaffney KJ, Hastings J, Kao CC, Lemke HT, Maxwell T, Robert A, Schropp A, Seiboth F, Sikorski M, Song S, Weng TC, Zhang W, Glenzer S, Bergmann U, Zhu D. Femtosecond electronic structure response to high intensity XFEL pulses probed by iron X-ray emission spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16837. [PMID: 33033373 PMCID: PMC7545180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the time-resolved femtosecond evolution of the K-shell X-ray emission spectra of iron during high intensity illumination of X-rays in a micron-sized focused hard X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) beam. Detailed pulse length dependent measurements revealed that rapid spectral energy shift and broadening started within the first 10 fs of the X-ray illumination at intensity levels between 1017 and 1018 W cm-2. We attribute these spectral changes to the rapid evolution of high-density photoelectron mediated secondary collisional ionization processes upon the absorption of the incident XFEL radiation. These fast electronic processes, occurring at timescales well within the typical XFEL pulse durations (i.e., tens of fs), set the boundary conditions of the pulse intensity and sample parameters where the widely-accepted ‘probe-before-destroy’ measurement strategy can be adopted for electronic-structure related XFEL experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Cammarata
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), UMR 6251, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yuantao Ding
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Yiping Feng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - David Fritz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jerome Hastings
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Chi-Chang Kao
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Henrik T Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Maxwell
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Aymeric Robert
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Seiboth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sanghoon Song
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | | | - Uwe Bergmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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4
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Zhou G, Jiao Y, Raubenheimer TO, Wang J, Holman AJ, Tsai CY, Wu JY, Wu W, Yang C, Yoon M, Wu J. Coherence time characterization method for hard X-ray free-electron lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:10928-10938. [PMID: 32403614 DOI: 10.1364/oe.28.010928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coherence time is one of the fundamental characteristics of light sources. Methods based on autocorrelation have been widely applied from optical domain to soft X-rays to characterize the radiation coherence time. However, for the hard X-ray regime, due to the lack of proper mirrors, it is extremely difficult to implement such autocorrelation scheme. In this paper, a novel approach for characterizing the coherence time of a hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) is proposed and validated numerically. A phase shifter is adopted to control the correlation between X-ray and microbunched electrons. The coherence time of the FEL pulse can be extracted from the cross-correlation. Semi-analytical analysis and three-dimensional time-dependent numerical simulations are presented to elaborate the details. A coherence time of 218.2 attoseconds for 6.92 keV X-ray FEL pulses is obtained in our simulation based on the configuration of Linac Coherent Light Source. This approach provides critical temporal coherence diagnostics for X-ray FELs, and is decoupled from machine parameters, applicable for any photon energy, radiation brightness, repetition rate and FEL pulse duration.
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5
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Zhou G, Decker FJ, Ding Y, Jiao Y, Lutman AA, Maxwell TJ, Raubenheimer TO, Wang J, Holman AJ, Tsai CY, Wu JY, Wu W, Yang C, Yoon M, Wu J. Attosecond Coherence Time Characterization in Hard X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5961. [PMID: 32249769 PMCID: PMC7136262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key challenges in scientific researches based on free-electron lasers (FELs) is the characterization of the coherence time of the ultra-fast hard x-ray pulse, which fundamentally influences the interaction process between x-rays and materials. Conventional optical methods, based on autocorrelation, are very difficult to realize due to the lack of mirrors. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a novel method which yields a coherence time of 174.7 attoseconds for the 6.92 keV FEL pulses at the Linac Coherent Light Source. In our experiment, a phase shifter is adopted to control the cross-correlation between x-ray and microbunched electrons. This approach provides critical diagnostics for the temporal coherence of x-ray FELs and is universal for general machine parameters; applicable for wide range of photon energy, radiation brightness, repetition rate and FEL pulse duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics and Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94309, USA.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Franz-Josef Decker
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94309, USA
| | - Yuantao Ding
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94309, USA
| | - Yi Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics and Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Alberto A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94309, USA
| | - Timothy J Maxwell
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94309, USA
| | - Tor O Raubenheimer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94309, USA
| | - Jiuqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle Acceleration Physics and Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aaron J Holman
- Department of Physics and The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Cheng-Ying Tsai
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94309, USA.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jerome Y Wu
- Jane Lathrop Stanford Middle School, 480 E Meadow Dr, Palo Alto, CA, 94306, USA
| | - Weiwei Wu
- JSerra Catholic High School, 26351 Junipero Serra Road, San Juan Capistrano, CA, 92675, USA
| | - Chuan Yang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94309, USA.,National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Moohyun Yoon
- Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Juhao Wu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94309, USA.
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6
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Kang HS, Yang H, Kim G, Heo H, Nam I, Min CK, Kim C, Baek SY, Choi HJ, Mun G, Park BR, Suh YJ, Shin DC, Hu J, Hong J, Jung S, Kim SH, Kim K, Na D, Park SS, Park YJ, Han JH, Jung YG, Jeong SH, Kim MJ, Lee HG, Lee S, Lee WW, Oh B, Suh HS, Park KH, Lee HS, Khan DZ, Raubenheimer TO, Wu J. FEL performance achieved at PAL-XFEL using a three-chicane bunch compression scheme. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1127-1138. [PMID: 31274436 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519005861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PAL-XFEL utilizes a three-chicane bunch compression (3-BC) scheme (the very first of its kind in operation) for free-electron laser (FEL) operation. The addition of a third bunch compressor allows for more effective mitigation of coherent synchrotron radiation during bunch compression and an increased flexibility of system configuration. Start-to-end simulations of the effects of radiofrequency jitter on the electron beam performance show that using the 3-BC scheme leads to better performance compared with the two-chicane bunch compression scheme. Together with the high performance of the linac radiofrequency system, it enables reliable operation of PAL-XFEL with unprecedented stability in terms of arrival timing, pointing and intensity; an arrival timing jitter of better than 15 fs, a transverse position jitter of smaller than 10% of the photon beam size, and an FEL intensity jitter of smaller than 5% are consistently achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Sik Kang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Haeryong Yang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Gyujin Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hoon Heo
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Inhyuk Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Chang Ki Min
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Changbum Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Soung Youl Baek
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Choi
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Geonyeong Mun
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Byoung Ryul Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Suh
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Shin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jinyul Hu
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Juho Hong
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seonghoon Jung
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - KwangHoon Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Na
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Soung Soo Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Yong Jung Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jang Hui Han
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Young Gyu Jung
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seong Hun Jeong
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hong Gi Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sangbong Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Woul Woo Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Bonggi Oh
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyung Suck Suh
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Ki Hyeon Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Heung Soo Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - D Z Khan
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - T O Raubenheimer
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Juhao Wu
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 37673, South Korea
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7
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Min CK, Nam I, Yang H, Kim G, Shim CH, Ko JH, Cho MH, Heo H, Oh B, Suh YJ, Kim MJ, Na D, Kim C, Kim Y, Chun SH, Lee JH, Kim J, Kim S, Eom I, Kim SN, Koo TY, Rah S, Shvyd'ko Y, Shu D, Kim KJ, Terentyev S, Blank V, Kang HS. Hard X-ray self-seeding commissioning at PAL-XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1101-1109. [PMID: 31274433 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519005460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A wake monochromator based on a large-area diamond single crystal for hard X-ray self-seeding has been successfully installed and commissioned in the hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory with international collaboration. For this commissioning, the self-seeding was demonstrated with a low bunch charge (40 pC) and the nominal bunch charge (180 pC) of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) operation. The FEL pulse lengths were estimated as 7 fs and 29.5 fs, respectively. In both cases, the average spectral brightness increased by more than three times compared with the SASE mode. The self-seeding experiment was demonstrated for the first time using a crystal with a thickness of 30 µm, and a narrow bandwidth of 0.22 eV (full width at half-maximum) was obtained at 8.3 keV, which confirmed the functionality of a crystal with such a small thickness. In the nominal bunch-charge self-seeding experiment, the histogram of the intensity integrated over a 1 eV bandwidth showed a well defined Gaussian profile, which is evidence of the saturated FEL and a minimal electron-energy jitter (∼1.2 × 10-4) effect. The corresponding low photon-energy jitter (∼2.4 × 10-4) of the SASE FEL pulse, which is two times lower than the Pierce parameter, enabled the seeding power to be maximized by maintaining the spectral overlap between SASE FEL gain and the monochromator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ki Min
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyuk Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeryong Yang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyujin Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hyun Shim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Ko
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hoon Cho
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Heo
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonggi Oh
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Suh
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Na
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changbum Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsam Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hwan Chun
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunam Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Nam Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeong Koo
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyu Rah
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Shvyd'ko
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439-4815, USA
| | - Deming Shu
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439-4815, USA
| | - Kwang Je Kim
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439-4815, USA
| | - Sergey Terentyev
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, Troitsk, Moscow 142190, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Blank
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, Troitsk, Moscow 142190, Russian Federation
| | - Heung Sik Kang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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8
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Abstract
A review that summarizes the most recent technological developments in the field of ultrafast structural dynamics with focus on the use of ultrashort X-ray and electron pulses follows. Atomistic views of chemical processes and phase transformations have long been the exclusive domain of computer simulators. The advent of femtosecond (fs) hard X-ray and fs-electron diffraction techniques made it possible to bring such a level of scrutiny to the experimental area. The following review article provides a summary of the main ultrafast techniques that enabled the generation of atomically resolved movies utilizing ultrashort X-ray and electron pulses. Recent advances are discussed with emphasis on synchrotron-based methods, tabletop fs-X-ray plasma sources, ultrabright fs-electron diffractometers, and timing techniques developed to further improve the temporal resolution and fully exploit the use of intense and ultrashort X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) pulses.
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9
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Koivurova M, Ahad L, Geloni G, Setälä T, Turunen J, Friberg AT. Interferometry and coherence of nonstationary light. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:522-525. [PMID: 30702669 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We consider temporally integrating interferometric measurements and their relation to the coherence properties of nonstationary light. We find that performing such experiments as a function of time delay is equivalent to spectrally resolving the interference patterns, and time-domain coherence information can be obtained from field autocorrelation only if the source is of the Schell-model type. In an analogy to autocorrelation, we introduce field cross-correlation, which can be used to determine the complete complex field of unknown signal pulses if suitable probe pulses are available. We demonstrate our findings with simulated supercontinuum and free-electron laser ensembles, and discuss the prospect of carrying out experiments.
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10
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Gorobtsov OY, Mukharamova N, Lazarev S, Chollet M, Zhu D, Feng Y, Kurta RP, Meijer JM, Williams G, Sikorski M, Song S, Dzhigaev D, Serkez S, Singer A, Petukhov AV, Vartanyants IA. Diffraction based Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry at a hard x-ray free-electron laser. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2219. [PMID: 29396400 PMCID: PMC5797123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) provide extremely bright and highly spatially coherent x-ray radiation with femtosecond pulse duration. Currently, they are widely used in biology and material science. Knowledge of the XFEL statistical properties during an experiment may be vitally important for the accurate interpretation of the results. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) interferometry performed in diffraction mode at an XFEL source. It allowed us to determine the XFEL statistical properties directly from the Bragg peaks originating from colloidal crystals. This approach is different from the traditional one when HBT interferometry is performed in the direct beam without a sample. Our analysis has demonstrated nearly full (80%) global spatial coherence of the XFEL pulses and an average pulse duration on the order of ten femtoseconds for the monochromatized beam, which is significantly shorter than expected from the electron bunch measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yu Gorobtsov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Mukharamova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Lazarev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU), Lenin Avenue 30, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M Chollet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
| | - D Zhu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
| | - Y Feng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
| | - R P Kurta
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J-M Meijer
- Van't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - G Williams
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 53 Bell Avenue, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
| | - M Sikorski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - S Song
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
| | - D Dzhigaev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Serkez
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Singer
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - A V Petukhov
- Van't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - I A Vartanyants
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, 115409, Moscow, Russia.
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11
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Poletto L, Frassetto F. Grating configurations to compress free-electron laser pulses. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:52-58. [PMID: 29271751 PMCID: PMC5741120 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751701637x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The optical layout of soft X-ray grating compressors designed to provide both positive and negative group-delay dispersion (GDD) is discussed. They are tailored for chirped-pulse-amplification experiments with seeded free-electron laser sources. Designs with plane or concave gratings are discussed, depending on the sign of the GDD to be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Poletto
- National Research Council – Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, via Trasea 7, Padova 35136, Italy
| | - Fabio Frassetto
- National Research Council – Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, via Trasea 7, Padova 35136, Italy
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12
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Seddon EA, Clarke JA, Dunning DJ, Masciovecchio C, Milne CJ, Parmigiani F, Rugg D, Spence JCH, Thompson NR, Ueda K, Vinko SM, Wark JS, Wurth W. Short-wavelength free-electron laser sources and science: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:115901. [PMID: 29059048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the qualities of the radiation they produce, the challenges of transmitting that radiation to end users and the diversity of current scientific applications. Initial consideration is given to FEL theory in order to provide the foundation for discussion of FEL output properties and the technical challenges of short-wavelength FELs. This is followed by an overview of existing x-ray FEL facilities, future facilities and FEL frontiers. To provide a context for information in the above sections, a detailed comparison of the photon pulse characteristics of FEL sources with those of other sources of high brightness x-rays is made. A brief summary of FEL beamline design and photon diagnostics then precedes an overview of FEL scientific applications. Recent highlights are covered in sections on structural biology, atomic and molecular physics, photochemistry, non-linear spectroscopy, shock physics, solid density plasmas. A short industrial perspective is also included to emphasise potential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Seddon
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom. The School of Physics and Astronomy and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. The Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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13
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14
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X-ray Pump–Probe Investigation of Charge and Dissociation Dynamics in Methyl Iodine Molecule. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Zhu L, Saha S, Wang Y, Keszler DA, Fang C. Monitoring Photochemical Reaction Pathways of Tungsten Hexacarbonyl in Solution from Femtoseconds to Minutes. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:13161-13168. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangdong Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Materials Chemistry (CSMC), Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
- Department
of Physics, Oregon State University, 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6507, United States
| | - Sumit Saha
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Materials Chemistry (CSMC), Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Materials Chemistry (CSMC), Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Douglas A. Keszler
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Materials Chemistry (CSMC), Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
- Department
of Physics, Oregon State University, 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6507, United States
| | - Chong Fang
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Materials Chemistry (CSMC), Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
- Department
of Physics, Oregon State University, 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6507, United States
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16
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Berrah N, Fang L, Murphy BF, Kukk E, Osipov TY, Coffee R, Ferguson KR, Xiong H, Castagna JC, Petrovic VS, Montero SC, Bozek JD. Two mirror X-ray pulse split and delay instrument for femtosecond time resolved investigations at the LCLS free electron laser facility. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:11768-11781. [PMID: 27410102 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.011768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We built a two-mirror based X-ray split and delay (XRSD) device for soft X-rays at the Linac Coherent Light Source free electron laser facility. The instrument is based on an edge-polished mirror design covering an energy range of 250 eV-1800 eV and producing a delay between the two split pulses variable up to 400 femtoseconds with a sub-100 attosecond resolution. We present experimental and simulation results regarding molecular dissociation dynamics in CH3I and CO probed by the XRSD device. We observed ion kinetic energy and branching ratio dependence on the delay times which were reliably produced by the XRSD instrument.
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17
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Observation of femtosecond X-ray interactions with matter using an X-ray-X-ray pump-probe scheme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1492-7. [PMID: 26811449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516426113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution in the X-ray structure determination of noncrystalline samples has been limited to several tens of nanometers, because deep X-ray irradiation required for enhanced resolution causes radiation damage to samples. However, theoretical studies predict that the femtosecond (fs) durations of X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses make it possible to record scattering signals before the initiation of X-ray damage processes; thus, an ultraintense X-ray beam can be used beyond the conventional limit of radiation dose. Here, we verify this scenario by directly observing femtosecond X-ray damage processes in diamond irradiated with extraordinarily intense (∼10(19) W/cm(2)) XFEL pulses. An X-ray pump-probe diffraction scheme was developed in this study; tightly focused double-5-fs XFEL pulses with time separations ranging from sub-fs to 80 fs were used to excite (i.e., pump) the diamond and characterize (i.e., probe) the temporal changes of the crystalline structures through Bragg reflection. It was found that the pump and probe diffraction intensities remain almost constant for shorter time separations of the double pulse, whereas the probe diffraction intensities decreased after 20 fs following pump pulse irradiation due to the X-ray-induced atomic displacement. This result indicates that sub-10-fs XFEL pulses enable conductions of damageless structural determinations and supports the validity of the theoretical predictions of ultraintense X-ray-matter interactions. The X-ray pump-probe scheme demonstrated here would be effective for understanding ultraintense X-ray-matter interactions, which will greatly stimulate advanced XFEL applications, such as atomic structure determination of a single molecule and generation of exotic matters with high energy densities.
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18
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Frassetto F, Poletto L. Grating configurations to compress extreme-ultraviolet ultrashort pulses. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:7985-7992. [PMID: 26368974 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.007985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is here discussed the design of ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) grating compressors that can be used to condition the spectral phase of ultrashort chirped pulses to compensate for the phase chirp and get closer to the Fourier limit. We discuss the two configurations that can be used to realize the compressor, the classical diffraction mount, and the off-plane one. The concept is applied to the realization of a XUV compressor with applications to free-electron lasers.
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19
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Ayyer K, Geloni G, Kocharyan V, Saldin E, Serkez S, Yefanov O, Zagorodnov I. Perspectives for imaging single protein molecules with the present design of the European XFEL. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2015; 2:041702. [PMID: 26798802 PMCID: PMC4711618 DOI: 10.1063/1.4919301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules & Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SPB/SFX) instrument at the European XFEL is located behind the SASE1 undulator and aims to support imaging and structure determination of biological specimen between about 0.1 μm and 1 μm size. The instrument is designed to work at photon energies from 3 keV up to 16 keV. Here, we propose a cost-effective proof-of-principle experiment, aiming to demonstrate the actual feasibility of a single molecule diffraction experiment at the European XFEL. To this end, we assume self-seeding capabilities at SASE1 and we suggest to make use of the baseline European XFEL accelerator complex-with the addition of a slotted-foil setup-and of the SPB/SFX instrument. As a first step towards the realization of an actual experiment, we developed a complete package of computational tools for start-to-end simulations predicting its performance. Single biomolecule imaging capabilities at the European XFEL can be reached by exploiting special modes of operation of the accelerator complex and of the SASE1 undulator. The output peak power can be increased up to more than 1.5 TW, which allows to relax the requirements on the focusing efficiency of the optics and to reach the required fluence without changing the present design of the SPB/SFX instrument. Explicit simulations are presented using the 15-nm size RNA Polymerase II molecule as a case study. Noisy diffraction patterns were generated and they were processed to generate the 3D intensity distribution. We discuss requirements to the signal-to-background ratio needed to obtain a correct pattern orientation. When these are fulfilled, our results indicate that one can achieve diffraction without destruction with about 0.1 photons per Shannon pixel per shot at 4 Å resolution with 10(13) photons in a 4 fs pulse at 4 keV photon energy and in a 0.3 μm focus, corresponding to a fluence of 10(14) photons/μm(2). We assume negligible structured background. At this signal level, one needs only about 30 000 diffraction patterns to recover full 3D information. At the highest repetition rate manageable by detectors at European XFEL, one will be able to accumulate these data within a fraction of an hour, even assuming a relatively low hit probability of about a percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Ayyer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Evgeni Saldin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Stern S, Holmegaard L, Filsinger F, Rouzée A, Rudenko A, Johnsson P, Martin AV, Barty A, Bostedt C, Bozek J, Coffee R, Epp S, Erk B, Foucar L, Hartmann R, Kimmel N, Kühnel KU, Maurer J, Messerschmidt M, Rudek B, Starodub D, Thøgersen J, Weidenspointner G, White TA, Stapelfeldt H, Rolles D, Chapman HN, Küpper J. Toward atomic resolution diffractive imaging of isolated molecules with X-ray free-electron lasers. Faraday Discuss 2015; 171:393-418. [PMID: 25415561 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00028e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We give a detailed account of the theoretical analysis and the experimental results of an X-ray-diffraction experiment on quantum-state selected and strongly laser-aligned gas-phase ensembles of the prototypical large asymmetric rotor molecule 2,5-diiodobenzonitrile, performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source [Phys. Rev. Lett.112, 083002 (2014)]. This experiment is the first step toward coherent diffractive imaging of structures and structural dynamics of isolated molecules at atomic resolution, i.e., picometers and femtoseconds, using X-ray free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stern
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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Ma WJ, Bin JH, Wang HY, Yeung M, Kreuzer C, Streeter M, Foster PS, Cousens S, Kiefer D, Dromey B, Yan XQ, Meyer-ter-Vehn J, Zepf M, Schreiber J. Bright subcycle extreme ultraviolet bursts from a single dense relativistic electron sheet. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:235002. [PMID: 25526132 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Double-foil targets separated by a low density plasma and irradiated by a petawatt-class laser are shown to be a copious source of coherent broadband radiation. Simulations show that a dense sheet of relativistic electrons is formed during the interaction of the laser with the tenuous plasma between the two foils. The coherent motion of the electron sheet as it transits the second foil results in strong broadband emission in the extreme ultraviolet, consistent with our experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Ma
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J H Bin
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H Y Wang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology & Center of Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - M Yeung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom and Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - C Kreuzer
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Streeter
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - P S Foster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom and Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - S Cousens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - D Kiefer
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - B Dromey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - X Q Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology & Center of Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - J Meyer-ter-Vehn
- Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Zepf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom and Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J Schreiber
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany and Max-Planck-Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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22
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Li H, Chen LJ, Cheng HPH, May JE, Smith S, Muehlig K, Uttamadoss A, Frisch JC, Fry AR, Kärtner FX, Bucksbaum PH. Remote two-color optical-to-optical synchronization between two passively mode-locked lasers. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5325-5328. [PMID: 26466262 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using balanced detection in both the radio frequency (RF) and the optical domain, we remotely synchronize the repetition rate of a Ti:sapphire oscillator to an Er-doped fiber oscillator through a 360 m length-stabilized dispersion compensated fiber link. The drift between these two optical oscillators is 3.3 fs root mean square (rms) over 24 hours. The 68 MHz Er-doped fiber oscillator is locked to a 476 MHz local RF reference clock, and serves as a master clock to distribute 10 fs-level timing signals through stabilized fiber links. This steady remote two-color optical-to-optical synchronization is an important step toward an integrated femtosecond fiber timing distribution system for free-electron lasers (FELs); it does not require x-ray pulses, and it makes sub-10-fs optical/x-ray pump-probe experiments feasible.
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23
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Two-colour hard X-ray free-electron laser with wide tunability. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2919. [PMID: 24301682 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrabrilliant, femtosecond X-ray pulses from X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have promoted the investigation of exotic interactions between intense X-rays and matters, and the observation of minute targets with high spatio-temporal resolution. Although a single X-ray beam has been utilized for these experiments, the use of multiple beams with flexible and optimum beam parameters should drastically enhance the capability and potentiality of XFELs. Here we show a new light source of a two-colour double-pulse (TCDP) XFEL in hard X-rays using variable-gap undulators, which realizes a large and flexible wavelength separation of more than 30% with an ultraprecisely controlled time interval in the attosecond regime. Together with sub-10-fs pulse duration and multi-gigawatt peak powers, the TCDP scheme enables us to elucidate X-ray-induced ultrafast transitions of electronic states and structures, which will significantly contribute to the advancement of ultrafast chemistry, plasma and astronomical physics, and quantum X-ray optics.
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24
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Few-femtosecond time-resolved measurements of X-ray free-electron lasers. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3762. [PMID: 24781868 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers, with pulse durations ranging from a few to several hundred femtoseconds, are uniquely suited for studying atomic, molecular, chemical and biological systems. Characterizing the temporal profiles of these femtosecond X-ray pulses that vary from shot to shot is not only challenging but also important for data interpretation. Here we report the time-resolved measurements of X-ray free-electron lasers by using an X-band radiofrequency transverse deflector at the Linac Coherent Light Source. We demonstrate this method to be a simple, non-invasive technique with a large dynamic range for single-shot electron and X-ray temporal characterization. A resolution of less than 1 fs root mean square has been achieved for soft X-ray pulses. The lasing evolution along the undulator has been studied with the electron trapping being observed as the X-ray peak power approaches 100 GW.
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25
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Cooper B, Kolorenč P, Frasinski LJ, Averbukh V, Marangos JP. Analysis of a measurement scheme for ultrafast hole dynamics by few femtosecond resolution X-ray pump–probe Auger spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2014; 171:93-111. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast hole dynamics created in molecular systems as a result of sudden ionisation is the focus of much attention in the field of attosecond science. Using the molecule glycine we show through ab initio simulations that the dynamics of a hole, arising from ionisation in the inner valence region, evolves with a timescale appropriate to be measured using X-ray pulses from the current generation of SASE free electron lasers. The examined pump–probe scheme uses X-rays with photon energy below the K edge of carbon (275–280 eV) that will ionise from the inner valence region. A second probe X-ray at the same energy can excite an electron from the core to fill the vacancy in the inner-valence region. The dynamics of the inner valence hole can be tracked by measuring the Auger electrons produced by the subsequent refilling of the core hole as a function of pump–probe delay. We consider the feasibility of the experiment and include numerical simulation to support this analysis. We discuss the potential for all X-ray pump-X-ray probe Auger spectroscopy measurements for tracking hole migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Přemysl Kolorenč
- Institute of Theoretical Physics
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Charles University in Prague
- 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Chapman HN. Disruptive photon technologies for chemical dynamics. Faraday Discuss 2014; 171:525-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00156g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A perspective of new and emerging technologies for chemical dynamics is given, with an emphasis on the use of X-ray sources that generate sub-picosecond pulses. The two classes of experimental techniques used for time-resolved measurements of chemical processes and their effects are spectroscopy and imaging, where the latter includes microscopy, diffractive imaging, and crystallography. X-Ray free-electron lasers have brought new impetus to the field, allowing not only temporal and spatial resolution at atomic time and length scales, but also bringing a new way to overcome limitations due to perturbation of the sample by the X-ray probe by out-running radiation damage. Associated instrumentation and methods are being developed to take advantage of the new opportunities of these sources. Once these methods of observational science have been mastered it should be possible to use the new tools to directly control those chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science
- DESY
- 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Petrillo V, Anania MP, Artioli M, Bacci A, Bellaveglia M, Chiadroni E, Cianchi A, Ciocci F, Dattoli G, Di Giovenale D, Di Pirro G, Ferrario M, Gatti G, Giannessi L, Mostacci A, Musumeci P, Petralia A, Pompili R, Quattromini M, Rau JV, Ronsivalle C, Rossi AR, Sabia E, Vaccarezza C, Villa F. Observation of time-domain modulation of free-electron-laser pulses by multipeaked electron-energy spectrum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:114802. [PMID: 24074094 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the experimental demonstration of a new scheme for the generation of ultrashort pulse trains based on free-electron-laser (FEL) emission from a multipeaked electron energy distribution. Two electron beamlets with energy difference larger than the FEL parameter ρ have been generated by illuminating the cathode with two ps-spaced laser pulses, followed by a rotation of the longitudinal phase space by velocity bunching in the linac. The resulting self-amplified spontaneous emission FEL radiation, measured through frequency-resolved optical gating diagnostics, reveals a double-peaked spectrum and a temporally modulated pulse structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Petrillo
- INFN-Milano and Università di Milano, Via Celoria, 16 20133 Milano, Italy
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28
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Jochmann A, Irman A, Bussmann M, Couperus JP, Cowan TE, Debus AD, Kuntzsch M, Ledingham KWD, Lehnert U, Sauerbrey R, Schlenvoigt HP, Seipt D, Stöhlker T, Thorn DB, Trotsenko S, Wagner A, Schramm U. High resolution energy-angle correlation measurement of hard x rays from laser-Thomson backscattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:114803. [PMID: 24074095 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.114803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thomson backscattering of intense laser pulses from relativistic electrons not only allows for the generation of bright x-ray pulses but also for the investigation of the complex particle dynamics at the interaction point. For this purpose a complete spectral characterization of a Thomson source powered by a compact linear electron accelerator is performed with unprecedented angular and energy resolution. A rigorous statistical analysis comparing experimental data to 3D simulations enables, e.g., the extraction of the angular distribution of electrons with 1.5% accuracy and, in total, provides predictive capability for the future high brightness hard x-ray source PHOENIX (photon electron collider for narrow bandwidth intense x rays) and potential gamma-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jochmann
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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29
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Peng MY, Callahan PT, Nejadmalayeri AH, Valente S, Xin M, Grüner-Nielsen L, Monberg EM, Yan M, Fini JM, Kärtner FX. Long-term stable, sub-femtosecond timing distribution via a 1.2-km polarization-maintaining fiber link: approaching 10(-21) link stability. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:19982-19989. [PMID: 24105544 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.019982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stable, sub-femtosecond timing distribution over a 1.2-km polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber-optic link using balanced optical cross-correlators for link stabilization is demonstrated. Novel dispersion-compensating PM fiber was developed to construct a dispersion-slope-compensated PM link, which eliminated slow timing drifts and jumps previously induced by polarization mode dispersion in standard single-mode fiber. Numerical simulations of nonlinear pulse propagation in the fiber link confirmed potential sub-100-as timing stability for pulse energies below 70 pJ. Link operation for 16 days showed ~0.6 fs RMS timing drift and during a 3-day interval only ~0.13 fs drift, which corresponds to a stability level of 10(-21).
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30
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Lutman AA, Coffee R, Ding Y, Huang Z, Krzywinski J, Maxwell T, Messerschmidt M, Nuhn HD. Experimental demonstration of femtosecond two-color x-ray free-electron lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:134801. [PMID: 23581326 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With an eye toward extending optical wave-mixing techniques to the x-ray regime, we present the first experimental demonstration of a two-color x-ray free-electron laser at the Linac Coherent Light Source. We combine the emittance-spoiler technique with a magnetic chicane in the undulator section to control the pulse duration and relative delay between two intense x-ray pulses and we use differently tuned canted pole undulators such that the two pulses have different wavelengths as well. Two schemes are shown to produce two-color soft x-ray pulses with a wavelength separation up to ∼1.9% and a controllable relative delay up to 40 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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