1
|
Chen Y, Shi Y, Gan Y, Liu H, Li T, Ghosh S, Xiong Q. Unraveling the Ultrafast Coherent Dynamics of Exciton Polariton Propagation at Room Temperature. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8704-8711. [PMID: 37681647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons are widely considered as promising platforms for developing room-temperature polaritonic devices, owing to the high-speed propagation and nonlinear interactions. However, it remains challenging to explore the dynamics of exciton polaritons specifically at room temperature, where the lifetime could be as small as a few picoseconds and the prevailing time-averaged measurement cannot give access to the true nature of it. Herein, by using the time-resolved photoluminescence, we have successfully traced the ultrafast coherent dynamics of a moving exciton polariton condensate in a one-dimensional perovskite microcavity. The propagation speed is directly measured to be ∼12.2 ± 0.8 μm/ps. Moreover, we have developed a time-resolved Michelson interferometry to quantify the time-dependent phase coherence, which reveals that the actual coherence time of exciton polaritons could be much longer (nearly 100%) than what was believed before. Our work sheds new light on the ultrafast coherent propagation of exciton polaritons at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Chen
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusong Gan
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Li
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanjib Ghosh
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihua Xiong
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu ZF, Xue JK. Photonic transistor based on a coupled-cavity system with polaritons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:26276-26288. [PMID: 37710491 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the transmission of probe fields in a coupled-cavity system with polaritons and propose a theoretical schema for realizing a polariton-based photonic transistor. When probe light passes through such a hybrid optomechanical device, its resonant point with Stokes or anti-Stokes scattered effects, intensity with amplification or attenuation effects, as well as group velocity with slow or fast light effects can be effectively controlled by another pump light. This controlling depends on the exciton-photon coupling and single-photon coupling. We also discover an asymmetric Fano resonance in transparency windows under the strong exciton-photon coupling, which is different from general symmetric optomechanically induced transparency. Our results open up exciting possibilities for designing photonic transistors, which may be useful for implementing polariton integrated circuits.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu J, Qing YM. Strong coupling of excitons in patterned few-layer WS 2 with guided mode and bound state in the continuum. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23382-23390. [PMID: 36128914 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03424g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strong coupling of excitons in few-layer transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) with guided mode resonance (GMR) and bound state in the continuum (BIC) is investigated. It is shown that the strong coupling between excitons and GMR or BIC can enable a large Rabi splitting, where up to 155 meV or 162 meV Rabi splitting could be realized through changing the grating period, respectively. The physical origins behind this behavior are revealed by studying the electric field distributions at resonance. In addition, such behaviors are further theoretically verified according to the coupled-oscillator model. Moreover, the effect of the geometric dimensions on the strong coupling is also studied, which can be employed to guide real fabrication. The results will provide a new route for realization of few-layer TMDC-based light-matter interactions and may pave the way toward novel, compact, few-layer TMDC-based polaritonic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Ye Ming Qing
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lackner L, Dusel M, Egorov OA, Han B, Knopf H, Eilenberger F, Schröder S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tongay S, Anton-Solanas C, Höfling S, Schneider C. Tunable exciton-polaritons emerging from WS 2 monolayer excitons in a photonic lattice at room temperature. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4933. [PMID: 34400620 PMCID: PMC8368091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering non-linear hybrid light-matter states in tailored lattices is a central research strategy for the simulation of complex Hamiltonians. Excitons in atomically thin crystals are an ideal active medium for such purposes, since they couple strongly with light and bear the potential to harness giant non-linearities and interactions while presenting a simple sample-processing and room temperature operability. We demonstrate lattice polaritons, based on an open, high-quality optical cavity, with an imprinted photonic lattice strongly coupled to excitons in a WS2 monolayer. We experimentally observe the emergence of the canonical band-structure of particles in a one-dimensional lattice at room temperature, and demonstrate frequency reconfigurability over a spectral window exceeding 85 meV, as well as the systematic variation of the nearest-neighbour coupling, reflected by a tunability in the bandwidth of the p-band polaritons by 7 meV. The technology presented in this work is a critical demonstration towards reconfigurable photonic emulators operated with non-linear photonic fluids, offering a simple experimental implementation and working at ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lackner
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - M Dusel
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - O A Egorov
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Solid State Optics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - B Han
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - H Knopf
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck School of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | - F Eilenberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck School of Photonics, Jena, Germany
| | - S Schröder
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
| | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C Anton-Solanas
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mirek R, Opala A, Comaron P, Furman M, Król M, Tyszka K, Seredyński B, Ballarini D, Sanvitto D, Liew TCH, Pacuski W, Suffczyński J, Szczytko J, Matuszewski M, Piętka B. Neuromorphic Binarized Polariton Networks. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3715-3720. [PMID: 33635656 PMCID: PMC8155323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of artificial neural networks and applied artificial intelligence has led to many applications. However, current software implementation of neural networks is severely limited in terms of performance and energy efficiency. It is believed that further progress requires the development of neuromorphic systems, in which hardware directly mimics the neuronal network structure of a human brain. Here, we propose theoretically and realize experimentally an optical network of nodes performing binary operations. The nonlinearity required for efficient computation is provided by semiconductor microcavities in the strong quantum light-matter coupling regime, which exhibit exciton-polariton interactions. We demonstrate the system performance against a pattern recognition task, obtaining accuracy on a par with state-of-the-art hardware implementations. Our work opens the way to ultrafast and energy-efficient neuromorphic systems taking advantage of ultrastrong optical nonlinearity of polaritons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Mirek
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Opala
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Aleja Lotników
32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paolo Comaron
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Aleja Lotników
32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Furman
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Król
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tyszka
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Seredyński
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR
NANOTEC−Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR
NANOTEC−Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Timothy C. H. Liew
- School
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Wojciech Pacuski
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Suffczyński
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Szczytko
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Matuszewski
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Aleja Lotników
32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Piętka
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics,
University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ballarini D, Gianfrate A, Panico R, Opala A, Ghosh S, Dominici L, Ardizzone V, De Giorgi M, Lerario G, Gigli G, Liew TCH, Matuszewski M, Sanvitto D. Polaritonic Neuromorphic Computing Outperforms Linear Classifiers. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3506-3512. [PMID: 32251601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning software applications are ubiquitous in many fields of science and society for their outstanding capability to solve computationally vast problems like the recognition of patterns and regularities in big data sets. In spite of these impressive achievements, such processors are still based on the so-called von Neumann architecture, which is a bottleneck for faster and power-efficient neuromorphic computation. Therefore, one of the main goals of research is to conceive physical realizations of artificial neural networks capable of performing fully parallel and ultrafast operations. Here we show that lattices of exciton-polariton condensates accomplish neuromorphic computing with outstanding accuracy thanks to their high optical nonlinearity. We demonstrate that our neural network significantly increases the recognition efficiency compared with the linear classification algorithms on one of the most widely used benchmarks, the MNIST problem, showing a concrete advantage from the integration of optical systems in neural network architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Gianfrate
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Riccardo Panico
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrzej Opala
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sanjib Ghosh
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ardizzone
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lerario
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Timothy C H Liew
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Michal Matuszewski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, PL-02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dang NHM, Gerace D, Drouard E, Trippé-Allard G, Lédée F, Mazurczyk R, Deleporte E, Seassal C, Nguyen HS. Tailoring Dispersion of Room-Temperature Exciton-Polaritons with Perovskite-Based Subwavelength Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2113-2119. [PMID: 32074449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons represent a promising platform for studying quantum fluids of light and realizing prospective all-optical devices. Here we report on the experimental demonstration of exciton-polaritons at room temperature in resonant metasurfaces made from a sub-wavelength two-dimensional lattice of perovskite pillars. The strong coupling regime is revealed by both angular-resolved reflectivity and photoluminescence measurements, showing anticrossing between photonic modes and the exciton resonance with a Rabi splitting in the 200 meV range. Moreover, by tailoring the photonic Bloch mode to which perovskite excitons are coupled, polaritonic dispersions are engineered exhibiting linear, parabolic, and multivalley dispersions. All of our results are perfectly reproduced by both numerical simulations based on a rigorous coupled wave analysis and an elementary model based on a quantum theory of radiation-matter interaction. Our results suggest a new approach to study exciton-polaritons and pave the way toward large-scale and low-cost integrated polaritonic devices operating at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ha My Dang
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, INL-UMR5270, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully, France
| | - Dario Gerace
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Drouard
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, INL-UMR5270, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully, France
| | - Gaëlle Trippé-Allard
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centrale Supelec, LuMIn, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ferdinand Lédée
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centrale Supelec, LuMIn, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Radoslaw Mazurczyk
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, INL-UMR5270, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully, France
| | - Emmanuelle Deleporte
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centrale Supelec, LuMIn, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christian Seassal
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, INL-UMR5270, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully, France
| | - Hai Son Nguyen
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, INL-UMR5270, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Ecully, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chai Z, Hu X, Gong Q. Exciton polaritons based on planar dielectric Si asymmetric nanogratings coupled with J-aggregated dyes film. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2020; 13:4-11. [PMID: 36641583 PMCID: PMC9733728 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-019-0940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical cavity polaritons, originated from strong coupling between the excitons in materials and photons in the confined cavities field, have recently emerged as their applications in the high-speed lowpower polaritons devices, low-threshold lasing and so on. However, the traditional exciton polaritons based on metal plasmonic structures or Fabry-Perot cavities suffer from the disadvantages of large intrinsic losses or hard to integrate and nanofabricate. This greatly limits the applications of exciton poalritons. Thus, here we implement a compact low-loss dielectric photonic - organic nanostructure by placing a 2-nm-thick PVA doped with TDBC film on top of a planar Si asymmetric nanogratings to reveal the exciton polaritons modes. We find a distinct anti-crossing dispersion behavior appears with a 117.16 meV Rabi splitting when varying the period of Si nanogratings. Polaritons dispersion and mode anti-crossing behaviors are also observed when considering the independence of the height of Si, width of Si nanowire B, and distance between the two Si nanowires in one period. This work offers an opportunity to realize low-loss novel polaritons applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tapia Rodriguez LE, Walker PM, Sigurdsson H, Royall B, Farrer I, Ritchie DA, Yulin AV, Shelykh IA, Skolnick MS, Krizhanovskii DN. Amplification of nonlinear polariton pulses in waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:10692-10704. [PMID: 31052924 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.010692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using a sub-millimeter exciton-polariton waveguide suitable for integrated photonics, we experimentally demonstrate nonlinear modulation of pico-Joule pulses at the same time as amplification sufficient to compensate the system losses. By comparison with a numerical model we explain the observed interplay of gain and nonlinearity as amplification of the interacting polariton field by stimulated scattering from an incoherent continuous-wave reservoir that is depleted by the pulses. This combination of gain and giant ultrafast nonlinearity operating on picosecond pulses has the potential to open up new directions in low-power all-optical information processing and nonlinear photonic simulation of conservative and driven-dissipative systems.
Collapse
|
10
|
An exciton-polariton bolometer for terahertz radiation detection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10092. [PMID: 29973614 PMCID: PMC6031685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the feasibility of a bolometric device based on exciton-polaritons. Initial measurements presented in this work show that heating - via thermal expansion and bandgap renormalization - modifies the exciton-polariton propagation wavevector making exciton-polaritons propagation remarkably sensitive to thermal variations. By theoretical simulations we predict that using a single layer graphene absorbing layer, a THz bolometric sensor can be realized by a simple exciton-polariton ring interferometer device. The predicted sensitivity is comparable to presently existing THz bolometric devices with the convenience of being a device that inherently produces an optical signal output.
Collapse
|
11
|
Suchomel H, Brodbeck S, Liew TCH, Amthor M, Klaas M, Klembt S, Kamp M, Höfling S, Schneider C. Prototype of a bistable polariton field-effect transistor switch. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5114. [PMID: 28698678 PMCID: PMC5506067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcavity exciton polaritons are promising candidates to build a new generation of highly nonlinear and integrated optoelectronic devices. Such devices range from novel coherent light emitters to reconfigurable potential landscapes for electro-optical polariton-lattice based quantum simulators as well as building blocks of optical logic architectures. Especially for the latter, the strongly interacting nature of the light-matter hybrid particles has been used to facilitate fast and efficient switching of light by light, something which is very hard to achieve with weakly interacting photons. We demonstrate here that polariton transistor switches can be fully integrated in electro-optical schemes by implementing a one-dimensional polariton channel which is operated by an electrical gate rather than by a control laser beam. The operation of the device, which is the polariton equivalent to a field-effect transistor, relies on combining electro-optical potential landscape engineering with local exciton ionization to control the scattering dynamics underneath the gate. We furthermore demonstrate that our device has a region of negative differential resistance and features a completely new way to create bistable behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Suchomel
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - S Brodbeck
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - T C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - M Amthor
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - M Klaas
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - S Klembt
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - M Kamp
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - S Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.,SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY 16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lerario G, Ballarini D, Fieramosca A, Cannavale A, Genco A, Mangione F, Gambino S, Dominici L, De Giorgi M, Gigli G, Sanvitto D. High-speed flow of interacting organic polaritons. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e16212. [PMID: 30167229 PMCID: PMC6062184 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The strong coupling of an excitonic transition with an electromagnetic mode results in composite quasi-particles called exciton polaritons, which have been shown to combine the best properties of their individual components in semiconductor microcavities. However, the physics and applications of polariton flows in organic materials and at room temperature are still unexplored because of the poor photon confinement in such structures. Here, we demonstrate that polaritons formed by the hybridization of organic excitons with a Bloch surface wave are able to propagate for hundreds of microns showing remarkable third-order nonlinear interactions upon high injection density. These findings pave the way for the study of organic nonlinear light-matter fluxes and for a technologically promising route of the realization of dissipation-less on-chip polariton devices operating at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lerario
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cannavale
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di matematica e fisica ‘Ennio De Giorgi’, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Armando Genco
- Dipartimento di matematica e fisica ‘Ennio De Giorgi’, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Federica Mangione
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gambino
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di matematica e fisica ‘Ennio De Giorgi’, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di matematica e fisica ‘Ennio De Giorgi’, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC –Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Liew TCH. Cellular automata in photonic cavity arrays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:24930-24937. [PMID: 27828433 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.024930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose theoretically a photonic Turing machine based on cellular automata in arrays of nonlinear cavities coupled with artificial gauge fields. The state of the system is recorded making use of the bistability of driven cavities, in which losses are fully compensated by an external continuous drive. The sequential update of the automaton layers is achieved automatically, by the local switching of bistable states, without requiring any additional synchronization or temporal control.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sanvitto D, Kéna-Cohen S. The road towards polaritonic devices. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:1061-73. [PMID: 27429208 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are quasiparticles that form in semiconductors when an elementary excitation such as an exciton or a phonon interacts sufficiently strongly with light. In particular, exciton-polaritons have attracted tremendous attention for their unique properties, spanning from an ability to undergo ultra-efficient four-wave mixing to superfluidity in the condensed state. These quasiparticles possess strong intrinsic nonlinearities, while keeping most characteristics of the underlying photons. Here we review the most important features of exciton-polaritons in microcavities, with a particular emphasis on the emerging technological applications, the use of new materials for room-temperature operation, and the possibility of exploiting polaritons for quantum computation and simulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR - NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stéphane Kéna-Cohen
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, PO Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville Montréal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Iorsh I, Alodjants A, Shelykh IA. Microcavity with saturable nonlinearity under simultaneous resonant and nonresonant pumping: multistability, Hopf bifurcations and chaotic behaviour. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:11505-11514. [PMID: 27410078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.011505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied optical response of microcavity non-equilibrium exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensate with saturable nonlinearity under simultaneous resonant and non-resonant pumping. We demonstrated the emergence of multistabile behavior due to the saturation of the excitonic absorption. Stable periodic Rabi-type oscillations of the excitonic and photonic condensate components in the regime of the stationary pump and their transition to the chaotic dynamics through the cascade of Hopf bifurcations by tuning of the electrical pump are revealed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chana JK, Sich M, Fras F, Gorbach AV, Skryabin DV, Cancellieri E, Cerda-Méndez EA, Biermann K, Hey R, Santos PV, Skolnick MS, Krizhanovskii DN. Spatial Patterns of Dissipative Polariton Solitons in Semiconductor Microcavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:256401. [PMID: 26722931 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.256401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report propagating bound microcavity polariton soliton arrays consisting of multipeak structures either along (x) or perpendicular (y) to the direction of propagation. Soliton arrays of up to five solitons are observed, with the number of solitons controlled by the size and power of the triggering laser pulse. The breakup along the x direction occurs when the effective area of the trigger pulse exceeds the characteristic soliton size determined by polariton-polariton interactions. Narrowing of soliton emission in energy-momentum space indicates phase locking between adjacent solitons, consistent with numerical modeling which predicts stable multihump soliton solutions. In the y direction, the breakup originates from inhomogeneity across the wave front in the transverse direction which develops into a stable array only in the solitonic regime via phase-dependent interactions of propagating fronts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Chana
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - M Sich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - F Fras
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- IPCMS UMR 7504, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - A V Gorbach
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - D V Skryabin
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- ITMO University, Kronverksky Avenue 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation
| | - E Cancellieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - E A Cerda-Méndez
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - K Biermann
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - R Hey
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - P V Santos
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - D N Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Demirchyan SS, Chestnov IY, Alodjants AP, Glazov MM, Kavokin AV. Qubits based on polariton Rabi oscillators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:196403. [PMID: 24877953 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.196403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel physical mechanism for the creation of long-lived macroscopic exciton-photon qubits in semiconductor microcavities with embedded quantum wells in the strong coupling regime. The polariton qubit is a superposition of lower branch and upper branch exciton-polariton states. We argue that the coherence time of Rabi oscillations can be dramatically enhanced due to their stimulated pumping from a permanent thermal reservoir of polaritons. We discuss applications of such qubits for quantum information processing, cloning, and storage purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Demirchyan
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletovs, Vladimir 600000, Russia
| | - I Yu Chestnov
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletovs, Vladimir 600000, Russia
| | - A P Alodjants
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletovs, Vladimir 600000, Russia and Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - M M Glazov
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the RAS, 26 Polytekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia and Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, 1 Ul'anovskaya, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - A V Kavokin
- Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia and Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, 1 Ul'anovskaya, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1NJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Giorgi M, Ballarini D, Cazzato P, Deligeorgis G, Tsintzos SI, Hatzopoulos Z, Savvidis PG, Gigli G, Laussy FP, Sanvitto D. Relaxation oscillations in the formation of a polariton condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:113602. [PMID: 24702368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report observation of oscillations in the dynamics of a microcavity polariton condensate formed under pulsed nonresonant excitation. While oscillations in a condensate have always been attributed to Josephson mechanisms due to a chemical potential unbalance, here we show that under some localization conditions of the condensate, they may arise from relaxation oscillations, a pervasive classical dynamics that repeatedly provokes the sudden decay of a reservoir, shutting off relaxation as the reservoir is replenished. Using nonresonant excitation, it is thus possible to obtain condensate injection pulses with a record frequency of 0.1 THz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena De Giorgi
- NNL, Istituto Nanoscienze - Cnr, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy and CBN-IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- NNL, Istituto Nanoscienze - Cnr, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy and CBN-IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Lecce, Italy
| | - Paolo Cazzato
- NNL, Istituto Nanoscienze - Cnr, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy and CBN-IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Lecce, Italy
| | - George Deligeorgis
- CNRS-LAAS and Univ de Toulouse, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Zacharias Hatzopoulos
- IESL-FORTH, P.O. Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece and Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Pavlos G Savvidis
- IESL-FORTH, P.O. Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece and Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- NNL, Istituto Nanoscienze - Cnr, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy and CBN-IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Lecce, Italy and University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabrice P Laussy
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- NNL, Istituto Nanoscienze - Cnr, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy and CBN-IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cancellieri E, Hayat A, Steinberg AM, Giacobino E, Bramati A. Ultrafast Stark-induced polaritonic switches. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:053601. [PMID: 24580589 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.053601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A laser pulse, several meV red detuned from the excitonic line of a quantum well, has been shown to induce an almost instantaneous and rigid shift of the lower and upper polariton branches. Here we demonstrate that through this shift ultrafast all-optical control of the polariton population in a semiconductor microcavity should be achievable. In the proposed setup, a Stark field is used to bring the lower polariton branch in or out of resonance with a quasiresonant continuous-wave laser, thereby favoring or inhibiting the injection of polaritons into the cavity. Moreover, we show that this technique allows for the implementation of optical switches with extremely high repetition rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Cancellieri
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Normale Supérieure et CNRS, Paris 75005, France and University of Sheffield, Sheffield S37RH, United Kingdom
| | - A Hayat
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada and Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - A M Steinberg
- Department of Physics, Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - E Giacobino
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Normale Supérieure et CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - A Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Normale Supérieure et CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sturm C, Tanese D, Nguyen H, Flayac H, Galopin E, Lemaître A, Sagnes I, Solnyshkov D, Amo A, Malpuech G, Bloch J. All-optical phase modulation in a cavity-polariton Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3278. [PMID: 24513781 PMCID: PMC3926000 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum fluids based on light is a highly developing research field, since they provide a nonlinear platform for developing optical functionalities and quantum simulators. An important issue in this context is the ability to coherently control the properties of the fluid. Here we propose an all-optical approach for controlling the phase of a flow of cavity-polaritons, making use of their strong interactions with localized excitons. Here we illustrate the potential of this method by implementing a compact exciton-polariton interferometer, which output intensity and polarization can be optically controlled. This interferometer is cascadable with already reported polariton devices and is promising for future polaritonic quantum optic experiments. Complex phase patterns could be also engineered using this optical method, providing a key tool to build photonic artificial gauge fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sturm
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Experimentelle Physik II, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - D. Tanese
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - H.S. Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - H. Flayac
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS, 24 avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - E. Galopin
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - A. Lemaître
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - I. Sagnes
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - D. Solnyshkov
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS, 24 avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - A. Amo
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - G. Malpuech
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS, 24 avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - J. Bloch
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Cancellieri E, Houdré R, Giacobino E, Cingolani R, Bramati A, Gigli G, Sanvitto D. All-optical polariton transistor. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1778. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|