1
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Hesselmeier E, Kuna P, Knolle W, Kaiser F, Son NT, Ghezellou M, Ul-Hassan J, Vorobyov V, Wrachtrup J. High-Fidelity Optical Readout of a Nuclear-Spin Qubit in Silicon Carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:180804. [PMID: 38759189 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.180804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Quantum state readout is a key requirement for a successful qubit platform. In this work, we demonstrate a high-fidelity quantum state readout of a V2 center nuclear spin based on a repetitive readout technique. We demonstrate up to 99.5% readout fidelity and 99% for state preparation. Using this efficient readout, we initialize the nuclear spin by measurement and demonstrate its Rabi and Ramsey nutation. Finally, we use the nuclear spin as a long-lived memory for quantum sensing application of a weakly coupled diatomic nuclear-spin bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hesselmeier
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pierre Kuna
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Department of Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Misagh Ghezellou
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vadim Vorobyov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for solid state physics, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Hesselmeier E, Kuna P, Takács I, Ivády V, Knolle W, Son NT, Ghezellou M, Ul-Hassan J, Dasari D, Kaiser F, Vorobyov V, Wrachtrup J. Qudit-Based Spectroscopy for Measurement and Control of Nuclear-Spin Qubits in Silicon Carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:090601. [PMID: 38489642 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear spins with hyperfine coupling to single electron spins are highly valuable quantum bits. Here we probe and characterize the particularly rich nuclear-spin environment around single silicon vacancy color centers (V2) in 4H-SiC. By using the electron spin-3/2 qudit as a four level sensor, we identify several sets of ^{29}Si and ^{13}C nuclear spins through their hyperfine interaction. We extract the major components of their hyperfine coupling via optical detected nuclear magnetic resonance, and assign them to shells in the crystal via the density function theory simulations. We utilize the ground-state level anticrossing of the electron spin for dynamic nuclear polarization and achieve a nuclear-spin polarization of up to 98±6%. We show that this scheme can be used to detect the nuclear magnetic resonance signal of individual spins and demonstrate their coherent control. Our work provides a detailed set of parameters and first steps for future use of SiC as a multiqubit memory and quantum computing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hesselmeier
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pierre Kuna
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - István Takács
- Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Ivády
- Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Department of Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Misagh Ghezellou
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Durga Dasari
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Vadim Vorobyov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for solid state physics, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Wang G, Barr AR, Tang H, Chen M, Li C, Xu H, Stasiuk A, Li J, Cappellaro P. Characterizing Temperature and Strain Variations with Qubit Ensembles for Their Robust Coherence Protection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:043602. [PMID: 37566832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.043602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state spin defects, especially nuclear spins with potentially achievable long coherence times, are compelling candidates for quantum memories and sensors. However, their current performances are still limited by dephasing due to variations of their intrinsic quadrupole and hyperfine interactions. We propose an unbalanced echo to overcome this challenge by using a second spin to refocus variations of these interactions while preserving the quantum information stored in the nuclear spin free evolution. The unbalanced echo can be used to probe the temperature and strain distribution in materials. We develop first-principles methods to predict variations of these interactions and reveal their correlation over large temperature and strain ranges. Experiments performed in an ensemble of ∼10^{10} nuclear spins in diamond demonstrate a 20-fold dephasing time increase, limited by other noise sources. We further numerically show that our method can refocus even stronger noise variations than present in our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ariel Rebekah Barr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Haowei Xu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrew Stasiuk
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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4
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Tang H, Barr AR, Wang G, Cappellaro P, Li J. First-Principles Calculation of the Temperature-Dependent Transition Energies in Spin Defects. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3266-3273. [PMID: 36977131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spin qubits associated with color centers are promising platforms for various quantum technologies. However, to be deployed in robust quantum devices, the variations of their intrinsic properties with the external conditions, in particular temperature and strain, should be known with high precision. Unfortunately, a predictive theory on the temperature dependence of the resonance frequency of electron and nuclear spin defects in solids remains lacking. In this work, we develop a first-principles method for the temperature dependence of the zero-field splitting, hyperfine interaction, and nuclear quadrupole interaction of color centers. As a testbed, we compare our ab initio calculations with experiments for the nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) center in diamond, finding good agreements. We identify the major origin of the temperature dependence as a second-order effect of dynamic phonon vibrations, instead of the thermal-expansion strain. The method can be applied to different color centers and provides a theoretical tool for designing high-precision quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ariel Rebekah Barr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Cujia KS, Herb K, Zopes J, Abendroth JM, Degen CL. Parallel detection and spatial mapping of large nuclear spin clusters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1260. [PMID: 35273190 PMCID: PMC8913684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the atomic scale offers exciting prospects for determining the structure and function of individual molecules and proteins. Quantum defects in diamond have recently emerged as a promising platform towards reaching this goal, and allowed for the detection and localization of single nuclear spins under ambient conditions. Here, we present an efficient strategy for extending imaging to large nuclear spin clusters, fulfilling an important requirement towards a single-molecule MRI technique. Our method combines the concepts of weak quantum measurements, phase encoding and simulated annealing to detect three-dimensional positions from many nuclei in parallel. Detection is spatially selective, allowing us to probe nuclei at a chosen target radius while avoiding interference from strongly-coupled proximal nuclei. We demonstrate our strategy by imaging clusters containing more than 20 carbon-13 nuclear spins within a radius of 2.4 nm from single, near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers at room temperature. The radius extrapolates to 5-6 nm for 1H. Beside taking an important step in nanoscale MRI, our experiment also provides an efficient tool for the characterization of large nuclear spin registers in the context of quantum simulators and quantum network nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Cujia
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,IT'IS Foundation, Zeughausstrasse 43, 8004, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - K Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J Zopes
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Ansys Switzerland GmbH, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Xie T, Zhao Z, Kong X, Ma W, Wang M, Ye X, Yu P, Yang Z, Xu S, Wang P, Wang Y, Shi F, Du J. Beating the standard quantum limit under ambient conditions with solid-state spins. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/32/eabg9204. [PMID: 34362736 PMCID: PMC8346219 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of entangled sensors improves the precision limit from the standard quantum limit (SQL) to the Heisenberg limit. Most previous experiments beating the SQL are performed on the sensors that are well isolated under extreme conditions. Here, we demonstrate a sub-SQL interferometer at ambient conditions by using a multispin system, namely, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond. We achieve two-spin interference with a phase sensitivity of 1.79 ± 0.06 dB beyond the SQL and three-spin interference with a phase sensitivity of 2.77 ± 0.10 dB. Besides, a magnetic sensitivity of 0.87 ± 0.09 dB beyond the SQL is achieved by two-spin interference for detecting a real magnetic field. Particularly, the deterministic and joint initialization of NV negative state, NV electron spin, and two nuclear spins is realized at room temperature. The techniques used here are of fundamental importance for quantum sensing and computing, and naturally applicable to other solid-state spin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Kong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenchao Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shaoyi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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7
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Rosenfeld E, Riedinger R, Gieseler J, Schuetz M, Lukin MD. Efficient Entanglement of Spin Qubits Mediated by a Hot Mechanical Oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:250505. [PMID: 34241526 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.250505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Localized electronic and nuclear spin qubits in the solid state constitute a promising platform for storage and manipulation of quantum information, even at room temperature. However, the development of scalable systems requires the ability to entangle distant spins, which remains a challenge today. We propose and analyze an efficient, heralded scheme that employs a parity measurement in a decoherence free subspace to enable fast and robust entanglement generation between distant spin qubits mediated by a hot mechanical oscillator. We find that high-fidelity entanglement at cryogenic and even ambient temperatures is feasible with realistic parameters and show that the entangled pair can be subsequently leveraged for deterministic controlled-NOT operations between nuclear spins. Our results open the door for novel quantum processing architectures for a wide variety of solid-state spin qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rosenfeld
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, USA
| | - Ralf Riedinger
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, USA
| | - Jan Gieseler
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, USA
| | - Martin Schuetz
- Amazon Quantum Solutions Lab, Seattle, Washington, D.C. 98170, USA
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, USA
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8
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Entanglement of dark electron-nuclear spin defects in diamond. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3470. [PMID: 34108455 PMCID: PMC8190113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising approach for multi-qubit quantum registers is to use optically addressable spins to control multiple dark electron-spin defects in the environment. While recent experiments have observed signatures of coherent interactions with such dark spins, it is an open challenge to realize the individual control required for quantum information processing. Here, we demonstrate the heralded initialisation, control and entanglement of individual dark spins associated to multiple P1 centers, which are part of a spin bath surrounding a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. We realize projective measurements to prepare the multiple degrees of freedom of P1 centers-their Jahn-Teller axis, nuclear spin and charge state-and exploit these to selectively access multiple P1s in the bath. We develop control and single-shot readout of the nuclear and electron spin, and use this to demonstrate an entangled state of two P1 centers. These results provide a proof-of-principle towards using dark electron-nuclear spin defects as qubits for quantum sensing, computation and networks.
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9
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Liu G, Chen M, Liu YX, Layden D, Cappellaro P. Repetitive readout enhanced by machine learning. MACHINE LEARNING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/ab4e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Single-shot readout is a key component for scalable quantum information processing. However, many solid-state qubits with favorable properties lack the single-shot readout capability. One solution is to use the repetitive quantum-non-demolition readout technique, where the qubit is correlated with an ancilla, which is subsequently read out. The readout fidelity is therefore limited by the back-action on the qubit from the measurement. Traditionally, a threshold method is taken, where only the total photon count is used to discriminate qubit state, discarding all the information of the back-action hidden in the time trace of repetitive readout measurement. Here we show by using machine learning (ML), one obtains higher readout fidelity by taking advantage of the time trace data. ML is able to identify when back-action happened, and correctly read out the original state. Since the information is already recorded (but usually discarded), this improvement in fidelity does not consume additional experimental time, and could be directly applied to preparation-by-measurement and quantum metrology applications involving repetitive readout.
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10
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Hopper DA, Shulevitz HJ, Bassett LC. Spin Readout Techniques of the Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9090437. [PMID: 30424370 PMCID: PMC6187496 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is a leading platform for quantum information science due to its optical addressability and room-temperature spin coherence. However, measurements of the NV center’s spin state typically require averaging over many cycles to overcome noise. Here, we review several approaches to improve the readout performance and highlight future avenues of research that could enable single-shot electron-spin readout at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hopper
- Quantum Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Henry J Shulevitz
- Quantum Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Lee C Bassett
- Quantum Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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An Overview on the Formation and Processing of Nitrogen-Vacancy Photonic Centers in Diamond by Ion Implantation. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Liu GQ, Xing J, Ma WL, Wang P, Li CH, Po HC, Zhang YR, Fan H, Liu RB, Pan XY. Single-Shot Readout of a Nuclear Spin Weakly Coupled to a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center at Room Temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:150504. [PMID: 28452518 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.150504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-shot readout of qubits is required for scalable quantum computing. Nuclear spins are superb quantum memories due to their long coherence time, but are difficult to be read out in a single shot due to their weak interaction with probes. Here we demonstrate single-shot readout of a weakly coupled ^{13}C nuclear spin at room temperature, which is unresolvable in traditional protocols. States of the weakly coupled nuclear spin are trapped and read out projectively by sequential weak measurements, which are implemented by dynamical decoupling pulses. A nuclear spin coupled to the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center with strength 330 kHz is read out in 200 ms with a fidelity of 95.5%. This work provides a general protocol for single-shot readout of weakly coupled qubits at room temperature and therefore largely extends the range of physical systems for scalable quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Qin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Xing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wen-Long Ma
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chang-Hao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hoi Chun Po
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Ran Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ren-Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Xin-Yu Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Purification of an unpolarized spin ensemble into entangled singlet pairs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:529. [PMID: 28373720 PMCID: PMC5428879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamical polarization of nuclear spin ensembles is of central importance for magnetic resonance studies, precision sensing and for applications in quantum information theory. Here we propose a scheme to generate long-lived singlet pairs in an unpolarized nuclear spin ensemble which is dipolar coupled to the electron spins of a Nitrogen Vacancy center in diamond. The quantum mechanical back-action induced by frequent spin-selective readout of the NV centers allows the nuclear spins to pair up into maximally entangled singlet pairs. Counterintuitively, the robustness of the pair formation to dephasing noise improves with increasing size of the spin ensemble. We also show how the paired nuclear spin state allows for enhanced sensing capabilities of NV centers in diamond.
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14
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Suter D, Jelezko F. Single-spin magnetic resonance in the nitrogen-vacancy center of diamond. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 98-99:50-62. [PMID: 28283086 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance of single spins has flourished mostly because of the unique properties of the NV center in diamond. This review covers the basic physics of this defect center, introduces the techniques for working with single spins and gives an overview of some applications like quantum information and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Kalb N, Cramer J, Twitchen DJ, Markham M, Hanson R, Taminiau TH. Experimental creation of quantum Zeno subspaces by repeated multi-spin projections in diamond. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13111. [PMID: 27713397 PMCID: PMC5059787 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated observations inhibit the coherent evolution of quantum states through the quantum Zeno effect. In multi-qubit systems this effect provides opportunities to control complex quantum states. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that repeatedly projecting joint observables of multiple spins creates quantum Zeno subspaces and simultaneously suppresses the dephasing caused by a quasi-static environment. We encode up to two logical qubits in these subspaces and show that the enhancement of the dephasing time with increasing number of projections follows a scaling law that is independent of the number of spins involved. These results provide experimental insight into the interplay between frequent multi-spin measurements and slowly varying noise and pave the way for tailoring the dynamics of multi-qubit systems through repeated projections. Repeated observations of quantum states inhibit coherent evolution through the Zeno effect, providing opportunities for controlling multi-qubit systems. Here the authors demonstrate that projecting joint observables of three spins in diamond creates quantum Zeno subspaces that suppress dephasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kalb
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands
| | - J Cramer
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands
| | - D J Twitchen
- Element Six Innovation, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, UK
| | - M Markham
- Element Six Innovation, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, UK
| | - R Hanson
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands
| | - T H Taminiau
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft 2600 GA, The Netherlands
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16
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Enhancing quantum sensing sensitivity by a quantum memory. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12279. [PMID: 27506596 PMCID: PMC4987521 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In quantum sensing, precision is typically limited by the maximum time interval over which phase can be accumulated. Memories have been used to enhance this time interval beyond the coherence lifetime and thus gain precision. Here, we demonstrate that by using a quantum memory an increased sensitivity can also be achieved. To this end, we use entanglement in a hybrid spin system comprising a sensing and a memory qubit associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond. With the memory we retain the full quantum state even after coherence decay of the sensor, which enables coherent interaction with distinct weakly coupled nuclear spin qubits. We benchmark the performance of our hybrid quantum system against use of the sensing qubit alone by gradually increasing the entanglement of sensor and memory. We further apply this quantum sensor-memory pair for high-resolution NMR spectroscopy of single 13C nuclear spins. In quantum sensing, memories have been used to enhance measurement precision. Here, the authors demonstrate the use of a memory to increase sensitivity of single 13C nuclear spins spectroscopy by storing the full sensor state and entangling memory and sensor.
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17
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Unden T, Balasubramanian P, Louzon D, Vinkler Y, Plenio MB, Markham M, Twitchen D, Stacey A, Lovchinsky I, Sushkov AO, Lukin MD, Retzker A, Naydenov B, McGuinness LP, Jelezko F. Quantum Metrology Enhanced by Repetitive Quantum Error Correction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:230502. [PMID: 27341218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.230502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the protection of a room-temperature hybrid spin register against environmental decoherence by performing repeated quantum error correction whilst maintaining sensitivity to signal fields. We use a long-lived nuclear spin to correct multiple phase errors on a sensitive electron spin in diamond and realize magnetic field sensing beyond the time scales set by natural decoherence. The universal extension of sensing time, robust to noise at any frequency, demonstrates the definitive advantage entangled multiqubit systems provide for quantum sensing and offers an important complement to quantum control techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Unden
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Louzon
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Vinkler
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthew Markham
- Element Six, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0QR, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Twitchen
- Element Six, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Stacey
- Element Six, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0QR, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Lovchinsky
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Alexander O Sushkov
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Alex Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boris Naydenov
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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18
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Quantum Zeno and Zeno-like effects in nitrogen vacancy centers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17615. [PMID: 26620670 PMCID: PMC4664959 DOI: 10.1038/srep17615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a proposal to realize the quantum Zeno effect (QZE) and quantum Zeno-like effect (QZLE) in a proximal (13)C nuclear spin by controlling a proximal electron spin of a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center. The measurement is performed by applying a microwave pulse to induce the transition between different electronic spin states. Under the practical experimental conditions, our calculations show that there exist both QZE and QZLE in a (13)C nuclear spin in the vicinity of an NV center.
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19
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Wei HR, Long GL. Hybrid quantum gates between flying photon and diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers assisted by optical microcavities. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12918. [PMID: 26271899 PMCID: PMC4536491 DOI: 10.1038/srep12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid quantum gates hold great promise for quantum information processing since they preserve the advantages of different quantum systems. Here we present compact quantum circuits to deterministically implement controlled-NOT, Toffoli, and Fredkin gates between a flying photon qubit and diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers assisted by microcavities. The target qubits of these universal quantum gates are encoded on the spins of the electrons associated with the diamond NV centers and they have long coherence time for storing information, and the control qubit is encoded on the polarizations of the flying photon and can be easily manipulated. Our quantum circuits are compact, economic, and simple. Moreover, they do not require additional qubits. The complexity of our schemes for universal three-qubit gates is much reduced, compared to the synthesis with two-qubit entangling gates. These schemes have high fidelities and efficiencies, and they are feasible in experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Rui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gui Lu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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20
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Liu GQ, Zhang YR, Chang YC, Yue JD, Fan H, Pan XY. Demonstration of entanglement-enhanced phase estimation in solid. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6726. [PMID: 25832364 PMCID: PMC4396365 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise parameter estimation plays a central role in science and technology. The statistical error in estimation can be decreased by repeating measurement, leading to that the resultant uncertainty of the estimated parameter is proportional to the square root of the number of repetitions in accordance with the central limit theorem. Quantum parameter estimation, an emerging field of quantum technology, aims to use quantum resources to yield higher statistical precision than classical approaches. Here we report the first room-temperature implementation of entanglement-enhanced phase estimation in a solid-state system: the nitrogen-vacancy centre in pure diamond. We demonstrate a super-resolving phase measurement with two entangled qubits of different physical realizations: an nitrogen-vacancy centre electron spin and a proximal (13)C nuclear spin. The experimental data shows clearly the uncertainty reduction when entanglement resource is used, confirming the theoretical expectation. Our results represent an elemental demonstration of enhancement of quantum metrology against classical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Qin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu-Ran Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan-Chun Chang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie-Dong Yue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Heng Fan
- 1] Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin-Yu Pan
- 1] Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100190, China
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21
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Dréau A, Jamonneau P, Gazzano O, Kosen S, Roch JF, Maze JR, Jacques V. Probing the dynamics of a nuclear spin bath in diamond through time-resolved central spin magnetometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:137601. [PMID: 25302916 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.137601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using fast electron spin resonance spectroscopy of a single nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond, we demonstrate real-time readout of the Overhauser field produced by its nuclear spin environment under ambient conditions. These measurements enable narrowing the Overhauser field distribution by postselection, corresponding to a conditional preparation of the nuclear spin bath. Correlations of the Overhauser field fluctuations are quantitatively inferred by analyzing the Allan deviation over consecutive measurements. This method allows us to extract the dynamics of weakly coupled nuclear spins of the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dréau
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - P Jamonneau
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - O Gazzano
- Universität des Saarlandes, Fachrichtung 7.2 (Experimentalphysik), Campus E2.6, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - S Kosen
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J-F Roch
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J R Maze
- Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - V Jacques
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 91405 Orsay, France
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22
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Sangtawesin S, Brundage TO, Petta JR. Fast room-temperature phase gate on a single nuclear spin in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:020506. [PMID: 25062156 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spins support long lived quantum coherence due to weak coupling to the environment, but are difficult to rapidly control using nuclear magnetic resonance as a result of the small nuclear magnetic moment. We demonstrate a fast ∼500 ns nuclear spin phase gate on a (14)N nuclear spin qubit intrinsic to a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. The phase gate is enabled by the hyperfine interaction and off-resonance driving of electron spin transitions. Repeated applications of the phase gate bang-bang decouple the nuclear spin from the environment, locking the spin state for up to ∼140 μs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sangtawesin
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - T O Brundage
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - J R Petta
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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23
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Taminiau TH, Cramer J, van der Sar T, Dobrovitski VV, Hanson R. Universal control and error correction in multi-qubit spin registers in diamond. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:171-6. [PMID: 24487650 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum registers of nuclear spins coupled to electron spins of individual solid-state defects are a promising platform for quantum information processing. Pioneering experiments selected defects with favourably located nuclear spins with particularly strong hyperfine couplings. To progress towards large-scale applications, larger and deterministically available nuclear registers are highly desirable. Here, we realize universal control over multi-qubit spin registers by harnessing abundant weakly coupled nuclear spins. We use the electron spin of a nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond to selectively initialize, control and read out carbon-13 spins in the surrounding spin bath and construct high-fidelity single- and two-qubit gates. We exploit these new capabilities to implement a three-qubit quantum-error-correction protocol and demonstrate the robustness of the encoded state against applied errors. These results transform weakly coupled nuclear spins from a source of decoherence into a reliable resource, paving the way towards extended quantum networks and surface-code quantum computing based on multi-qubit nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Taminiau
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J Cramer
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - T van der Sar
- 1] Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands [2]
| | - V V Dobrovitski
- Ames Laboratory and Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - R Hanson
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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24
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High-fidelity spin entanglement using optimal control. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3371. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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25
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Quantum error correction in a solid-state hybrid spin register. Nature 2014; 506:204-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Fischer R, Bretschneider CO, London P, Budker D, Gershoni D, Frydman L. Bulk nuclear polarization enhanced at room temperature by optical pumping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:057601. [PMID: 23952444 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.057601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bulk (13)C polarization can be strongly enhanced in diamond at room temperature based on the optical pumping of nitrogen-vacancy color centers. This effect was confirmed by irradiating single crystals at a ~50 mT field promoting anticrossings between electronic excited-state levels, followed by shuttling of the sample into an NMR setup and by subsequent (13)C detection. A nuclear polarization of ~0.5%--equivalent to the (13)C polarization achievable by thermal polarization at room temperature at fields of ~2000 T--was measured, and its bulk nature determined based on line shape and relaxation measurements. Positive and negative enhanced polarizations were obtained, with a generally complex but predictable dependence on the magnetic field during optical pumping. Owing to its simplicity, this (13)C room temperature polarizing strategy provides a promising new addition to existing nuclear hyperpolarization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Fischer
- Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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27
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Thiele S, Vincent R, Holzmann M, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Balestro F, Wernsdorfer W. Electrical readout of individual nuclear spin trajectories in a single-molecule magnet spin transistor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:037203. [PMID: 23909356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.037203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the electrical readout of time trajectories obtained from an isolated nuclear spin. The device, a TbPc(2) single-molecule magnet spin transistor, detects the four different nuclear spin states of the Tb(3+) ion with fidelities better than 69%, allowing us to measure individual relaxation times (T(1)) of several tens of seconds. A good agreement with quantum Monte Carlo simulations suggests that the relaxation times are limited by the current tunneling through the transistor, which opens up the possibility to tune T(1) electrically by means of bias and gate voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thiele
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, B.P. 166, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
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