1
|
Barnett A, Hussein O, Alghalayini M, Hinojos A, Nathaniel JE, Medlin DL, Hattar K, Boyce BL, Abdeljawad F. Triple Junction Segregation Dominates the Stability of Nanocrystalline Alloys. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9627-9634. [PMID: 39072492 PMCID: PMC11311549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
We present large-scale atomistic simulations that reveal triple junction (TJ) segregation in Pt-Au nanocrystalline alloys in agreement with experimental observations. While existing studies suggest grain boundary solute segregation as a route to thermally stabilize nanocrystalline materials with respect to grain coarsening, here we quantitatively show that it is specifically the segregation to TJs that dominates the observed stability of these alloys. Our results reveal that doping the TJs renders them immobile, thereby locking the grain boundary network and hindering its evolution. In dilute alloys, it is shown that grain boundary and TJ segregation are not as effective in mitigating grain coarsening, as the solute content is not sufficient to dope and pin all grain boundaries and TJs. Our work highlights the need to account for TJ segregation effects in order to understand and predict the evolution of nanocrystalline alloys under extreme environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie
K. Barnett
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Omar Hussein
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Maher Alghalayini
- Applied
Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alejandro Hinojos
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - James E. Nathaniel
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Douglas L. Medlin
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Department
of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Brad L. Boyce
- Center
for
Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Fadi Abdeljawad
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brykov M, Mierzwiński D, Efremenko V, Girzhon V, Shalomeev V, Shyrokov OV, Petryshynets I, Klymov O, Kapustyan O. Increasing the Strength and Impact Toughness of Carbon Steel Using a Nanosized Eutectoid Resulting from Time-Controlled Quenching. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3696. [PMID: 39124360 PMCID: PMC11313366 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
High-carbon steels are normally used as tool materials. The use of such steels for construction is limited due to their increased brittleness and poor weldability. However, it appears that high-carbon steels possess certain hidden reserves for enhanced plasticity and strength if properly heat-treated. An unconventional heat treatment was applied to carbon eutectoid steel (0.8 wt.% C) in order to increase its strength and impact toughness simultaneously. Samples for tensile and impact testing were held at 800 °C for different time ranges from 3 min to 9 min with subsequent cooling in oil. It was established that for each type of sample, an optimal holding time exists that is responsible for increased strength and high impact toughness. The hardness and microhardness levels of the surface and under-surface regions of the samples reached 390 HV after optimal heat treatment. An X-ray revealed a shift of the (211)α-peak to the lower 2-theta angles after heat treatment with the optimal holding time; this indicates an increase in carbon content in alpha solid solutions of approximately 0.12 wt.%. Thus, a nanostructured mixture of low-carbon martensite and thin cementite plates is formed in the under-surface region of carbon eutectoid steel after heat treatment, with a controlled holding time at the austenitizing temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Brykov
- Faculty of Engineering and Physics, National University Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic, 69063 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; (V.G.); (V.S.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Dariusz Mierzwiński
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland
| | - Vasily Efremenko
- Physics Department, Pryazovskyi State Technical University, 49044 Dnipro, Ukraine;
- Division of Metallic Systems, Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Vasyl’ Girzhon
- Faculty of Engineering and Physics, National University Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic, 69063 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; (V.G.); (V.S.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Vadim Shalomeev
- Faculty of Engineering and Physics, National University Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic, 69063 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; (V.G.); (V.S.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Oleksandr V. Shyrokov
- Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Omeliana Pritsaka Str. 3, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Ivan Petryshynets
- Division of Metallic Systems, Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Olexandr Klymov
- Faculty of Engineering and Physics, National University Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic, 69063 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; (V.G.); (V.S.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Oleksii Kapustyan
- Faculty of Engineering and Physics, National University Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic, 69063 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; (V.G.); (V.S.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hunnestad KA, Schultheiß J, Mathisen AC, Ushakov IN, Hatzoglou C, van Helvoort ATJ, Meier D. Quantitative Mapping of Chemical Defects at Charged Grain Boundaries in a Ferroelectric Oxide. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302543. [PMID: 37452718 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Polar discontinuities, as well as compositional and structural changes at oxide interfaces can give rise to a large variety of electronic and ionic phenomena. In contrast to earlier work focused on domain walls and epitaxial systems, this work investigates the relation between polar discontinuities and the local chemistry at grain boundaries in polycrystalline ferroelectric ErMnO3 . Using orientation mapping and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques, the polycrystalline material is demonstrated to develop charged grain boundaries with enhanced electronic conductance. By performing atom probe tomography (APT) measurements, an enrichment of erbium and a depletion of oxygen at all grain boundaries are found. The observed compositional changes translate into a charge that exceeds possible polarization-driven effects, demonstrating that structural phenomena rather than electrostatics determine the local chemical composition and related changes in the electronic transport behavior. The study shows that the charged grain boundaries behave distinctly different from charged domain walls, giving additional opportunities for property engineering at polar oxide interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper A Hunnestad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Jan Schultheiß
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Anders C Mathisen
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Ivan N Ushakov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Constantinos Hatzoglou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Antonius T J van Helvoort
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Dennis Meier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hartshorne M, Leff A, Vetterick G, Hopkins EM, Taheri ML. Grain Boundary Plane Measurement Using Transmission Electron Microscopy Automated Crystallographic Orientation Mapping for Atom Probe Tomography Specimens. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1018-1025. [PMID: 37749674 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundaries are critical in determining the properties of materials, including mechanical stability, conductivity, and corrosion resistance. The specific properties of materials depend not only on the misorientation of the crystals, the three most commonly characterized parameters, but also on the angle of the grain boundary plane between the two crystals, the final two parameters in the five-parameter macroscopic description of the grain boundary. The method presented here allows for the direct measurement of all five parameters of the grain boundary in a transmission electron microscopy specimen of various morphologies. This is especially applicable to atom probe specimens, where only a single-tilt axis is generally available, allowing the crystallographic description to be matched to the detailed chemical data available in the atom probe tomography. This method provides a platform for efficient grain boundary analysis in unique samples, saving operator time and allowing for ease of acquisition and interpretation in comparison with traditional electron diffraction methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hartshorne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 1864 4th St., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Asher Leff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- United States Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Gregory Vetterick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- TerraPower, LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, WA 98008, USA
| | - Emily M Hopkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Hall 207, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Mitra L Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Hall 207, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gault B, Khanchandani H, Prithiv TS, Antonov S, Britton TB. Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction Mapping Induces Structural Damage in Atom Probe Specimens. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1026-1036. [PMID: 37749672 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Measuring local chemistry of specific crystallographic features by atom probe tomography (APT) is facilitated by using transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) to help position them sufficiently close to the apex of the needle-shaped specimen. However, possible structural damage associated to the energetic electrons used to perform TKD is rarely considered and is hence not well-understood. Here, in two case studies, we evidence damage in APT specimens from TKD mapping. First, we analyze a solid solution, metastable β-Ti-12Mo alloy, in which the Mo is expected to be homogenously distributed. Following TKD, APT reveals a planar segregation of Mo among other elements. Second, specimens were prepared near Σ3 twin boundaries in a high manganese twinning-induced plasticity steel, and subsequently charged with deuterium gas. Beyond a similar planar segregation, voids containing a high concentration of deuterium, i.e., bubbles, are detected in the specimen on which TKD was performed. Both examples showcase damage from TKD mapping leading to artefacts in the distribution of solutes. We propose that the structural damage is created by surface species, including H and C, subjected to recoil from incoming energetic electrons during mapping, thereby getting implanted and causing cascades of structural damage in the sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2BP London, UK
| | - Heena Khanchandani
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Thoudden Sukumar Prithiv
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Stoichko Antonov
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 1450 Queen Ave. SW, Albany, 97321 OR, USA
| | - T Ben Britton
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Frank Forward Building, Stores Road 309-6350, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Breen A, Day A, Lim B, Davids W, Ringer S. Revealing latent pole and zone line information in atom probe detector maps using crystallographically correlated metrics. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 243:113640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Kiener D, Han SM. 100 years after Griffith: From brittle bulk fracture to failure in 2D materials. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:792-799. [PMID: 36275428 PMCID: PMC9576672 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brittle fracture and ductile failure are critical events for any structural or functional component, as it marks the end of lifetime and potential hazard to human life. As such, materials scientists continuously strive to better understand and subsequently avoid these events in modern materials. A century after the seminal initial contribution by Griffith, fracture mechanics has come a long way and is still experiencing vivid progress. Building on classical fracture testing standards, advanced in situ fracture experiments allow local quantitative probing of fracture processes on different length scales, while microscopic analysis grants access to chemical and structural information along fracture paths in previously unseen detail. This article will provide an overview of how these modern developments enhance our understanding of local fracture processes and highlight future trends toward designing strong yet ductile and damage-tolerant materials. Graphical abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kiener
- Department of Materials Science, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria
| | - Seung Min Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi P, Fu ZH, Zhou MY, Chen X, Yao N, Hou LP, Zhao CZ, Li BQ, Huang JQ, Zhang XQ, Zhang Q. Inhibiting intercrystalline reactions of anode with electrolytes for long-cycling lithium batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3445. [PMID: 35977021 PMCID: PMC9385152 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The life span of lithium batteries as energy storage devices is plagued by irreversible interfacial reactions between reactive anodes and electrolytes. Occurring on polycrystal surface, the reaction process is inevitably affected by the surface microstructure of anodes, of which the understanding is imperative but rarely touched. Here, the effect of grain boundary of lithium metal anodes on the reactions was investigated. The reactions preferentially occur at the grain boundary, resulting in intercrystalline reactions. An aluminum (Al)-based heteroatom-concentrated grain boundary (Al-HCGB), where Al atoms concentrate at grain boundary, was designed to inhibit the intercrystalline reactions. In particular, the scalable preparation of Al-HCGB was demonstrated, with which the cycling performance of a pouch cell (355 Wh kg-1) was significantly improved. This work opens a new avenue to explore the effect of the surface microstructure of anodes on the interfacial reaction process and provides an effective strategy to inhibit reactions between anodes and electrolytes for long-life-span practical lithium batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhong-Heng Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming-Yue Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li-Peng Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen-Zi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Quan Li
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Huang
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (X.-Q.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding author. (X.-Q.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Metallic glasses and metallic glass nanostructures for functional electrocatalytic applications. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Harrison P, Zhou X, Das SM, Lhuissier P, Liebscher CH, Herbig M, Ludwig W, Rauch EF. Reconstructing Dual-Phase Nanometer Scale Grains within a Pearlitic Steel Tip in 3D through 4D-Scanning Precession Electron Diffraction Tomography and Automated Crystal Orientation Mapping. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 238:113536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Wurster S, Stückler M, Weissitsch L, Krenn H, Hohenwarter A, Pippan R, Bachmaier A. Soft Magnetic Properties of Ultra-Strong and Nanocrystalline Pearlitic Wires. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010023. [PMID: 35009973 PMCID: PMC8746956 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the capability of magnetic softening of a coarse-grained bulk material by a severe deformation technique. Connecting the microstructure with magnetic properties, the coercive field decreases dramatically for grains smaller than the magnetic exchange length. This makes the investigation of soft magnetic properties of severely drawn pearlitic wires very interesting. With the help of the starting two-phase microstructure, it is possible to substantially refine the material, which allows the investigation of magnetic properties for nanocrystalline bulk material. Compared to the coarse-grained initial, pearlitic state, the coercivities of the highly deformed wires decrease while the saturation magnetization values increase—even beyond the value expectable from the individual constituents. The lowest coercivity in the drawn state is found to be 520 A m−1 for a wire of 24-µm thickness and an annealing treatment has a further positive effect on it. The decreasing coercivity is discussed in the framework of two opposing models: grain refinement on the one hand and dissolution of cementite on the other hand. Auxiliary measurements give a clear indication for the latter model, delivering a sufficient description of the observed evolution of magnetic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wurster
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.); (L.W.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Martin Stückler
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.); (L.W.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Lukas Weissitsch
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.); (L.W.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Heinz Krenn
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Anton Hohenwarter
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Reinhard Pippan
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.); (L.W.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Bachmaier
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (M.S.); (L.W.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xie H, Pan H, Bai J, Xie D, Yang P, Li S, Jin J, Huang Q, Ren Y, Qin G. Twin Boundary Superstructures Assembled by Periodic Segregation of Solute Atoms. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9642-9650. [PMID: 34757745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twinning is a common deformation mechanism in metals, and twin boundary (TB) segregation of impurities/solutes plays an important role in the performances of alloys such as thermostability, mobility, and even strengthening. The occurrence of such segregation phenomena is generally believed as a one-layer coverage of solutes alternately distributed at extension/compression sites, in an orderly, continuous manner. However, in the Mn-free and Mn-containing Mg-Nd model systems, we reported unexpected three- and five-layered discontinuous segregation patterns of the coherent {101̅1} TBs, and not all the extension sites occupied by solutes larger in size than Mg, and even some larger sized solutes taking the compression sites. Nd/Mn solutes selectively segregate at substitutional sites and thus to generate two new types of ordered two-dimensional TB superstructures or complexions. These findings refresh the understanding of solute segregation in the perfect coherent TBs and provide a meaningful theoretical guidance for designing materials via targeted TB segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Xie
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Hucheng Pan
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Junyuan Bai
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Dongsheng Xie
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Peijun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianfeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Qiuyan Huang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuping Ren
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Research Center for Metal Wires, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Gaowu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leitherer A, Ziletti A, Ghiringhelli LM. Robust recognition and exploratory analysis of crystal structures via Bayesian deep learning. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6234. [PMID: 34716341 PMCID: PMC8556392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their ability to recognize complex patterns, neural networks can drive a paradigm shift in the analysis of materials science data. Here, we introduce ARISE, a crystal-structure identification method based on Bayesian deep learning. As a major step forward, ARISE is robust to structural noise and can treat more than 100 crystal structures, a number that can be extended on demand. While being trained on ideal structures only, ARISE correctly characterizes strongly perturbed single- and polycrystalline systems, from both synthetic and experimental resources. The probabilistic nature of the Bayesian-deep-learning model allows to obtain principled uncertainty estimates, which are found to be correlated with crystalline order of metallic nanoparticles in electron tomography experiments. Applying unsupervised learning to the internal neural-network representations reveals grain boundaries and (unapparent) structural regions sharing easily interpretable geometrical properties. This work enables the hitherto hindered analysis of noisy atomic structural data from computations or experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leitherer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.
| | - Angelo Ziletti
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Luca M Ghiringhelli
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kühbach M, Kasemer M, Gault B, Breen A. Open and strong-scaling tools for atom-probe crystallography: high-throughput methods for indexing crystal structure and orientation. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:1490-1508. [PMID: 34667452 PMCID: PMC8493626 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721008578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric crystal structure indexing and orientation mapping are key data processing steps for virtually any quantitative study of spatial correlations between the local chemical composition features and the microstructure of a material. For electron and X-ray diffraction methods it is possible to develop indexing tools which compare measured and analytically computed patterns to decode the structure and relative orientation within local regions of interest. Consequently, a number of numerically efficient and automated software tools exist to solve the above characterization tasks. For atom-probe tomography (APT) experiments, however, the strategy of making comparisons between measured and analytically computed patterns is less robust because many APT data sets contain substantial noise. Given that sufficiently general predictive models for such noise remain elusive, crystallography tools for APT face several limitations: their robustness to noise is limited, and therefore so too is their capability to identify and distinguish different crystal structures and orientations. In addition, the tools are sequential and demand substantial manual interaction. In combination, this makes robust uncertainty quantification with automated high-throughput studies of the latent crystallographic information a difficult task with APT data. To improve the situation, the existing methods are reviewed and how they link to the methods currently used by the electron and X-ray diffraction communities is discussed. As a result of this, some of the APT methods are modified to yield more robust descriptors of the atomic arrangement. Also reported is how this enables the development of an open-source software tool for strong scaling and automated identification of a crystal structure, and the mapping of crystal orientation in nanocrystalline APT data sets with multiple phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kühbach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew Kasemer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, D-40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Breen
- University of Sydney, Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, NSW 2006 Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu C, Li Z, Lu W, Bao Y, Xia W, Wu X, Zhao H, Gault B, Liu C, Herbig M, Fischer A, Dehm G, Wu G, Raabe D. Reactive wear protection through strong and deformable oxide nanocomposite surfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5518. [PMID: 34535645 PMCID: PMC8448869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wear-related energy and material loss cost over 2500 Billion Euro per year. Traditional wisdom suggests that high-strength materials reveal low wear rates, yet, their plastic deformation mechanisms also influence their wear performance. High strength and homogeneous deformation behavior, which allow accommodating plastic strain without cracking or localized brittle fracture, are crucial for developing wear-resistant metals. Here, we present an approach to achieve superior wear resistance via in-situ formation of a strong and deformable oxide nanocomposite surface during wear, by reaction of the metal surface with its oxidative environment, a principle that we refer to as ‘reactive wear protection’. We design a TiNbZr-Ag alloy that forms an amorphous-crystalline oxidic nanocomposite surface layer upon dry sliding. The strong (2.4 GPa yield strength) and deformable (homogeneous deformation to 20% strain) nanocomposite surface reduces the wear rate of the TiNbZr-Ag alloy by an order of magnitude. The reactive wear protection strategy offers a pathway for designing ultra-wear resistant alloys, where otherwise brittle oxides are turned to be strong and deformable for improving wear resistance. Wear-resistant metals have long been a pursuit of reducing wear-related energy and material loss. Here the authors present the ‘reactive wear protection’ strategy via friction-induced in situ formation of strong and deformable oxide nanocomposites on a surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Zhiming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenzhen Xia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243000, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Shagang School of Iron and Steel, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Materials, Royal School of Mine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Herbig
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alfons Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dehm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ge Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu C, Medlin DL, Dingreville R. Disconnection-Mediated Transition in Segregation Structures at Twin Boundaries. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6875-6882. [PMID: 34279946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twin boundaries play an important role in the thermodynamics, stability, and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline metals. Understanding their structure and chemistry at the atomic scale is key to guide strategies for fabricating nanocrystalline materials with improved properties. We report an unusual segregation phenomenon at gold-doped platinum twin boundaries, which is arbitrated by the presence of disconnections, a type of interfacial line defect. By using atomistic simulations, we show that disconnections containing a stacking fault can induce an unexpected transition in the interfacial-segregation structure at the atomic scale, from a bilayer, alternating-segregation structure to a trilayer, segregation-only structure. This behavior is found for faulted disconnections of varying step heights and dislocation characters. Supported by a structural analysis and the classical Langmuir-McLean segregation model, we reveal that this phenomenon is driven by a structurally induced drop of the local pressure across the faulted disconnection accompanied by an increase in the segregation volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongze Hu
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Douglas L Medlin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Rémi Dingreville
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zapolsky H, Vaugeois A, Patte R, Demange G. Size-Dependent Solute Segregation at Symmetric Tilt Grain Boundaries in α-Fe: A Quasiparticle Approach Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4197. [PMID: 34361394 PMCID: PMC8348013 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, atomistic modeling based on the quasiparticle approach (QA) was performed to establish general trends in the segregation of solutes with different atomic size at symmetric ⟨100⟩ tilt grain boundaries (GBs) in α-Fe. Three types of solute atoms X1, X2 and X3 were considered, with atomic radii smaller (X1), similar (X2) and larger (X3) than iron atoms, respectively, corresponding to phosphorus (P), antimony (Sb) and tin (Sn). With this, we were able to evidence that segregation is dominated by atomic size and local hydrostatic stress. For low angle GBs, where the elastic field is produced by dislocation walls, X1 atoms segregate preferentially at the limit between compressed and dilated areas. Contrariwise, the positions of X2 atoms at GBs reflect the presence of tensile and compressive areal regions, corresponding to extremum values of the σXX and σYY components of the strain tensor. Regarding high angle GBs Σ5 (310) (θ = 36.95°) and Σ29 (730), it was found that all three types of solute atoms form Fe9X clusters within B structural units (SUs), albeit being deformed in the case of larger atoms (X2 and X3). In the specific case of Σ29 (730) where the GB structure can be described by a sequence of |BC.BC| SUs, it was also envisioned that the C SU can absorb up to four X1 atoms vs. one X2 or X3 atom only. Moreover, a depleted zone was observed in the vicinity of high angle GBs for X2 or X3 atoms. The significance of this research is the development of a QA methodology capable of ascertaining the atomic position of solute atoms for a wide range of GBs, as a mean to highlight the impact of the solute atoms' size on their locations at and near GBs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Xie H, Huang Q, Bai J, Li S, Liu Y, Feng J, Yang Y, Pan H, Li H, Ren Y, Qin G. Nonsymmetrical Segregation of Solutes in Periodic Misfit Dislocations Separated Tilt Grain Boundaries. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2870-2875. [PMID: 33755476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial segregation is ubiquitous in mulit-component polycrystalline materials and plays a decisive role in material properties. So far, the discovered solute segregation patterns at special high-symmetry interfaces are usually located at the boundary lines or are distributed symmetrically at the boundaries. Here, in a model Mg-Nd-Mn alloy, we confirm that elastic strain minimization facilitated nonsymmetrical segregation of solutes in four types of linear tilt grain boundaries (TGBs) to generate ordered interfacial superstructures. Aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy observations indicate that the solutes selectively segregate at substitutional sites at the linear TGBs separated by periodic misfit dislocations to form such two-dimensional planar structures. These findings are totally different from the classical McLean-type segregation which has assumed the monolayer or submonolayer coverage of a grain boundary and refresh understanding on strain-driven interface segregation behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Xie
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Qiuyan Huang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Junyuan Bai
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jianguang Feng
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hucheng Pan
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Hongxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yuping Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Research Center for Metal Wires, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Gaowu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Research Center for Metal Wires, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou X, Mianroodi JR, Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Koenig T, Thompson GB, Shanthraj P, Ponge D, Gault B, Svendsen B, Raabe D. The hidden structure dependence of the chemical life of dislocations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/16/eabf0563. [PMID: 33863726 PMCID: PMC8051869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dislocations are one-dimensional defects in crystals, enabling their deformation, mechanical response, and transport properties. Less well known is their influence on material chemistry. The severe lattice distortion at these defects drives solute segregation to them, resulting in strong, localized spatial variations in chemistry that determine microstructure and material behavior. Recent advances in atomic-scale characterization methods have made it possible to quantitatively resolve defect types and segregation chemistry. As shown here for a Pt-Au model alloy, we observe a wide range of defect-specific solute (Au) decoration patterns of much greater variety and complexity than expected from the Cottrell cloud picture. The solute decoration of the dislocations can be up to half an order of magnitude higher than expected from classical theory, and the differences are determined by their structure, mutual alignment, and distortion field. This opens up pathways to use dislocations for the compositional and structural nanoscale design of advanced materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - J R Mianroodi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Material Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - T Koenig
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - G B Thompson
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - P Shanthraj
- The Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - D Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - B Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Svendsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Material Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barr CM, Foiles SM, Alkayyali M, Mahmood Y, Price PM, Adams DP, Boyce BL, Abdeljawad F, Hattar K. The role of grain boundary character in solute segregation and thermal stability of nanocrystalline Pt-Au. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3552-3563. [PMID: 33491721 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07180c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline (NC) metals suffer from an intrinsic thermal instability; their crystalline grains undergo rapid coarsening during processing treatments or under service conditions. Grain boundary (GB) solute segregation has been proposed to mitigate grain growth and thermally stabilize the grain structures of NC metals. However, the role of GB character in solute segregation and thermal stability of NC metals remains poorly understood. Herein, we employ high resolution microscopy techniques, atomistic simulations, and theoretical analysis to investigate and characterize the impact of GB character on segregation behavior and thermal stability in a model NC Pt-Au alloy. High resolution electron microscopy along with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and automated crystallographic orientation mapping is used to obtain spatially correlated Pt crystal orientation, GB misorientation, and Au solute concentration data. Atomistic simulations of polycrystalline Pt-Au systems are used to reveal the plethora of GB segregation profiles as a function of GB misorientation and the corresponding impact on grain growth processes. With the aid of theoretical models of interface segregation, the experimental data for GB concentration profiles are used to extract GB segregation energies, which are then used to elucidate the impact of GB character on solute drag effects. Our results highlight the paramount role of GB character in solute segregation behavior. In broad terms, our approach provides future avenues to employ GB segregation as a microstructure design strategy to develop NC metallic alloys with tailored microstructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Barr
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Stephen M Foiles
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Malek Alkayyali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
| | - Yasir Mahmood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
| | - Patrick M Price
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - David P Adams
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Brad L Boyce
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Fadi Abdeljawad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gault B, Chiaramonti A, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Stender P, Dubosq R, Freysoldt C, Makineni SK, Li T, Moody M, Cairney JM. Atom probe tomography. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:10.1038/s43586-021-00047-w. [PMID: 37719173 PMCID: PMC10502706 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) provides three-dimensional compositional mapping with sub-nanometre resolution. The sensitivity of APT is in the range of parts per million for all elements, including light elements such as hydrogen, carbon or lithium, enabling unique insights into the composition of performance-enhancing or lifetime-limiting microstructural features and making APT ideally suited to complement electron-based or X-ray-based microscopies and spectroscopies. Here, we provide an introductory overview of APT ranging from its inception as an evolution of field ion microscopy to the most recent developments in specimen preparation, including for nanomaterials. We touch on data reconstruction, analysis and various applications, including in the geosciences and the burgeoning biological sciences. We review the underpinnings of APT performance and discuss both strengths and limitations of APT, including how the community can improve on current shortcomings. Finally, we look forwards to true atomic-scale tomography with the ability to measure the isotopic identity and spatial coordinates of every atom in an ever wider range of materials through new specimen preparation routes, novel laser pulsing and detector technologies, and full interoperability with complementary microscopy techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ann Chiaramonti
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Patrick Stender
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Renelle Dubosq
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Moody
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie M. Cairney
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wagih M, Larsen PM, Schuh CA. Learning grain boundary segregation energy spectra in polycrystals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6376. [PMID: 33311515 PMCID: PMC7733488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The segregation of solute atoms at grain boundaries (GBs) can profoundly impact the structural properties of metallic alloys, and induce effects that range from strengthening to embrittlement. And, though known to be anisotropic, there is a limited understanding of the variation of solute segregation tendencies across the full, multidimensional GB space, which is critically important in polycrystals where much of that space is represented. Here we develop a machine learning framework that can accurately predict the segregation tendency—quantified by the segregation enthalpy spectrum—of solute atoms at GB sites in polycrystals, based solely on the undecorated (pre-segregation) local atomic environment of such sites. We proceed to use the learning framework to scan across the alloy space, and build an extensive database of segregation energy spectra for more than 250 metal-based binary alloys. The resulting machine learning models and segregation database are key to unlocking the full potential of GB segregation as an alloy design tool, and enable the design of microstructures that maximize the useful impacts of segregation. Predicting segregation energies of alloy systems can be challenging even for a single grain boundary. Here the authors propose a machine-learning framework, which maps the local environments on a distribution of segregation energies, to predict segregation energies of alloy elements in polycrystalline materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malik Wagih
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter M Larsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Schuh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The segregation of P and S to grain boundaries (GBs) in fcc Cu has implications in diverse physical-chemical properties of the material and this can be of particular high relevance when the material is employed in high performance applications. Here, we studied the segregation of P and S to the symmetric tilt Σ9 (22¯1¯) [110], 38.9° GB of fcc Cu. This GB is characterized by a variety of segregation sites within and near the GB plane, with considerable differences in both atomic site volume and coordination number and geometry. We found that the segregation energies of P and S vary considerably both with distance from the GB plane and sites within the GB plane. The segregation energy is significantly large at the GB plane but drops to almost zero at a distance of only ≈3.5 Å from this. Additionally, for each impurity there are considerable variations in energy (up to 0.6 eV) between segregation sites in the GB plane. These variations have origins both in differences in coordination number and atomic site volume with the effect of coordination number dominating. For sites with the same coordination number, up to a certain atomic site volume, a larger atomic site volume leads to a stronger segregation. After that limit in volume has been reached, a larger volume leads to weaker segregation. The fact that the segregation energy varies with such magnitude within the Σ9 GB plane may have implications in the accumulation of these impurities at these GBs in the material. Because of this, atomic-scale variations of concentration of P and S are expected to occur at the Σ9 GB center and in other GBs with similar features.
Collapse
|
24
|
Herbig M, Kumar A. Removal of hydrocarbon contamination and oxide films from atom probe specimens. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:291-297. [PMID: 32905652 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many materials science phenomena require joint structural and chemical characterization at the nanometer scale to be understood. This can be achieved by correlating electron microscopy (EM) and atom probe tomography (APT) subsequently on the same specimen. For this approach, specimen yield during APT is of particular importance, as significantly more instrument time per specimen is invested as compared to conventional APT measurements. However, electron microscopy causes hydrocarbon contamination on the surface of atom probe specimens. Also, oxide layers grow during specimen transport between instruments and storage. Both effects lower the chances for long and smooth runs in the ensuing APT experiment. This represents a crucial bottleneck of the method correlative EM/APT. Here, we present a simple and reliable method based on argon ion polishing that is able to remove hydrocarbon contamination and oxide layers, thereby significantly improving APT specimen yield, particularly after EM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Herbig
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jenkins BM, Danoix F, Gouné M, Bagot PAJ, Peng Z, Moody MP, Gault B. Reflections on the Analysis of Interfaces and Grain Boundaries by Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:247-257. [PMID: 32186276 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces play critical roles in materials and are usually both structurally and compositionally complex microstructural features. The precise characterization of their nature in three-dimensions at the atomic scale is one of the grand challenges for microscopy and microanalysis, as this information is crucial to establish structure-property relationships. Atom probe tomography is well suited to analyzing the chemistry of interfaces at the nanoscale. However, optimizing such microanalysis of interfaces requires great care in the implementation across all aspects of the technique from specimen preparation to data analysis and ultimately the interpretation of this information. This article provides critical perspectives on key aspects pertaining to spatial resolution limits and the issues with the compositional analysis that can limit the quantification of interface measurements. Here, we use the example of grain boundaries in steels; however, the results are applicable for the characterization of grain boundaries and transformation interfaces in a very wide range of industrially relevant engineering materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Jenkins
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3PH, UK
| | - Frédéric Danoix
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Rouen76000, France
| | - Mohamed Gouné
- Institut de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul A J Bagot
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3PH, UK
| | - Zirong Peng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael P Moody
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3PH, UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mine, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang X, Hatzoglou C, Sneed B, Fan Z, Guo W, Jin K, Chen D, Bei H, Wang Y, Weber WJ, Zhang Y, Gault B, More KL, Vurpillot F, Poplawsky JD. Interpreting nanovoids in atom probe tomography data for accurate local compositional measurements. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1022. [PMID: 32094330 PMCID: PMC7039975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying chemical compositions around nanovoids is a fundamental task for research and development of various materials. Atom probe tomography (APT) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are currently the most suitable tools because of their ability to probe materials at the nanoscale. Both techniques have limitations, particularly APT, because of insufficient understanding of void imaging. Here, we employ a correlative APT and STEM approach to investigate the APT imaging process and reveal that voids can lead to either an increase or a decrease in local atomic densities in the APT reconstruction. Simulated APT experiments demonstrate the local density variations near voids are controlled by the unique ring structures as voids open and the different evaporation fields of the surrounding atoms. We provide a general approach for quantifying chemical segregations near voids within an APT dataset, in which the composition can be directly determined with a higher accuracy than STEM-based techniques. Atom probe tomography can image chemical composition at the nanoscale, but our understanding of how it images voids, or empty spaces, is still lacking. Here, the authors combine atom probe tomography, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and field-evaporation theory to show how voids are imaged and subsequently measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Constantinos Hatzoglou
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Brian Sneed
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Zhe Fan
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ke Jin
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Hongbin Bei
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - William J Weber
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str, 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mine, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Karren L More
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Francois Vurpillot
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Martin ML, Connolly MJ, DelRio FW, Slifka AJ. Hydrogen embrittlement in ferritic steels. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2020; 7:10.1063/5.0012851. [PMID: 34122684 PMCID: PMC8194130 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen will be a crucial pillar in the clean-energy foundation, and therefore, the development of safe and cost-effective storage and transportation methods is essential to its success. One of the key challenges in the development of such storage and transportation methods is related to the interaction of hydrogen with structural materials. Despite extensive work, there are significant questions related to the hydrogen embrittlement of ferritic steels due to challenges associated with these steels, coupled with the difficulties with gauging the hydrogen content in all materials. Recent advancements in experimental tools and multi-scale modeling are starting to provide insight into the embrittlement process. This review focuses on a subset of the recent developments, with an emphasis on how new methods have improved our understanding of the structure-property-performance relationships of ferritic steels subjected to mechanical loading in a hydrogen environment. The structure of ferritic steels in the presence of hydrogen is described in terms of the sorption and dissociation processes, the diffusion through the lattice and grain boundaries, and the hydrogen-steel interactions. The properties of ferritic steels subjected to mechanical loading in hydrogen are also investigated; the effects of test conditions and hydrogen pressure on the tensile, fracture, and fatigue properties of base metal and welds are highlighted. The performance of steels in hydrogen is then explored via a comprehensive analysis of the various embrittlement mechanisms. Finally, recent insights from in situ and high-resolution experiments are presented and future studies are proposed to address challenges related to embrittlement in ferritic steels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May L. Martin
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Matthew J. Connolly
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Frank W. DelRio
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Andrew J. Slifka
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ming K, Li L, Li Z, Bi X, Wang J. Grain boundary decohesion by nanoclustering Ni and Cr separately in CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloys. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay0639. [PMID: 31840073 PMCID: PMC6897545 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The loss of ductility with temperature has been widely observed in tensile tests of single-phase face-centered cubic structured high-entropy alloys (HEAs). However, the fundamental mechanism for such a ductility loss remains unknown. Here, we show that ductility loss in the CrMnFeCoNi HEA upon deformation at intermediate temperatures is correlated with cracking at grain boundaries (GBs). Nanoclustering Cr, Ni, and Mn separately at GBs, as detected by atom probe tomography, reduces GB cohesion and promotes crack initiation along GBs. We further demonstrated a GB segregation engineering strategy to avoid ductility loss by shifting the fast segregation of principal elements from GBs into preexisting Cr-rich secondary phases. We believe that GB decohesion by nanoclustering multiprincipal elements is a common phenomenon in HEAs. This study not only provides insights into understanding ductility loss but also offers a strategy for tailoring ductility-temperature relations in HEAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Ming
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Linlin Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Xiaofang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
- Corresponding author. (X.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Jian Wang
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Corresponding author. (X.B.); (J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Burnett TL, Withers PJ. Completing the picture through correlative characterization. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1041-1049. [PMID: 31209389 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural and manufactured materials rely on complex hierarchical microstructures to deliver a suite of interesting properties. To predict and tailor their performance requires a joined-up knowledge of their multiphase microstructure, interfaces, chemistry and crystallography from the nanoscale to the macroscale. This Perspective reflects on how recent developments in correlative characterization can bring together multiple image modalities and maps of the local chemistry, structure and functionality to form rich multimodal and multiscale correlated datasets. The automated collection and digitization of multidimensional data is an essential part of the picture for developing multiscale modelling and 'big data'-driven machine learning approaches. These are needed to both improve our understanding of existing materials and exploit high-throughput combinatorial synthesis, processing and testing methods to develop materials with bespoke properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Burnett
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P J Withers
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Direct observation and impact of co-segregated atoms in magnesium having multiple alloying elements. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3243. [PMID: 31324757 PMCID: PMC6642188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern engineering alloys contain multiple alloying elements, but their direct observation when segregated at the atomic scale is challenging because segregation is susceptible to electron beam damage. This is very severe for magnesium alloys, especially when solute atoms segregate to form single atomic columns. Here we show that we can image segregation in magnesium alloys with atomic-resolution X-ray dispersive spectroscopy at a much lower electron voltage. We report a co-segregation pattern at twin boundaries in a magnesium alloy with both larger and smaller solutes forming alternating columns that fully occupy the twin boundary, in contrast to previous observations of half occupancy where mixed-solute columns alternate with magnesium. We further show that the solute co-segregation affects the twin migration mechanism and increases the twin boundary pinning. Our work demonstrates that the atomic-scale analysis of the structure and chemistry of solute segregation in metallic alloys with complex compositions is now possible. Commercial alloys contain trace solutes that segregate at grain boundaries but have been difficult to directly image due to electron beam damage. Here, the authors use atomic-resolution energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at lower electron voltage to image segregation at magnesium alloy twin boundaries.
Collapse
|
31
|
Aydogan E, Martinez E, March K, El-Atwani O, Krumwiede DL, Hosemann P, Saleh T, Maloy SA. α' formation kinetics and radiation induced segregation in neutron irradiated 14YWT nanostructured ferritic alloys. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8345. [PMID: 31171811 PMCID: PMC6554406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured ferritic alloys are considered as candidates for structural components in advanced nuclear reactors due to a high density of nano-oxides (NOs) and ultrafine grain sizes. However, bimodal grain size distribution results in inhomogeneous NO distribution, or vice versa. Here, we report that density of NOs in small grains (<0.5 µm) is high while there are almost no NOs inside the large grains (>2 µm) before and after irradiation. After 6 dpa neutron irradiation at 385-430 °C, α' precipitation has been observed in these alloys; however, their size and number densities vary considerably in small and large grains. In this study, we have investigated the precipitation kinetics of α' particles based on the sink density, using both transmission electron microscopy and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. It has been found that in the presence of a low sink density, α' particles form and grow faster due to the existence of a larger defect density in the matrix. On the other hand, while α' particles form far away from the sink interface when the sink size is small, Cr starts to segregate at the sink interface with the increase in the sink size. Additionally, grain boundary characteristics are found to determine the radiation-induced segregation of Cr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Aydogan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA. .,Integrated Manufacturing Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34906, Turkey.
| | - E Martinez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - K March
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - O El-Atwani
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - D L Krumwiede
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P Hosemann
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - T Saleh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - S A Maloy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals with controlled doping is highly challenging, as often a significant part of the doping ions are found segregated at nanocrystals surface, even forming secondary phases, rather than incorporated in the core. We have investigated the dopant distribution dynamics under slight changes in the preparation procedure of nanocrystalline ZnO doped with manganese in low concentration by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, paying attention to the formation of transient secondary phases and their transformation into doped ZnO. The acidification of the starting solution in the co-precipitation synthesis from nitrate precursors lead to the decrease of the Mn2+ ions concentration in the core of the ZnO nanocrystals and their accumulation in minority phases, until ~79% of the Mn2+ ions were localized in a thin disordered shell of zinc hydroxynitrate (ZHN). A lower synthesis temperature resulted in polycrystalline Mn-doped ZHN. Under isochronal annealing up to 250 °C the bulk ZHN and the minority phases from the ZnO samples decomposed into ZnO. The Mn2+ ions distribution in the annealed nanocrystals was significantly altered, varying from a uniform volume distribution to a preferential localization in the outer layers of the nanocrystals. Our results provide a synthesis strategy for tailoring the dopant distribution in ZnO nanocrystals for applications ranging from surface based to ones involving core properties.
Collapse
|
33
|
Peng Z, Lu Y, Hatzoglou C, Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Vurpillot F, Ponge D, Raabe D, Gault B. An Automated Computational Approach for Complete In-Plane Compositional Interface Analysis by Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:389-400. [PMID: 30722805 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618016112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an efficient, automated computational approach for analyzing interfaces within atom probe tomography datasets, enabling quantitative mapping of their thickness, composition, as well as the Gibbsian interfacial excess of each solute. Detailed evaluation of an experimental dataset indicates that compared with the composition map, the interfacial excess map is more robust and exhibits a relatively higher resolution to reveal compositional variations. By field evaporation simulations with a predefined emitter mimicking the experimental dataset, the impact of trajectory aberrations on the measurement of the thickness, composition, and interfacial excess of the decorated interface are systematically analyzed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Peng
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Yifeng Lu
- Database Systems and Data Mining Group,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,Oettingenstraße 67, 80538 München,Germany
| | | | - Alisson Kwiatkowski da Silva
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | | | - Dirk Ponge
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhou X, Thompson GB. Charge-State Field Evaporation Behavior in Cu(V) Nanocrystalline Alloys. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:501-510. [PMID: 30714543 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618016288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) of a nanocrystalline Cu-7 at.% V thin film annealed at 400°C for 1 h revealed chemical partitioning in the form of solute segregation. The vanadium precipitated along high angle grain boundaries and at triple junctions, determined by cross-correlative precession electron diffraction of the APT specimen. Upon field evaporation, the V2+/(V1+ + VH1+) ratio from the decomposed ions was ~3 within the matrix grains and ~16 within the vanadium precipitates. It was found that the VH1+ complex was prevalent in the matrix, with its presence explained in terms of hydrogen's ability to assist in field evaporation. The change in the V2+/(V1+ + VH1+) charge-state ratio (CSR) was studied as a function of base temperature (25-90 K), laser pulse energy (50-200 pJ), and grain orientation. The strongest influence on changing the CSR was with the varied pulse laser, which made the CSR between the precipitates and the matrix equivalent at the higher laser pulse energies. However, at these conditions, the precipitates began to coarsen. The collective results of the CSRs are discussed in terms of field strengths related to the chemical coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Zhou
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering,The University of Alabama,Tuscaloosa, AL,USA
| | - Gregory B Thompson
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering,The University of Alabama,Tuscaloosa, AL,USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Povstugar I, Weber J, Naumenko D, Huang T, Klinkenberg M, Quadakkers WJ. Correlative Atom Probe Tomography and Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis of Grain Boundaries in Thermally Grown Alumina Scale. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:11-20. [PMID: 30712525 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761801557x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We employed correlative atom probe tomography (APT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze the alumina scale thermally grown on the oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy MA956. Segregation of Ti and Y and associated variation in metal/oxygen stoichiometry at the grain boundaries and triple junctions of alumina were quantified and discussed with respect to the oxidation behavior of the alloy, in particular, to the formation of cation vacancies. Correlative TEM analysis was helpful to avoid building pragmatically well-looking but substantially incorrect APT reconstructions, which can result in erroneous quantification of segregating species, and highlights the need to consider ionic volumes and detection efficiency in the reconstruction routine. We also demonstrate a cost-efficient, robust, and easy-handling setup for correlative analysis based solely on commercially available components, which can be used with all conventional TEM tools without the need to modify the specimen holder assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Povstugar
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3) -- Analytics,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich,Germany
| | - Juliane Weber
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-6) -- Nuclear Waste Management and Reactor Safety,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich,Germany
| | - Dmitry Naumenko
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-2) -- Microstructure and Properties of Materials,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich,Germany
| | - Taihong Huang
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-2) -- Microstructure and Properties of Materials,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich,Germany
| | - Martina Klinkenberg
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-6) -- Nuclear Waste Management and Reactor Safety,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich,Germany
| | - Willem J Quadakkers
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-2) -- Microstructure and Properties of Materials,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich,Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stephenson LT, Szczepaniak A, Mouton I, Rusitzka KAK, Breen AJ, Tezins U, Sturm A, Vogel D, Chang Y, Kontis P, Rosenthal A, Shepard JD, Maier U, Kelly TF, Raabe D, Gault B. The Laplace Project: An integrated suite for preparing and transferring atom probe samples under cryogenic and UHV conditions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209211. [PMID: 30576351 PMCID: PMC6303089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present sample transfer instrumentation and integrated protocols for the preparation and atom probe characterization of environmentally-sensitive materials. Ultra-high vacuum cryogenic suitcases allow specimen transfer between preparation, processing and several imaging platforms without exposure to atmospheric contamination. For expedient transfers, we installed a fast-docking station equipped with a cryogenic pump upon three systems; two atom probes, a scanning electron microscope / Xe-plasma focused ion beam and a N2-atmosphere glovebox. We also installed a plasma FIB with a solid-state cooling stage to reduce beam damage and contamination, through reducing chemical activity and with the cryogenic components as passive cryogenic traps. We demonstrate the efficacy of the new laboratory protocols by the successful preparation and transfer of two highly contamination- and temperature-sensitive samples—water and ice. Analysing pure magnesium atom probe data, we show that surface oxidation can be effectively suppressed using an entirely cryogenic protocol (during specimen preparation and during transfer). Starting with the cryogenically-cooled plasma FIB, we also prepared and transferred frozen ice samples while avoiding significant melting or sublimation, suggesting that we may be able to measure the nanostructure of other normally-liquid or soft materials. Isolated cryogenic protocols within the N2 glove box demonstrate the absence of ice condensation suggesting that environmental control can commence from fabrication until atom probe analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh T Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Szczepaniak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Cameca Instruments Inc., 5470 Nobel Dr, Fitchburg, WI 53711, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Mouton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristiane A K Rusitzka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrew J Breen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Uwe Tezins
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Sturm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Vogel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yanhong Chang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paraskevas Kontis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Rosenthal
- Microscopy Improvements e.U., Rudolf von Eichthal str. 66/6, 7000 Eisenstadt, Austria
| | - Jeffrey D Shepard
- Cameca Instruments Inc., 5470 Nobel Dr, Fitchburg, WI 53711, United States of America
| | - Urs Maier
- Ferrovac GmbH, Thurgauerstrasse 72, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Kelly
- Cameca Instruments Inc., 5470 Nobel Dr, Fitchburg, WI 53711, United States of America
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Heckman NM, Foiles SM, O'Brien CJ, Chandross M, Barr CM, Argibay N, Hattar K, Lu P, Adams DP, Boyce BL. New nanoscale toughening mechanisms mitigate embrittlement in binary nanocrystalline alloys. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21231-21243. [PMID: 30417913 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06419a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline metals offer significant improvements in structural performance over conventional alloys. However, their performance is limited by grain boundary instability and limited ductility. Solute segregation has been proposed as a stabilization mechanism, however the solute atoms can embrittle grain boundaries and further degrade the toughness. In the present study, we confirm the embrittling effect of solute segregation in Pt-Au alloys. However, more importantly, we show that inhomogeneous chemical segregation to the grain boundary can lead to a new toughening mechanism termed compositional crack arrest. Energy dissipation is facilitated by the formation of nanocrack networks formed when cracks arrested at regions of the grain boundaries that were starved in the embrittling element. This mechanism, in concert with triple junction crack arrest, provides pathways to optimize both thermal stability and energy dissipation. A combination of in situ tensile deformation experiments and molecular dynamics simulations elucidate both the embrittling and toughening processes that can occur as a function of solute content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Heckman
- Materials Science and Engineering Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Interface dominated cooperative nanoprecipitation in interstitial alloys. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4017. [PMID: 30275470 PMCID: PMC6167330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Steels belong to one of the best established materials, however, the mechanisms of various phase transformations down to the nano length scale are still not fully clear. In this work, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy is combined with atomistic simulations to study the nanoscale carbide precipitation in a Fe–Cr–C alloy. We identify a cooperative growth mechanism that connects host lattice reconstruction and interstitial segregation at the growing interface front, which leads to a preferential growth of cementite (Fe3C) nanoprecipitates along a particular direction. This insight significantly improves our understanding of the mechanisms of nanoscale precipitation in interstitial alloys, and paves the way for engineering nanostructures to enhance the mechanical performance of alloys. The specifics of nanoscale precipitation in steels remain complex. Here the authors combine high-resolution microscopy and atomistic simulations to identify a cooperative growth mechanism leading to the preferential growth of cementite nanoprecipitates along a specific crystallographic direction.
Collapse
|
39
|
Self-consistent atom probe tomography reconstructions utilizing electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 195:32-46. [PMID: 30179773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography reconstructions provide valuable information on nanometer-scale compositional variations within materials. As such, the spatial accuracy of the reconstructions is of primary importance for the resulting conclusions to be valid. Here, the use of transmission electron microscopy images before and after atom probe analysis to provide additional information and constraints is examined for a number of different materials. In particular, the consistency between the input reconstruction parameters and the output reconstruction is explored. It is demonstrated that it is possible to generate reconstructions in which the input and known values are completely consistent with the output reconstructions. Yet, it is also found that for all of the datasets examined, a particular power law relationship exists such that, if the image compression factor or detection efficiency is not constrained, a series of similarly spatially accurate reconstructions results. However, if one of these values can be independently assessed, then the other is known as well. Means of incorporating these findings and this general methodology into reconstruction protocols are also discussed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Carbon Redistribution in Martensite in High-C Steel: Atomic-Scale Characterization and Modelling. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8080577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microstructure of the as-quenched plate martensite in a high-C steel 100Cr6 was characterized by means of electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The carbon redistribution behavior was investigated at the atomic scale, which revealed the nature of the transformation dynamics influenced by carbon and other substitutional alloying elements. A model was proposed to predict the carbon redistribution at twins and dislocations in martensite, which was based on their spatial arrangements.
Collapse
|
41
|
Superior Strength and Multiple Strengthening Mechanisms in Nanocrystalline TWIP Steel. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11200. [PMID: 30046047 PMCID: PMC6060181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The strengthening mechanism of the metallic material is related to the hindrance of the dislocation motion, and it is possible to achieve superior strength by maximizing these obstacles. In this study, the multiple strengthening mechanism-based nanostructured steel with high density of defects was fabricated using high-pressure torsion at room and elevated temperatures. By combining multiple strengthening mechanisms, we enhanced the strength of Fe-15 Mn-0.6C-1.5 Al steel to 2.6 GPa. We have found that solute segregation at grain boundaries achieves nanograined and nanotwinned structures with higher strength than the segregation-free counterparts. The importance of the use of multiple deformation mechanism suggests the development of a wide range of strong nanotwinned and nanostructured materials via severe plastic deformation process.
Collapse
|
42
|
Yu Y, Zhang S, Mio AM, Gault B, Sheskin A, Scheu C, Raabe D, Zu F, Wuttig M, Amouyal Y, Cojocaru-Mirédin O. Ag-Segregation to Dislocations in PbTe-Based Thermoelectric Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:3609-3615. [PMID: 29309116 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dislocations have been considered to be an efficient source for scattering midfrequency phonons, contributing to the enhancement of thermoelectric performance. The structure of dislocations can be resolved by electron microscopy whereas their chemical composition and decoration state are scarcely known. Here, we correlate transmission Kikuchi diffraction and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with atom probe tomography to investigate the local structure and chemical composition of dislocations in a thermoelectric Ag-doped PbTe compound. Our investigations indicate that Ag atoms segregate to dislocations with a 10-fold excess of Ag compared with its average concentration in the matrix. Yet the Ag concentration along the dislocation line is not constant but fluctuates from ∼0.8 to ∼10 atom % with a period of about 5 nm. Thermal conductivity is evaluated applying laser flash analysis, and is correlated with theoretical calculations based on the Debye-Callaway model, demonstrating that these Ag-decorated dislocations yield stronger phonon scatterings. These findings reduce the knowledge gap regarding the composition of dislocations needed for theoretical calculations of phonon scattering and pave the way for extending the concept of defect engineering to thermoelectric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- I. Physikalisches Institut (IA), RWTH Aachen , 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Liquid/Solid Metal Processing Institute, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE) , 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE) , 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ariel Sheskin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE) , 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE) , 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fangqiu Zu
- Liquid/Solid Metal Processing Institute, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009, China
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- I. Physikalisches Institut (IA), RWTH Aachen , 52074, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-Institut Green IT, JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yaron Amouyal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Oana Cojocaru-Mirédin
- I. Physikalisches Institut (IA), RWTH Aachen , 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE) , 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Alekseeva S, Fanta ABDS, Iandolo B, Antosiewicz TJ, Nugroho FAA, Wagner JB, Burrows A, Zhdanov VP, Langhammer C. Grain boundary mediated hydriding phase transformations in individual polycrystalline metal nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1084. [PMID: 29057929 PMCID: PMC5651804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain boundaries separate crystallites in solids and influence material properties, as widely documented for bulk materials. In nanomaterials, however, investigations of grain boundaries are very challenging and just beginning. Here, we report the systematic mapping of the role of grain boundaries in the hydrogenation phase transformation in individual Pd nanoparticles. Employing multichannel single-particle plasmonic nanospectroscopy, we observe large variation in particle-specific hydride-formation pressure, which is absent in hydride decomposition. Transmission Kikuchi diffraction suggests direct correlation between length and type of grain boundaries and hydride-formation pressure. This correlation is consistent with tensile lattice strain induced by hydrogen localized near grain boundaries as the dominant factor controlling the phase transition during hydrogen absorption. In contrast, such correlation is absent for hydride decomposition, suggesting a different phase-transition pathway. In a wider context, our experimental setup represents a powerful platform to unravel microstructure-function correlations at the individual-nanoparticle level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Alekseeva
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden
| | | | - Beniamino Iandolo
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Microtechnology and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Pl., 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tomasz J Antosiewicz
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden.,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | | | - Jakob B Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew Burrows
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden.,Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vlcek L, Vasudevan RK, Jesse S, Kalinin SV. Consistent Integration of Experimental and Ab Initio Data into Effective Physical Models. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:5179-5194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Vlcek
- Joint
Institute for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6173, United States
| | - Rama K. Vasudevan
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6496, United States
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6496, United States
| | - Sergei V. Kalinin
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6496, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yu Z, Cantwell PR, Gao Q, Yin D, Zhang Y, Zhou N, Rohrer GS, Widom M, Luo J, Harmer MP. Segregation-induced ordered superstructures at general grain boundaries in a nickel-bismuth alloy. Science 2017; 358:97-101. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The properties of materials change, sometimes catastrophically, as alloying elements and impurities accumulate preferentially at grain boundaries. Studies of bicrystals show that regular atomic patterns often arise as a result of this solute segregation at high-symmetry boundaries, but it is not known whether superstructures exist at general grain boundaries in polycrystals. In bismuth-doped polycrystalline nickel, we found that ordered, segregation-induced grain boundary superstructures occur at randomly selected general grain boundaries, and that these reconstructions are driven by the orientation of the terminating grain surfaces rather than by lattice matching between grains. This discovery shows that adsorbate-induced superstructures are not limited to special grain boundaries but may exist at a variety of general grain boundaries, and hence they can affect the performance of polycrystalline engineering alloys.
Collapse
|
46
|
Raabe D, Ponge D, Wang MM, Herbig M, Belde M, Springer H. 1 billion tons of nanostructure – segregation engineering enables confined transformation effects at lattice defects in steels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/219/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
47
|
OHNO Y, INOUE K, FUJIWARA K, KUTSUKAKE K, DEURA M, YONENAGA I, EBISAWA N, SHIMIZU Y, INOUE K, NAGAI Y, YOSHIDA H, TAKEDA S, TANAKA S, KOHYAMA M. Nanoscopic analysis of oxygen segregation at tilt boundaries in silicon ingots using atom probe tomography combined with TEM and ab initio
calculations. J Microsc 2017; 268:230-238. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. OHNO
- Institute for Materials Research; Tohoku University; Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - K. INOUE
- Institute for Materials Research; Tohoku University; Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - K. FUJIWARA
- Institute for Materials Research; Tohoku University; Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - K. KUTSUKAKE
- Institute for Materials Research; Tohoku University; Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - M. DEURA
- Institute for Materials Research; Tohoku University; Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - I. YONENAGA
- Institute for Materials Research; Tohoku University; Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - N. EBISAWA
- The Oarai Center, Institute for Materials Research (IMR); Tohoku University; Oarai Ibaraki, 311-1313 Japan
| | - Y. SHIMIZU
- The Oarai Center, Institute for Materials Research (IMR); Tohoku University; Oarai Ibaraki, 311-1313 Japan
| | - K. INOUE
- The Oarai Center, Institute for Materials Research (IMR); Tohoku University; Oarai Ibaraki, 311-1313 Japan
| | - Y. NAGAI
- The Oarai Center, Institute for Materials Research (IMR); Tohoku University; Oarai Ibaraki, 311-1313 Japan
| | - H. YOSHIDA
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR); Osaka University; 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - S. TAKEDA
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR); Osaka University; 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - S. TANAKA
- Department of Energy and Environment, Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda Osaka 563-85777 Japan
| | - M. KOHYAMA
- Department of Energy and Environment, Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda Osaka 563-85777 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yoshida K, Shimodaira M, Toyama T, Shimizu Y, Inoue K, Yoshiie T, Milan KJ, Gerard R, Nagai Y. Weak-beam scanning transmission electron microscopy for quantitative dislocation density measurement in steels. Microscopy (Oxf) 2017; 66:120-130. [PMID: 28100661 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate dislocations induced by neutron irradiation, we developed a weak-beam scanning transmission electron microscopy (WB-STEM) system by installing a novel beam selector, an annular detector, a high-speed CCD camera and an imaging filter in the camera chamber of a spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope. The capabilities of the WB-STEM with respect to wide-view imaging, real-time diffraction monitoring and multi-contrast imaging are demonstrated using typical reactor pressure vessel steel that had been used in an European nuclear reactor for 30 years as a surveillance test piece with a fluence of 1.09 × 1020 neutrons cm-2. The quantitatively measured size distribution (average loop size = 3.6 ± 2.1 nm), number density of the dislocation loops (3.6 × 1022 m-3) and dislocation density (7.8 × 1013 m m-3) were carefully compared with the values obtained via conventional weak-beam transmission electron microscopy studies. In addition, cluster analysis using atom probe tomography (APT) further demonstrated the potential of the WB-STEM for correlative electron tomography/APT experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yoshida
- International Research Center for Nuclear Materials Science, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1313, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimodaira
- International Research Center for Nuclear Materials Science, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1313, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyama
- International Research Center for Nuclear Materials Science, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1313, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shimizu
- International Research Center for Nuclear Materials Science, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1313, Japan
| | - Koji Inoue
- International Research Center for Nuclear Materials Science, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1313, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Yoshiie
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | | | - Robert Gerard
- Tractebel Engie, Avenue Ariane, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yasuyoshi Nagai
- International Research Center for Nuclear Materials Science, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1313, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Stoffers A, Barthel J, Liebscher CH, Gault B, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Scheu C, Raabe D. Correlating Atom Probe Tomography with Atomic-Resolved Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: Example of Segregation at Silicon Grain Boundaries. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:291-299. [PMID: 28215198 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the course of a thorough investigation of the performance-structure-chemistry interdependency at silicon grain boundaries, we successfully developed a method to systematically correlate aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The correlative approach is conducted on individual APT and TEM specimens, with the option to perform both investigations on the same specimen in the future. In the present case of a Σ9 grain boundary, joint mapping of the atomistic details of the grain boundary topology, in conjunction with chemical decoration, enables a deeper understanding of the segregation of impurities observed at such grain boundaries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stoffers
- 1Institute of Physics (IA),RWTH Aachen University,Otto-Blumenthal-Straβe, 52074 Aachen,Germany
| | - Juri Barthel
- 3Central Facility for Electron Microscopy,RWTH Aachen University,Ahornstraβe 55, 52074 Aachen,Germany
| | - Christian H Liebscher
- 2Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- 2Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Oana Cojocaru-Mirédin
- 1Institute of Physics (IA),RWTH Aachen University,Otto-Blumenthal-Straβe, 52074 Aachen,Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- 2Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- 2Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Peng Z, Choi PP, Gault B, Raabe D. Evaluation of Analysis Conditions for Laser-Pulsed Atom Probe Tomography: Example of Cemented Tungsten Carbide. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:431-442. [PMID: 28093092 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cemented tungsten carbide has been analyzed using laser-pulsed atom probe tomography (APT). The influence of experimental parameters, including laser pulse energy, pulse repetition rate, and specimen base temperature, on the acquired data were evaluated from different aspects, such as mass spectrum, chemical composition, noise-to-signal ratio, and multiple events. Within all the applied analysis conditions, only 1 MHz pulse repetition rate led to a strong detector saturation effect, resulting in a largely biased chemical composition. A comparative study of the laser energy settings showed that an ~12 times higher energy was required for the less focused green laser of the LEAPTM 3000X HR system to achieve a similar evaporation field as the finer spot ultraviolet laser of the LEAPTM 5000 XS system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Peng
- 1Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1,40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Pyuck-Pa Choi
- 1Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1,40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- 1Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1,40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- 1Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1,40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| |
Collapse
|