1
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Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Maznev A, Baldi G, Capotondi F, Caporaletti F, Comin R, De Angelis D, Duncan R, Fainozzi D, Kurdi G, Li J, Martinelli A, Masciovecchio C, Monaco G, Milloch A, Nelson K, Occhialini C, Pancaldi M, Pedersoli E, Pelli-Cresi J, Simoncig A, Travasso F, Wehinger B, Zanatta M, Bencivenga F. Extreme ultraviolet transient gratings: A tool for nanoscale photoacoustics. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100453. [PMID: 36718271 PMCID: PMC9883289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Collective lattice dynamics determine essential aspects of condensed matter, such as elastic and thermal properties. These exhibit strong dependence on the length-scale, reflecting the marked wavevector dependence of lattice excitations. The extreme ultraviolet transient grating (EUV TG) approach has demonstrated the potential of accessing a wavevector range corresponding to the 10s of nm length-scale, representing a spatial scale of the highest relevance for fundamental physics and forefront technology, previously inaccessible by optical TG and other inelastic scattering methods. In this manuscript we report on the capabilities of this technique in the context of probing thermoelastic properties of matter, both in the bulk and at the surface, as well as discussing future developments and practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Foglia
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R. Mincigrucci
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A.A. Maznev
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G. Baldi
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Povo, Trento I-38123, Italy
| | - F. Capotondi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Caporaletti
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. Comin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D. De Angelis
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R.A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D. Fainozzi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Kurdi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Li
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A. Martinelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - C. Masciovecchio
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Monaco
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A. Milloch
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25133, Italy
| | - K.A. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C.A. Occhialini
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M. Pancaldi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - E. Pedersoli
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J.S. Pelli-Cresi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Simoncig
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Travasso
- Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - B. Wehinger
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172, 400 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - M. Zanatta
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Povo, Trento I-38123, Italy
| | - F. Bencivenga
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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2
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Li H, MacArthur J, Littleton S, Dunne M, Huang Z, Zhu D. Femtosecond-Terawatt Hard X-Ray Pulse Generation with Chirped Pulse Amplification on a Free Electron Laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:213901. [PMID: 36461971 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advances of high intensity lasers have opened up the field of strong field physics and led to a broad range of technological applications. Recent x-ray laser sources and optics development makes it possible to obtain extremely high intensity and brightness at x-ray wavelengths. In this Letter, we present a system design that implements chirped pulse amplification for hard x-ray free electron lasers. Numerical modeling with realistic experimental parameters shows that near-transform-limit single-femtosecond hard x-ray laser pulses with peak power exceeding 1 TW and brightness exceeding 4×10^{35} s^{-1} mm^{-2} mrad^{-2}0.1% bandwdith^{-1} can be consistently generated. Realization of such beam qualities is essential for establishing systematic and quantitative understanding of strong field x-ray physics and nonlinear x-ray optics phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Li
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - James MacArthur
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sean Littleton
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mike Dunne
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Zhirong Huang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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3
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Andersen JH, Nanda KD, Krylov AI, Coriani S. Cherry-Picking Resolvents: Recovering the Valence Contribution in X-ray Two-Photon Absorption within the Core-Valence-Separated Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster Response Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:6189-6202. [PMID: 36084326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calculations of first-order response wave functions in the X-ray regime often diverge within correlated frameworks such as equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD), a consequence of the coupling with the valence ionization continuum. Here, we extend our strategy of introducing a hierarchy of approximations to the EOM-EE-CCSD resolvent (or, inversely, the model Hamiltonian) involved in the response equations for the calculation of X-ray two-photon absorption (X2PA) cross sections. We exploit the frozen-core core-valence separation (fc-CVS) scheme to first decouple the core and valence Fock spaces, followed by a separate approximate treatment of the valence resolvent. We demonstrate the robust convergence of X-ray response calculations within this framework and compare X2PA spectra of small benchmark molecules with the previously reported density functional theory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine H Andersen
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kaushik D Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Balyan MK. X-ray third-order nonlinear diffraction in the asymmetric reflection geometry. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2022; 78:349-358. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322004855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray third-order nonlinear asymmetrical diffraction has three independent parameters: the asymmetry angle, the incident wave intensity and the deviation from the exact Bragg orientation. In contrast to the linear case, in the nonlinear case the total reflection region does not exist for all intensity values and asymmetry angles. Theoretical consideration leads to analytical conditions of the total reflection region, and the analysis can be carried out by a graphical method. An exact solution in the total reflection region is found. The numerical solutions of the third-order nonlinear diffraction allow one to find the reflection curves for a fixed asymmetry angle or for a fixed intensity. For very large or very small asymmetry factors the third-order nonlinear effects can be observed for beams with very low intensities.
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5
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Numerical Simulation of Heat Load for Multilayer Laue Lens under Exposure to XFEL Pulse Trains. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9050362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) made from WC and SiC were previously used to focus megahertz X-ray pulse trains of the European XFEL free-electron laser, but suffered damage with trains of 30 pulses or longer at an incident fluence of about 0.13 J/cm2 per pulse. Here, we present numerical simulations of the heating of MLLs of various designs, geometry and material properties, that are exposed to such pulse trains. We find that it should be possible to focus the full beam of about 10 J/cm2 fluence of XFEL using materials of a low atomic number. To achieve high diffraction efficiency, lenses made from such materials should be considerably thicker than those used in the experiments. In addition to the lower absorption, this leads to the deposition of energy over a larger volume of the multilayer structure and hence to a lower dose, a lower temperature increase, and an improved dissipation of heat.
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6
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Rottke H, Engel RY, Schick D, Schunck JO, Miedema PS, Borchert MC, Kuhlmann M, Ekanayake N, Dziarzhytski S, Brenner G, Eichmann U, von Korff Schmising C, Beye M, Eisebitt S. Probing electron and hole colocalization by resonant four-wave mixing spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5127. [PMID: 35594356 PMCID: PMC9122317 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extending nonlinear spectroscopic techniques into the x-ray domain promises unique insight into photoexcited charge dynamics, which are of fundamental and applied interest. We report on the observation of a third-order nonlinear process in lithium fluoride (LiF) at a free-electron laser. Exploring the yield of four-wave mixing (FWM) in resonance with transitions to strongly localized core exciton states versus delocalized Bloch states, we find resonant FWM to be a sensitive probe for the degree of charge localization: Substantial sum- and difference-frequency generation is observed exclusively when in a one- or three-photon resonance with a LiF core exciton, with a dipole forbidden transition affecting details of the nonlinear response. Our reflective geometry-based approach to detect FWM signals enables the study of a wide variety of condensed matter sample systems, provides atomic selectivity via resonant transitions, and can be easily scaled to shorter wavelengths at free-electron x-ray lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Rottke
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Y. Engel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schick
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan O. Schunck
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Piter S. Miedema
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin C. Borchert
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Kuhlmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nagitha Ekanayake
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Günter Brenner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Eichmann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens von Korff Schmising
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Shi S, Chen J, Yang Y, Yan ZC, Liu X, Wang B. Explanation of the anomalous redshift on a nonlinear X-ray Compton scattering spectrum by a bound electron. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1664-1674. [PMID: 35209322 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear Compton scattering is an inelastic scattering process where a photon is emitted due to the interaction between an electron and an intense laser field. With the development of X-ray free-electron lasers, the intensity of X-ray laser is greatly enhanced, and the signal from X-ray nonlinear Compton scattering is no longer weak. Although the nonlinear Compton scattering by an initially free electron has been thoroughly investigated, the mechanism of nonrelativistic nonlinear Compton scattering of X-ray photons by bound electrons is unclear yet. Here, we present a frequency-domain formulation based on the nonperturbative quantum electrodynamics to study nonlinear Compton scattering of two photons by an atom in a strong X-ray laser field. In contrast to previous theoretical works, our results clearly reveal the existence of a redshift phenomenon observed experimentally by Fuchs et al.(Nat. Phys.)11, 964(2015) and suggest its origin as the binding energy of the electron as well as the momentum transfer from incident photons to the electron during the scattering process. Our work builds a bridge between intense-laser atomic physics and Compton scattering processes that can be used to study atomic structure and dynamics at high laser intensities.
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8
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Uzundal CB, Jamnuch S, Berger E, Woodahl C, Manset P, Hirata Y, Sumi T, Amado A, Akai H, Kubota Y, Owada S, Tono K, Yabashi M, Freeland JW, Schwartz CP, Drisdell WS, Matsuda I, Pascal TA, Zong A, Zuerch M. Polarization-Resolved Extreme-Ultraviolet Second-Harmonic Generation from LiNbO_{3}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:237402. [PMID: 34936786 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.237402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy ubiquitously enables the investigation of surface chemistry, interfacial chemistry, as well as symmetry properties in solids. Polarization-resolved SHG spectroscopy in the visible to infrared regime is regularly used to investigate electronic and magnetic order through their angular anisotropies within the crystal structure. However, the increasing complexity of novel materials and emerging phenomena hampers the interpretation of experiments solely based on the investigation of hybridized valence states. Here, polarization-resolved SHG in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV-SHG) is demonstrated for the first time, enabling element-resolved angular anisotropy investigations. In noncentrosymmetric LiNbO_{3}, elemental contributions by lithium and niobium are clearly distinguished by energy dependent XUV-SHG measurements. This element-resolved and symmetry-sensitive experiment suggests that the displacement of Li ions in LiNbO_{3}, which is known to lead to ferroelectricity, is accompanied by distortions to the Nb ion environment that breaks the inversion symmetry of the NbO_{6} octahedron as well. Our simulations show that the measured second harmonic spectrum is consistent with Li ion displacements from the centrosymmetric position while the Nb─O bonds are elongated and contracted by displacements of the O atoms. In addition, the polarization-resolved measurement of XUV-SHG shows excellent agreement with numerical predictions based on dipole-induced SHG commonly used in the optical wavelengths. Our result constitutes the first verification of the dipole-based SHG model in the XUV regime. The findings of this work pave the way for future angle and time-resolved XUV-SHG studies with elemental specificity in condensed matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can B Uzundal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sasawat Jamnuch
- ATLAS Materials Science Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92023, USA
| | - Emma Berger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Clarisse Woodahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Paul Manset
- Ecole Normale Superieure de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yasuyuki Hirata
- National Defense Academy of Japan, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Toshihide Sumi
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Angelique Amado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hisazumi Akai
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yuya Kubota
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, (JASRI), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - John W Freeland
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Craig P Schwartz
- Nevada Extreme Conditions Laboratory, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
| | - Walter S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Trans-scale Quantum Science Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tod A Pascal
- ATLAS Materials Science Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92023, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92023, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92023, USA
| | - Alfred Zong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael Zuerch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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9
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Inoue I, Inubushi Y, Osaka T, Yamada J, Tamasaku K, Yoneda H, Yabashi M. Shortening X-Ray Pulse Duration via Saturable Absorption. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:163903. [PMID: 34723578 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.163903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To shorten the duration of x-ray pulses, we present a nonlinear optical technique using atoms with core-hole vacancies (core-hole atoms) generated by inner-shell photoionization. The weak Coulomb screening in the core-hole atoms results in decreased absorption at photon energies immediately above the absorption edge. By employing this phenomenon, referred to as saturable absorption, we successfully reduce the duration of x-ray free-electron laser pulses (photon energy: 9.000 keV, duration: 6-7 fs, fluence: 2.0-3.5×10^{5} J/cm^{2}) by ∼35%. This finding that core-hole atoms are applicable to nonlinear x-ray optics is an essential stepping stone for extending nonlinear technologies commonplace at optical wavelengths to the hard x-ray region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Taito Osaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Jumpei Yamada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Kenji Tamasaku
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hitoki Yoneda
- University of Electro-Communications, Chofugaoka 1-5-1, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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10
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Schwartz CP, Raj SL, Jamnuch S, Hull CJ, Miotti P, Lam RK, Nordlund D, Uzundal CB, Das Pemmaraju C, Mincigrucci R, Foglia L, Simoncig A, Coreno M, Masciovecchio C, Giannessi L, Poletto L, Principi E, Zuerch M, Pascal TA, Drisdell WS, Saykally RJ. Angstrom-Resolved Interfacial Structure in Buried Organic-Inorganic Junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:096801. [PMID: 34506179 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.096801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport processes at interfaces play a crucial role in many processes. Here, the first soft x-ray second harmonic generation (SXR SHG) interfacial spectrum of a buried interface (boron-Parylene N) is reported. SXR SHG shows distinct spectral features that are not observed in x-ray absorption spectra, demonstrating its extraordinary interfacial sensitivity. Comparison to electronic structure calculations indicates a boron-organic separation distance of 1.9 Å, with changes of less than 1 Å resulting in easily detectable SXR SHG spectral shifts (ca. hundreds of milli-electron volts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Schwartz
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sumana L Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sasawat Jamnuch
- ATLAS Materials Science Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, USA
| | - Chris J Hull
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Paolo Miotti
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Royce K Lam
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Can B Uzundal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chaitanya Das Pemmaraju
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Riccardo Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Claudio Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Luca Poletto
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Emiliano Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael Zuerch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tod A Pascal
- ATLAS Materials Science Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, USA
| | - Walter S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Richard J Saykally
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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11
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Berger E, Jamnuch S, Uzundal CB, Woodahl C, Padmanabhan H, Amado A, Manset P, Hirata Y, Kubota Y, Owada S, Tono K, Yabashi M, Wang C, Shi Y, Gopalan V, Schwartz CP, Drisdell WS, Matsuda I, Freeland JW, Pascal TA, Zuerch M. Extreme Ultraviolet Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy in a Polar Metal. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6095-6101. [PMID: 34264679 PMCID: PMC8323121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of ferroelectricity and metallicity seems paradoxical, since the itinerant electrons in metals should screen the long-range dipole interactions necessary for dipole ordering. The recent discovery of the polar metal LiOsO3 was therefore surprising [as discussed earlier in Y. Shi et al., Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 1024]. It is thought that the coordination preferences of the Li play a key role in stabilizing the LiOsO3 polar metal phase, but an investigation from the combined viewpoints of core-state specificity and symmetry has yet to be done. Here, we apply the novel technique of extreme ultraviolet second harmonic generation (XUV-SHG) and find a sensitivity to the broken inversion symmetry in the polar metal phase of LiOsO3 with an enhanced feature above the Li K-edge that reflects the degree of Li atom displacement as corroborated by density functional theory calculations. These results pave the way for time-resolved probing of symmetry-breaking structural phase transitions on femtosecond time scales with element specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Berger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sasawat Jamnuch
- ATLAS
Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Nano Engineering and Chemical
Engineering, University of California−San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Can B. Uzundal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clarisse Woodahl
- University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Hari Padmanabhan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Angelique Amado
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul Manset
- Ecole Normale
Supérieure - PSL, Paris, France
| | - Yasuyuki Hirata
- National
Defense Academy of Japan, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Yuya Kubota
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Cuixiang Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Youguo Shi
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Venkatraman Gopalan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Craig P. Schwartz
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Walter S. Drisdell
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Iwao Matsuda
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, The University
of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Trans-scale
Quantum Science Institute, The University
of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - John W. Freeland
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tod A. Pascal
- ATLAS
Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Nano Engineering and Chemical
Engineering, University of California−San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering, University of California−San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
- Sustainable
Power and Energy Center, University of California−San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Michael Zuerch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Friedrich
Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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12
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Matsuda I, Kubota Y. Recent Progress in Spectroscopies Using Soft X-ray Free-electron Lasers. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Matsuda
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Trans-scale Quantum Science Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuya Kubota
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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13
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Helk T, Berger E, Jamnuch S, Hoffmann L, Kabacinski A, Gautier J, Tissandier F, Goddet JP, Chang HT, Oh J, Pemmaraju CD, Pascal TA, Sebban S, Spielmann C, Zuerch M. Table-top extreme ultraviolet second harmonic generation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/21/eabe2265. [PMID: 34138744 PMCID: PMC8133706 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The lack of available table-top extreme ultraviolet (XUV) sources with high enough fluxes and coherence properties has limited the availability of nonlinear XUV and x-ray spectroscopies to free-electron lasers (FELs). Here, we demonstrate second harmonic generation (SHG) on a table-top XUV source by observing SHG near the Ti M2,3 edge with a high-harmonic seeded soft x-ray laser. Furthermore, this experiment represents the first SHG experiment in the XUV. First-principles electronic structure calculations suggest the surface specificity and separate the observed signal into its resonant and nonresonant contributions. The realization of XUV-SHG on a table-top source opens up more accessible opportunities for the study of element-specific dynamics in multicomponent systems where surface, interfacial, and bulk-phase asymmetries play a driving role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Helk
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Emma Berger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sasawat Jamnuch
- ATLAS Materials Physics Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA
| | - Lars Hoffmann
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adeline Kabacinski
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Julien Gautier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Fabien Tissandier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Philipe Goddet
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Hung-Tzu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C Das Pemmaraju
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tod A Pascal
- ATLAS Materials Physics Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA
| | - Stephane Sebban
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christian Spielmann
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Zuerch
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Ferrante C, Principi E, Marini A, Batignani G, Fumero G, Virga A, Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Simoncig A, Spezzani C, Masciovecchio C, Scopigno T. Non-linear self-driven spectral tuning of Extreme Ultraviolet Femtosecond Pulses in monoatomic materials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:92. [PMID: 33911069 PMCID: PMC8080687 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-action nonlinearity is a key aspect - either as a foundational element or a detrimental factor - of several optical spectroscopies and photonic devices. Supercontinuum generation, wavelength converters, and chirped pulse amplification are just a few examples. The recent advent of Free Electron Lasers (FEL) fostered building on nonlinearity to propose new concepts and extend optical wavelengths paradigms for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray regimes. No evidence for intrapulse dynamics, however, has been reported at such short wavelengths, where the light-matter interactions are ruled by the sharp absorption edges of core electrons. Here, we provide experimental evidence for self-phase modulation of femtosecond FEL pulses, which we exploit for fine self-driven spectral tunability by interaction with sub-micrometric foils of selected monoatomic materials. Moving the pulse wavelength across the absorption edge, the spectral profile changes from a non-linear spectral blue-shift to a red-shifted broadening. These findings are rationalized accounting for ultrafast ionization and delayed thermal response of highly excited electrons above and below threshold, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carino Ferrante
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
- Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161, Roma, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14-km 163.5, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Batignani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fumero
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Virga
- Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14-km 163.5, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14-km 163.5, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14-km 163.5, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Spezzani
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14-km 163.5, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS 14-km 163.5, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tullio Scopigno
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
- Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161, Roma, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.
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15
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Bergmann U, Kern J, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Yachandra VK, Yano J. Using X-ray free-electron lasers for spectroscopy of molecular catalysts and metalloenzymes. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2021; 3:264-282. [PMID: 34212130 PMCID: PMC8245202 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-021-00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable selective pathways of charge and spin transfer, bond breaking/making and the formation of new molecules. Mapping the electronic structural changes at the metal sites during the reactions gives a unique mechanistic insight that has been difficult to obtain to date. The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enables powerful new probes of electronic structure dynamics to advance our understanding of metalloenzymes. The ultrashort, intense and tunable XFEL pulses enable X-ray spectroscopic studies of metalloenzymes, molecular catalysts and chemical reactions, under functional conditions and in real time. In this Technical Review, we describe the current state of the art of X-ray spectroscopy studies at XFELs and highlight some new techniques currently under development. With more XFEL facilities starting operation and more in the planning or construction phase, new capabilities are expected, including high repetition rate, better XFEL pulse control and advanced instrumentation. For the first time, it will be possible to make real-time molecular movies of metalloenzymes and catalysts in solution, while chemical reactions are taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Inoue I, Osaka T, Hara T, Yabashi M. Two-color X-ray free-electron laser consisting of broadband and narrowband beams. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1720-1724. [PMID: 33147199 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520011716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A simple scheme is proposed and experimentally confirmed to generate X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) consisting of broadband and narrowband beams with a controllable intensity ratio and a large photon-energy separation. This unique two-color XFEL beam will open new opportunities for investigation of nonlinear interactions between intense X-rays and matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- XFEL Research and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Taito Osaka
- XFEL Research and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Toru Hara
- XFEL Research and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- XFEL Research and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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17
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Balyan MK. Investigation of third-order nonlinear dynamical X-ray diffraction based on a new exact solution. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:941-952. [PMID: 33566002 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520006724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Third-order nonlinear two-wave dynamical X-ray diffraction in a crystal is considered. For the Laue symmetrical case of diffraction a new exact solution is obtained. The solution is presented via Jacobi elliptic functions. Two input free parameters are essential: the deviation parameter from the Bragg exact angle and the intensity of the incident wave. It is shown that the behavior of the field inside the crystal is determined by the sign of a certain combination of these parameters. For negative and positive signs of this combination, the wavefield is periodic and the nonlinear Pendellösung effect takes place. For the nonlinear Pendellösung distance the appropriate expressions are obtained. When the above-mentioned combination is zero, the behavior of the field can be periodic as well as non-periodic and the solution is presented by elementary functions. In the nonperiodic case, the nonlinear case Pendellösung distance tends to infinity. The wavefield diffracts and propagates in a medium, whose susceptibility is modulated by the amplitudes of the wavefields. The behavior of the wavefield can be described also by an effective deviation from the Bragg exact angle. This deviation is also a function of the wavefields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas K Balyan
- Faculty of Physics, Yerevan State University, Alex Manoogian 1, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
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18
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Lyu C, Cavaletto SM, Keitel CH, Harman Z. Narrow-band hard-x-ray lasing with highly charged ions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9439. [PMID: 32523007 PMCID: PMC7287111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A scheme is put forward to generate fully coherent x-ray lasers based on population inversion in highly charged ions, created by fast inner-shell photoionization using broadband x-ray free-electron-laser (XFEL) pulses in a laser-produced plasma. Numerical simulations based on the Maxwell–Bloch theory show that one can obtain high-intensity, femtosecond x-ray pulses of relative bandwidths Δω/ω = 10−5–10−7, by orders of magnitude narrower than in x-ray free-electron-laser pulses for discrete wavelengths down to the sub-ångström regime. Such x-ray lasers can be applicable in the study of x-ray quantum optics and metrology, investigating nonlinear interactions between x-rays and matter, or in high-precision spectroscopy studies in laboratory astrophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Lyu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefano M Cavaletto
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christoph H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zoltán Harman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Femtosecond X-ray induced changes of the electronic and magnetic response of solids from electron redistribution. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5289. [PMID: 31754109 PMCID: PMC6872582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonant X-ray absorption, where an X-ray photon excites a core electron into an unoccupied valence state, is an essential process in many standard X-ray spectroscopies. With increasing X-ray intensity, the X-ray absorption strength is expected to become nonlinear. Here, we report the onset of such a nonlinearity in the resonant X-ray absorption of magnetic Co/Pd multilayers near the Co L[Formula: see text] edge. The nonlinearity is directly observed through the change of the absorption spectrum, which is modified in less than 40 fs within 2 eV of its threshold. This is interpreted as a redistribution of valence electrons near the Fermi level. For our magnetic sample this also involves mixing of majority and minority spins, due to sample demagnetization. Our findings reveal that nonlinear X-ray responses of materials may already occur at relatively low intensities, where the macroscopic sample is not destroyed, providing insight into ultrafast charge and spin dynamics.
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20
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Foglia L, Capotondi F, Höppner H, Gessini A, Giannessi L, Kurdi G, Lopez Quintas I, Masciovecchio C, Kiskinova M, Mincigrucci R, Naumenko D, Nikolov IP, Pedersoli E, Rossi GM, Simoncig A, Bencivenga F. Exploring the multiparameter nature of EUV-visible wave mixing at the FERMI FEL. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:040901. [PMID: 31372368 PMCID: PMC6663514 DOI: 10.1063/1.5111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray ultrafast coherent light sources such as free electron lasers (FELs) has triggered the extension of wave-mixing techniques to short wavelengths. This class of experiments, based on the interaction of matter with multiple light pulses through the Nth order susceptibility, holds the promise of combining intrinsic ultrafast time resolution and background-free signal detection with nanometer spatial resolution and chemical specificity. A successful approach in this direction has been the combination of the unique characteristics of the seeded FEL FERMI with dedicated four-wave-mixing (FWM) setups, which leads to the demonstration of EUV-based transient grating (TG) spectroscopy. In this perspective paper, we discuss how the TG approach can be extended toward more general FWM spectroscopies by exploring the intrinsic multiparameter nature of nonlinear processes, which derives from the ability of controlling the properties of each field independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Foglia
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Capotondi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - H Höppner
- Institute for Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Gessini
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Kurdi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - I Lopez Quintas
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Kiskinova
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Naumenko
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - I P Nikolov
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Pedersoli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G M Rossi
- Physics Department and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Bencivenga
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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21
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Beye M, Engel RY, Schunck JO, Dziarzhytski S, Brenner G, Miedema PS. Non-linear soft x-ray methods on solids with MUSIX-the multi-dimensional spectroscopy and inelastic x-ray scattering endstation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:014003. [PMID: 30504529 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaedf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the intense and coherent x-ray pulses available from free-electron lasers, the possibility to transfer non-linear spectroscopic methods from the laser lab to the x-ray world arises. Advantages especially regarding selectivity and thus information content as well as an improvement of signal levels are expected. The use of coherences is especially fruitful and the example of coherent x-ray/optical sum-frequency generation is discussed. However, many non-linear x-ray methods still await discovery, partially due to the necessity for extremely adaptable and versatile instrumentation that can be brought to free-electron lasers for the analysis of the spectral content emitted from the sample into a continuous range of emission angles. Such an instrument (called MUSIX) is being developed and employed at FLASH, the free-electron laser in Hamburg and is described in this contribution together with first results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Impulsive UV-pump/X-ray probe study of vibrational dynamics in glycine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15466. [PMID: 30337694 PMCID: PMC6193943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an ab-initio study of a pump-probe experiment on the amino-acid glycine. We consider an UV pump followed by an X-ray probe tuned to carbon K-edge and study the vibronic structure of the core transition. The simulated experiment is feasible using existing free electron laser or high harmonic generation sources and thanks to the localization of the core orbitals posseses chemical selectivity. The present theory applies to other experimental schemes, including the use of a THz probe, available with present soft X-ray free electron lasers and/or high harmonic generation sources.
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23
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Bencivenga F, Calvi A, Capotondi F, Cucini R, Mincigrucci R, Simoncig A, Manfredda M, Pedersoli E, Principi E, Dallari F, Duncan RA, Izzo MG, Knopp G, Maznev AA, Monaco G, Di Mitri S, Gessini A, Giannessi L, Mahne N, Nikolov IP, Passuello R, Raimondi L, Zangrando M, Masciovecchio C. Four-wave-mixing experiments with seeded free electron lasers. Faraday Discuss 2018; 194:283-303. [PMID: 27711831 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00089d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of free electron laser (FEL) sources has provided an unprecedented bridge between the scientific communities working with ultrafast lasers and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and X-ray radiation. Indeed, in recent years an increasing number of FEL-based applications have exploited methods and concepts typical of advanced optical approaches. In this context, we recently used a seeded FEL to demonstrate a four-wave-mixing (FWM) process stimulated by coherent XUV radiation, namely the XUV transient grating (X-TG). We hereby report on X-TG measurements carried out on a sample of silicon nitride (Si3N4). The recorded data bears evidence for two distinct signal decay mechanisms: one occurring on a sub-ps timescale and one following slower dynamics extending throughout and beyond the probed timescale range (100 ps). The latter is compatible with a slower relaxation (time decay > ns), that may be interpreted as the signature of thermal diffusion modes. From the peak intensity of the X-TG signal we could estimate a value of the effective third-order susceptibility which is substantially larger than that found in SiO2, so far the only sample with available X-TG data. Furthermore, the intensity of the time-coincidence peak shows a linear dependence on the intensity of the three input beams, indicating that the measurements were performed in the weak field regime. However, the timescale of the ultrafast relaxation exhibits a dependence on the intensity of the XUV radiation. We interpreted the observed behaviour as the generation of a population grating of free-electrons and holes that, on the sub-ps timescale, relaxes to generate lattice excitations. The background free detection inherent to the X-TG approach allowed the determination of FEL-induced electron dynamics with a sensitivity largely exceeding that of transient reflectivity and transmissivity measurements, usually employed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bencivenga
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - A Calvi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via A.Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Capotondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - R Cucini
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - M Manfredda
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - E Pedersoli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - E Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - F Dallari
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo, TN, Italy
| | - R A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M G Izzo
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - G Knopp
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - A A Maznev
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G Monaco
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo, TN, Italy
| | - S Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - A Gessini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy. and ENEA CR Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - N Mahne
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - I P Nikolov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - R Passuello
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - L Raimondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
| | - M Zangrando
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy. and IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Italy.
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24
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Two-photon absorption of soft X-ray free electron laser radiation by graphite near the carbon K-absorption edge. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Foglia L, Capotondi F, Mincigrucci R, Naumenko D, Pedersoli E, Simoncig A, Kurdi G, Calvi A, Manfredda M, Raimondi L, Mahne N, Zangrando M, Masciovecchio C, Bencivenga F. First Evidence of Purely Extreme-Ultraviolet Four-Wave Mixing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:263901. [PMID: 30004768 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.263901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extension of nonlinear optical techniques to the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV), soft and hard x-ray regime represents one of the open challenges of modern science since it would combine chemical specificity with background-free detection and ultrafast time resolution. We report on the first observation of a four-wave-mixing (FWM) response from solid-state samples stimulated exclusively by EUV pulses. The all-EUV FWM signal was generated by the diffraction of high-order harmonics of the FERMI free-electron laser (FEL) from the standing wave resulting from the interference of two crossed FEL pulses at the fundamental wavelength. From the intensity of the FWM signal, we are able to extract the first-ever estimate of an effective value of ∼6×10^{-24} m^{2} V^{-2} for the third-order nonlinear susceptibility in the EUV regime. This proof of principle experiment represents a significant advance in the field of nonlinear optics and sets the starting point for a manifold of techniques, including frequency and phase-resolved FWM methods, that are unprecedented in this photon-energy regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Capotondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Naumenko
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Pedersoli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Kurdi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Calvi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via A.Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Manfredda
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Raimondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - N Mahne
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Zangrando
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- IOM-CNR, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Bencivenga
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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26
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Yamamoto S, Omi T, Akai H, Kubota Y, Takahashi Y, Suzuki Y, Hirata Y, Yamamoto K, Yukawa R, Horiba K, Yumoto H, Koyama T, Ohashi H, Owada S, Tono K, Yabashi M, Shigemasa E, Yamamoto S, Kotsugi M, Wadati H, Kumigashira H, Arima T, Shin S, Matsuda I. Element Selectivity in Second-Harmonic Generation of GaFeO_{3} by a Soft-X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:223902. [PMID: 29906133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.223902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical frequency conversion has been challenged to move down to the extreme ultraviolet and x-ray region. However, the extremely low signals have allowed researchers to only perform transmission experiments of the gas phase or ultrathin films. Here, we report second harmonic generation (SHG) of the reflected beam of a soft x-ray free-electron laser from a solid, which is enhanced by the resonant effect. The observation revealed that the double resonance condition can be met by absorption edges for transition metal oxides in the soft x-ray range, and this suggests that the resonant SHG technique can be applicable to a wide range of materials. We discuss the possibility of element-selective SHG spectroscopy measurements in the soft x-ray range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh Yamamoto
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - T Omi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - H Akai
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Y Kubota
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Y Takahashi
- Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika 125-8585, Japan
| | - Y Suzuki
- Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika 125-8585, Japan
| | - Y Hirata
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - K Yamamoto
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - R Yukawa
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - K Horiba
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - H Yumoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - T Koyama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - H Ohashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - S Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - K Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - M Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - E Shigemasa
- UVSOR Facility, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Sokendai (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444- 8585, Japan
| | - S Yamamoto
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - M Kotsugi
- Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika 125-8585, Japan
| | - H Wadati
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - H Kumigashira
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - T Arima
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Shin
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - I Matsuda
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
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27
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Lam RK, Raj SL, Pascal TA, Pemmaraju CD, Foglia L, Simoncig A, Fabris N, Miotti P, Hull CJ, Rizzuto AM, Smith JW, Mincigrucci R, Masciovecchio C, Gessini A, Allaria E, De Ninno G, Diviacco B, Roussel E, Spampinati S, Penco G, Di Mitri S, Trovò M, Danailov M, Christensen ST, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Coreno M, Poletto L, Drisdell WS, Prendergast D, Giannessi L, Principi E, Nordlund D, Saykally RJ, Schwartz CP. Soft X-Ray Second Harmonic Generation as an Interfacial Probe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:023901. [PMID: 29376703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.023901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical processes at soft x-ray wavelengths have remained largely unexplored due to the lack of available light sources with the requisite intensity and coherence. Here we report the observation of soft x-ray second harmonic generation near the carbon K edge (∼284 eV) in graphite thin films generated by high intensity, coherent soft x-ray pulses at the FERMI free electron laser. Our experimental results and accompanying first-principles theoretical analysis highlight the effect of resonant enhancement above the carbon K edge and show the technique to be interfacially sensitive in a centrosymmetric sample with second harmonic intensity arising primarily from the first atomic layer at the open surface. This technique and the associated theoretical framework demonstrate the ability to selectively probe interfaces, including those that are buried, with elemental specificity, providing a new tool for a range of scientific problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S L Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T A Pascal
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C D Pemmaraju
- Theory Institute for Materials and Energy Spectroscopies, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - N Fabris
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P Miotti
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/B, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - C J Hull
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A M Rizzuto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Gessini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G De Ninno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B Diviacco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Roussel
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Spampinati
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G Penco
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Di Mitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Trovò
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Danailov
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S T Christensen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - D Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T-C Weng
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - M Coreno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- ISM-CNR, Elettra Laboratory, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - L Poletto
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy, via Trasea 7, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - W S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- ENEA, C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Rome), Italy
| | - E Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R J Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C P Schwartz
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Capotondi F, Foglia L, Kiskinova M, Masciovecchio C, Mincigrucci R, Naumenko D, Pedersoli E, Simoncig A, Bencivenga F. Characterization of ultrafast free-electron laser pulses using extreme-ultraviolet transient gratings. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:32-38. [PMID: 29271748 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517015612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the time structure of ultrafast photon pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray spectral ranges is of high relevance for a number of scientific applications and photon diagnostics. Such measurements can be performed following different strategies and often require large setups and rather high pulse energies. Here, high-quality measurements carried out by exploiting the transient grating process, i.e. a third-order non-linear process sensitive to the time-overlap between two crossed EUV pulses, is reported. From such measurements it is possible to obtain information on both the second-order intensity autocorrelation function and on the coherence length of the pulses. It was found that the pulse energy density needed to carry out such measurements on solid state samples can be as low as a few mJ cm-2. Furthermore, the possibility to control the arrival time of the crossed pulses independently might permit the development of a number of coherent spectroscopies in the EUV and soft X-ray regime, such as, for example, photon echo and two-dimensional spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Capotondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Kiskinova
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Naumenko
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Pedersoli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Bencivenga
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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29
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Owada S, Togawa K, Inagaki T, Hara T, Tanaka T, Joti Y, Koyama T, Nakajima K, Ohashi H, Senba Y, Togashi T, Tono K, Yamaga M, Yumoto H, Yabashi M, Tanaka H, Ishikawa T. A soft X-ray free-electron laser beamline at SACLA: the light source, photon beamline and experimental station. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:282-288. [PMID: 29271777 PMCID: PMC5741133 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517015685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The design and performance of a soft X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) beamline of the SPring-8 Compact free-electron LAser (SACLA) are described. The SPring-8 Compact SASE Source test accelerator, a prototype machine of SACLA, was relocated to the SACLA undulator hall for dedicated use for the soft X-ray FEL beamline. Since the accelerator is operated independently of the SACLA main linac that drives the two hard X-ray beamlines, it is possible to produce both soft and hard X-ray FEL simultaneously. The FEL pulse energy reached 110 µJ at a wavelength of 12.4 nm (i.e. photon energy of 100 eV) with an electron beam energy of 780 MeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5148, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Togawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5148, Japan
| | | | - Toru Hara
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Joti
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5948, Japan
| | - Takahisa Koyama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5948, Japan
| | - Kyo Nakajima
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5948, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ohashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5948, Japan
| | - Yasunori Senba
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5948, Japan
| | - Tadashi Togashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5948, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5948, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamaga
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5948, Japan
| | - Hirokatsu Yumoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5948, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5148, Japan
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30
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Feng Y, Schafer DW, Song S, Sun Y, Zhu D, Krzywinski J, Robert A, Wu J, Decker FJ. Direct experimental observation of the gas density depression effect using a two-bunch X-ray FEL beam. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:145-150. [PMID: 29271764 PMCID: PMC5741131 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517014278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The experimental observation of the depression effect in gas devices designed for X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) is reported. The measurements were carried out at the Linac Coherent Light Source using a two-bunch FEL beam at 6.5 keV with 122.5 ns separation passing through an argon gas cell. The relative intensities of the two pulses of the two-bunch beam were measured, after and before the gas cell, from X-ray scattering off thin targets by using fast diodes with sufficient temporal resolution. At a cell pressure of 140 hPa, it was found that the after-to-before ratio of the intensities of the second pulse was about 17% ± 6% higher than that of the first pulse, revealing lower effective attenuation of the gas cell due to heating by the first pulse and subsequent gas density reduction in the beam path. This measurement is important in guiding the design and/or mitigating the adverse effects in gas devices for high-repetition-rate FELs such as the LCLS-II and the European XFEL or other future high-repetition-rate upgrades to existing FEL facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Feng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - D. W. Schafer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S. Song
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Y. Sun
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - D. Zhu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - J. Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - A. Robert
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - J. Wu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - F.-J. Decker
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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31
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Heeg KP, Kaldun A, Strohm C, Reiser P, Ott C, Subramanian R, Lentrodt D, Haber J, Wille HC, Goerttler S, Rüffer R, Keitel CH, Röhlsberger R, Pfeifer T, Evers J. Spectral narrowing of x-ray pulses for precision spectroscopy with nuclear resonances. Science 2017; 357:375-378. [PMID: 28751603 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Heeg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Kaldun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Strohm
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Reiser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Subramanian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Lentrodt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Haber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H.-C. Wille
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Goerttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Rüffer
- ESRF–European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - C. H. Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T. Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Evers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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33
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34
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35
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Establishing nonlinearity thresholds with ultraintense X-ray pulses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33292. [PMID: 27620067 PMCID: PMC5020491 DOI: 10.1038/srep33292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray techniques have evolved over decades to become highly refined tools for a broad range of investigations. Importantly, these approaches rely on X-ray measurements that depend linearly on the number of incident X-ray photons. The advent of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) is opening the ability to reach extremely high photon numbers within ultrashort X-ray pulse durations and is leading to a paradigm shift in our ability to explore nonlinear X-ray signals. However, the enormous increase in X-ray peak power is a double-edged sword with new and exciting methods being developed but at the same time well-established techniques proving unreliable. Consequently, accurate knowledge about the threshold for nonlinear X-ray signals is essential. Herein we report an X-ray spectroscopic study that reveals important details on the thresholds for nonlinear X-ray interactions. By varying both the incident X-ray intensity and photon energy, we establish the regimes at which the simplest nonlinear process, two-photon X-ray absorption (TPA), can be observed. From these measurements we can extract the probability of this process as a function of photon energy and confirm both the nature and sub-femtosecond lifetime of the virtual intermediate electronic state.
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36
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Erny C, Hauri CP. The SwissFEL Experimental Laser facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:1143-50. [PMID: 27577769 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516012595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The hard X-ray laser SwissFEL at the Paul Scherrer Institute is currently being commissioned and will soon become available for users. In the current article the laser facility is presented, an integral part of the user facility, as most time-resolved experiments will require a versatile optical laser infrastructure and precise information about the relative delay between the X-ray and optical pulse. The important key parameters are a high availability and long-term stability while providing advanced laser performance in the wavelength range from ultraviolet to terahertz. The concept of integrating a Ti:sapphire laser amplifier system with subsequent frequency conversion stages and drift compensation into the SwissFEL facility environment for successful 24 h/7 d user operation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Erny
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
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37
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Abstract
A complex polarization propagator approach has been developed to third order and implemented in density functional theory (DFT), allowing for the direct calculation of nonlinear molecular properties in the X-ray wavelength regime without explicitly addressing the excited-state manifold. We demonstrate the utility of this propagator method for the modeling of coherent near-edge X-ray two-photon absorption using, as an example, DFT as the underlying electronic structure model. Results are compared with the corresponding near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra, illuminating the differences in the role of symmetry, localization, and correlation between the two spectroscopies. The ramifications of this new technique for nonlinear X-ray research are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Fahleson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Norman
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Kong X, Pálffy A. Stopping Narrow-Band X-Ray Pulses in Nuclear Media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:197402. [PMID: 27232044 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.197402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A control mechanism for stopping x-ray pulses in resonant nuclear media is investigated theoretically. We show that narrow-band x-ray pulses can be mapped and stored as nuclear coherence in a thin-film planar x-ray cavity with an embedded ^{57}Fe nuclear layer. The pulse is nearly resonant to the 14.4 keV Mössbauer transition in the ^{57}Fe nuclei. The role of the control field is played here by a hyperfine magnetic field which induces interference effects reminiscent of electromagnetically induced transparency. We show that, by switching off the control magnetic field, a narrow-band x-ray pulse can be completely stored in the cavity for approximately 100 ns. Additional manipulation of the external magnetic field can lead to both group velocity and phase control of the pulse in the x-ray cavity sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjin Kong
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Adriana Pálffy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Bencivenga F, Zangrando M, Svetina C, Abrami A, Battistoni A, Borghes R, Capotondi F, Cucini R, Dallari F, Danailov M, Demidovich A, Fava C, Gaio G, Gerusina S, Gessini A, Giacuzzo F, Gobessi R, Godnig R, Grisonich R, Kiskinova M, Kurdi G, Loda G, Lonza M, Mahne N, Manfredda M, Mincigrucci R, Pangon G, Parisse P, Passuello R, Pedersoli E, Pivetta L, Prica M, Principi E, Rago I, Raimondi L, Sauro R, Scarcia M, Sigalotti P, Zaccaria M, Masciovecchio C. Experimental setups for FEL-based four-wave mixing experiments at FERMI. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:132-40. [PMID: 26698055 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515021104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The recent advent of free-electron laser (FEL) sources is driving the scientific community to extend table-top laser research to shorter wavelengths adding elemental selectivity and chemical state specificity. Both a compact setup (mini-TIMER) and a separate instrument (EIS-TIMER) dedicated to four-wave-mixing (FWM) experiments has been designed and constructed, to be operated as a branch of the Elastic and Inelastic Scattering beamline: EIS. The FWM experiments that are planned at EIS-TIMER are based on the transient grating approach, where two crossed FEL pulses create a controlled modulation of the sample excitations while a third time-delayed pulse is used to monitor the dynamics of the excited state. This manuscript describes such experimental facilities, showing the preliminary results of the commissioning of the EIS-TIMER beamline, and discusses original experimental strategies being developed to study the dynamics of matter at the fs–nm time–length scales. In the near future such experimental tools will allow more sophisticated FEL-based FWM applications, that also include the use of multiple and multi-color FEL pulses.
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40
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Inoue I, Tono K, Joti Y, Kameshima T, Ogawa K, Shinohara Y, Amemiya Y, Yabashi M. Characterizing transverse coherence of an ultra-intense focused X-ray free-electron laser by an extended Young's experiment. IUCRJ 2015; 2:620-6. [PMID: 26594369 PMCID: PMC4645106 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252515015523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of transverse coherence is one of the most critical themes for advanced X-ray sources and their applications in many fields of science. However, for hard X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources there is very little knowledge available on their transverse coherence characteristics, despite their extreme importance. This is because the unique characteristics of the sources, such as the ultra-intense nature of XFEL radiation and the shot-by-shot fluctuations in the intensity distribution, make it difficult to apply conventional techniques. Here, an extended Young's interference experiment using a stream of bimodal gold particles is shown to achieve a direct measurement of the modulus of the complex degree of coherence of XFEL pulses. The use of interference patterns from two differently sized particles enables analysis of the transverse coherence on a single-shot basis without a priori knowledge of the instantaneous intensity ratio at the particles. For a focused X-ray spot as small as 1.8 µm (horizontal) × 1.3 µm (vertical) with an ultrahigh intensity that exceeds 10(18) W cm(-2) from the SPring-8 Ångstrom Compact free-electron LAser (SACLA), the coherence lengths were estimated to be 1.7 ± 0.2 µm (horizontal) and 1.3 ± 0.1 µm (vertical). The ratios between the coherence lengths and the focused beam sizes are almost the same in the horizontal and vertical directions, indicating that the transverse coherence properties of unfocused XFEL pulses are isotropic. The experiment presented here enables measurements free from radiation damage and will be readily applicable to the analysis of the transverse coherence of ultra-intense nanometre-sized focused XFEL beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Joti
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kameshima
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kanade Ogawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuya Shinohara
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Amemiya
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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41
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Atomic inner-shell laser at 1.5-ångström wavelength pumped by an X-ray free-electron laser. Nature 2015; 524:446-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Masciovecchio C, Battistoni A, Giangrisostomi E, Bencivenga F, Principi E, Mincigrucci R, Cucini R, Gessini A, D'Amico F, Borghes R, Prica M, Chenda V, Scarcia M, Gaio G, Kurdi G, Demidovich A, Danailov MB, Di Cicco A, Filipponi A, Gunnella R, Hatada K, Mahne N, Raimondi L, Svetina C, Godnig R, Abrami A, Zangrando M. EIS: the scattering beamline at FERMI. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:553-564. [PMID: 25931068 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515003380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Elastic and Inelastic Scattering (EIS) beamline at the free-electron laser FERMI is presented. It consists of two separate end-stations: EIS-TIMEX, dedicated to ultrafast time-resolved studies of matter under extreme and metastable conditions, and EIS-TIMER, dedicated to time-resolved spectroscopy of mesoscopic dynamics in condensed matter. The scientific objectives are discussed and the instrument layout illustrated, together with the results from first exemplifying experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Masciovecchio
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Filippo Bencivenga
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Emiliano Principi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mincigrucci
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cucini
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gessini
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Francesco D'Amico
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Roberto Borghes
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Milan Prica
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Valentina Chenda
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Martin Scarcia
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Giulio Gaio
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Gabor Kurdi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Alexander Demidovich
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Miltcho B Danailov
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Cicco
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, Università di Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Adriano Filipponi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Gunnella
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, Università di Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Keisuke Hatada
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, Università di Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Nicola Mahne
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Raimondi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Cristian Svetina
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Roberto Godnig
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Abrami
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Marco Zangrando
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
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Yabashi M, Tanaka H, Ishikawa T. Overview of the SACLA facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:477-84. [PMID: 25931056 PMCID: PMC4416664 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515004658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In March 2012, SACLA started user operations of the first compact X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility. SACLA has been routinely providing users with stable XFEL light over a wide photon energy range from 4 to 15 keV and an ultrafast pulse duration below 10 fs. The facility supports experimental activities in broad fields by offering high-quality X-ray optics and diagnostics, as well as reliable multiport charge-coupled-device detectors, with flexible experimental configurations. A two-stage X-ray focusing system was developed that enables the highest intensity of 10(20) W cm(-2). Key scientific results published in 2013 and 2014 in diverse fields are reviewed. The main experimental systems developed for these applications are summarized. A perspective on the facility upgrade is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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Four-wave mixing experiments with extreme ultraviolet transient gratings. Nature 2015; 520:205-8. [PMID: 25855456 PMCID: PMC4413025 DOI: 10.1038/nature14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four wave mixing (FWM) processes, based on third-order non-linear light-matter interactions, can combine ultrafast time resolution with energy and wavevector selectivity, and enables to explore dynamics inaccessible by linear methods.1-7 The coherent and multi-wave nature of FWM approach has been crucial in the development of cutting edge technologies, such as silicon photonics,8 sub-wavelength imaging9 and quantum communications.10 All these technologies operate with optical wavelengths, which limit the spatial resolution and do not allow probing excitations with energy in the eV range. The extension to shorter wavelengths, that is the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft-x-ray (SXR) range, will allow to improve the spatial resolution and to expand the excitation energy range, as well as to achieve elemental selectivity by exploiting core resonances.5-7,11-14 So far FWM applications at these wavelengths have been prevented by the absence of coherent sources of sufficient brightness and suitable experimental setups. Our results show how transient gratings, generated by the interference of coherent EUV pulses delivered by the FERMI free electron laser (FEL),15 can be used to stimulate FWM processes at sub-optical wavelengths. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the possibility to read the time evolution of the FWM signal, which embodies the dynamics of coherent excitations as molecular vibrations. This result opens the perspective for FWM with nanometer spatial resolution and elemental selectivity, which, for example, would enable the investigation of charge-transfer dynamics.5-7 The theoretical possibility to realize these applications have already stimulated dedicated and ongoing FEL developments;16-20 today our results show that FWM at sub-optical wavelengths is feasible and would be the spark to the further advancements of the present and new sources.
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Shwartz E, Shwartz S. Difference-frequency generation of optical radiation from two-color x-ray pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:7471-7480. [PMID: 25837087 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.007471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the process of difference-frequency generation of short optical pulses from two-color X-ray pulses. By assuming 10¹¹ photons per X-ray pulse, we predict that the optical count rate can exceed 10⁷ photons per pulse. Similar to other effects involving nonlinear interactions of X-rays and optical radiation, the effect we describe can be used for microscopic studies of chemical bonds and as a probe for light-matter interactions on the atomic scale. Since the X-ray damage threshold is much higher than the optical damage threshold, the efficiency of difference-frequency generation from two X-ray pulses is expected to be orders of magnitude higher than the efficiency of effects such as sum/difference-frequency mixing between X-rays and optical intense short-pulse sources.
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