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Thiel H, Jehle L, Chapman RJ, Frick S, Conradi H, Kleinert M, Suchomel H, Kamp M, Höfling S, Schneider C, Keil N, Weihs G. Time-bin entanglement at telecom wavelengths from a hybrid photonic integrated circuit. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9990. [PMID: 38693329 PMCID: PMC11063055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass-deployable implementations for quantum communication require compact, reliable, and low-cost hardware solutions for photon generation, control and analysis. We present a fiber-pigtailed hybrid photonic circuit comprising nonlinear waveguides for photon-pair generation and a polymer interposer reaching 68 dB of pump suppression and photon separation based on a polarizing beam splitter with > 25 dB polarization extinction ratio. The optical stability of the hybrid assembly enhances the quality of the entanglement, and the efficient background suppression and photon routing further reduce accidental coincidences. We thus achieve a96 - 8 + 3 % concurrence and a96 - 5 + 2 % fidelity to a Bell state. The generated telecom-wavelength, time-bin entangled photon pairs are ideally suited for distributing Bell pairs over fiber networks with low dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Thiel
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Lennart Jehle
- Faculty of Physics and Vienna Doctoral School in Physics and Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert J Chapman
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Physics, Optical Nanomaterial Group, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frick
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hauke Conradi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Kleinert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Suchomel
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kamp
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Keil
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregor Weihs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Is Heralded Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence with Single Absorbers Possible with Current Technology? PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between single or a fixed number of photons with a single absorber is of fundamental interest in quantum technology. The harnessing of light matter interactions at the single particle limit has several potential applications ranging from quantum communication and quantum metrology to quantum imaging. In this perspective, a setup for heralded two-photon excited fluorescence at the single absorber level is proposed. The setup is based on a heralded two-photon source utilizing spontaneous parametric down-conversion, entanglement swapping and sum frequency generation for joint detection. This perspective aimed at triggering a discussion about the study of TPA and TPEF with only very few photons. The feasibility of the scheme is assessed by estimating the performance based on state-of-the-art technologies and losses, with the conclusion that the realization appears to be very challenging, but not completely impossible.
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Mahmudlu H, May S, Angulo A, Sorel M, Kues M. AlGaAs-on-insulator waveguide for highly efficient photon-pair generation via spontaneous four-wave mixing. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1061-1064. [PMID: 33649657 DOI: 10.1364/ol.418932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the generation of correlated photon pairs in AlGaAs-on-insulator (AlGaAs-OI) waveguides through nonlinear spontaneous four-wave-mixing (SFWM). Our measurements reveal an SFWM pair generation efficiency of ∼0.096×1012pairs/(sW2) at a wavelength of 1550 nm. This is one of the highest efficiencies achieved to date for integrated SFWM sources. A maximal coincidence-to-accidental ratio of ∼122 is measured. A spectral characterization of the device's pair emission at the quantum level demonstrates a broad generation bandwidth of 2.0 THz, which is important for frequency multiplexing applications. Our results indicate that AlGaAs-OI is an efficient material platform for integrated quantum photonics at telecom wavelengths.
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Yang Q, Passow T. Non-ideal quarter-wavelength Bragg-reflection waveguides for nonlinear interaction: eigen equation and tolerance. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4742-4745. [PMID: 32870846 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A general eigen equation has been deduced that can handle ideal and non-ideal quarter-wavelength cases of Bragg-reflection waveguide structure for nonlinear interaction with matching layers on each side of the active region. In particular, this equation allows for solving the cases when the Bragg reflectors are non-ideal quarter-wavelength thick. With this equation, we propose a Bragg-reflection waveguide structure based on the AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs material system with high figure-of-merit |ξdeff| total nonlinearity and checked the influence if the thickness of the quarter-wavelength Bragg reflectors is off by 10%.
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Roland I, Ravaro M, Suffit S, Filloux P, Lemaître A, Favero I, Leo G. Second-Harmonic Generation in Suspended AlGaAs Waveguides: A Comparative Study. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E229. [PMID: 32102241 PMCID: PMC7074691 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to adjustable modal birefringence, suspended AlGaAs optical waveguides with submicron transverse sections can support phase-matched frequency mixing in the whole material transparency range, even close to the material bandgap, by tuning the width-to-height ratio. Furthermore, their single-pass conversion efficiency is potentially huge, thanks to the extreme confinement of the interacting modes in the highly nonlinear and high-refractive-index core, with scattering losses lower than in selectively oxidized or quasi-phase-matched AlGaAs waveguides. Here we compare the performances of two types of suspended waveguides made of this material, designed for second-harmonic generation (SHG) in the telecom range: (a) a nanowire suspended in air by lateral tethers and (b) an ultrathin nanorib, made of a strip lying on a suspended membrane of the same material. Both devices have been fabricated from a 123 nm thick AlGaAs epitaxial layer and tested in terms of SHG efficiency, injection and propagation losses. Our results point out that the nanorib waveguide, which benefits from a far better mechanical robustness, performs comparably to the fully suspended nanowire and is well-suited for liquid sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iännis Roland
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Marco Ravaro
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Stéphan Suffit
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Pascal Filloux
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- C2N, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 boulevard T. Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France;
| | - Ivan Favero
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
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Ciampini MA, Geraldi A, Cimini V, Macchiavello C, Sipe JE, Liscidini M, Mataloni P. Stimulated emission tomography: beyond polarization. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:41-44. [PMID: 30645543 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the use of stimulated emission tomography to characterize a hyperentangled state generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion in a cw-pumped source. In particular, we consider the generation of hyperentangled states consisting of photon pairs entangled in polarization and path. These results extend the capability of stimulated emission tomography beyond the polarization degree of freedom and demonstrate the use of this technique to study states in higher dimension Hilbert spaces.
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Flamini F, Spagnolo N, Sciarrino F. Photonic quantum information processing: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:016001. [PMID: 30421725 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aad5b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photonic quantum technologies represent a promising platform for several applications, ranging from long-distance communications to the simulation of complex phenomena. Indeed, the advantages offered by single photons do make them the candidate of choice for carrying quantum information in a broad variety of areas with a versatile approach. Furthermore, recent technological advances are now enabling first concrete applications of photonic quantum information processing. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results. When more convenient, we will present significant achievements in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Flamini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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Brodutch A, Marchildon R, Helmy AS. Dynamically reconfigurable sources for arbitrary Gaussian states in integrated photonics circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:17635-17648. [PMID: 30119574 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.017635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a modular design for integrated programmable multimode sources of arbitrary Gaussian states of light. The technique is based on current technologies, in particular recent demonstrations of on-chip photon manipulation and the generation of highly squeezed vacuum states in semiconductors. While the design is generic and independent of the choice of integrated platform, we adopt recent experimental results on compound semiconductors as a demonstrative example. Such a device would be valuable as a source for many quantum protocols that range from imaging to communication and information processing.
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Orieux A, Versteegh MAM, Jöns KD, Ducci S. Semiconductor devices for entangled photon pair generation: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:076001. [PMID: 28346219 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement is one of the most fascinating properties of quantum mechanical systems; when two particles are entangled the measurement of the properties of one of the two allows the properties of the other to be instantaneously known, whatever the distance separating them. In parallel with fundamental research on the foundations of quantum mechanics performed on complex experimental set-ups, we assist today with bourgeoning of quantum information technologies bound to exploit entanglement for a large variety of applications such as secure communications, metrology and computation. Among the different physical systems under investigation, those involving photonic components are likely to play a central role and in this context semiconductor materials exhibit a huge potential in terms of integration of several quantum components in miniature chips. In this article we review the recent progress in the development of semiconductor devices emitting entangled photons. We will present the physical processes allowing the generation of entanglement and the tools to characterize it; we will give an overview of major recent results of the last few years and highlight perspectives for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Orieux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6 (LIP6), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France. IRIF UMR 8243, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
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Kang D, Anirban A, Helmy AS. Monolithic semiconductor chips as a source for broadband wavelength-multiplexed polarization entangled photons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:15160-15170. [PMID: 27410667 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.015160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Generating entangled photons from a monolithic chip is a major milestone towards real-life applications of optical quantum information processing including quantum key distribution and quantum computing. Ultrabroadband entangled photons are of particular interest to various applications such as quantum metrology and multi-party entanglement distribution. In this work, we demonstrate the direct generation of broadband wavelength-multiplexed polarization entangled photons from a semiconductor chip for the first time. Without the use of any off-chip compensation or interferometry, entangled photons with a signal-idler separation as large as 95 nm in the telecom band were observed. The highest concurrence of 0.98±0.01 achieved in this work is also the highest, to the best of our knowledge, comparing to all previously demonstrated semiconductor waveguide sources. This work paves the way for fully integrated, ultrabroadband sources of polarization entangled photons.
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Kultavewuti P, Zhu EY, Qian L, Pusino V, Sorel M, Stewart Aitchison J. Correlated photon pair generation in AlGaAs nanowaveguides via spontaneous four-wave mixing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:3365-3376. [PMID: 26906995 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.003365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a source of correlated photon pairs which will have applications in future integrated quantum photonic circuits. The source utilizes spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in a dispersion-engineered nanowaveguide made of AlGaAs, which has merits of negligible two-photon absorption and low spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS). We observe a coincidence-to-accidental (CAR) ratio up to 177, mainly limited by propagation losses. Experimental results agree well with theoretical predictions of the SFWM photon pair generation and the SpRS noise photon generation. We also study the effects from the SpRS, propagation losses, and waveguide lengths on the quality of our source.
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Matsuda N, Karkus P, Nishi H, Tsuchizawa T, Munro WJ, Takesue H, Yamada K. On-chip generation and demultiplexing of quantum correlated photons using a silicon-silica monolithic photonic integration platform. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:22831-22840. [PMID: 25321753 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.022831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation and demultiplexing of quantum correlated photons on a monolithic photonic chip composed of silicon and silica-based waveguides. Photon pairs generated in a nonlinear silicon waveguide are successfully separated into two optical channels of an arrayed-waveguide grating fabricated on a silica-based waveguide platform.
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Sarrafi P, Zhu EY, Holmes BM, Hutchings DC, Aitchison S, Qian L. High-visibility two-photon interference of frequency-time entangled photons generated in a quasi-phase-matched AlGaAs waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5188-5191. [PMID: 25166106 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally the frequency-time entanglement of photon pairs produced in a CW-pumped quasi-phased-matched AlGaAs superlattice waveguide. A visibility of 96.0±0.7% without background subtraction has been achieved, which corresponds to the violation of the Bell inequality by 52 standard deviations.
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Ozanam C, Savanier M, Lemaître A, Almuneau G, Carras M, Favero I, Ducci S, Leo G. AlGaAs guided-wave second-harmonic generation at 2.23 μm from a quantum cascade laser. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:5615-5619. [PMID: 25321354 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.005615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the frequency doubling of a quantum cascade laser in a multilayered, partially oxidized GaAs/AlOx waveguide. Using the waveguide width to fulfill the phase-matching condition, the second harmonic is generated in the wavelength range between 2.2 and 2.4 μm, where not many semiconductor sources are commercially available to date. We discuss the impact of a few fabrication and experimental parameters on the conversion efficiency, an essential step toward the improvement and practical implementation of this proof-of-principle semiconductor microsystem.
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