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Sadhukhan S, Nandi MK, Pandey S, Paoluzzi M, Dasgupta C, Gov NS, Nandi SK. Motility driven glassy dynamics in confluent epithelial monolayers. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6160-6175. [PMID: 39044639 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
As wounds heal, embryos develop, cancer spreads, or asthma progresses, the cellular monolayer undergoes a glass transition between solid-like jammed and fluid-like flowing states. During some of these processes, the cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT): they acquire in-plane polarity and become motile. Thus, how motility drives the glassy dynamics in epithelial systems is critical for the EMT process. However, no analytical framework that is indispensable for deeper insights exists. Here, we develop such a theory inspired by a well-known glass theory. One crucial result of this work is that the confluency affects the effective persistence time-scale of active force, described by its rotational diffusivity, Deffr. Deffr differs from the bare rotational diffusivity, Dr, of the motile force due to cell shape dynamics, which acts to rectify the force dynamics: Deffr is equal to Dr when Dr is small and saturates when Dr is large. We test the theoretical prediction of Deffr and how it affects the relaxation dynamics in our simulations of the active Vertex model. This novel effect of Deffr is crucial to understanding the new and previously published simulation data of active glassy dynamics in epithelial monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Sadhukhan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Hyderabad-500046, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Nandi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron 69500, France
| | - Satyam Pandey
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Hyderabad-500046, India.
| | - Matteo Paoluzzi
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chandan Dasgupta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560089, India
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Saroj Kumar Nandi
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P Gopanpally Village, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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2
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Arora P, Sadhukhan S, Nandi SK, Bi D, Sood AK, Ganapathy R. A shape-driven reentrant jamming transition in confluent monolayers of synthetic cell-mimics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5645. [PMID: 38969629 PMCID: PMC11226658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many critical biological processes, like wound healing, require densely packed cell monolayers/tissues to transition from a jammed solid-like to a fluid-like state. Although numerical studies anticipate changes in the cell shape alone can lead to unjamming, experimental support for this prediction is not definitive because, in living systems, fluidization due to density changes cannot be ruled out. Additionally, a cell's ability to modulate its motility only compounds difficulties since even in assemblies of rigid active particles, changing the nature of self-propulsion has non-trivial effects on the dynamics. Here, we design and assemble a monolayer of synthetic cell-mimics and examine their collective behaviour. By systematically increasing the persistence time of self-propulsion, we discovered a cell shape-driven, density-independent, re-entrant jamming transition. Notably, we observed cell shape and shape variability were mutually constrained in the confluent limit and followed the same universal scaling as that observed in confluent epithelia. Dynamical heterogeneities, however, did not conform to this scaling, with the fast cells showing suppressed shape variability, which our simulations revealed is due to a transient confinement effect of these cells by their slower neighbors. Our experiments unequivocally establish a morphodynamic link, demonstrating that geometric constraints alone can dictate epithelial jamming/unjamming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Arora
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India.
| | - Souvik Sadhukhan
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | | | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A K Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Rajesh Ganapathy
- International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India.
- School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India.
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3
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Szamel G, Flenner E. Extremely persistent dense active fluids. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5237-5244. [PMID: 38904184 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of dense three-dimensional systems of active particles for large persistence times τp at constant average self-propulsion force f. These systems are fluid counterparts of previously investigated extremely persistent systems, which in the large persistence time limit relax only on the time scale of τp. We find that many dynamic properties of the systems we study, such as the mean-squared velocity, the self-intermediate scattering function, and the shear-stress correlation function, become τp-independent in the large persistence time limit. In addition, the large τp limits of many dynamic properties, such as the mean-square velocity and the relaxation times of the scattering function, and the shear-stress correlation function, depend on f as power laws with non-trivial exponents. We conjecture that these systems constitute a new class of extremely persistent active systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szamel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Elijah Flenner
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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4
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Ai BQ, Guo RX, Zeng CH, He YF. Rotational inertia-induced glassy transition in chiral particle systems. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:064902. [PMID: 39020947 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.064902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The dense active matter exhibits characteristics reminiscent of traditional glassy phenomena, yet the role of rotational inertia in glass dynamics remains elusive. In this study, we investigate the glass dynamics of chiral active particles influenced by rotational inertia. Rotational inertia endows exponential memory to particle orientation, restricting its alteration and amplifying the effective persistence time. At lower spinning frequencies, the diffusion coefficient exhibits a peak function relative to rotational inertia for shorter persistence times, while it steadily increases with rotational inertia for longer persistence times. In the realm of high-frequency spinning, the impact of rotational inertia on diffusion behavior becomes more pronounced, resulting in a nonmonotonic and intricate relationship between the diffusion coefficient and rotational inertia. Consequently, the introduction of rotational inertia significantly alters the glassy dynamics of chiral active particles, allowing for the control over transitions between fluid and glassy states by modulating rotational inertia. Moreover, our findings indicate that at a specific spinning temperature, there exists an optimal spinning frequency at which the diffusion coefficient attains its maximum value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Quan Ai
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui-Xue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Pareek P, Adhikari M, Dasgupta C, Nandi SK. Different glassy characteristics are related to either caging or dynamical heterogeneity. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174503. [PMID: 37916596 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous theoretical and application interests, a fundamental understanding of the glassy dynamics remains elusive. The static properties of glassy and ordinary liquids are similar, but their dynamics are dramatically different. What leads to this difference is the central puzzle of the field. Even the primary defining glassy characteristics, their implications, and if they are related to a single mechanism remain unclear. This lack of clarity is a severe hindrance to theoretical progress. Here, we combine analytical arguments and simulations of various systems in different dimensions and address these questions. Our results suggest that the myriad of glassy features are manifestations of two distinct mechanisms. Particle caging controls the mean, and coexisting slow- and fast-moving regions govern the distribution of particle displacements. All the other glassy characteristics are manifestations of these two mechanisms; thus, the Fickian yet non-Gaussian nature of glassy liquids is not surprising. We discover a crossover, from stretched exponential to a power law, in the behavior of the overlap function. This crossover is prominent in simulation data and forms the basis of our analyses. Our results have crucial implications on how the glassy dynamics data are analyzed, challenge some recent suggestions on the mechanisms governing glassy dynamics, and impose strict constraints that a correct theory of glasses must have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Pareek
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Monoj Adhikari
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Chandan Dasgupta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560089, India
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6
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Wiese R, Kroy K, Levis D. Fluid-Glass-Jamming Rheology of Soft Active Brownian Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:178302. [PMID: 37955492 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.178302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We numerically study the shear rheology of a binary mixture of soft active Brownian particles, from the fluid to the disordered solid regime. At low shear rates, we find a Newtonian regime, where a Green-Kubo relation with an effective temperature provides the linear viscosity. It is followed by a shear-thinning regime at high shear rates. At high densities, solidification is signaled by the emergence of a finite yield stress. We construct a "fluid-glass-jamming" phase diagram with activity replacing temperature. While both parameters gauge fluctuations, activity also changes the exponent characterizing the decay of the diffusivity close to the glass transition and the shape of the yield stress surface. The dense disordered active solid appears to be mostly dominated by athermal jamming rather than glass rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wiese
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Kroy
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Demian Levis
- Departement de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Caprini L, Marini Bettolo Marconi U, Puglisi A, Löwen H. Entropons as collective excitations in active solids. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:041102. [PMID: 37486049 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The vibrational dynamics of solids is described by phonons constituting basic collective excitations in equilibrium crystals. Here, we consider a non-equilibrium active solid, formed by self-propelled particles, which bring the system into a non-equilibrium steady-state. We identify novel vibrational collective excitations of non-equilibrium (active) origin, which coexist with phonons and dominate over them when the system is far from equilibrium. These vibrational excitations are interpreted in the framework of non-equilibrium physics, in particular, stochastic thermodynamics. We call them "entropons" because they are the modes of spectral entropy production (at a given frequency and wave vector). The existence of entropons could be verified in future experiments on dense self-propelled colloidal Janus particles and granular active matter, as well as in living systems, such as dense cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caprini
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Theoretische Physik II-Weiche Materie, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Umberto Marini Bettolo Marconi
- Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università di Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Puglisi
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi-CNR and Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- INFN, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Theoretische Physik II-Weiche Materie, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Bayram AG, Schwarzendahl FJ, Löwen H, Biancofiore L. Motility-induced shear thickening in dense colloidal suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 37309209 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phase transitions and collective dynamics of active colloidal suspensions are fascinating topics in soft matter physics, particularly for out-of-equilibrium systems, which can lead to rich rheological behaviours in the presence of steady shear flow. Here the role of self-propulsion in the rheological response of a dense colloidal suspension is investigated by using particle-resolved Brownian dynamics simulations. First, the combined effect of activity and shear in the solid on the disordering transition of the suspension is analyzed. While both self-propulsion and shear destroy order and melt the system if critical values are exceeded, self-propulsion largely lowers the stress barrier needed to be overcome during the transition. We further explore the rheological response of the active sheared system once a steady state is reached. While passive suspensions show a solid-like behaviour, turning on particle motility fluidises the system. At low self-propulsion, the active suspension behaves in the steady state as a shear-thinning fluid. Increasing the self-propulsion changes the behaviour of the liquid from shear-thinning to shear-thickening. We attribute this to clustering in the sheared suspensions induced by motility. This new phenomenon of motility-induced shear thickening (MIST) can be used to tailor the rheological response of colloidal suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gülce Bayram
- FluidFrame Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Çankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fabian Jan Schwarzendahl
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Luca Biancofiore
- FluidFrame Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Çankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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9
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Corci B, Hooiveld O, Dolga AM, Åberg C. Extending the analogy between intracellular motion in mammalian cells and glassy dynamics. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2529-2538. [PMID: 36939775 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
How molecules, organelles, and foreign objects move within living cells has been studied in organisms ranging from bacteria to human cells. In mammalian cells, in particular, cellular vesicles move across the cell using motor proteins that carry the vesicle down the cytoskeleton to their destination. We have recently noted several similarities between the motion of such vesicles and that in disordered, "glassy", systems, but the generality of this observation remains unclear. Here we follow the motion of mitochondria, the organelles responsible for cell energy production, in mammalian cells over timescales from 50 ms to 70 s. Qualitative observations show that single mitochondria remain within a spatially limited region for extended periods of time, before moving longer distances relatively quickly. The displacement distribution is roughly Gaussian for shorter distances (≲0.05 μm) but exhibits exponentially decaying tails at longer distances (up to 0.40 μm). This behaviour is well-described by a model developed to describe the motion in glassy systems. These observations are extended to in total 3 different objects (mitochondria, lysosomes and nano-sized beads enclosed in vesicles), 3 different mammalian cell types (HEK 293, HeLa, and HT22), from 2 different organisms (human and mouse). Further evidence that supports glass-like characteristics of the motion is a difference between the time it takes to move a longer distance for the first time and subsequent times, as well as a weak ergodicity breaking of the motion. Overall, we demonstrate the ubiquity of glass-like motion in mammalian cells, providing a different perspective on intracellular motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Corci
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Hooiveld
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christoffer Åberg
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Debets VE, Löwen H, Janssen LMC. Glassy Dynamics in Chiral Fluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:058201. [PMID: 36800471 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.058201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chiral active matter is enjoying a rapid increase of interest, spurred by the rich variety of asymmetries that can be attained in, e.g., the shape or self-propulsion mechanism of active particles. Though this has already led to the observance of so-called chiral crystals, active chiral glasses remain largely unexplored. A possible reason for this could be the naive expectation that interactions dominate the glassy dynamics and the details of the active motion become increasingly less relevant. Here, we show that quite the opposite is true by studying the glassy dynamics of interacting chiral active Brownian particles. We demonstrate that when our chiral fluid is pushed to glassy conditions, it exhibits highly nontrivial dynamics, especially compared to a standard linear active fluid such as common active Brownian particles. Despite the added complexity, we are still able to present a full rationalization for all identified dynamical regimes. Most notably, we introduce a new "hammering" mechanism, unique to rapidly spinning particles in high-density conditions, that can fluidize a chiral active solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent E Debets
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Liesbeth M C Janssen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
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11
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Feng M, Hou Z. Mode-coupling theory for the dynamics of dense underdamped active Brownian particle system. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024102. [PMID: 36641396 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a theory to study the inertial effect on glassy dynamics of the underdamped active Brownian particle (UABP) system. Using the assumption of the nonequilibrium steady-state, we obtain an effective Fokker-Planck equation for the probability distribution function (PDF) as a function of positions and momentums. With this equation, we achieve the evolution equation of the intermediate scattering function through the Zwanzig-Mori projection operator method and the mode-coupling theory (MCT). Theoretical analysis shows that the inertia of the particle affects the memory function and corresponding glass transition by influencing the structure factor and a velocity correlation function. The theory provides theoretical support and guidance for subsequent simulation work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengkai Feng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhonghuai Hou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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12
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Debets VE, Janssen LMC. Active glassy dynamics is unaffected by the microscopic details of self-propulsion. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:224902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0127569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rapid increase of interest in dense active materials, which, in the disordered state, share striking similarities with the conventional passive glass-forming matter. For such passive glassy materials, it is well established (at least in three dimensions) that the details of the microscopic dynamics, e.g., Newtonian or Brownian, do not influence the long-time glassy behavior. Here, we investigate whether this still holds true in the non-equilibrium active case by considering two simple and widely used active particle models, i.e., active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particles (AOUPs) and active Brownian particles (ABPs). In particular, we seek to gain more insight into the role of the self-propulsion mechanism on the glassy dynamics by deriving a mode-coupling theory (MCT) for thermal AOUPs, which can be directly compared to a recently developed MCT for ABPs. Both theories explicitly take into account the active degrees of freedom. We solve the AOUP- and ABP-MCT equations in two dimensions and demonstrate that both models give almost identical results for the intermediate scattering function over a large variety of control parameters (packing fractions, active speeds, and persistence times). We also confirm this theoretical equivalence between the different self-propulsion mechanisms numerically via simulations of a polydisperse mixture of active quasi-hard spheres, thereby establishing that, at least for these model systems, the microscopic details of self-propulsion do not alter the active glassy behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent E. Debets
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth M. C. Janssen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Dey S, Mutneja A, Karmakar S. Enhanced short time peak in four-point dynamic susceptibility in dense active glass-forming liquids. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7309-7316. [PMID: 36111612 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00727d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Active glassy systems are simple model systems that imitate complex biological processes. Sometimes, it becomes crucial to estimate the amount of activity present in such biological systems, such as predicting the progression rate of the cancer cells or the healing time of the wound, etc. In this work, we study a model active glassy system to quantify the degree of activity from the collective, long-wavelength fluctuations in the system. These long-wavelength fluctuations present themselves as an additional peak in the four-point dynamic susceptibility (χ4(t)) apart from the usual peak at structural relaxation time. We then show how the degree of the activity at such a small timescale can be obtained by measuring the variation in χ4(t) due to changing activity. A Detailed finite size analysis of the peak height of χ4(t) suggests the existence of an intrinsic dynamic length scale that grows with increasing activity. Finally, we show that this peak height is a unique function of effective activity across all system sizes, serving as a possible parameter for characterizing the degree of activity in a system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhodeep Dey
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Anoop Mutneja
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Smarajit Karmakar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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Banerjee JP, Mandal R, Banerjee DS, Thutupalli S, Rao M. Unjamming and emergent nonreciprocity in active ploughing through a compressible viscoelastic fluid. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4533. [PMID: 35927258 PMCID: PMC9352703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A dilute suspension of active Brownian particles in a dense compressible viscoelastic fluid, forms a natural setting to study the emergence of nonreciprocity during a dynamical phase transition. At these densities, the transport of active particles is strongly influenced by the passive medium and shows a dynamical jamming transition as a function of activity and medium density. In the process, the compressible medium is actively churned up - for low activity, the active particle gets self-trapped in a cavity of its own making, while for large activity, the active particle ploughs through the medium, either accompanied by a moving anisotropic wake, or leaving a porous trail. A hydrodynamic approach makes it evident that the active particle generates a long-range density wake which breaks fore-aft symmetry, consistent with the simulations. Accounting for the back-reaction of the compressible medium leads to (i) dynamical jamming of the active particle, and (ii) a dynamical non-reciprocal attraction between two active particles moving along the same direction, with the trailing particle catching up with the leading one in finite time. We emphasize that these nonreciprocal effects appear only when the active particles are moving and so manifest in the vicinity of the jamming-unjamming transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prasad Banerjee
- Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bangalore, India
| | - Rituparno Mandal
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Shashi Thutupalli
- Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bangalore, India. .,International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (TIFR), Bangalore, India.
| | - Madan Rao
- Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bangalore, India.
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15
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Keta YE, Jack RL, Berthier L. Disordered Collective Motion in Dense Assemblies of Persistent Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:048002. [PMID: 35939008 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.048002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We explore the emergence of nonequilibrium collective motion in disordered nonthermal active matter when persistent motion and crowding effects compete, using simulations of a two-dimensional model of size polydisperse self-propelled particles. In stark contrast with monodisperse systems, we find that polydispersity stabilizes a homogeneous active liquid at arbitrary large persistence times, characterized by remarkable velocity correlations and irregular turbulent flows. For all persistence values, the active fluid undergoes a nonequilibrium glass transition at large density. This is accompanied by collective motion, whose nature evolves from near-equilibrium spatially heterogeneous dynamics at small persistence, to a qualitatively different intermittent dynamics when persistence is large. This latter regime involves a complex time evolution of the correlated displacement field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann-Edwin Keta
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Robert L Jack
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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16
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Yang J, Ni R, Ciamarra MP. Interplay between jamming and motility-induced phase separation in persistent self-propelling particles. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:L012601. [PMID: 35974520 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.l012601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In living and engineered systems of active particles, self-propulsion induces an unjamming transition from a solid to a fluid phase and phase separation between a gas and a liquidlike phase. We demonstrate an interplay between these two nonequilibrium transitions in systems of persistent active particles. The coexistence and jamming lines in the activity-density plane meet at the jamming transition point in the limit of hard particles or zero activity. This interplay induces an anomalous dynamic in the liquid phase and hysteresis at the active jamming transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Ran Ni
- Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
| | - Massimo Pica Ciamarra
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
- CNRS@CREATE LTD, 1 Create Way, 08-01 CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
- CNR-SPIN, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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17
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Arora P, Sood AK, Ganapathy R. Motile Topological Defects Hinder Dynamical Arrest in Dense Liquids of Active Ellipsoids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:178002. [PMID: 35570456 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.178002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent numerical studies have identified the persistence time of active motion as a critical parameter governing glassy dynamics in dense active matter. Here we studied dynamics in liquids of granular active ellipsoids with tunable persistence and velocity. We show that increasing the persistence time at moderate supercooling is equivalent to increasing the strength of attraction in equilibrium liquids and results in reentrant dynamics not just in the translational degrees of freedom, as anticipated, but also in the orientational ones. However, at high densities, motile topological defects, unique to active liquids of elongated particles, hindered dynamical arrest. Most remarkably, for the highest activity, we observed intermittent dynamics due to the jamming-unjamming of these defects for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Arora
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore - 560064, India
| | - A K Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore- 560012, India
- International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore - 560064, India
| | - Rajesh Ganapathy
- International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore - 560064, India
- School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore - 560064, India
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18
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Courcoubetis G, Xu C, Nuzhdin SV, Haas S. Avalanches during epithelial tissue growth; Uniform Growth and a drosophila eye disc model. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009952. [PMID: 35303738 PMCID: PMC8932575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues constitute an exotic type of active matter with non-linear properties reminiscent of amorphous materials. In the context of a proliferating epithelium, modeled by the quasistatic vertex model, we identify novel discrete tissue scale rearrangements, i.e. cellular rearrangement avalanches, which are a form of collective cell movement. During the avalanches, the vast majority of cells retain their neighbors, and the resulting cellular trajectories are radial in the periphery, a vortex in the core. After the onset of these avalanches, the epithelial area grows discontinuously. The avalanches are found to be stochastic, and their strength is correlated with the density of cells in the tissue. Overall, avalanches redistribute accumulated local spatial pressure along the tissue. Furthermore, the distribution of avalanche magnitudes is found to obey a power law, with an exponent consistent with sheer induced avalanches in amorphous materials. To understand the role of avalanches in organ development, we simulate epithelial growth of the Drosophila eye disc during the third instar using a computational model, which includes both chemical and mechanistic signaling. During the third instar, the morphogenetic furrow (MF), a ~10 cell wide wave of apical area constriction propagates through the epithelium. These simulations are used to understand the details of the growth process, the effect of the MF on the growth dynamics on the tissue scale, and to make predictions for experimental observations. The avalanches are found to depend on the strength of the apical constriction of cells in the MF, with a stronger apical constriction leading to less frequent and more pronounced avalanches. The results herein highlight the dependence of simulated tissue growth dynamics on relaxation timescales, and serve as a guide for in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Courcoubetis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chi Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sergey V. Nuzhdin
- Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephan Haas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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19
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Debets VE, de Wit XM, Janssen LMC. Cage Length Controls the Nonmonotonic Dynamics of Active Glassy Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:278002. [PMID: 35061437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.278002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dense active matter is gaining widespread interest due to its remarkable similarity with conventional glass-forming materials. However, active matter is inherently out of equilibrium and even simple models such as active Brownian particles (ABPs) and active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particles (AOUPs) behave markedly differently from their passive counterparts. Controversially, this difference has been shown to manifest itself via either a speedup, slowdown, or nonmonotonic change of the glassy relaxation dynamics. Here we rationalize these seemingly contrasting views on the departure from equilibrium by identifying the ratio of the short-time length scale to the cage length, i.e., the length scale of local particle caging, as a vital and unifying control parameter for active glassy matter. In particular, we explore the glassy dynamics of both thermal and athermal ABPs and AOUPs upon increasing the persistence time. We find that for all studied systems there is an optimum of the dynamics; this optimum occurs when the cage length coincides with the corresponding short-time length scale of the system, which is either the persistence length for athermal systems or a combination of the persistence length and a diffusive length scale for thermal systems. This new insight, for which we also provide a simple physical argument, allows us to reconcile and explain the manifestly disparate departures from equilibrium reported in many previous studies of dense active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent E Debets
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Xander M de Wit
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth M C Janssen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
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20
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Reichert J, Mandal S, Voigtmann T. Mode-coupling theory for tagged-particle motion of active Brownian particles. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:044608. [PMID: 34781467 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.044608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We derive a mode-coupling theory (MCT) to describe the dynamics of a tracer particle that is embedded in a dense system of active Brownian particles (ABPs) in two spatial dimensions. The ABP undergo translational and rotational Brownian motion and are equipped with a fixed self-propulsion speed along their orientational vector that describes their active motility. The resulting equations of motion for the tagged-particle density-correlation functions describe the various cases of tracer dynamics close to the glass transition: that of a single active particle in a glass-forming passive host suspensions, that of a passive colloidal particle in a suspension of ABP, and that of active tracers in a bath of active particles. Numerical results are presented for these cases assuming hard-sphere interactions among the particles. The qualitative and quantitative accuracy of the theory is tested against event-driven Brownian dynamics (ED-BD) simulations of active and passive hard disks. Simulation and theory are found in quantitative agreement, provided one adjusts the overall density (as known from the passive description of glassy dynamics), and allows for a rescaling of self-propulsion velocities in the active host system. These adjustments account for the fact that ABP-MCT generally overestimates the tendency for kinetic arrest. We confirm in the simulations a peculiar feature of the transient and stationary dynamical density-correlation functions regarding their lack of symmetry under time reversal, demonstrating the nonequilibrium nature of the system and how it manifests itself in the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Reichert
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany
| | - Suvendu Mandal
- Department of Physics, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Voigtmann
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170 Köln, Germany.,Department of Physics, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Paoluzzi M, Angelani L, Gosti G, Marchetti MC, Pagonabarraga I, Ruocco G. Alignment interactions drive structural transitions in biological tissues. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:044606. [PMID: 34781522 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.044606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence shows that there is a feedback between cell shape and cell motion. How this feedback impacts the collective behavior of dense cell monolayers remains an open question. We investigate the effect of a feedback that tends to align the cell crawling direction with cell elongation in a biological tissue model. We find that the alignment interaction promotes nematic patterns in the fluid phase that eventually undergo a nonequilibrium phase transition into a quasihexagonal solid. Meanwhile, highly asymmetric cells do not undergo the liquid-to-solid transition for any value of the alignment coupling. In this regime, the dynamics of cell centers and shape fluctuation show features typical of glassy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Paoluzzi
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Angelani
- ISC-CNR, Institute for Complex Systems, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gosti
- Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CECAM Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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22
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Klamser JU, Dauchot O, Tailleur J. Kinetic Monte Carlo Algorithms for Active Matter Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:150602. [PMID: 34678030 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.150602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We study kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) descriptions of active particles. We show that, when they rely on purely persistent, active steps, their continuous-time limit is ill-defined, leading to the vanishing of trademark behaviors of active matter such as the motility-induced phase separation, ratchet effects, as well as to a diverging mechanical pressure. We then show how, under an appropriate scaling, mixing passive steps with active ones leads to a well-defined continuous-time limit that however differs from standard active dynamics. Finally, we propose new KMC algorithms whose continuous-time limits lead to the dynamics of active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, active Brownian, and run-and-tumble particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane U Klamser
- Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Dauchot
- Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Tailleur
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC),UMR 7057 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France
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23
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Mandal R, Sollich P. Shear-induced orientational ordering in an active glass former. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101964118. [PMID: 34551973 PMCID: PMC8488658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101964118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dense assemblies of self-propelled particles that can form solid-like states also known as active or living glasses are abundant around us, covering a broad range of length scales and timescales: from the cytoplasm to tissues, from bacterial biofilms to vehicular traffic jams, and from Janus colloids to animal herds. Being structurally disordered as well as strongly out of equilibrium, these systems show fascinating dynamical and mechanical properties. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulation and a number of distinct dynamical and mechanical order parameters, we differentiate three dynamical steady states in a sheared model active glassy system: 1) a disordered state, 2) a propulsion-induced ordered state, and 3) a shear-induced ordered state. We supplement these observations with an analytical theory based on an effective single-particle Fokker-Planck description to rationalize the existence of the shear-induced orientational ordering behavior in an active glassy system without explicit aligning interactions of, for example, Vicsek type. This ordering phenomenon occurs in the large persistence time limit and is made possible only by the applied steady shear. Using a Fokker-Planck description with parameters that can be measured independently, we make testable predictions for the joint distribution of single-particle position and orientation. These predictions match well with the joint distribution measured from direct numerical simulation. Our results are of relevance for experiments exploring the rheological response of dense active colloids and jammed active granular matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparno Mandal
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37 077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Peter Sollich
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37 077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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24
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Kumar S, Singh JP, Giri D, Mishra S. Effect of polydispersity on the dynamics of active Brownian particles. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:024601. [PMID: 34525623 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.024601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We numerically study the dynamics and the phases of self-propelled disk-shaped particles of different sizes with soft repulsive potential in two dimensions. Size diversity is introduced by the polydispersity index (PDI) ε, which is the width of the uniform distribution of the particle's radius. The self-propulsion speed of the particles controls the activity v. We observe enhanced dynamics for large size diversity among the particles. We calculate the effective diffusion coefficient D_{eff} in the steady state. The system exhibits four distinct phases, jammed phase with small D_{eff} for small activity and liquid phase with enhanced D_{eff} for large activity. The number fluctuation is larger and smaller than the equilibrium limit in the liquid and jammed phases, respectively. Further, the jammed phase is of two types: solid jammed and liquid jammed for small and large PDI. Whereas the liquid phase is called motility induced phase separation (MIPS) liquid for small PDI and for large PDI, we find enhanced diffusivity and call it the pure liquid phase. The system is studied for three packing densities ϕ, and the response of the system for polydispersity is the same for all ϕ's. Our study can help understand the behavior of cells of various sizes in a tissue, artificial self-driven granular particles, or living organisms of different sizes in a dense environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Jay Prakash Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Debaprasad Giri
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Shradha Mishra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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25
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Omar AK, Klymko K, GrandPre T, Geissler PL. Phase Diagram of Active Brownian Spheres: Crystallization and the Metastability of Motility-Induced Phase Separation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:188002. [PMID: 34018789 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.188002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Motility-induced phase separation (MIPS), the phenomenon in which purely repulsive active particles undergo a liquid-gas phase separation, is among the simplest and most widely studied examples of a nonequilibrium phase transition. Here, we show that states of MIPS coexistence are in fact only metastable for three-dimensional active Brownian particles over a very broad range of conditions, decaying at long times through an ordering transition we call active crystallization. At an activity just above the MIPS critical point, the liquid-gas binodal is superseded by the crystal-fluid coexistence curve, with solid, liquid, and gas all coexisting at the triple point where the two curves intersect. Nucleating an active crystal from a disordered fluid, however, requires a rare fluctuation that exhibits the nearly close-packed density of the solid phase. The corresponding barrier to crystallization is surmountable on a feasible timescale only at high activity, and only at fluid densities near maximal packing. The glassiness expected for such dense liquids at equilibrium is strongly mitigated by active forces, so that the lifetime of liquid-gas coexistence declines steadily with increasing activity, manifesting in simulations as a facile spontaneous crystallization at extremely high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad K Omar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Katherine Klymko
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Trevor GrandPre
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Phillip L Geissler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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26
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Mandal R, Sollich P. How to study a persistent active glassy system. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:184001. [PMID: 33730708 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abef9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explore glassy dynamics of dense assemblies of soft particles that are self-propelled by active forces. These forces have a fixed amplitude and a propulsion direction that varies on a timescaleτp, the persistence timescale. Numerical simulations of such active glasses are computationally challenging when the dynamics is governed by large persistence times. We describe in detail a recently proposed scheme that allows one to study directly the dynamics in the large persistence time limit, on timescales around and well above the persistence time. We discuss the idea behind the proposed scheme, which we call 'activity-driven dynamics', as well as its numerical implementation. We establish that our prescription faithfully reproduces all dynamical quantities in the appropriate limitτp→ ∞. We deploy the approach to explore in detail the statistics of Eshelby-like plastic events in the steady state dynamics of a dense and intermittent active glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparno Mandal
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Sollich
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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27
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Reichert J, Granz LF, Voigtmann T. Transport coefficients in dense active Brownian particle systems: mode-coupling theory and simulation results. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:27. [PMID: 33704593 PMCID: PMC7952338 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We discuss recent advances in developing a mode-coupling theory of the glass transition (MCT) of two-dimensional systems of active Brownian particles (ABPs). The theory describes the structural relaxation close to the active glass in terms of transient dynamical density correlation functions. We summarize the equations of motion that have been derived for the collective density-fluctuation dynamics and those for the tagged-particle motion. The latter allow to study the dynamics of both passive and active tracers in both passive and active host systems. In the limit of small wave numbers, they give rise to equations of motion describing the mean-squared displacements (MSDs) of these tracers and hence the long-time diffusion coefficients as a transport coefficient quantifying long-range tracer motion. We specifically discuss the case of a single ABP tracer in a glass-forming passive host suspension, a case that has recently been studied in experiments on colloidal Janus particles. We employ event-driven Brownian dynamics (ED-BD) computer simulations to test the ABP-MCT and find good agreement between the two for the MSD, provided that known errors in MCT already for the passive system (i.e., an overestimation of the glassiness of the system) are accounted for by an empirical mapping of packing fractions and host-system self-propulsion forces. The ED-BD simulation results also compare well to experimental data, although a peculiar non-monotonic mapping of self-propulsion velocities is required. The ABP-MCT predicts a specific self-propulsion dependence of the Stokes-Einstein relation between the long-time diffusion coefficient and the host-system viscosity that matches well the results from simulation. An application of ABP-MCT within the integration-through transients framework to calculate the density-renormalized effective swim velocity of the interacting ABP agrees qualitatively with the ED-BD simulation data at densities close to the glass transition and quantitatively for the full density range only after the mapping of packing fractions employed for the passive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Reichert
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leon F Granz
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Voigtmann
- Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), 51170, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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28
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Baranov MV, Kumar M, Sacanna S, Thutupalli S, van den Bogaart G. Modulation of Immune Responses by Particle Size and Shape. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607945. [PMID: 33679696 PMCID: PMC7927956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has to cope with a wide range of irregularly shaped pathogens that can actively move (e.g., by flagella) and also dynamically remodel their shape (e.g., transition from yeast-shaped to hyphal fungi). The goal of this review is to draw general conclusions of how the size and geometry of a pathogen affect its uptake and processing by phagocytes of the immune system. We compared both theoretical and experimental studies with different cells, model particles, and pathogenic microbes (particularly fungi) showing that particle size, shape, rigidity, and surface roughness are important parameters for cellular uptake and subsequent immune responses, particularly inflammasome activation and T cell activation. Understanding how the physical properties of particles affect immune responses can aid the design of better vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V. Baranov
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Simons Center for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Stefano Sacanna
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shashi Thutupalli
- Simons Center for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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29
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Arora P, Sood AK, Ganapathy R. Emergent stereoselective interactions and self-recognition in polar chiral active ellipsoids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabd0331. [PMID: 33637525 PMCID: PMC7909878 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In many active matter systems, particle trajectories have a well-defined handedness or chirality. Whether such chiral activity can introduce stereoselective interactions between particles is not known. Here, we developed a strategy to tune the nature of chiral activity of three-dimensionally printed granular ellipsoids without altering their shape or size. In vertically agitated monolayers of these particles, we observed two types of dimers form depending on the chirality of the pairing monomers. Heterochiral dimers moved collectively as a single achiral active unit, while homochiral ones formed a translationally immobile spinner. In active racemic mixtures, the former was more abundant than the latter, indicating that interactions were stereoselective. Through dimer lifetime measurements, we further provide evidence for chiral self-recognition in mixtures of particles with different chiral activities. We lastly show that, at fixed particle number density, changing the net chirality of a dense active liquid fundamentally alters the nature of collective relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Arora
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - A K Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Rajesh Ganapathy
- International Centre for Materials Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India.
- School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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30
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Abaurrea-Velasco C, Lozano C, Bechinger C, de Graaf J. Autonomously Probing Viscoelasticity in Disordered Suspensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:258002. [PMID: 33416358 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.258002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments show a strong rotational diffusion enhancement for self-propelled microrheological probes in colloidal glasses. Here, we provide microscopic understanding using simulations with a frictional probe-medium coupling that converts active translation into rotation. Diffusive enhancement emerges from the medium's disordered structure and peaks at a second-order transition in the number of contacts. Our results reproduce the salient features of the colloidal glass experiment and support an effective description that is applicable to a broader class of viscoelastic suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Abaurrea-Velasco
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University,Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Celia Lozano
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Clemens Bechinger
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joost de Graaf
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University,Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
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31
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Huang ZF, Menzel AM, Löwen H. Dynamical Crystallites of Active Chiral Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:218002. [PMID: 33274968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.218002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the intrinsic characteristics of far-from-equilibrium systems is the nonrelaxational nature of the system dynamics, which leads to novel properties that cannot be understood and described by conventional pathways based on thermodynamic potentials. Of particular interest are the formation and evolution of ordered patterns composed of active particles that exhibit collective behavior. Here we examine such a type of nonpotential active system, focusing on effects of coupling and competition between chiral particle self-propulsion and self-spinning. It leads to the transition between three bulk dynamical regimes dominated by collective translative motion, spinning-induced structural arrest, and dynamical frustration. In addition, a persistently dynamical state of self-rotating crystallites is identified as a result of a localized-delocalized transition induced by the crystal-melt interface. The mechanism for the breaking of localized bulk states can also be utilized to achieve self-shearing or self-flow of active crystalline layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Andreas M Menzel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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32
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Mandal R, Sollich P. Multiple Types of Aging in Active Glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:218001. [PMID: 33274976 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.218001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments and simulations have revealed glassy features in, e.g., cytoplasm, living tissues and dense assemblies of self-propelled colloids. This leads to a fundamental question: how do these nonequilibrium (active) amorphous materials differ from conventional passive glasses, created by lowering temperature or increasing density? To address this we investigate the aging after a quench to an almost arrested state of a model active glass former, a Kob-Andersen glass in two dimensions. Each constituent particle is driven by a constant propulsion force whose direction diffuses over time. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations we reveal rich aging behavior of this dense active matter system: short persistence times of the active forcing give effective thermal aging; in the opposite limit we find a two-step aging process with active athermal aging at short times and activity-driven aging at late times. We develop a dedicated simulation method that gives access to this longtime scaling regime for highly persistent active forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparno Mandal
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Sollich
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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33
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Huang T, Gobeil S, Wang X, Misko V, Nori F, De Malsche W, Fassbender J, Makarov D, Cuniberti G, Baraban L. Anisotropic Exclusion Effect between Photocatalytic Ag/AgCl Janus Particles and Passive Beads in a Dense Colloidal Matrix. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7091-7099. [PMID: 32011149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nano- and micromotors interact with each other and their surroundings in a complex manner. Here, we report on the anisotropy of active-passive particle interaction in a soft matter system containing an immobile yet photochemical Ag/AgCl-based Janus particle embedded in a dense matrix of passive beads in pure water. The asymmetry in the chemical gradient around the Janus particle, triggered upon visible light illumination, distorts the isotropy of the surrounding electric potential and results in the repulsion of adjacent passive beads to a certain distance away from the Janus particle. This exclusion effect is found to be anisotropic with larger distances to passive beads in front of the Ag/AgCl cap of the Janus particle. We provide insight into this phenomenon by performing the angular analysis of the radii of exclusion and tracking their time evolution at the level of a single bead. Our study provides a novel fundamental insight into the collective behavior of a complex mixture of active and passive particles and is relevant for various application scenarios, e.g., particle transport at micro- and nanoscale and local chemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Gobeil
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xu Wang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vyacheslav Misko
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- μFlow group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, United States
| | - Wim De Malsche
- μFlow group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
We study the remarkable behaviour of dense active matter comprising self-propelled particles at large Péclet numbers, over a range of persistence times, from τp → 0, when the active fluid undergoes a slowing down of density relaxations leading to a glass transition as the active propulsion force f reduces, to τp → ∞, when as f reduces, the fluid jams at a critical point, with stresses along force-chains. For intermediate τp, a decrease in f drives the fluid through an intermittent phase before dynamical arrest at low f. This intermittency is a consequence of periods of jamming followed by bursts of plastic yielding associated with Eshelby deformations. On the other hand, an increase in f leads to an increase in the burst frequency; the correlated plastic events result in large scale vorticity and turbulence. Dense extreme active matter brings together the physics of glass, jamming, plasticity and turbulence, in a new state of driven classical matter. While active matter exhibits unusual dynamics at low density, high density behavior has not been explored. Mandal et al. show that extreme dense active matter, shows a rich spectrum of behaviour from intermittent plastic bursts and turbulence, to glassy states and jamming in the limit of infinite persistence time.
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35
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Mo R, Liao Q, Xu N. Rheological similarities between dense self-propelled and sheared particulate systems. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3642-3648. [PMID: 32219271 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Different from previous modeling of self-propelled particles, we develop a method to propel particles with a constant average velocity instead of a constant force. This constant propulsion velocity (CPV) approach is validated by its agreement with the conventional constant propulsion force (CPF) approach in the flowing regime. However, the CPV approach shows its advantage of accessing quasistatic flows of yield stress fluids with a vanishing propulsion velocity, while the CPF approach is usually unable to because of finite system size. Taking this advantage, we realize cyclic self-propulsion and study the evolution of the propulsion force with the propelled particle displacement, both in the quasistatic flow regime. By mapping the shear stress and shear rate to the propulsion force and propulsion velocity, we find similar rheological behaviors of self-propelled systems to sheared systems, including the yield force gap between the CPF and CPV approaches, propulsion force overshoot, reversible-irreversible transition under cyclic propulsion, and propulsion bands in plastic flows. These similarities suggest underlying connections between self-propulsion and shear, although they act on systems in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyang Mo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qinyi Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.
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36
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H A, Chaudhuri P. Glass forming liquids in a quenched random potential. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3574-3585. [PMID: 32222740 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The response of a model two-dimensional colloidal glass former to an externally imposed spatially random potential, which acts as a quenched disorder, is investigated using numerical simulations, motivated by recent experiments and also mean field predictions. The external potential induces the onset of the glassy dynamics at increasingly smaller field roughness, with increasing packing fraction of the particulate assembly, and the existence of aging processes within the glassy regime is also observed. Furthermore, along the axis of increasing field roughness, the dynamical slowdown is not correlated to the hexatic order within the supercooled regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun H
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India
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37
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Janssen LMC. Active glasses. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:503002. [PMID: 31469099 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab3e90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Active glassy matter has recently emerged as a novel class of non-equilibrium soft matter, combining energy-driven, active particle movement with dense and disordered glass-like behavior. Here we review the state-of-the-art in this field from an experimental, numerical, and theoretical perspective. We consider both non-living and living active glassy systems, and discuss how several hallmarks of glassy dynamics (dynamical slowdown, fragility, dynamical heterogeneity, violation of the Stokes-Einstein relation, and aging) are manifested in such materials. We start by reviewing the recent experimental evidence in this area of research, followed by an overview of the main numerical simulation studies and physical theories of active glassy matter. We conclude by outlining several open questions and possible directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth M C Janssen
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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38
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Klongvessa N, Ginot F, Ybert C, Cottin-Bizonne C, Leocmach M. Active Glass: Ergodicity Breaking Dramatically Affects Response to Self-Propulsion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:248004. [PMID: 31922864 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.248004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally the response of a dense sediment of Brownian particles to self-propulsion. We observe that the ergodic supercooled liquid relaxation is monotonically enhanced by activity. By contrast the nonergodic glass shows an order of magnitude slowdown at low activities with respect to the passive case, followed by fluidization at higher activities. Our results contrast with theoretical predictions of the ergodic approach to glass transition, summing up to a shift of the glass line. We propose that nonmonotonicity is due to competing effects of activity: (i) extra energy that helps breaking cages; (ii) directionality that hinders cage exploration. We call it "deadlock from the emergence of active directionality." It suggests further theoretical works should include thermal motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuda Klongvessa
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Félix Ginot
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Christophe Ybert
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Cécile Cottin-Bizonne
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Mathieu Leocmach
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
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39
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Klongvessa N, Ginot F, Ybert C, Cottin-Bizonne C, Leocmach M. Nonmonotonic behavior in dense assemblies of active colloids. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:062603. [PMID: 31962398 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.062603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally a sediment of self-propelled Brownian particles with densities ranging from dilute to ergodic supercooled to nonergodic glass to nonergodic polycrystal. In a companion paper, we observe a nonmonotonic response to activity of relaxation of the nonergodic glass state: a dramatic slowdown when particles become weakly self-propelled, followed by a speedup at higher activities. Here we map ergodic supercooled states to standard passive glassy physics, provided a monotonic shift of the glass packing fraction and the replacement of the ambient temperature by the effective temperature. However, we show that this mapping fails beyond glass transition. This failure is responsible for the nonmonotonic response. Furthermore, we generalize our finding by examining the dynamical response of another class of nonergodic systems: polycrystals. We observe the same nonmonotonic response to activity. To explain this phenomenon, we measure the size of domains where particles move in the same direction. This size also shows a nonmonotonic response, with small lengths corresponding to slow relaxation. This suggests that the failure of the mapping of nonergodic active states to a passive situation is general and is linked to anisotropic relaxation mechanisms specific to active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuda Klongvessa
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Félix Ginot
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Christophe Ybert
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Cécile Cottin-Bizonne
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Mathieu Leocmach
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
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40
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Czajkowski M, Sussman DM, Marchetti MC, Manning ML. Glassy dynamics in models of confluent tissue with mitosis and apoptosis. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9133-9149. [PMID: 31674622 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00916g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent work on particle-based models of tissues has suggested that any finite rate of cell division and cell death is sufficient to fluidize an epithelial tissue. At the same time, experimental evidence has indicated the existence of glassy dynamics in some epithelial layers despite continued cell cycling. To address this discrepancy, we quantify the role of cell birth and death on glassy states in confluent tissues using simulations of an active vertex model that includes cell motility, cell division, and cell death. Our simulation data is consistent with a simple ansatz in which the rate of cell-life cycling and the rate of relaxation of the tissue in the absence of cell cycling contribute independently and additively to the overall rate of cell motion. Specifically, we find that a glass-like regime with caging behavior indicated by subdiffusive cell displacements can be achieved in systems with sufficiently low rates of cell cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Czajkowski
- Physics Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Daniel M Sussman
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - M Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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41
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Jacobson D, Whitelam S. Direct evaluation of dynamical large-deviation rate functions using a variational ansatz. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:052139. [PMID: 31869879 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.052139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple form of importance sampling designed to bound and compute large-deviation rate functions for time-extensive dynamical observables in continuous-time Markov chains. We start with a model, defined by a set of rates, and a time-extensive dynamical observable. We construct a reference model, a variational ansatz for the behavior of the original model conditioned on atypical values of the observable. Direct simulation of the reference model provides an upper bound on the large-deviation rate function associated with the original model, an estimate of the tightness of the bound, and, if the ansatz is chosen well, the exact rate function. The exact rare behavior of the original model does not need to be known in advance. We use this method to calculate rate functions for currents and counting observables in a set of network- and lattice models taken from the literature. Straightforward ansätze yield bounds that are tighter than bounds obtained from Level 2.5 of large deviations via approximations that involve uniform scalings of rates. We show how to correct these bounds in order to recover the rate functions exactly. Our approach is complementary to more specialized methods and offers a physically transparent framework for approximating and calculating the likelihood of dynamical large deviations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jacobson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Stephen Whitelam
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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42
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Lozano C, Gomez-Solano JR, Bechinger C. Active particles sense micromechanical properties of glasses. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1118-1123. [PMID: 31384031 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanical properties of glasses is a great scientific challenge. A powerful technique to study the material response on a microscopic scale is microrheology, in which one analyses the translational dynamics of an externally driven probe particle. Here we show that the translational and rotational dynamics of a self-propelled probe particle with an unconstrained orientational motion can be used to gather information about the mechanical properties of a colloidal glassy system. We find that its rotational diffusion coefficient continuously increases towards the glass transition and drops down in the glassy state. Such unexpected behaviour demonstrates a strong coupling mechanism between the orientation of the active probe particle and the glassy structure, which can be well described by a simple rheological model. Our results suggest that active probe particles may be useful for the micromechanical characterization of complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Lozano
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Juan Ruben Gomez-Solano
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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43
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Wagner CG, Hagan MF, Baskaran A. Response of active Brownian particles to boundary driving. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:042610. [PMID: 31770956 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.042610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We computationally study the behavior of underdamped active Brownian particles in a sheared channel geometry. Due to their underdamped dynamics, the particles carry momentum a characteristic distance away from the boundary before it is dissipated into the substrate. We correlate this distance with the persistence of particle trajectories, determined jointly by their friction and self-propulsion. Within this characteristic length, we observe counterintuitive phenomena stemming from the interplay of activity, interparticle interactions, and the boundary driving. Depending on the values of friction and self-propulsion, interparticle interactions can either aid or hinder momentum transport. More dramatically, in certain cases we observe a flow reversal near the wall, which we correlate with an induced polarization of the particle self-propulsion directions. We rationalize these results in terms of a simple kinetic picture of particle trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb G Wagner
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael F Hagan
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aparna Baskaran
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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44
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45
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Shan WJ, Zhang F, Tian WD, Chen K. Assembly structures and dynamics of active colloidal cells. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4761-4770. [PMID: 31150037 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many types of active matter are deformable, such as epithelial cells and bacteria. To mimic the feature of deformability, we built a model called an active colloidal cell (ACC), i.e. a vesicle enclosed with self-propelled particles (SPPs), which as a whole can move actively. Based on the model, we then study the role of deformability in the assembly structures and dynamics of ACCs by Langevin dynamics simulation. We find that deformability weakens the self-trapping effect and hence suppresses the clustering and phase separation of the deformable soft ACCs (sACCs). Instead of forming a large compact cluster like ordinary SPPs, sACCs pack into a loose network or porous structure in the phase-separation region. The condensed phase is liquid-like, in which sACCs are strongly compressed and deformed but still keep high motility. The interface between the gas and the condensed phases is blurry and unstable, and the effective interfacial energy is very low. Our work gives new insights into the role of deformability in the assembly of active matter and also provides a reference for further studies on different types of deformable active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Shan
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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Berthier L, Flenner E, Szamel G. Glassy dynamics in dense systems of active particles. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5093240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elijah Flenner
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Grzegorz Szamel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Morillo N, Patti A, Cuetos A. Brownian dynamics simulations of oblate and prolate colloidal particles in nematic liquid crystals. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:204905. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5090975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neftalí Morillo
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alessandro Patti
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Cuetos
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Chatterjee R, Segall N, Merrigan C, Ramola K, Chakraborty B, Shokef Y. Motion of active tracer in a lattice gas with cross-shaped particles. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:144508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5085769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Chatterjee
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nimrod Segall
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Carl Merrigan
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Kabir Ramola
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Bulbul Chakraborty
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Yair Shokef
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Szamel G. Mode-coupling theory for the steady-state dynamics of active Brownian particles. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:124901. [PMID: 30927902 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a theory for the steady-state dynamics of a two-dimensional system of spherically symmetric active Brownian particles. The derivation of the theory consists of two steps. First, we integrate out the self-propulsions and obtain a many-particle evolution equation for the probability distribution of the particles' positions. Second, we use the projection operator technique and a mode-coupling-like factorization approximation to derive an equation of motion for the density correlation function. The nonequilibrium character of the active system manifests itself through the presence of a steady-state correlation function that quantifies spatial correlations of microscopic steady-state currents of the particles. This function determines the dependence of the short-time dynamics on the activity. It also enters into the expression for the memory matrix and thus influences the long-time glassy dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szamel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Krinninger P, Schmidt M. Power functional theory for active Brownian particles: General formulation and power sum rules. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:074112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5061764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Krinninger
- Theoretische Physik II, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Theoretische Physik II, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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