1
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Rupp D, Flückiger L, Adolph M, Colombo A, Gorkhover T, Harmand M, Krikunova M, Müller JP, Oelze T, Ovcharenko Y, Richter M, Sauppe M, Schorb S, Treusch R, Wolter D, Bostedt C, Möller T. Imaging plasma formation in isolated nanoparticles with ultrafast resonant scattering. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:034303. [PMID: 32596413 PMCID: PMC7304997 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have recorded the diffraction patterns from individual xenon clusters irradiated with intense extreme ultraviolet pulses to investigate the influence of light-induced electronic changes on the scattering response. The clusters were irradiated with short wavelength pulses in the wavelength regime of different 4d inner-shell resonances of neutral and ionic xenon, resulting in distinctly different optical properties from areas in the clusters with lower or higher charge states. The data show the emergence of a transient structure with a spatial extension of tens of nanometers within the otherwise homogeneous sample. Simulations indicate that ionization and nanoplasma formation result in a light-induced outer shell in the cluster with a strongly altered refractive index. The presented resonant scattering approach enables imaging of ultrafast electron dynamics on their natural timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rupp
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | | | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tais Gorkhover
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tim Oelze
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Maria Richter
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Michiels R, LaForge AC, Bohlen M, Callegari C, Clark A, von Conta A, Coreno M, Di Fraia M, Drabbels M, Finetti P, Huppert M, Oliver V, Plekan O, Prince KC, Stranges S, Svoboda V, Wörner HJ, Stienkemeier F. Time-resolved formation of excited atomic and molecular states in XUV-induced nanoplasmas in ammonia clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7828-7834. [PMID: 32248221 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00669f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High intensity XUV radiation from a free-electron laser (FEL) was used to create a nanoplasma inside ammonia clusters with the intent of studying the resulting electron-ion interactions and their interplay with plasma evolution. In a plasma-like state, electrons with kinetic energy lower than the local collective Coulomb potential of the positive ionic core are trapped in the cluster and take part in secondary processes (e.g. electron-impact excitation/ionization and electron-ion recombination) which lead to subsequent excited and neutral molecular fragmentation. Using a time-delayed UV laser, the dynamics of the excited atomic and molecular states are probed from -0.1 ps to 18 ps. We identify three different phases of molecular fragmentation that are clearly distinguished by the effect of the probe laser on the ionic and electronic yield. We propose a simple model to rationalize our data and further identify two separate channels leading to the formation of excited hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Michiels
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Matthias Bohlen
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Carlo Callegari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrew Clark
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aaron von Conta
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Di Fraia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcel Drabbels
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martin Huppert
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Veronica Oliver
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Stranges
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy, and Tasc IOM-CNR, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vít Svoboda
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Multispectroscopic Study of Single Xe Clusters Using XFEL Pulses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) deliver ultrashort coherent laser pulses in the X-ray spectral regime, enabling novel investigations into the structure of individual nanoscale samples. In this work, we demonstrate how single-shot small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements combined with fluorescence and ion time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy can be used to obtain size- and structure-selective evaluation of the light-matter interaction processes on the nanoscale. We recorded the SAXS images of single xenon clusters using XFEL pulses provided by the SPring-8 Angstrom compact free-electron laser (SACLA). The XFEL fluences and the radii of the clusters at the reaction point were evaluated and the ion TOF spectra and fluorescence spectra were sorted accordingly. We found that the XFEL fluence and cluster size extracted from the diffraction patterns showed a clear correlation with the fluorescence and ion TOF spectra. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the multispectroscopic approach for exploring laser–matter interaction in the X-ray regime without the influence of the size distribution of samples and the fluence distribution of the incident XFEL pulses.
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4
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Correlated electronic decay in expanding clusters triggered by intense XUV pulses from a Free-Electron-Laser. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40736. [PMID: 28098175 PMCID: PMC5241628 DOI: 10.1038/srep40736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation of nanoscale clusters and large molecules with intense laser pulses transforms them into highly-excited non- equilibrium states. The dynamics of intense laser-cluster interaction is encoded in electron kinetic energy spectra, which contain signatures of direct photoelectron emission as well as emission of thermalized nanoplasma electrons. In this work we report on a so far not observed spectrally narrow bound state signature in the electron kinetic energy spectra from mixed Xe core - Ar shell clusters ionized by intense extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pulses from a free-electron-laser. This signature is attributed to the correlated electronic decay (CED) process, in which an excited atom relaxes and the excess energy is used to ionize the same or another excited atom or a nanoplasma electron. By applying the terahertz field streaking principle we demonstrate that CED-electrons are emitted at least a few picoseconds after the ionizing XUV pulse has ended. Following the recent finding of CED in clusters ionized by intense near-infrared laser pulses, our observation of CED in the XUV range suggests that this process is of general relevance for the relaxation dynamics in laser produced nanoplasmas.
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5
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Schütte B, Ye P, Patchkovskii S, Austin DR, Brahms C, Strüber C, Witting T, Ivanov MY, Tisch JWG, Marangos JP. Strong-field ionization of clusters using two-cycle pulses at 1.8 μm. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39664. [PMID: 28009012 PMCID: PMC5180105 DOI: 10.1038/srep39664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of intense laser pulses with nanoscale particles leads to the production of high-energy electrons, ions, neutral atoms, neutrons and photons. Up to now, investigations have focused on near-infrared to X-ray laser pulses consisting of many optical cycles. Here we study strong-field ionization of rare-gas clusters (103 to 105 atoms) using two-cycle 1.8 μm laser pulses to access a new interaction regime in the limit where the electron dynamics are dominated by the laser field and the cluster atoms do not have time to move significantly. The emission of fast electrons with kinetic energies exceeding 3 keV is observed using laser pulses with a wavelength of 1.8 μm and an intensity of 1 × 1015 W/cm2, whereas only electrons below 500 eV are observed at 800 nm using a similar intensity and pulse duration. Fast electrons are preferentially emitted along the laser polarization direction, showing that they are driven out from the cluster by the laser field. In addition to direct electron emission, an electron rescattering plateau is observed. Scaling to even longer wavelengths is expected to result in a highly directional current of energetic electrons on a few-femtosecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schütte
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Dane R. Austin
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christian Brahms
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christian Strüber
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tobias Witting
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Misha Yu. Ivanov
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - John W. G. Tisch
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jon P. Marangos
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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6
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Rupp D, Flückiger L, Adolph M, Gorkhover T, Krikunova M, Müller JP, Müller M, Oelze T, Ovcharenko Y, Röben B, Sauppe M, Schorb S, Wolter D, Mitzner R, Wöstmann M, Roling S, Harmand M, Treusch R, Arbeiter M, Fennel T, Bostedt C, Möller T. Recombination-Enhanced Surface Expansion of Clusters in Intense Soft X-Ray Laser Pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:153401. [PMID: 27768378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the nanoplasma formation and explosion dynamics of single large xenon clusters in ultrashort, intense x-ray free-electron laser pulses via ion spectroscopy. The simultaneous measurement of single-shot diffraction images enabled a single-cluster analysis that is free from any averaging over the cluster size and laser intensity distributions. The measured charge state-resolved ion energy spectra show narrow distributions with peak positions that scale linearly with final ion charge state. These two distinct signatures are attributed to highly efficient recombination that eventually leads to the dominant formation of neutral atoms in the cluster. The measured mean ion energies exceed the value expected without recombination by more than an order of magnitude, indicating that the energy release resulting from electron-ion recombination constitutes a previously unnoticed nanoplasma heating process. This conclusion is supported by results from semiclassical molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rupp
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Flückiger
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Maria Krikunova
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Philippe Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Oelze
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Röben
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schorb
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - David Wolter
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wöstmann
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Roling
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Treusch
- FLASH, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Arbeiter
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Seiffert L, Süßmann F, Zherebtsov S, Rupp P, Peltz C, Rühl E, Kling MF, Fennel T. Competition of single and double rescattering in the strong-field photoemission from dielectric nanospheres. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2016; 122:101. [PMID: 32355418 PMCID: PMC7175736 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures exposed to ultrashort waveform-controlled laser pulses enable the generation of enhanced and highly localized near fields with adjustable local electric field evolution. Here, we study dielectric SiO2 nanospheres (d = 100-700 nm) under strong carrier-envelope phase-controlled few-cycle laser pulses and perform a systematic theoretical analysis of the resulting near-field driven photoemission. In particular, we analyze the impacts of charge interaction and local field ellipticity on the near-field driven electron acceleration. Our semiclassical transport simulations predict strong quenching of the electron emission and enhanced electron energies due to the ionization induced space charge. Though single surface backscattering remains the main emission process for the considered parameter range, we find a substantial contribution of double rescattering that increases with sphere size and becomes dominant near the cutoff energy for the largest investigated spheres. The growing importance of the double recollision process is traced back to the increasing local field ellipticity via trajectory analysis and the corresponding initial to final state correlation. Finally, we compare the carrier-envelope phase-dependent emission of single and double recollision electrons and find that both exhibit a characteristic directional switching behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Seiffert
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - F. Süßmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S. Zherebtsov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P. Rupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C. Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - E. Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. F. Kling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T. Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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8
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Schütte B, Arbeiter M, Mermillod-Blondin A, Vrakking MJJ, Rouzée A, Fennel T. Ionization Avalanching in Clusters Ignited by Extreme-Ultraviolet Driven Seed Electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:033001. [PMID: 26849590 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.033001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the ionization dynamics of Ar clusters exposed to ultrashort near-infrared (NIR) laser pulses for intensities well below the threshold at which tunnel ionization ignites nanoplasma formation. We find that the emission of highly charged ions up to Ar^{8+} can be switched on with unit contrast by generating only a few seed electrons with an ultrashort extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pulse prior to the NIR field. Molecular dynamics simulations can explain the experimental observations and predict a generic scenario where efficient heating via inverse bremsstrahlung and NIR avalanching is followed by resonant collective nanoplasma heating. The temporally and spatially well-controlled injection of the XUV seed electrons opens new routes for controlling avalanching and heating phenomena in nanostructures and solids, with implications for both fundamental and applied laser-matter science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schütte
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Arbeiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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9
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Observation of correlated electronic decay in expanding clusters triggered by near-infrared fields. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8596. [PMID: 26469997 PMCID: PMC4634218 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When an excited atom is embedded into an environment, novel relaxation pathways can emerge that are absent for isolated atoms. A well-known example is interatomic Coulombic decay, where an excited atom relaxes by transferring its excess energy to another atom in the environment, leading to its ionization. Such processes have been observed in clusters ionized by extreme-ultraviolet and X-ray lasers. Here, we report on a correlated electronic decay process that occurs following nanoplasma formation and Rydberg atom generation in the ionization of clusters by intense, non-resonant infrared laser fields. Relaxation of the Rydberg states and transfer of the available electronic energy to adjacent electrons in Rydberg states or quasifree electrons in the expanding nanoplasma leaves a distinct signature in the electron kinetic energy spectrum. These so far unobserved electron-correlation-driven energy transfer processes may play a significant role in the response of any nano-scale system to intense laser light. In clusters, relaxation of excited atoms can lead to ionization of nearby atoms, a process known as interatomic Coulomb decay. Here, the authors report on a so far unobserved correlated electronic decay process following Rydberg atom generation in clusters ionized by intense near-infrared fields.
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10
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Schütte B, Lahl J, Oelze T, Krikunova M, Vrakking MJJ, Rouzée A. Efficient autoionization following intense laser-cluster interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:123002. [PMID: 25860738 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron emission as a result of the interaction of clusters with intense laser pulses is commonly understood in terms of direct and evaporative ionization processes. In contrast, we provide evidence here of an important role played by autoionization in intense field ionization of molecular oxygen clusters. Superexcited states are populated during the cluster expansion, and their autoionization is observed on a ns time scale. Decay processes on fs to ps time scales are obscured by energy exchange of the emitted electrons with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schütte
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - J Lahl
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr 36, ER 1-1, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Oelze
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr 36, ER 1-1, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Krikunova
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr 36, ER 1-1, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - M J J Vrakking
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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