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Chu XL, Papon C, Bart N, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Midolo L, Rotenberg N, Lodahl P. Independent Electrical Control of Two Quantum Dots Coupled through a Photonic-Crystal Waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:033606. [PMID: 37540854 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.033606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient light-matter interaction at the single-photon level is of fundamental importance in emerging photonic quantum technology. A fundamental challenge is addressing multiple quantum emitters at once, as intrinsic inhomogeneities of solid-state platforms require individual tuning of each emitter. We present the realization of two semiconductor quantum dot emitters that are efficiently coupled to a photonic-crystal waveguide and individually controllable by applying a local electric Stark field. We present resonant transmission and fluorescence spectra in order to probe the coupling of the two emitters to the waveguide. We exploit the single-photon stream from one quantum dot to perform spectroscopy on the second quantum dot positioned 16 μm away in the waveguide. Furthermore, power-dependent resonant transmission measurements reveal signatures of coherent coupling between the emitters. Our work provides a scalable route to realizing multiemitter collective coupling, which has inherently been missing for solid-state deterministic photon emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liu Chu
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camille Papon
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Bart
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nir Rotenberg
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Toninelli C, Gerhardt I, Clark AS, Reserbat-Plantey A, Götzinger S, Ristanović Z, Colautti M, Lombardi P, Major KD, Deperasińska I, Pernice WH, Koppens FHL, Kozankiewicz B, Gourdon A, Sandoghdar V, Orrit M. Single organic molecules for photonic quantum technologies. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1615-1628. [PMID: 33972762 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isolating single molecules in the solid state has allowed fundamental experiments in basic and applied sciences. When cooled down to liquid helium temperature, certain molecules show transition lines that are tens of megahertz wide, limited by only the excited-state lifetime. The extreme flexibility in the synthesis of organic materials provides, at low costs, a wide palette of emission wavelengths and supporting matrices for such single chromophores. In the past few decades, their controlled coupling to photonic structures has led to an optimized interaction efficiency with light. Molecules can hence be operated as single-photon sources and as nonlinear elements with competitive performance in terms of coherence, scalability and compatibility with diverse integrated platforms. Moreover, they can be used as transducers for the optical read-out of fields and material properties, with the promise of single-quanta resolution in the sensing of charges and motion. We show that quantum emitters based on single molecules hold promise to play a key role in the development of quantum science and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Toninelli
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - I Gerhardt
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and 3rd Institute of Physics, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A S Clark
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Reserbat-Plantey
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - S Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Z Ristanović
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Colautti
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - P Lombardi
- CNR-INO, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - K D Major
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I Deperasińska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W H Pernice
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - F H L Koppens
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - V Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Du L, Wang Z, Li Y. Controllable optical response and tunable sensing based on self interference in waveguide QED systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3038-3054. [PMID: 33770911 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the self interference effect of a resonator coupled with a bent waveguide at two separated ports. Such interference effects are shown to be similar for the cases of standing-wave and traveling-wave resonators, while in the system of two separated resonators indirectly coupled via a waveguide, the coupling forms and the related interference effects depend on which kind of resonators is chosen. Due to the self interference, controllable optical responses including tunable linewidth and frequency shift, and optical dark state can be achieved. Moreover, we consider a self-interference photon-magnon hybrid model and show phase-dependent Fano-like line shapes which have potential applications in frequency sensing. The photon-magnon hybridization can not only enhance the sensitivity and provide tunable working region, but also enables optical readout of the magnetic field strength in turn. The results in this paper provide a deeper insight into the self interference effect and its potential applications.
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4
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Coherent characterisation of a single molecule in a photonic black box. Nat Commun 2021; 12:706. [PMID: 33514731 PMCID: PMC7846597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction spectroscopy is a powerful tool for demonstrating the coupling of a single quantum emitter to a photonic structure. However, it can be challenging in all but the simplest of geometries to deduce an accurate value of the coupling efficiency from the measured spectrum. Here we develop a theoretical framework to deduce the coupling efficiency from the measured transmission and reflection spectra without precise knowledge of the photonic environment. We then consider the case of a waveguide interrupted by a transverse cut in which an emitter is placed. We apply that theory to a silicon nitride waveguide interrupted by a gap filled with anthracene that is doped with dibenzoterrylene molecules. We describe the fabrication of these devices, and experimentally characterise the waveguide coupling of a single molecule in the gap. The authors develop a method to measure the coupling between a single photon source and any arbitrary photonic structure having constant density of electromagnetic states over the linewidth of the emitter. They demonstrate this method by an experiment on a single molecule coupled to an interrupted nanophotonic waveguide.
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5
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Schörner C, Lippitz M. Single Molecule Nonlinearity in a Plasmonic Waveguide. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2152-2156. [PMID: 32077703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic waveguides offer the unique possibility to confine light far below the diffraction limit. Past room temperature experiments focused on efficient generation of single waveguide plasmons by a quantum emitter. However, only the simultaneous interaction of the emitter with multiple plasmonic fields would lead to functionality in a plasmonic circuit. Here, we demonstrate the nonlinear optical interaction of a single molecule and propagating plasmons. An individual terrylene diimide (TDI) molecule is placed in the nanogap between two single-crystalline silver nanowires. A visible wavelength pump pulse and a red-shifted depletion pulse travel along the waveguide, leading to stimulated emission depletion (STED) in the observed fluorescence. The efficiency increases by up to a factor of 50 compared to far-field excitation. Our study thus demonstrates remote nonlinear four-wave mixing at a single molecule with propagating plasmons. It paves the way toward functional quantum plasmonic circuits and improved nonlinear single-molecule spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schörner
- Experimental Physics III, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany D-95447
| | - Markus Lippitz
- Experimental Physics III, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany D-95447
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Hütner J, Hoinkes T, Becker M, Rothhardt M, Rauschenbeutel A, Skoff SM. Nanofiber-based high-Q microresonator for cryogenic applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:3249-3257. [PMID: 32121997 DOI: 10.1364/oe.381286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a cryo-compatible, fully fiber-integrated, alignment-free optical microresonator. The compatibility with low temperatures expands its possible applications to the wide field of solid-state quantum optics, where a cryogenic environment is often a requirement. At a temperature of 4.6 K we obtain a quality factor of (9.9 ± 0.7) × 106. In conjunction with the small mode volume provided by the nanofiber, this cavity can be either used in the coherent dynamics or the fast cavity regime, where it can provide a Purcell factor of up to 15. Our resonator is therefore suitable for significantly enhancing the coupling between light and a large variety of different quantum emitters and due to its proven performance over a wide temperature range, also lends itself for the implementation of quantum hybrid systems.
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7
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Stiesdal N, Kumlin J, Kleinbeck K, Lunt P, Braun C, Paris-Mandoki A, Tresp C, Büchler HP, Hofferberth S. Observation of Three-Body Correlations for Photons Coupled to a Rydberg Superatom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:103601. [PMID: 30240243 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of nontrivial three-photon correlations imprinted onto initially uncorrelated photons through an interaction with a single Rydberg superatom. Exploiting the Rydberg blockade mechanism, we turn a cold atomic cloud into a single effective emitter with collectively enhanced coupling to a focused photonic mode which gives rise to clear signatures in the connected part of the three-body correlation function of the outgoing photons. We show that our results are in good agreement with a quantitative model for a single, strongly coupled Rydberg superatom. Furthermore, we present an idealized but exactly solvable model of a single two-level system coupled to a photonic mode, which allows for an interpretation of our experimental observations in terms of bound states and scattering states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Stiesdal
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Kumlin
- Institute for Theoretical Physics III and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kevin Kleinbeck
- Institute for Theoretical Physics III and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Lunt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoph Braun
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
| | - Asaf Paris-Mandoki
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christoph Tresp
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Peter Büchler
- Institute for Theoretical Physics III and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hofferberth
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physics@SDU, University of Southern Denmark, 5320 Odense, Denmark
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8
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Bennett K, Kowalewski M, Mukamel S. Novel photochemistry of molecular polaritons in optical cavities. Faraday Discuss 2018; 194:259-282. [PMID: 27711849 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Violations of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) and the consequent nonadiabatic dynamics have long been an object of intense study. Recently, such dynamics have been induced via strong coupling of the molecule to a high-amplitude (spatially confined) mode of the electromagnetic field in optical cavities. However, the effects of a cavity on a pre-existing avoided crossing or conical intersection are relatively unexplored. The dynamics of molecules dressed by cavity modes are usually calculated by invoking the rotating wave approximation (RWA), which greatly simplifies the calculation but breaks down when the cavity mode frequency is higher than the relevant material frequencies. We develop a protocol for computing curve crossing dynamics in an optical cavity by exploiting a recently-developed method of solving the quantum Rabi model without invoking the RWA. The method is demonstrated for sodium iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kochise Bennett
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
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9
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Murray CR, Mirgorodskiy I, Tresp C, Braun C, Paris-Mandoki A, Gorshkov AV, Hofferberth S, Pohl T. Photon Subtraction by Many-Body Decoherence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:113601. [PMID: 29601756 PMCID: PMC6467281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally and theoretically investigate the scattering of a photonic quantum field from another stored in a strongly interacting atomic Rydberg ensemble. Considering the many-body limit of this problem, we derive an exact solution to the scattering-induced spatial decoherence of multiple stored photons, allowing for a rigorous understanding of the underlying dissipative quantum dynamics. Combined with our experiments, this analysis reveals a correlated coherence-protection process in which the scattering from one excitation can shield all others from spatial decoherence. We discuss how this effect can be used to manipulate light at the quantum level, providing a robust mechanism for single-photon subtraction, and experimentally demonstrate this capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Murray
- Center for Quantum Optics and Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - I Mirgorodskiy
- 5. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Tresp
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense-M, Denmark
| | - C Braun
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense-M, Denmark
| | - A Paris-Mandoki
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense-M, Denmark
| | - A V Gorshkov
- Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hofferberth
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense-M, Denmark
| | - T Pohl
- Center for Quantum Optics and Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Striebel M, Wrachtrup J, Gerhardt I. Absorption and Extinction Cross Sections and Photon Streamlines in the Optical Near-field. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15420. [PMID: 29133925 PMCID: PMC5684246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical interaction of light and matter is modeled as an oscillating dipole in a plane wave electromagnetic field. We analyze absorption, scattering and extinction for this system by the energy flow, visualized as streamlines of the Poynting vector. Depending on the dissipative damping of the oscillator, a part of the streamlines ends up in the dipole. Based on a graphical investigation of the streamlines, this represents the absorption cross section, and forms a far-field absorption aperture. In the near-field of the oscillator, a modification of the aperture is observed. As in the case for a linear dipole, we model the energy flow and derive the effective absorption apertures for an oscillator with a circular dipole characteristics - such as an atom in free space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Striebel
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jӧrg Wrachtrup
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ilja Gerhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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11
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Türschmann P, Rotenberg N, Renger J, Harder I, Lohse O, Utikal T, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Chip-Based All-Optical Control of Single Molecules Coherently Coupled to a Nanoguide. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4941-4945. [PMID: 28671833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of many proposals in nanoquantum-optics depends on the efficient coupling of photons to individual quantum emitters, the possibility to control this interaction on demand, and the scalability of the experimental platform. To address these issues, we report on chip-based systems made of one-dimensional subwavelength dielectric waveguides (nanoguides) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules. We discuss the design and fabrication requirements, present data on extinction spectroscopy of single molecules coupled to a nanoguide mode, and show how an external optical beam can switch the propagation of light via a nonlinear optical process. The presented architecture paves the way for the investigation of many-body phenomena and polaritonic states and can be readily extended to more complex geometries for the realization of quantum integrated photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Türschmann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nir Rotenberg
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Renger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irina Harder
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olga Lohse
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Utikal
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg , D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Valente D, Brito F, Werlang T. Dynamic Stark shift induced by a single photon packet. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1692-1695. [PMID: 28454137 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic Stark shift results from the interaction of an atom with the electromagnetic field. We show how a propagating single-photon wave packet can induce a time-dependent dynamical Stark shift on a two-level system (TLS). A non-perturbative fully quantum treatment is employed, where the quantum dynamics of both the field and the TLS are analyzed. We also provide the means to experimentally access such time-dependent frequency by measuring the interference pattern in the electromagnetic field inside a 1D waveguide. The effect we evidence here may find applications in the autonomous quantum control of quantum systems without classical external fields, which can be useful for quantum information processing as well as for quantum thermodynamical tasks.
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13
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Das S, Elfving VE, Faez S, Sørensen AS. Interfacing Superconducting Qubits and Single Optical Photons Using Molecules in Waveguides. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:140501. [PMID: 28430479 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose an efficient light-matter interface at optical frequencies between a single photon and a superconducting qubit. The desired interface is based on a hybrid architecture composed of an organic molecule embedded inside an optical waveguide and electrically coupled to a superconducting qubit placed near the outside surface of the waveguide. We show that high fidelity, photon-mediated, entanglement between distant superconducting qubits can be achieved with incident pulses at the single photon level. Such a low light level is highly desirable for achieving a coherent optical interface with superconducting qubit, since it minimizes decoherence arising from the absorption of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Das
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vincent E Elfving
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sanli Faez
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anders S Sørensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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14
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15
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Rotenberg N, Türschmann P, Haakh HR, Martin-Cano D, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Small slot waveguide rings for on-chip quantum optical circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:5397-5414. [PMID: 28380801 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.005397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic interfaces between single emitters and light promise to enable new quantum optical technologies. Here, we use a combination of finite element simulations and analytic quantum theory to investigate the interaction of various quantum emitters with slot-waveguide rings. We predict that for rings with radii as small as 1.44 μm, with a Q-factor of 27,900, near-unity emitter-waveguide coupling efficiencies and emission enhancements on the order of 1300 can be achieved. By tuning the ring geometry or introducing losses, we show that realistic emitter-ring systems can be made to be either weakly or strongly coupled, so that we can observe Rabi oscillations in the decay dynamics even for micron-sized rings. Moreover, we demonstrate that slot waveguide rings can be used to directionally couple emission, again with near-unity efficiency. Our results pave the way for integrated solid-state quantum circuits involving various emitters.
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16
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Gmeiner B, Maser A, Utikal T, Götzinger S, Sandoghdar V. Spectroscopy and microscopy of single molecules in nanoscopic channels: spectral behavior vs. confinement depth. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19588-94. [PMID: 27327379 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01698g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We perform high-resolution spectroscopy and localization microscopy to study single dye molecules confined to nanoscopic dimensions in one direction. We provide the fabrication details of our nanoscopic glass channels and the procedure for filling them with organic matrices. Optical data on hundreds of molecules in different channel depths show a clear trend from narrow stable lines in deep channels to broader linewidths in ultrathin matrices. In addition, we observe a steady blue shift of the center of the inhomogeneous band as the channels become thinner. Furthermore, we use super-resolution localization microscopy to correlate the positions and orientations of the individual dye molecules with the lateral landscape of the organic matrix, including cracks and strain-induced dislocations. Our results and methodology are useful for a number of studies in various fields such as physical chemistry, solid-state spectroscopy, and quantum nano-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gmeiner
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Maser
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. and Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Utikal
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. and Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany and School of Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. and Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Gaio M, Moffa M, Castro-Lopez M, Pisignano D, Camposeo A, Sapienza R. Modal Coupling of Single Photon Emitters Within Nanofiber Waveguides. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6125-30. [PMID: 27203403 PMCID: PMC4928142 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale generation of individual photons in confined geometries is an exciting research field aiming at exploiting localized electromagnetic fields for light manipulation. One of the outstanding challenges of photonic systems combining emitters with nanostructured media is the selective channelling of photons emitted by embedded sources into specific optical modes and their transport at distant locations in integrated systems. Here, we show that soft-matter nanofibers, electrospun with embedded emitters, combine subwavelength field localization and large broadband near-field coupling with low propagation losses. By momentum spectroscopy, we quantify the modal coupling efficiency identifying the regime of single-mode coupling. These nanofibers do not rely on resonant interactions, making them ideal for room-temperature operation, and offer a scalable platform for future quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gaio
- Department
of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Moffa
- CNR-Istituto
Nanoscienze, Euromediterranean Center for
Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT), via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marta Castro-Lopez
- Department
of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Pisignano
- CNR-Istituto
Nanoscienze, Euromediterranean Center for
Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT), via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, via Arnesano I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Camposeo
- CNR-Istituto
Nanoscienze, Euromediterranean Center for
Nanomaterial Modelling and Technology (ECMT), via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sapienza
- Department
of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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18
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Kowalewski M, Bennett K, Mukamel S. Non-adiabatic dynamics of molecules in optical cavities. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:054309. [PMID: 26851923 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong coupling of molecules to the vacuum field of micro cavities can modify the potential energy surfaces thereby opening new photophysical and photochemical reaction pathways. While the influence of laser fields is usually described in terms of classical field, coupling to the vacuum state of a cavity has to be described in terms of dressed photon-matter states (polaritons) which require quantized fields. We present a derivation of the non-adiabatic couplings for single molecules in the strong coupling regime suitable for the calculation of the dressed state dynamics. The formalism allows to use quantities readily accessible from quantum chemistry codes like the adiabatic potential energy surfaces and dipole moments to carry out wave packet simulations in the dressed basis. The implications for photochemistry are demonstrated for a set of model systems representing typical situations found in molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Kochise Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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19
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Kowalewski M, Bennett K, Mukamel S. Cavity Femtochemistry: Manipulating Nonadiabatic Dynamics at Avoided Crossings. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2050-4. [PMID: 27186666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Molecular potential energy surfaces can be actively manipulated by light. This is usually done by strong classical laser light but was recently demonstrated for the quantum field in an optical cavity. The photonic vacuum state of a localized cavity mode can be strongly mixed with the molecular degrees of freedom to create hybrid field-matter states known as polaritons. We simulate the avoided crossing of sodium iodide in a cavity by incorporating the quantized cavity field into the nuclear wave packet dynamics calculation. The quantized field is represented on a numerical grid in quadrature space, thus avoiding the limitations set by the rotating wave approximation (RWA) when the field is expanded in Fock space. This approach allows the investigation of cavity couplings in the vicinity of naturally occurring avoided crossings and conical intersections, which is too expensive in the fock space expansion when the RWA does not apply. Numerical results show how the branching ratio between the covalent and ionic dissociation channels can be strongly manipulated by the optical cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kowalewski
- Chemistry Department, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Kochise Bennett
- Chemistry Department, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Chemistry Department, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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20
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Verhart NR, Müller M, Orrit M. Spectroscopy of Single Dibenzoterrylene Molecules in para-Dichlorobenzene. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1524-9. [PMID: 26840901 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We study single dibenzoterrylene (DBT) molecules embedded in 1,4-dichlorobenzene (para-dichlorobenzene, pDCB) at 1.2 K. Due to the relatively low melting point of pDCB (53 °C), this host-guest system can be easily prepared from the molten phase. Narrow linewidths, stable molecular lines and high saturation count rates of single DBT molecules were observed. For this reason, we consider this host-guest system a promising candidate for the study of interactions of single molecules with other small objects such as waveguides or nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico R Verhart
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Müller
- Isabellenhütte Heusler GmbH & Co KG., Dillenburg, Germany
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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21
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Saurabh P, Mukamel S. Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of vibrational polaritons of molecules in an optical cavity. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124115. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4944492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Saurabh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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22
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Polisseni C, Major KD, Boissier S, Grandi S, Clark AS, Hinds EA. Stable, single-photon emitter in a thin organic crystal for application to quantum-photonic devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:5615-5627. [PMID: 29092383 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.005615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single dibenzoterrylene (DBT) molecules offer great promise as bright, reliable sources of single photons on demand, capable of integration into solid-state devices. It has been proposed that DBT in anthracene might be placed close to an optical waveguide for this purpose, but so far there have been no demonstrations of sufficiently thin crystals, with a controlled concentration of the dopant molecules. Here we present a method for growing very thin anthracene crystals from super-saturated vapour, which produces crystals of extreme flatness and controlled thickness. We show how this crystal can be doped with an adjustable concentration of dibenzoterrylene (DBT) molecules and we examine the optical properties of these molecules to demonstrate their suitability as quantum emitters in nanophotonic devices. Our measurements show that the molecules are available in the crystal as single quantum emitters, with a well-defined polarisation relative to the crystal axes, making them amenable to alignment with optical nanostructures. We find that the radiative lifetime and saturation intensity vary little within the crystal and are not in any way compromised by the unusual matrix environment. We show that a large fraction of these emitters can be excited more than 1012 times without photo-bleaching, making them suitable for real applications.
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23
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Single-photon non-linear optics with a quantum dot in a waveguide. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8655. [PMID: 26492951 PMCID: PMC4639909 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong non-linear interactions between photons enable logic operations for both classical and quantum-information technology. Unfortunately, non-linear interactions are usually feeble and therefore all-optical logic gates tend to be inefficient. A quantum emitter deterministically coupled to a propagating mode fundamentally changes the situation, since each photon inevitably interacts with the emitter, and highly correlated many-photon states may be created. Here we show that a single quantum dot in a photonic-crystal waveguide can be used as a giant non-linearity sensitive at the single-photon level. The non-linear response is revealed from the intensity and quantum statistics of the scattered photons, and contains contributions from an entangled photon–photon bound state. The quantum non-linearity will find immediate applications for deterministic Bell-state measurements and single-photon transistors and paves the way to scalable waveguide-based photonic quantum-computing architectures. Interacting light beams are required for all-optical information processing, but such nonlinear effects are tiny at the single-photon level. Here, the authors show that a single quantum dot in a photonic-crystal waveguide enables the necessary giant optical nonlinearity.
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24
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Faez S, Verhart NR, Markoulides M, Buda F, Gourdon A, Orrit M. Design and synthesis of aromatic molecules for probing electric fields at the nanoscale. Faraday Discuss 2015; 184:251-62. [PMID: 26416615 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00065c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose using halogenated organic dyes as nanoprobes for electric fields and show their greatly enhanced Stark coefficients using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We analyse halogenated variants of three molecules that have been of interest for cryogenic single molecule spectroscopy: perylene, terrylene, and dibenzoterrylene, with the zero-phonon optical transitions at blue, red, and near-infrared. Out of all the combinations of halides and binding sites that are calculated, we have found that fluorination of the optimum binding site induces a dipole difference between the ground and excited states larger than 0.5 D for all three molecules with the highest value of 0.69 D for fluoroperylene. We also report on the synthesis of 3-fluoroterrylene and the bulk spectroscopy of this compound in liquid and solid organic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanli Faez
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, PO Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Eggleston MS, Wu MC. Efficient Coupling of an Antenna-Enhanced nanoLED into an Integrated InP Waveguide. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3329-3333. [PMID: 25830605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing power consumption in traditional on-chip metal interconnects has made optical links an attractive alternative. However, such a link is currently missing a fast, efficient, nanoscale light-source. Coupling nanoscale optical emitters to optical antennas has been shown to greatly increase their spontaneous emission rate and efficiency. Such a structure would be an ideal emitter for an on-chip optical link. However, there has never been a demonstration of an antenna-enhanced emitter coupled to a low-loss integrated waveguide. In this Letter we demonstrate an optical antenna-enhanced nanoLED coupled to an integrated InP waveguide. The nanoLEDs are comprised of a nanoridge of InGaAsP coupled to a gold antenna that exhibits a 36× enhanced rate of spontaneous emission. Coupling efficiencies as large as 70% are demonstrated into an integrated waveguide. Directional antennas also demonstrate direction emission down one direction of a waveguide with observed front-to-back ratios as high as 3:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Eggleston
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ming C Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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