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Zheng Y, Huang R, Yu Y, Wei X, Yin J, Zhang S. Synergistic effects of hydrophilic function group and micropores on water evaporation in a novel carbon hydrogels for efficient solar steam generation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121707. [PMID: 38705067 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Solar steam generation (SSG) using hydrogels is emerging as a promising technology for clean water production. Herein, a novel oxygen-doped microporous carbon hydrogel (OPCH), rich in hydrophilic groups and micropores, has been synthesized from microalgae to optimize SSG. OPCH outperforms hydrogels with hydrophobic porous carbon or nonporous hydrophilic biochar, significantly reducing water's evaporation enthalpy from 2216.06 to 1107.88 J g-1 and activating 42.3 g of water per 100 g for evaporation, resulting in an impressive evaporation rate of 2.44 kg m-2 h-1 under one sun. A detailed investigation into the synergistic effects of hydrophilic groups and micropores on evaporation via a second derivative thermogravimetry method revealed two types of bonded water contributing to enthalpy reduction. Molecular dynamics simulations provided further insights, revealing that the hydrophilic micropores considerably decrease both the number and the lifetime of hydrogen bonds among water molecules. This dual effect not only reduces the energy barrier for evaporation but also enhances the kinetic energy needed for the phase transition, significantly boosting the water evaporation process. The sustained high evaporation rates of OPCH, observed across multiple cycles and under varying salinity conditions, underscore its potential as a highly efficient and sustainable solution for SSG applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zheng
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Yujie Yu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xingming Wei
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jianyong Yin
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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2
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Xia Q, Pan Y, Liu B, Zhang X, Li E, Shen T, Li S, Xu N, Ding J, Wang C, Vecitis CD, Gao G. Solar-driven abnormal evaporation of nanoconfined water. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj3760. [PMID: 38820164 PMCID: PMC11141626 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsic water evaporation demands a high energy input, which limits the efficacy of conventional interfacial solar evaporators. Here, we propose a nanoconfinement strategy altering inherent properties of water for solar-driven water evaporation using a highly uniform composite of vertically aligned Janus carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The water evaporation from the CNT shows the unexpected diameter-dependent evaporation rate, increasing abnormally with decreasing nanochannel diameter. The evaporation rate of CNT10@AAO evaporator thermodynamically exceeds the theoretical limit (1.47 kg m-2 hour-1 under one sun). A hybrid experimental, theoretical, and molecular simulation approach provided fundamental evidence of different nanoconfined water properties. The decreased number of H-bonds and lower interaction energy barrier of water molecules within CNT and formed water clusters may be one of the reasons for the less evaporative energy activating rapid nanoconfined water vaporization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yifan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides Bât. 510, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Enze Li
- Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization Technology of Coal Waste Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tao Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chad D. Vecitis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Guandao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Chongqing Innovation Research Institute of Nanjing University, Chongqing 401121, China
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3
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Devlin SW, Bernal F, Riffe EJ, Wilson KR, Saykally RJ. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Water at interfaces. Faraday Discuss 2024; 249:9-37. [PMID: 37795954 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article we discuss current issues in the context of the four chosen subtopics for the meeting: dynamics and nano-rheology of interfacial water, electrified/charged aqueous interfaces, ice interfaces, and soft matter/water interfaces. We emphasize current advances in both theory and experiment, as well as important practical manifestations and areas of unresolved controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane W Devlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Franky Bernal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erika J Riffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Richard J Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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4
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Gaur A, Balasubramanian S. Liquid-Vapor Interface of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions: A Molecular Dynamics Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:230-240. [PMID: 38150706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
While the organic constituent in an aqueous binary solution enriches its liquid-vapor (l-v) interface, the extent of enrichment can depend nonlinearly on its mole fraction. A microscopic quantification and rationalization of this behavior are crucial to understand the dependence of properties such as surface tension and evaporation rate of the solution on its composition. Extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous ethylene glycol (EG) solutions show that the composition of the solution at the l-v interface deviates the most from that in the bulk solution at an EG mole fraction of 0.3. The population of EG molecules with their central C-C dihedral in the gauche conformation was found to be higher at the l-v interface than that in the bulk solution to facilitate the orientation of its hydrophobic methyl groups toward the vapor phase. Free energy calculations reveal that in dilute EG solutions, an EG molecule is most stable at the l-v interface. The behavior of vapor pressure in aqueous EG solutions is ideal and follows Raoult's law, while in contrast, the aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide does not. A rationale for the same is provided through the orientational distribution of interfacial water molecules in the respective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gaur
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
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Chiang KY, Yu X, Yu CC, Seki T, Sun S, Bonn M, Nagata Y. Bulklike Vibrational Coupling of Surface Water Revealed by Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:256202. [PMID: 38181372 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.256202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Vibrational coupling between interfacial water molecules is important for energy dissipation after on-water chemistry, yet intensely debated. Here, we quantify the interfacial vibrational coupling strength through the linewidth of surface-specific vibrational spectra of the water's O─H (O─D) stretch region for neat H_{2}O/D_{2}O and their isotopic mixtures. The local-field-effect-corrected experimental SFG spectra reveal that the vibrational coupling between hydrogen-bonded interfacial water O─H groups is comparable to that in bulk water, despite the effective density reduction at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Yang Chiang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Takakazu Seki
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shumei Sun
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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6
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Collazos-Burbano DA, Téllez-Guzmán EA, Ealo J, Villagrán-Muniz M, García-Segundo C. Insights into the dielectric function of plant leaves under water stress. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8951-8957. [PMID: 38038043 DOI: 10.1364/ao.505785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a practical approach combining experimental and theoretical analyses to assess water evaporation in Arabica coffee leaves. We examine continuously the changing water content of leaves through optical reflectance spectroscopy and mass loss measurements, beginning from a fully saturated stage and extending beyond the turgor loss point. We establish a relationship between the current water content and the dielectric function, based on the changing of the molecular water dipoles inside the leaf due to evaporation.
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7
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Yu F, Li J, Jiang Y, Wang L, Yang X, Yang Y, Li X, Jiang K, Lü W, Sun X. High Hydrovoltaic Power Density Achieved by Universal Evaporating Potential Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302941. [PMID: 37712146 PMCID: PMC10602524 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
While hydrovoltaic electrical energy generation developments in very recent years have provided an alternative strategy to generate electricity from the direct interaction of materials with water, the two main issues still need to be addressed: achieving satisfactory output power density and understanding the reliable mechanism. In the present work, the integration of capacitors and water evaporation devices is proposed to provide a stable power supply. The feasible device structure consuming only water and air is green and environmentally sustainable, achieving a recorded power density of 142.72 µW cm-2 . The output power of the series of devices is sufficient to drive portable electronic products with different voltage and current requirements, enabling self-driving systems for portable appliances. It has been shown that the working behavior originates from evaporating potential other than streaming potential. The present work provides both theoretical support and an experimental design for realizing practical application of hydrovoltaic electrical energy generation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of TechnologyChangchun130012P.R. China
| | - Jialun Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of TechnologyChangchun130012P.R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of ScienceChangchun Institute of TechnologyChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Liying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of TechnologyChangchun130012P.R. China
| | - Xijia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of TechnologyChangchun130012P.R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of TechnologyChangchun130012P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of TechnologyChangchun130012P.R. China
| | - Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130033P. R. China
| | - Wei Lü
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of TechnologyChangchun130012P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130033P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130033P. R. China
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8
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Ronghe A, Ayappa KG. Graphene Nanopores Enhance Water Evaporation from Salt Solutions: Exploring the Effects of Ions and Concentration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37312291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With increased water stress, the development of clean water technologies is an active area of research. Evaporation-based solutions offer the advantage of low energy consumption, and recently a 10-30 fold enhancement in water evaporation flux has been observed through Å-scale graphene nanopores (Lee, W.-C., et al., ACS Nano 2022, 16(9), 15382). Herein, using molecular dynamics simulations, we examine the suitability of Å-scale graphene nanopores in enhancing water evaporation from salt solutions (LiCl, NaCl, and KCl). Cation-π interactions between ions and the surface of nanoporous graphene are found to significantly influence ion populations in the nanopore vicinity, leading to varied water evaporation fluxes from different salt solutions. The highest water evaporation flux was observed for KCl solutions, followed by NaCl and LiCl solutions, with the differences reducing at lower concentrations. Relative to the bare liquid-vapor interface, 4.54 Å nanopores exhibit the highest evaporation flux enhancements ranging from 7 to 11, with an enhancement of 10.8 obtained for 0.6 M NaCl solution, which closely resembles seawater compositions. Functionalized nanopores induce short-lived water-water hydrogen bonds and reduce surface tension at the liquid-vapor interface, thereby lowering the free energy barrier for water evaporation with a negligible effect on the ion hydration dynamics. These findings can aid in developing green technologies for desalination and separation processes with low thermal energy input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshaj Ronghe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - K Ganapathy Ayappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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9
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Pandey PK, Chandra A. Mechanism, Kinetics, and Potential of Mean Force of Evaporation of Water from Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions of Varying Concentrations. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4602-4612. [PMID: 37163726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c09004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism, kinetics, and potential of mean force of evaporation of water from aqueous NaCl solutions are investigated through both unbiased molecular dynamics simulations and also biased simulations using the umbrella sampling method. The results are obtained for aqueous solutions of three different NaCl concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 6.0 m and also for pure water. The rate of evaporation is found to decrease in the presence of ions. It is found that the process of evaporation of a surface water molecule from ionic solutions can be triggered through its collision with another water or chloride ion. Such collisions provide the additional kinetic energy that is required for evaporation. However, when the collision takes place with a Cl- ion, the evaporation of the escaping water also involves a collision with water in the vicinity of the ion at the same time along with the ion-water collision. These two collisions together provide the required kinetic energy for escape of the evaporating water molecule. Thus, the mechanism of evaporation process of ionic solutions can be more complex than that of pure water. The potential of mean force (PMF) of evaporation is found to be positive and it increases with increasing ion concentration. Also, no barrier in the PMF is found to be present for the condensation of water from vapor phase to the surfaces of the solutions. A detailed analysis of the unsuccessful evaporation attempts by surface water molecules is also made in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 208016
| | - Amalendu Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India 208016
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10
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Zhao Z, Jin Y, Zhou R, Sun C, Huang X. Unexpected Behavior in Thermal Conductivity of Confined Monolayer Water. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:4090-4098. [PMID: 37105181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer water can be formed under extreme confinement and will present distinctive thermodynamic properties compared with bulk water. In this work, we perform molecular dynamics simulations to study the thermal conductivity of monolayer water confined in graphene channels, finding an unexpected way of thermal conductivity of monolayer water dependent on its number density, which has a close correlation with the structure of water. The monolayer water is in an amorphous state, and its thermal conductivity increases linearly with the area density when the water density is low at first. Then, the thermal conductivity increases as the number density of water rises, which is attributed to the formation of a crystal structure and the reduction of crystal defects as the number of water molecules increases. After reaching the zenith, the thermal conductivity decreases rapidly owing to the formation of a wrinkle structure of monolayer water with excessive water molecules, which weakens the phonon dispersion. Moreover, we further investigate the remarkable effects of the channel height on both the structure and thermal conductivity of monolayer water. In summary, this study demonstrates the close connection between the thermal conductivity of monolayer water and its structure, contributing to not only expanding the understanding of the thermodynamic property of nanoconfined water but also benefiting the engineering applications for nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhao
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Yonghui Jin
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Runfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chengzhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- School of Urban Planning and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Shaanxi 710048, China
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11
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Monfared N, Murphy PJ. Features and influences on the normal tear evaporation rate. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101809. [PMID: 36621341 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tear evaporation is a normal physiological phenomenon that has an important role in regulating blink activity and tear production. An altered tear evaporation rate (TER) is a defining characteristic of evaporative dry eye disease (DED), and the measurement of tear evaporation is a useful clinical test for diagnosis. Reported values for a normal TER cover a broad range, which may be due to the influence of ocular, environmental, and systemic factors. For improved disease diagnosis, a fuller understanding of the normal TER range is essential. This paper reports on a literature review of the current knowledge of these normal influences on TER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeimeh Monfared
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Paul J Murphy
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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12
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Danaeifar M, Ocheje OM, Mazlomi MA. Exploitation of renewable energy sources for water desalination using biological tools. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32193-32213. [PMID: 36725802 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The emerging impacts of climate change and the growing world population are driving the demand for more food resources and creating an urgent need for new water resources. About 93% of Earth's surface is made up of water bodies, mainly oceans. Seawater attracted a lot of attention in order to be used as a sustainable source of usable water. However, an essential step in harnessing this source of water is desalination. Utilizing renewable sources of energy, biology offers several tools for removal of salts. This article for the first time reviews all currently available biological water desalination tools and compares their efficiency with industrial systems. Bacteria are employed as electrical power generators to provide the energy needed for desalination in microbial desalination cells. Its salt removal efficiency varied from 0.8 to 30 g/L/d. Many strains of algal cells can grow in high concentrations of salts, adsorb and accumulate it inside the cell, and therefore could be used without prior treatment for seawater desalination. This biological tool can yield salt removal efficiency of 0.4-5 g/L/d. Biopolymers are also used for treatment of seawater through enhancing water evaporation as a component of solar steam generators. Despite significant advances in biological water desalination, further modifications and improvements are still needed to make its use sustainable and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Danaeifar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Onuche Musa Ocheje
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mazlomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Decoupling thermal effects and possible non-thermal effects of microwaves in vacuum evaporation of glucose solutions. J FOOD ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Yu X, Chiang KY, Yu CC, Bonn M, Nagata Y. On the Fresnel factor correction of sum-frequency generation spectra of interfacial water. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:044701. [PMID: 36725499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insights into the microscopic structure of aqueous interfaces are essential for understanding the chemical and physical processes on the water surface, including chemical synthesis, atmospheric chemistry, and events in biomolecular systems. These aqueous interfaces have been probed by heterodyne-detected sum-frequency generation (HD-SFG) spectroscopy. To obtain the molecular response from the measured HD-SFG spectra, one needs to correct the measured ssp spectra for local electromagnetic field effects at the interface due to a spatially varying dielectric function. This so-called Fresnel factor correction can change the inferred response substantially, and different ways of performing this correction lead to different conclusions about the interfacial water response. Here, we compare the simulated and experimental spectra at the air/water interface. We use three previously developed models to compare the experiment with theory: an advanced approach taking into account the detailed inhomogeneous interfacial dielectric profile and the Lorentz and slab models to approximate the interfacial dielectric function. Using the advanced model, we obtain an excellent quantitative agreement between theory and experiment, in both spectral shape and amplitude. Remarkably, we find that for the Fresnel factor correction of the ssp spectra, the Lorentz model for the interfacial dielectric function is equally accurate in the hydrogen (H)-bonded region of the response, while the slab model underestimates this response significantly. The Lorentz model, thus, provides a straightforward method to obtain the molecular response from the measured spectra of aqueous interfaces in the H-bonded region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kuo-Yang Chiang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Poulose S, Venkatesan M, Möbius M, Coey JMD. Evaporation of water and urea solution in a magnetic field; the role of nuclear isomers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:814-824. [PMID: 36195021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Ortho and para water are the two nuclear isomers where the hydrogen protons align to give a total nuclear spin of 1 or 0. The equilibrium ratio of 3:1 is established slowly in freshly evaporated water vapour while the isomers behave distinct gasses, with their own partial pressures. Magnetic-field-induced ortho ⟷ para transformations are expected to alter the evaporation rate. EXPERIMENT Evaporation from beakers of deionized water and a 6 M solution of urea is monitored simultaneously for periods from 1 to 60 h with and without a 500 mT magnetic field, while logging the ambient temperature and humidity. Balances with the two beakers are shielded in the same Perspex container. Many runs have been conducted over a two-year period. FINDINGS The evaporation rate of water is found to increase by 12 ± 7% of in the field but that of water with dissolved urea decreases by 28 ± 6%. Two effects are at play. One is dephasing of the Larmor precession of adjacent protons on a water molecule in a field gradient, which tends to equalize the isomer populations. The other is Lorentz stress on the moving charge dipole, which can increase the proportion of the ortho isomer. From analysis of the time and field dependence of the evaporation, we infer that the ortho fraction is 39 ± 1% in fresh vapour from water and 60 ± 5% in fresh vapour from urea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Venkatesan
- School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - J M D Coey
- School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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16
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Mandal S, Chowdhury IZ, Mazumder NUS, Agnew RJ, Boorady LM. Characterization of Sweat Drying Performance of Single Layered Thermal Protective Fabrics Used in High-Risk Sector Workers' Clothing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245393. [PMID: 36559759 PMCID: PMC9788630 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorption and transportation of moisture from sweat are the crucial properties of the fabrics used in performance clothing. Sweat moisture is a significant factor that may cause discomfort to the wearer. The majority of the injuries and fatalities that happen to the high-risk sector workers in their line of duty may be caused by inadequate comfort provided by the protective uniform. The purpose of this study is to scientifically investigate the sweat drying performance of the different protective fabrics used in high-risk sectors' workers' clothing. Firstly, this study experimentally analyzed the sweat drying of protective fabrics with different attributes under various ambient environments and wearers' internal physiology. Secondly, this study explained the phenomena of sweat drying in protective fabric through the theory of heat and mass transfer. Sweat drying performance of the fabrics used in functional clothing mainly depends on the evaporative resistance regardless of the presence of water and oil repellent coating on the fabric surface. The drying performance increases with the increased wetted area and increased air flow. The wetted area depends on the absorption and wicking properties of the fabrics. The findings of this research will advance the field by developing knowledge on sweat drying performance of fabrics used in protective clothing; in turn, this could provide better comfort and safety to high-risk sectors' workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mandal
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-5061, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ishmam Zahin Chowdhury
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-5061, USA
| | - Nur-Us-Shafa Mazumder
- Textile Protection and Comfort Center, Wilson College of Textiles, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606-3700, USA
| | - Robert J. Agnew
- Fire Protection and Safety Engineering Technology Program, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-5061, USA
| | - Lynn M. Boorady
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-5061, USA
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17
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Hao H, Ruiz Pestana L, Qian J, Liu M, Xu Q, Head‐Gordon T. Chemical transformations and transport phenomena at interfaces. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Hao
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Luis Ruiz Pestana
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
| | - Jin Qian
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Meili Liu
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
| | - Qiang Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Teresa Head‐Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley California USA
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
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18
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Lee WC, Ronghe A, Villalobos LF, Huang S, Dakhchoune M, Mensi M, Hsu KJ, Ayappa KG, Agrawal KV. Enhanced Water Evaporation from Å-Scale Graphene Nanopores. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15382-15396. [PMID: 36000823 PMCID: PMC9527801 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the kinetics of liquid-vapor transition from nanoscale confinements is an attractive strategy for developing evaporation and separation applications. The ultimate limit of confinement for evaporation is an atom thick interface hosting angstrom-scale nanopores. Herein, using a combined experimental/computational approach, we report highly enhanced water evaporation rates when angstrom sized oxygen-functionalized graphene nanopores are placed at the liquid-vapor interface. The evaporation flux increases for the smaller nanopores with an enhancement up to 35-fold with respect to the bare liquid-vapor interface. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that oxygen-functionalized nanopores render rapid rotational and translational dynamics to the water molecules due to a reduced and short-lived water-water hydrogen bonding. The potential of mean force (PMF) reveals that the free energy barrier for water evaporation decreases in the presence of nanopores at the atomically thin interface, which further explains the enhancement in evaporation flux. These findings can enable the development of energy-efficient technologies relying on water evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Lee
- Laboratory
of Advanced Separations (LAS), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Anshaj Ronghe
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Luis Francisco Villalobos
- Laboratory
of Advanced Separations (LAS), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Shiqi Huang
- Laboratory
of Advanced Separations (LAS), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Mostapha Dakhchoune
- Laboratory
of Advanced Separations (LAS), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Mounir Mensi
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), EPFL, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Kuang-Jung Hsu
- Laboratory
of Advanced Separations (LAS), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - K. Ganapathy Ayappa
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kumar Varoon Agrawal
- Laboratory
of Advanced Separations (LAS), École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion 1950, Switzerland
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19
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Rana B, Fairhurst DJ, Jena KC. Investigation of Water Evaporation Process at Air/Water Interface using Hofmeister Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17832-17840. [PMID: 36131621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Evaporation is an interfacial phenomenon in which a water molecule breaks the intermolecular hydrogen (H-) bonds and enters the vapor phase. However, a detailed demonstration of the role of interfacial water structure in the evaporation process is still lacking. Here, we purposefully perturb the H-bonding environment at the air/water interface by introducing kosmotropic (HPO4-2, SO4-2, and CO3-2) and chaotropic ions (NO3- and I-) to determine their influence on the evaporation process. Using time-resolved interferometry on aqueous salt droplets, we found that kosmotropes reduce evaporation, whereas chaotropes accelerate the evaporation process, following the Hofmeister series: HPO4-2 < SO4-2 < CO3-2 < Cl- < NO3- < I-. To extract deeper molecular-level insights into the observed Hofmeister trend in the evaporation rates, we investigated the air/water interface in the presence of ions using surface-specific sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. The SFG vibrational spectra reveal the significant impact of ions on the strength of the H-bonding environment and the orientation of free OH oscillators from ∼36.2 to 48.4° at the air/water interface, where both the effects follow the Hofmeister series. It is established that the slow evaporating water molecules experience a strong H-bonding environment with free OH oscillators tilted away from the surface normal in the presence of kosmotropes. In contrast, the fast evaporating water molecules experience a weak H-bonding environment with free OH oscillators tilted toward the surface normal in the presence of chaotropes at the air/water interface. Our experimental outcomes showcase the complex bonding environment of interfacial water molecules and their decisive role in the evaporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Rana
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - David J Fairhurst
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Kailash C Jena
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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20
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Molecular dynamics simulations of the evaporation of hydrated ions from aqueous solution. Commun Chem 2022; 5:55. [PMID: 36698011 PMCID: PMC9814746 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although important for atmospheric processes and gas-phase catalysis, very little is known about the hydration state of ions in the vapor phase. Here we study the evaporation energetics and kinetics of a chloride ion from liquid water by molecular dynamics simulations. As chloride permeates the interface, a water finger forms and breaks at a chloride separation of ≈ 2.8 nm from the Gibbs dividing surface. For larger separations from the interface, about 7 water molecules are estimated to stay bound to chloride in saturated water vapor, as corroborated by continuum dielectrics and statistical mechanics models. This ion hydration significantly reduces the free-energy barrier for evaporation. The effective chloride diffusivity in the transition state is found to be about 6 times higher than in bulk, which reflects the highly mobile hydration dynamics as the water finger breaks. Both effects significantly increase the chloride evaporation flux from the quiescent interface of an electrolyte solution, which is predicted from reaction kinetic theory.
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21
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Liu S, Zhang R, Mao J, Zhao Y, Cai Q, Guo Z. From room temperature to harsh temperature applications: Fundamentals and perspectives on electrolytes in zinc metal batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5097. [PMID: 35319992 PMCID: PMC8942368 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most competitive candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems, the emerging rechargeable zinc metal battery (ZMB) is inevitably influenced by beyond-room-temperature conditions, resulting in inferior performances. Although much attention has been paid to evaluating the performance of ZMBs under extreme temperatures in recent years, most academic electrolyte research has not provided adequate information about physical properties or practical testing protocols of their electrolytes, making it difficult to assess their true performance. The growing interest in ZMBs is calling for in-depth research on electrolyte behavior under harsh practical conditions, which has not been systematically reviewed yet. Hence, in this review, we first showcase the fundamentals behind the failure of ZMBs in terms of temperature influence and then present a comprehensive understanding of the current electrolyte strategies to improve battery performance at harsh temperatures. Last, we offer perspectives on the advance of ZMB electrolytes toward industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- The Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, The Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Jianfeng Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Advanced Technology Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Qiong Cai
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- Corresponding author. (Z.G.); (Q.C.)
| | - Zaiping Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- The Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, The Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- Corresponding author. (Z.G.); (Q.C.)
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22
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Huang Y, Zhang C, Meng S. Molecular origin of fast evaporation at the solid-water-vapor line in a sessile droplet. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2729-2734. [PMID: 35112686 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07479b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By analyzing the behaviors of water molecules at the solid-water-vapor contact line, we explore the molecular origin of large evaporation rates at the contact line and find new ways to increase the evaporation of the droplet. In contrast to previous models considering macroscopic surroundings and the geometry of the droplet, here we study the behaviors of water molecules by introducing cohesive energy which includes interactions of water molecules with both other water molecules in the droplet and atoms in the substrate. Molecules at the contact line bear the smallest evaporating energy barrier and therefore, possess the largest possibility to evaporate. Further analyses show that the evaporation rate of the droplet is enhanced through the large length of the contact line. These analyses are corroborated by experiments, where the evaporation rate of the droplet is enhanced up to 30% by incorporating hollow glass spheres in the droplet. Our theoretical and experimental efforts illustrate the underlying molecular mechanisms of large evaporation rates of a droplet, providing new avenues to accelerate droplet evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Huang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Cui Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Sheng Meng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Zhang K, Fang W, Lv C, Feng XQ. Evaporation of liquid nanofilms: A minireview. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2022; 34:021302. [PMID: 35342277 PMCID: PMC8939525 DOI: 10.1063/5.0082191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation of virus-loaded droplets and liquid nanofilms plays a significant role in the pandemic of COVID-19. The evaporation mechanism of liquid nanofilms has attracted much attention in recent decades. In this minireview, we first introduce the relationship between the evaporation process of liquid nanofilms and the pandemic of COVID-19. Then, we briefly provide the frontiers of liquid droplet/nanofilm evaporation on solid surfaces. In addition, we discuss the potential application of machine learning in liquid nanofilm evaporation studies, which is expected to be helpful to build up a more accurate molecular model and to investigate the evaporation mechanism of liquid nanofilms on solid surfaces.
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24
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Karalis K, Zahn D, Prasianakis NI, Niceno B, Churakov SV. Deciphering the molecular mechanism of water boiling at heterogeneous interfaces. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19858. [PMID: 34615926 PMCID: PMC8494797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Water boiling control evolution of natural geothermal systems is widely exploited in industrial processes due to the unique non-linear thermophysical behavior. Even though the properties of water both in the liquid and gas state have been extensively studied experimentally and by numerical simulations, there is still a fundamental knowledge gap in understanding the mechanism of the heterogeneous nucleate boiling controlling evaporation and condensation. In this study, the molecular mechanism of bubble nucleation at the hydrophilic and hydrophobic solid-water interface was determined by performing unbiased molecular dynamics simulations using the transition path sampling scheme. Analyzing the liquid to vapor transition path, the initiation of small void cavities (vapor bubbles nuclei) and their subsequent merging mechanism, leading to successively growing vacuum domains (vapor phase), has been elucidated. The molecular mechanism and the boiling nucleation sites' location are strongly dependent on the solid surface hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. Then simulations reveal the impact of the surface functionality on the adsorbed thin water molecules film structuring and the location of high probability nucleation sites. Our findings provide molecular-scale insights into the computational aided design of new novel materials for more efficient heat removal and rationalizing the damage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie/Computer Chemie Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos I Prasianakis
- Laboratory for Waste Management (LES), Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Niceno
- Laboratory of Scientific Computing and Modelling (LSM), Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sergey V Churakov
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Laboratory for Waste Management (LES), Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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25
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Yu X, Seki T, Yu CC, Zhong K, Sun S, Okuno M, Backus EHG, Hunger J, Bonn M, Nagata Y. Interfacial Water Structure of Binary Liquid Mixtures Reflects Nonideal Behavior. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10639-10646. [PMID: 34503330 PMCID: PMC8474108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evaporation of molecules from water-organic solute binary mixtures is key for both atmospheric and industrial processes such as aerosol formation and distillation. Deviations from ideal evaporation energetics can be assigned to intermolecular interactions in solution, yet evaporation occurs from the interface, and the poorly understood interfacial, rather than the bulk, structure of binary mixtures affects evaporation kinetics. Here we determine the interfacial structure of nonideal binary mixtures of water with methanol, ethanol, and formic acid, by combining surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy with molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the free, dangling OH groups at the interfaces of these differently behaving nonideal mixtures are essentially indistinguishable. In contrast, the ordering of hydrogen-bonded interfacial water molecules differs substantially at these three interfaces. Specifically, the interfacial water molecules become more disordered (ordered) in mixtures with methanol and ethanol (formic acid), showing higher (lower) vapor pressure than that predicted by Raoult's law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Takakazu Seki
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Zhong
- University
of Groningen, Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shumei Sun
- Department
of Physics, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Masanari Okuno
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ellen H. G. Backus
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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26
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Liu R, Liu Z. Enhanced Evaporation of Ultrathin Water Films on Silicon-Terminated Si 3N 4 Nanopore Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10046-10051. [PMID: 34383493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water evaporation confined in nanoscale is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and has crucial importance in a broad range of technical applications. With the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation, we elucidate nanothin water film evaporation characteristics on a silicon nitride nanopore membrane considering the effects of pore size and pore chemistry. Pore chemistry plays the main role in regulating the evaporation flux. The terminated Si atoms on the pore surface lead to a higher evaporation intensity than the N ones. We attribute this enhancement to the transition of the structural properties of fluid, where liquid molecules are packed loosely and disorderedly under the inducement of terminated silicon atoms. The findings in the present work can contribute to the fundamental understanding of the nanopore-enhanced evaporation process and provide new guidance to the design of advanced nanopore membrane materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkeng Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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27
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Tabe H, Kobayashi K, Fujii H, Watanabe M. Molecular dynamics study on characteristics of reflection and condensation molecules at vapor-liquid equilibrium state. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248660. [PMID: 33725026 PMCID: PMC7963090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetic boundary condition (KBC) represents the evaporation or condensation of molecules at the vapor–liquid interface for molecular gas dynamics (MGD). When constructing the KBC, it is necessary to classify molecular motions into evaporation, condensation, and reflection in molecular-scale simulation methods. Recently, a method that involves setting the vapor boundary and liquid boundary has been used for classifying molecules. The position of the vapor boundary is related to the position where the KBC is applied in MGD analyses, whereas that of the liquid boundary has not been uniquely determined. Therefore, in this study, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations to discuss the position of the liquid boundary for the construction of KBCs. We obtained some variables that characterize molecular motions such as the positions that the molecules reached and the time they stayed in the vicinity of the interface. Based on the characteristics of the molecules found from these variables, we investigated the valid position of the liquid boundary. We also conducted an investigation on the relationship between the condensation coefficient and the molecular incident velocity from the vapor phase to the liquid phase. The dependence of the condensation coefficient on the incident velocity of molecules was confirmed, and the value of the condensation coefficient becomes small in the low-incident-velocity range. Furthermore, we found that the condensation coefficient in the non-equilibrium state shows almost the same value as that in the equilibrium state, although the corresponding velocity distribution functions of the incident velocity significantly differ from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tabe
- Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazumichi Kobayashi
- Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujii
- Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masao Watanabe
- Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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28
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Houle FA, Miles REH, Pollak CJ, Reid JP. A purely kinetic description of the evaporation of water droplets. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054501. [PMID: 33557551 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of water evaporation, although deeply studied, does not enjoy a kinetic description that captures known physics and can be integrated with other detailed processes such as drying of catalytic membranes embedded in vapor-fed devices and chemical reactions in aerosol whose volumes are changing dynamically. In this work, we present a simple, three-step kinetic model for water evaporation that is based on theory and validated by using well-established thermodynamic models of droplet size as a function of time, temperature, and relative humidity as well as data from time-resolved measurements of evaporating droplet size. The kinetic mechanism for evaporation is a combination of two limiting processes occurring in the highly dynamic liquid-vapor interfacial region: direct first order desorption of a single water molecule and desorption resulting from a local fluctuation, described using third order kinetics. The model reproduces data over a range of relative humidities and temperatures only if the interface that separates bulk water from gas phase water has a finite width, consistent with previous experimental and theoretical studies. The influence of droplet cooling during rapid evaporation on the kinetics is discussed; discrepancies between the various models point to the need for additional experimental data to identify their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances A Houle
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rachael E H Miles
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Connor J Pollak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan P Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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29
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Evaporation coefficient and condensation coefficient of vapor under high gas pressure conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8143. [PMID: 32424295 PMCID: PMC7235219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the evaporation and condensation coefficients of vapor, which represent evaporation and condensation rates of vapor molecules, under high gas pressure (high gas density) conditions in a system of a vapor/gas-liquid equilibrium state. The mixture gas is composed of condensable gas (vapor) and non-condensable gas (NC gas) molecules. We performed numerical simulations of vapor/gas–liquid equilibrium systems with the Enskog–Vlasov direct simulation Monte Carlo (EVDSMC) method. As a result of the simulations, we found that the evaporation and condensation fluxes decrease with increasing NC gas pressure, which leads to a decrease in the evaporation and condensation coefficients of vapor molecules. Especially, under extremely high gas pressure conditions, the values of these coefficients are close to zero, which means the vapor molecules cannot evaporate and condensate at the interface. Moreover, we found that the vapor molecules behave as NC gas molecules under high gas pressure conditions. We also discussed the reason why NC gas molecules interfere with evaporation and condensation of vapor molecules at the vapor/gas–liquid interface.
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30
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Ahmed M, Kostko O. From atoms to aerosols: probing clusters and nanoparticles with synchrotron based mass spectrometry and X-ray spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2713-2737. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation provides insight into spectroscopy and dynamics in clusters and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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31
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Rosenberg DJ, Alayoglu S, Kostecki R, Ahmed M. Synthesis of microporous silica nanoparticles to study water phase transitions by vibrational spectroscopy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4878-4887. [PMID: 36133105 PMCID: PMC9419861 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00544g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Silica can take many forms, and its interaction with water can change dramatically at the interface. Silica based systems offer a rich tapestry to probe the confinement of water as size and volume can be controlled by various templating strategies and synthetic procedures. To this end, microporous silica nanoparticles have been developed by a reverse microemulsion method utilizing zinc nanoclusters encapsulated in hydroxyl-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM-OH) dendrimers as a soft template. These nanoparticles were made tunable within the outer diameter range of 20-50 nm with a core mesopore of 2-15 nm. Synthesized nanoparticles were used to study the effects of surface area and microporous volumes on the vibrational spectroscopy of water. These spectra reveal contributions from bulk interfacial/interparticle water, ice-like surface water, liquid-like water, and hydrated silica surfaces suggesting that microporous silica nanoparticles allow a way to probe silica water interactions at the molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rosenberg
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA-94720 USA
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Selim Alayoglu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA-94720 USA
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA-94720 USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA-94720 USA
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32
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Seki T, Sun S, Zhong K, Yu CC, Machel K, Dreier LB, Backus EHG, Bonn M, Nagata Y. Unveiling Heterogeneity of Interfacial Water through the Water Bending Mode. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6936-6941. [PMID: 31647677 PMCID: PMC6844124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The water bending mode provides a powerful probe of the microscopic structure of bulk aqueous systems because its frequency and spectral line shape are responsive to the intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, interpreting the bending mode response is straightforward, as the intramolecular vibrational coupling is absent. Nevertheless, bending mode has not been used for probing the interfacial water structure, as it has been yet argued that the signal is dominated by bulk effects. Here, through the sum-frequency generation measurement of the water bending mode at the water/air and water/charged lipid interfaces, we demonstrate that the bending mode signal is dominated not by the bulk but by the interface. Subsequently, we disentangle the hydrogen-bonding of water at the water/air interface using the bending mode frequency distribution and find distinct interfacial hydrogen-bonded structures, which can be directly related to the interfacial organization of water. The bending mode thus provides an excellent probe of aqueous interfacial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Seki
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shumei Sun
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai Zhong
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kevin Machel
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa B. Dreier
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ellen H. G. Backus
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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33
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Abstract
Abstract
Solar powered steam generation is an emerging area in the field of energy harvest and sustainable technologies. The nano-structured photothermal materials are able to harvest energy from the full solar spectrum and convert it to heat with high efficiency. Moreover, the materials and structures for heat management as well as the mass transportation are also brought to the forefront. Several groups have reported their materials and structures as solutions for high performance devices, a few creatively coupled other physical fields with solar energy to achieve even better results. This paper provides a systematic review on the recent developments in photothermal nanomaterial discovery, material selection, structural design and mass/heat management, as well as their applications in seawater desalination and fresh water production from waste water with free solar energy. It also discusses current technical challenges and likely future developments. This article will help to stimulate novel ideas and new designs for the photothermal materials, towards efficient, low cost practical solar-driven clean water production.
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34
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Liu F, Wang L, Bradley R, Zhao B, Wu W. Highly efficient solar seawater desalination with environmentally friendly hierarchical porous carbons derived from halogen-containing polymers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29414-29423. [PMID: 35528431 PMCID: PMC9071831 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05637h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical porous carbon derived from polyvinyl chloride enabled record high evaporation rate and high energy conversion in solar seawater desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Robert Bradley
- Department of Materials
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
- MatSurf Ltd
| | - Binyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Weiping Wu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering
- City, University of London
- London
- UK
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35
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Foroutan M, Fatemi SM, Esmaeilian F, Naeini VF. Evaporation of Water on Suspended Graphene: Suppressing the Effect of Physically Heterogeneous Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14085-14095. [PMID: 30362759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation of water nanodroplets on a hydrophilically adjusted graphene sheet was studied based on a molecular dynamics approach. Suspended graphene was used as a physically heterogeneous surface, and fixed graphene was considered as an ideally flat surface. State of the triple-phase contact line (TPCL) and shape evolution were addressed at four different temperatures on both substrates. Additionally, contact angle (CA) was studied during 3 and 22.5 ns simulations in both closed and opened conditions. The observed constant contact angle regime was predictable for the fixed graphene. However, it was not expected for the suspended system and was attributed to the oscillations of the substrate atoms. The size of the nanodroplet also affects the constant-contact-angle mode in both systems, when the number of water molecules decreases to less than 500. The oscillations created a surface on which physical heterogeneities were varying through time. Examination of the evaporation and condensation processes revealed higher rates for the fixed systems. Local mass fluxes were calculated to reveal the contribution of TPCL and meridian surface (MS) of the nanodroplet to evaporation and condensation. The obtained results indicate similar values for the mass flux ratio at the TPCL, which remains twice as large as the MS for both suspended and fixed graphene. The results confirm the assumption that a surface with varying heterogeneities can overwhelm the droplet and act as an ideally flat surface.
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36
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Guo Y, Wan R. Evaporation of nanoscale water on a uniformly complete wetting surface at different temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12272-12277. [PMID: 29687804 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evaporation of nanoscale water films on surfaces affects many processes in nature and industry. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we show the evaporation of a nanoscale water film on a uniformly complete wetting surface at different temperatures. With the increase in temperature, the growth of the water evaporation rate becomes slow. Analyses show that the hydrogen bond (H-bond) lifetimes and orientational autocorrelation times of the outermost water film decrease slowly with the increase in temperature. Compared to a thicker water film, the H-bond lifetimes and orientational autocorrelation times of a monolayer water film are much slower. This suggests that the lower evaporation rate of the monolayer water film on a uniformly complete wetting surface may be caused by the constriction of the water rotation due to the substrate. This finding may be helpful for controlling nanoscale water evaporation within a certain range of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Guo
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China.
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37
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Karnes JJ, Benjamin I. Miscibility at the immiscible liquid/liquid interface: A molecular dynamics study of thermodynamics and mechanism. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:034707. [PMID: 29352796 DOI: 10.1063/1.5012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the dissolution of water into an adjacent, immiscible organic liquid phase. Equilibrium thermodynamic and structural properties are calculated during the transfer of water molecule(s) across the interface using umbrella sampling. The net free energy of transfer agrees reasonably well with experimental solubility values. We find that water molecules "prefer" to transfer into the adjacent phase one-at-a-time, without co-transfer of the hydration shell, as in the case of evaporation. To study the dynamics and mechanism of transfer of water to liquid nitrobenzene, we collected over 400 independent dissolution events. Analysis of these trajectories suggests that the transfer of water is facilitated by interfacial protrusions of the water phase into the organic phase, where one water molecule at the tip of the protrusion enters the organic phase by the breakup of a single hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Karnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Ilan Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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38
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Hernandez-Perez R, García-Cordero JL, Escobar JV. Simple scaling laws for the evaporation of droplets pinned on pillars: Transfer-rate- and diffusion-limited regimes. Phys Rev E 2018; 96:062803. [PMID: 29347352 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.062803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The evaporation of droplets can give rise to a wide range of interesting phenomena in which the dynamics of the evaporation are crucial. In this work, we find simple scaling laws for the evaporation dynamics of axisymmetric droplets pinned on millimeter-sized pillars. Different laws are found depending on whether evaporation is limited by the diffusion of vapor molecules or by the transfer rate across the liquid-vapor interface. For the diffusion-limited regime, we find that a mass-loss rate equal to 3/7 of that of a free-standing evaporating droplet brings a good balance between simplicity and physical correctness. We also find a scaling law for the evaporation of multicomponent solutions. The scaling laws found are validated against experiments of the evaporation of droplets of (1) water, (2) blood plasma, and (3) a mixture of water and polyethylene glycol, pinned on acrylic pillars of different diameters. These results shed light on the macroscopic dynamics of evaporation on pillars as a first step towards the understanding of other complex phenomena that may be taking place during the evaporation process, such as particle transport and chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hernandez-Perez
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Vía del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, CP 66628, Mexico
| | - José L García-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Vía del Conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, CP 66628, Mexico
| | - Juan V Escobar
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, PO Box 20-364, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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39
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Nasiri R, Luo KH. Specificity Switching Pathways in Thermal and Mass Evaporation of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Droplets: A Mesoscopic Observation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5001. [PMID: 28694476 PMCID: PMC5504037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For well over one century, the Hertz-Knudsen equation has established the relationship between thermal - mass transfer coefficients through a liquid - vapour interface and evaporation rate. These coefficients, however, have been often separately estimated for one-component equilibrium systems and their simultaneous influences on evaporation rate of fuel droplets in multicomponent systems have yet to be investigated at the atomic level. Here we first apply atomistic simulation techniques and quantum/statistical mechanics methods to understand how thermal and mass evaporation effects are controlled kinetically/thermodynamically. We then present a new development of a hybrid method of quantum transition state theory/improved kinetic gas theory, for multicomponent hydrocarbon systems to investigate how concerted-distinct conformational changes of hydrocarbons at the interface affect the evaporation rate. The results of this work provide an important physical concept in fundamental understanding of atomistic pathways in topological interface transitions of chain molecules, resolving an open problem in kinetics of fuel droplets evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Nasiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Kai H Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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40
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Abstract
When a drop is placed on a flat substrate tilted at an inclined angle, it can be deformed by gravity and its initial contact angle divides into front and rear contact angles by inclination. Here we study on evaporation dynamics of a pure water droplet on a flat solid substrate by controlling substrate inclination and measuring mass and volume changes of an evaporating droplet with time. We find that complete evaporation time of an inclined droplet becomes longer as gravitational influence by inclination becomes stronger. The gravity itself does not change the evaporation dynamics directly, whereas the gravity-induced droplet deformation increases the difference between front and rear angles, which quickens the onset of depinning and consequently reduces the contact radius. This result makes the evaporation rate of an inclined droplet to be slow. This finding would be important to improve understanding on evaporation dynamics of inclined droplets.
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41
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Abstract
The evaporation rate of water on patterned GO with different degrees of oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzheng Wan
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P.O. Box 800-204
- Shanghai
| | - Guosheng Shi
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P.O. Box 800-204
- Shanghai
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42
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Persad AH, Ward CA. Expressions for the Evaporation and Condensation Coefficients in the Hertz-Knudsen Relation. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7727-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H. Persad
- Department
of Mechanical
and Industrial Engineering, Thermodynamics and Kinetics Laboratory, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Charles A. Ward
- Department
of Mechanical
and Industrial Engineering, Thermodynamics and Kinetics Laboratory, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G8
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43
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Nagata Y, Ohto T, Bonn M, Kühne TD. Surface tension of ab initio liquid water at the water-air interface. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:204705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4951710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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44
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Kann ZR, Skinner JL. Sub- and super-Maxwellian evaporation of simple gases from liquid water. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:154701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4945625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z. R. Kann
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J. L. Skinner
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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45
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Nagata Y, Ohto T, Backus EHG, Bonn M. Molecular Modeling of Water Interfaces: From Molecular Spectroscopy to Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3785-96. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ellen H. G. Backus
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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