1
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Baruch C, Changala PB, Shagam Y, Soreq Y. Constraining CP Violating Nucleon-Nucleon Long-Range Interactions in Diatomic eEDM Searches. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:113202. [PMID: 39331995 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.113202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
The searches for CP violating effects in diatomic molecules, such as HfF^{+} and ThO, are typically interpreted as a probe of the electron's electric dipole moment (eEDM), a new electron-nucleon interaction, and a new electron-electron interaction. However, in the case of a nonvanishing nuclear spin, a new CP violating nucleon-nucleon long-range force will also affect the measurement, providing a new interpretation of the eEDM experimental results. Here, we use the HfF^{+} eEDM search and derive a new bound on this hypothetical interaction, which is the most stringent from terrestrial experiments in the 1 eV-10 keV mass range. These multiple new physics sources motivate independent searches in different molecular species for CP violation at low energy that result in model independent bounds, which are insensitive to cancellation among them.
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2
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Arrowsmith-Kron G, Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis M, Au M, Ballof J, Berger R, Borschevsky A, Breier AA, Buchinger F, Budker D, Caldwell L, Charles C, Dattani N, de Groote RP, DeMille D, Dickel T, Dobaczewski J, Düllmann CE, Eliav E, Engel J, Fan M, Flambaum V, Flanagan KT, Gaiser AN, Garcia Ruiz RF, Gaul K, Giesen TF, Ginges JSM, Gottberg A, Gwinner G, Heinke R, Hoekstra S, Holt JD, Hutzler NR, Jayich A, Karthein J, Leach KG, Madison KW, Malbrunot-Ettenauer S, Miyagi T, Moore ID, Moroch S, Navratil P, Nazarewicz W, Neyens G, Norrgard EB, Nusgart N, Pašteka LF, N Petrov A, Plaß WR, Ready RA, Pascal Reiter M, Reponen M, Rothe S, Safronova MS, Scheidenerger C, Shindler A, Singh JT, Skripnikov LV, Titov AV, Udrescu SM, Wilkins SG, Yang X. Opportunities for fundamental physics research with radioactive molecules. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:084301. [PMID: 38215499 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad1e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecules containing short-lived, radioactive nuclei are uniquely positioned to enable a wide range of scientific discoveries in the areas of fundamental symmetries, astrophysics, nuclear structure, and chemistry. Recent advances in the ability to create, cool, and control complex molecules down to the quantum level, along with recent and upcoming advances in radioactive species production at several facilities around the world, create a compelling opportunity to coordinate and combine these efforts to bring precision measurement and control to molecules containing extreme nuclei. In this manuscript, we review the scientific case for studying radioactive molecules, discuss recent atomic, molecular, nuclear, astrophysical, and chemical advances which provide the foundation for their study, describe the facilities where these species are and will be produced, and provide an outlook for the future of this nascent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Arrowsmith-Kron
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Michail Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis
- Experimental Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mia Au
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Ballof
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
- Accelerator Systems Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Robert Berger
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Borschevsky
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander A Breier
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung and Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, United States of America
| | - Luke Caldwell
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Christopher Charles
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
- University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Nike Dattani
- HPQC Labs, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- HPQC College, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruben P de Groote
- Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - David DeMille
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States of America
| | - Timo Dickel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Jacek Dobaczewski
- School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christoph E Düllmann
- Department of Chemistry-TRIGA Site, Johannes Gutenberg University, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ephraim Eliav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jonathan Engel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255, United States of America
| | - Mingyu Fan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | | | - Kieran T Flanagan
- Photon Science Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alyssa N Gaiser
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Ronald F Garcia Ruiz
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Gaul
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas F Giesen
- Institute of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Jacinda S M Ginges
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Gerald Gwinner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 3M9, Canada
| | | | - Steven Hoekstra
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jason D Holt
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
| | - Andrew Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Jonas Karthein
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Kyle G Leach
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Kirk W Madison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephan Malbrunot-Ettenauer
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Iain D Moore
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Scott Moroch
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Petr Navratil
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Witold Nazarewicz
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Gerda Neyens
- KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric B Norrgard
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Nusgart
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Lukáš F Pašteka
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexander N Petrov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute' (NRC 'Kurchatov Institute'-PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha mcr., Gatchina 188300, Leningrad Region, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Wolfgang R Plaß
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Roy A Ready
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Moritz Pascal Reiter
- School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, EH9 3FD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mikael Reponen
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | | | - Marianna S Safronova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Christoph Scheidenerger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany
- Helmholtz Forschungsakademie Hessen für FAIR (HFHF), Campus Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Andrea Shindler
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams & Physics Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Jaideep T Singh
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Leonid V Skripnikov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute' (NRC 'Kurchatov Institute'-PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha mcr., Gatchina 188300, Leningrad Region, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Titov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute' (NRC 'Kurchatov Institute'-PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha mcr., Gatchina 188300, Leningrad Region, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Silviu-Marian Udrescu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Shane G Wilkins
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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3
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Ye J, Zoller P. Essay: Quantum Sensing with Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Platforms for Fundamental Physics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:190001. [PMID: 38804927 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.190001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics has been at the forefront of the development of quantum science while laying the foundation for modern technology. With the growing capabilities of quantum control of many atoms for engineered many-body states and quantum entanglement, a key question emerges: what critical impact will the second quantum revolution with ubiquitous applications of entanglement bring to bear on fundamental physics? In this Essay, we argue that a compelling long-term vision for fundamental physics and novel applications is to harness the rapid development of quantum information science to define and advance the frontiers of measurement physics, with strong potential for fundamental discoveries. As quantum technologies, such as fault-tolerant quantum computing and entangled quantum sensor networks, become much more advanced than today's realization, we wonder what doors of basic science can these tools unlock. We anticipate that some of the most intriguing and challenging problems, such as quantum aspects of gravity, fundamental symmetries, or new physics beyond the minimal standard model, will be tackled at the emerging quantum measurement frontier. Part of a series of Essays which concisely present author visions for the future of their field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Vilas NB, Robichaud P, Hallas C, Li GK, Anderegg L, Doyle JM. An optical tweezer array of ultracold polyatomic molecules. Nature 2024; 628:282-286. [PMID: 38570690 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Polyatomic molecules have rich structural features that make them uniquely suited to applications in quantum information science1-3, quantum simulation4-6, ultracold chemistry7 and searches for physics beyond the standard model8-10. However, a key challenge is fully controlling both the internal quantum state and the motional degrees of freedom of the molecules. Here we demonstrate the creation of an optical tweezer array of individual polyatomic molecules, CaOH, with quantum control of their internal quantum state. The complex quantum structure of CaOH results in a non-trivial dependence of the molecules' behaviour on the tweezer light wavelength. We control this interaction and directly and non-destructively image individual molecules in the tweezer array with a fidelity greater than 90%. The molecules are manipulated at the single internal quantum state level, thus demonstrating coherent state control in a tweezer array. The platform demonstrated here will enable a variety of experiments using individual polyatomic molecules with arbitrary spatial arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Paige Robichaud
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grace K Li
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
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5
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Comparat D, Malbrunot C, Malbrunot-Ettenauer S, Widmann E, Yzombard P. Experimental perspectives on the matter-antimatter asymmetry puzzle: developments in electron EDM and [Formula: see text] experiments. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2024; 382:20230089. [PMID: 38104615 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In the search for clues to the matter-antimatter puzzle, experiments with atoms or molecules play a particular role. These systems allow measurements with very high precision, as demonstrated by the unprecedented limits down to [Formula: see text] e cm on electron EDM using molecular ions, and relative measurements at the level of [Formula: see text] in spectroscopy of antihydrogen atoms. Building on these impressive measurements, new experimental directions offer potential for drastic improvements. We review here some of the new perspectives in those fields and their associated prospects for new physics searches. This article is part of the theme issue 'The particle-gravity frontier'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Comparat
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 505, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - C Malbrunot
- Physical Science Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2A3
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - S Malbrunot-Ettenauer
- Physical Science Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2A3
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A7
| | - E Widmann
- Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Yzombard
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Université, Collège de France, Paris 75252, France
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6
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González-Férez R, Omiste JJ. Full control of the orientation of non-symmetric molecules using weak and moderate electric fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4533-4540. [PMID: 38241023 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05592b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the full control over the orientation of a planar non-symmetric molecule by using moderate and weak electric fields. Quantum optimal control techniques allow us to orient any axis of 6-chloropyridazine-3-carbonitrile, which is taken as prototype example here, along the electric field direction. We perform a detailed analysis by exploring the impact on the molecular orientation of the time scale and strength of the control field. The underlying physical phenomena allowing for the control of the orientation are interpreted in terms of the frequencies contributing to the field-dressed dynamics and to the driving field by a spectral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario González-Férez
- Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan J Omiste
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Zhang C, Lipparini F, Stopkowicz S, Gauss J, Cheng L. Cholesky Decomposition-Based Implementation of Relativistic Two-Component Coupled-Cluster Methods for Medium-Sized Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:787-798. [PMID: 38198515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A Cholesky decomposition (CD)-based implementation of relativistic two-component coupled-cluster (CC) and equation-of-motion CC (EOM-CC) methods using an exact two-component Hamiltonian augmented with atomic-mean-field spin-orbit integrals (the X2CAMF scheme) is reported. The present CD-based implementation of X2CAMF-CC and EOM-CC methods employs atomic-orbital-based algorithms to avoid the construction of two-electron integrals and intermediates involving three and four virtual indices. Our CD-based implementation extends the applicability of X2CAMF-CC and EOM-CC methods to medium-sized molecules with the possibility to correlate around 1000 spinors. Benchmark calculations for uranium-containing small molecules were performed to assess the dependence of the CC results on the Cholesky threshold. A Cholesky threshold of 10-4 is shown to be sufficient to maintain chemical accuracy. Example calculations to illustrate the capability of the CD-based relativistic CC methods are reported for the bond-dissociation energy of the uranium hexafluoride molecule, UF6, with up to quadruple-ζ basis sets, and the lowest excitation energy in the solvated uranyl ion [UO22+(H2O)12].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Stella Stopkowicz
- Fachrichtung Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo N-0315, Norway
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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8
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Zhang C, Rittenhouse ST, Tscherbul TV, Sadeghpour HR, Hutzler NR. Sympathetic Cooling and Slowing of Molecules with Rydberg Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:033001. [PMID: 38307061 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.033001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
We propose to sympathetically slow and cool polar molecules in a cold, low-density beam using laser-cooled Rydberg atoms. The elastic collision cross sections between molecules and Rydberg atoms are large enough to efficiently thermalize the molecules even in a low-density environment. Molecules traveling at 100 m/s can be stopped in under 30 collisions with little inelastic loss. Our method does not require photon scattering from the molecules and can be generically applied to complex species for applications in precision measurement, quantum information science, and controlled chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Seth T Rittenhouse
- Department of Physics, the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Timur V Tscherbul
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - H R Sadeghpour
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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9
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Zhang C, Yu P, Conn CJ, Hutzler NR, Cheng L. Relativistic coupled-cluster calculations of RaOH pertinent to spectroscopic detection and laser cooling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32613-32621. [PMID: 38009218 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04040b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
A relativistic coupled-cluster study of the low-lying electronic states in the radium monohydroxide molecule (RaOH), a radioactive polyatomic molecule of interest to laser cooling and to the search of new physics beyond the Standard Model, is reported. The level positions of the A2Π1/2 and C2Σ states have been computed with an accuracy of around 200 cm-1 to facilitate spectroscopic observation of RaOH using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy, thereby exploiting the systematic convergence of electron-correlation and basis-set effects in relativistic coupled-cluster calculations. The energy level for the B2Δ3/2 state has also been calculated accurately to conclude that the B2Δ3/2 state lies above the A2Π1/2 state. This confirms X2Σ ↔ A2Π1/2 as a promising optical cycling transition for laser cooling RaOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Phelan Yu
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Chandler J Conn
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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10
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Zhang C, Yu P, Jadbabaie A, Hutzler NR. Quantum-Enhanced Metrology for Molecular Symmetry Violation Using Decoherence-Free Subspaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:193602. [PMID: 38000409 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.193602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method to measure time-reversal symmetry violation in molecules that overcomes the standard quantum limit while leveraging decoherence-free subspaces to mitigate sensitivity to classical noise. The protocol does not require an external electric field, and the entangled states have no first-order sensitivity to static electromagnetic fields as they involve superpositions with zero average lab-frame projection of spins and dipoles. This protocol can be applied with trapped neutral or ionic species, and can be implemented using methods that have been demonstrated experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Phelan Yu
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Arian Jadbabaie
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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11
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Anderegg L, Vilas NB, Hallas C, Robichaud P, Jadbabaie A, Doyle JM, Hutzler NR. Quantum control of trapped polyatomic molecules for eEDM searches. Science 2023; 382:665-668. [PMID: 37943899 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultracold polyatomic molecules are promising candidates for experiments in quantum science and precision searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. A key requirement is the ability to achieve full quantum control over the internal structure of the molecules. In this work, we established coherent control of individual quantum states in calcium monohydroxide (CaOH) and demonstrated a method for searching for the electron electric dipole moment (eEDM). Optically trapped, ultracold CaOH molecules were prepared in a single quantum state, polarized in an electric field, and coherently transferred into an eEDM-sensitive state where an electron spin precession measurement was performed. To extend the coherence time, we used eEDM-sensitive states with tunable, near-zero magnetic field sensitivity. Our results establish a path for eEDM searches with trapped polyatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paige Robichaud
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Arian Jadbabaie
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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12
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Takahashi Y, Zhang C, Jadbabaie A, Hutzler NR. Engineering Field-Insensitive Molecular Clock Transitions for Symmetry Violation Searches. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:183003. [PMID: 37977643 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.183003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecules are a powerful platform to probe fundamental symmetry violations beyond the standard model, as they offer both large amplification factors and robustness against systematic errors. As experimental sensitivities improve, it is important to develop new methods to suppress sensitivity to external electromagnetic fields, as limits on the ability to control these fields are a major experimental concern. Here we show that sensitivity to both external magnetic and electric fields can be simultaneously suppressed using engineered radio frequency, microwave, or two-photon transitions that maintain large amplification of CP-violating effects. By performing a clock measurement on these transitions, CP-violating observables including the electron electric dipole moment, nuclear Schiff moment, and magnetic quadrupole moment can be measured with suppression of external field sensitivity of ≳100 generically, and even more in many cases. Furthermore, the method is compatible with traditional Ramsey measurements, offers internal co-magnetometry, and is useful for systems with large angular momentum commonly present in molecular searches for nuclear CP violation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuiki Takahashi
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Arian Jadbabaie
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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13
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Skripnikov LV, Oleynichenko AV, Zaitsevskii A, Mosyagin NS, Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis M, Au M, Neyens G. Ab initio study of electronic states and radiative properties of the AcF molecule. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:124301. [PMID: 38127371 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Relativistic coupled-cluster calculations of the ionization potential, dissociation energy, and excited electronic states under 35 000 cm-1 are presented for the actinium monofluoride (AcF) molecule. The ionization potential is calculated to be IPe = 48 866 cm-1, and the ground state is confirmed to be a closed-shell singlet and thus strongly sensitive to the T,P-violating nuclear Schiff moment of the Ac nucleus. Radiative properties and transition dipole moments from the ground state are identified for several excited states, achieving a mean uncertainty estimate of ∼450 cm-1 for the excitation energies. For higher-lying states that are not directly accessible from the ground state, possible two-step excitation pathways are proposed. The calculated branching ratios and Franck-Condon factors are used to investigate the suitability of AcF for direct laser cooling. The lifetime of the metastable (1)3Δ1 state, which can be used in experimental searches of the electric dipole moment of the electron, is estimated to be of order 1 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Skripnikov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Gatchina, 188300 Leningrad region, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander V Oleynichenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Gatchina, 188300 Leningrad region, Russia
| | - Andréi Zaitsevskii
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Gatchina, 188300 Leningrad region, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolai S Mosyagin
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Gatchina, 188300 Leningrad region, Russia
| | - Michail Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis
- Experimental Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mia Au
- Systems Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Gerda Neyens
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Roussy TS, Caldwell L, Wright T, Cairncross WB, Shagam Y, Ng KB, Schlossberger N, Park SY, Wang A, Ye J, Cornell EA. An improved bound on the electron's electric dipole moment. Science 2023; 381:46-50. [PMID: 37410848 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance of matter and antimatter in our Universe provides compelling motivation to search for undiscovered particles that violate charge-parity symmetry. Interactions with vacuum fluctuations of the fields associated with these new particles will induce an electric dipole moment of the electron (eEDM). We present the most precise measurement yet of the eEDM using electrons confined inside molecular ions, subjected to a huge intramolecular electric field, and evolving coherently for up to 3 seconds. Our result is consistent with zero and improves on the previous best upper bound by a factor of ~2.4. Our results provide constraints on broad classes of new physics above [Formula: see text] electron volts, beyond the direct reach of the current particle colliders or those likely to be available in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S Roussy
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Luke Caldwell
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Trevor Wright
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - William B Cairncross
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yuval Shagam
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kia Boon Ng
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Noah Schlossberger
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sun Yool Park
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Anzhou Wang
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Eric A Cornell
- JILA, NIST and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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15
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Fan M, Jayich A. Probing fundamental particles with molecules. Science 2023; 381:28-29. [PMID: 37410845 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi8499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular spectroscopy constrains the size of the electron's electric dipole moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Fan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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16
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Zhang C, Hutzler NR, Cheng L. Intensity-Borrowing Mechanisms Pertinent to Laser Cooling of Linear Polyatomic Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37384588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A study of the intensity-borrowing mechanisms important to optical cycling transitions in laser-coolable polyatomic molecules arising from non-adiabatic coupling, contributions beyond the Franck-Condon approximation, and Fermi resonances is reported. It has been shown to be necessary to include non-adiabatic coupling to obtain computational accuracy that is sufficient to be useful for laser cooling of molecules. The predicted vibronic branching ratios using perturbation theory based on the non-adiabatic mechanisms have been demonstrated to agree well with those obtained from variational discrete variable representation calculations for representative molecules including CaOH, SrOH, and YbOH. The electron-correlation and basis-set effects on the calculated transition properties, including the vibronic coupling constants, the spin-orbit coupling matrix elements, and the transition dipole moments, and on the calculated branching ratios have been thoroughly studied. The vibronic branching ratios predicted using the present methodologies demonstrate that RaOH is a promising radioactive molecule candidate for laser cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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17
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Sinenka H, Bruyakin Y, Zaitsevskii A, Isaev T, Bochenkova AV. Zwitterions Functionalized by Optical Cycling Centers: Toward Laser-Coolable Polyatomic Molecular Cations. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5784-5790. [PMID: 37327400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of large aromatic compounds and biomolecules with optical cycling centers (OCC) is of considerable interest for the design and engineering of molecules with a highly selective optical photoresponse. Both internal and external dynamics in such molecules can be precisely controlled by lasers, enabling their efficient cooling and opening up broad prospects for high-precision spectroscopy, ultracold chemistry, enantiomer separation, and various other fields. The way the OCC is bonded to a molecular ligand is crucial to the optical properties of the OCC, first of all, for the degree of closure of the optical cycling loop. Here we introduce a novel type of functionalized molecular cation where a positively charged OCC is bonded to various organic zwitterions with a particularly high permanent dipole moment. We consider strontium(I) complexes with betaine and other zwitterionic ligands and show the possibility of creating efficient and highly closed population cycling for dipole-allowed optical transitions in such complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hryhory Sinenka
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yurii Bruyakin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei Zaitsevskii
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI, Orlova Roscha, 1, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Timur Isaev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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18
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Pang R, Yin J, Wang Y, Lin Q, Wang Z, Xu L, Hou S, Wang H, Yin J, Yang T. Theoretical Investigation of Spectroscopic Properties of the Alkaline-Earth-Metal Monohydrides toward Laser Cooling and Magneto-Optical Trapping. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19391-19401. [PMID: 37305276 PMCID: PMC10249082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline-earth-metal monohydrides MH (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) have long been regarded as promising candidates toward laser cooling and trapping; however, their rich internal level structures that are amenable to magneto-optical trapping have not been completely explored. Here, we first systematically evaluated Franck-Condon factors of these alkaline-earth-metal monohydrides in the A2Π1/2 ← X2Σ+ transition, exploiting three respective methods (the Morse potential, the closed-form approximation, and the Rydberg-Klein-Rees method). The effective Hamiltonian matrix was introduced for MgH, CaH, SrH, and BaH individually in order to figure out their molecular hyperfine structures of X2Σ+, the transition wavelengths in the vacuum, and hyperfine branching ratios of A2Π1/2(J' = 1/2,+) ← X2Σ+(N = 1,-), followed by possible sideband modulation proposals to address all hyperfine manifolds. Lastly, the Zeeman energy level structures and associated magnetic g factors of the ground state X2Σ+(N = 1,-) were also presented. Our theoretical results here not only shed more light on the molecular spectroscopy of alkaline-earth-metal monohydrides toward laser cooling and magneto-optical trapping but also can contribute to research in molecular collisions involving few-atom molecular systems, spectral analysis in astrophysics and astrochemistry, and even precision measurement of fundamental constants such as the quest for nonzero detection of electron's electric dipole moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Pang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yueyang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Qinning Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Zesen Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Liang Xu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Shunyong Hou
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P.
R. China
- Xinjiang
Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 150 Science
1-Street, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
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19
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Hallas C, Vilas NB, Anderegg L, Robichaud P, Winnicki A, Zhang C, Cheng L, Doyle JM. Optical Trapping of a Polyatomic Molecule in an ℓ-Type Parity Doublet State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:153202. [PMID: 37115898 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.153202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report optical trapping of a polyatomic molecule, calcium monohydroxide (CaOH). CaOH molecules from a magneto-optical trap are sub-Doppler laser cooled to 20(3) μK in free space and loaded into an optical dipole trap. We attain an in-trap molecule number density of 3(1)×10^{9} cm^{-3} at a temperature of 57(8) μK. Trapped CaOH molecules are optically pumped into an excited vibrational bending mode, whose ℓ-type parity doublet structure is a potential resource for a wide range of proposed quantum science applications with polyatomic molecules. We measure the spontaneous, radiative lifetime of this bending mode state to be ∼0.7 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Paige Robichaud
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Andrew Winnicki
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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20
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Yu Z, Frontiera RR. Ostensible Steady-State Molecular Cooling with Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4306-4314. [PMID: 36867719 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The optical and chemical properties of plasmonic materials have sparked extensive research in exploring their applications in various areas such as photocatalysts, chemical sensors, and photonic devices. However, complicated plasmon-molecule interactions have posed substantial obstacles for the development of plasmonic material-based technologies. Quantifying plasmon-molecule energy transfer processes is a crucial step to understand the complex interplay between plasmonic materials and molecules. Here we report an anomalous steady-state reduction in the anti-Stokes to Stokes surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) scattering intensity ratio of aromatic thiols adsorbed on plasmonic gold nanoparticles under continuous-wave laser irradiation. The observed reduction of the scattering intensity ratio is closely related to the excitation wavelength, the surrounding media, and component of the plasmonic substrates used. Moreover, we observed a similar extent of scattering intensity ratio reduction with a range of aromatic thiols and under different external temperatures. Our discovery implies that there are either unexplained wavelength-dependent SERS outcoupling effects, or some unrecognized plasmon-molecule interactions which lead to a nanoscale plasmon refrigerator for molecules. This effect should be taken into consideration for the design of plasmonic catalysts and plasmonic photonic devices. Moreover, it could be useful for cooling large molecules under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renee R Frontiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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21
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Shirkov L, Tomza M. Long-range interactions of aromatic molecules with alkali-metal and alkaline-earth-metal atoms. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:094109. [PMID: 36889959 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The isotropic and anisotropic coefficients Cn l,m of the long-range spherical expansion ∼1/Rn (R-the intermolecular distance) of the dispersion and induction intermolecular energies are calculated using the first principles for the complexes containing an aromatic molecule (benzene, pyridine, furan, and pyrrole) and alkali-metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) or alkaline-earth-metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) atoms in their electronic ground states. The values of the first- and second-order properties of the aromatic molecules are calculated using the response theory with the asymptotically corrected LPBE0 functional. The second-order properties of the closed-shell alkaline-earth-metal atoms are obtained using the expectation-value coupled cluster theory and of the open-shell alkali-metal atoms using analytical wavefunctions. These properties are used for the calculation of the dispersion Cn,disp l,m and induction Cn,ind l,m coefficients (Cn l,m=Cn,disp l,m+Cn,ind l,m) with n up to 12 using the available implemented analytical formulas. It is shown that the inclusion of the coefficients with n > 6 is important for reproducing the interaction energy in the van der Waals region at R ≈ 6 Å. The reported long-range potentials should be useful for constructing the analytical potentials valid for the whole intermolecular interaction range, which are needed for spectroscopic and scattering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Shirkov
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Tomza
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Relativistic coupled-cluster study of SrF for low-energy precision tests of fundamental physics. Theor Chem Acc 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-023-02953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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Augenbraun BL, Burchesky S, Winnicki A, Doyle JM. High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy of a Functionalized Aromatic Molecule. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10771-10777. [PMID: 36374523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-resolution laser spectroscopic study of the Ã2B2-X̃2A1 and B̃2B1-X̃2A1 transitions of calcium(I) phenoxide, CaOPh (CaOC6H5). The rotationally resolved band systems are analyzed using an effective Hamiltonian model and are accurately modeled as independent perpendicular (b- or c-type) transitions. The structure of calcium monophenoxide is compared to previously observed Ca-containing radicals, and implications for direct laser cooling are discussed. This work demonstrates that functionalization of aromatic molecules with optical cycling centers can preserve many of the properties needed for laser-based control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Augenbraun
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Sean Burchesky
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - Andrew Winnicki
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts02138, United States
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24
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Cheng L. Relativistic exact two-component coupled-cluster calculations of electronic g-factors for heavy-atom-containing molecules pertinent to search of new physics. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2113567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Vilas NB, Hallas C, Anderegg L, Robichaud P, Winnicki A, Mitra D, Doyle JM. Magneto-optical trapping and sub-Doppler cooling of a polyatomic molecule. Nature 2022; 606:70-74. [PMID: 35650357 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Laser cooling and trapping1,2, and magneto-optical trapping methods in particular2, have enabled groundbreaking advances in science, including Bose-Einstein condensation3-5, quantum computation with neutral atoms6,7 and high-precision optical clocks8. Recently, magneto-optical traps (MOTs) of diatomic molecules have been demonstrated9-12, providing access to research in quantum simulation13 and searches for physics beyond the standard model14. Compared with diatomic molecules, polyatomic molecules have distinct rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom that promise a variety of transformational possibilities. For example, ultracold polyatomic molecules would be uniquely suited to applications in quantum computation and simulation15-17, ultracold collisions18, quantum chemistry19 and beyond-the-standard-model searches20,21. However, the complexity of these molecules has so far precluded the realization of MOTs for polyatomic species. Here we demonstrate magneto-optical trapping of a polyatomic molecule, calcium monohydroxide (CaOH). After trapping, the molecules are laser cooled in a blue-detuned optical molasses to a temperature of 110 μK, which is below the Doppler cooling limit. The temperatures and densities achieved here make CaOH a viable candidate for a wide variety of quantum science applications, including quantum simulation and computation using optical tweezer arrays15,17,22,23. This work also suggests that laser cooling and magneto-optical trapping of many other polyatomic species24-27 will be both feasible and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paige Robichaud
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Winnicki
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Debayan Mitra
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
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26
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Telfah H, Sharma K, Paul AC, Riyadh SMS, Miller TA, Liu J. A combined experimental and computational study on the transition of the calcium isopropoxide radical as a candidate for direct laser cooling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8749-8762. [PMID: 35352070 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04107j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vibronically resolved laser-induced fluorescence/dispersed fluorescence (LIF/DF) and cavity ring-down (CRD) spectra of the electronic transition of the calcium isopropoxide [CaOCH(CH3)2] radical have been obtained under jet-cooled conditions. An essentially constant energy separation of 68 cm-1 has been observed for the vibrational ground levels and all fundamental vibrational levels accessed in the LIF measurement. To simulate the experimental spectra and assign the recorded vibronic bands, Franck-Condon (FC) factors and vibrational branching ratios (VBRs) are predicted from vibrational modes and their frequencies calculated using the complete-active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) methods. Combined with the calculated electronic transition energy, the computational results, especially those from the EOM-CCSD calculations, reproduced the experimental spectra with considerable accuracy. The experimental and computational results suggest that the FC matrix for the studied electronic transition is largely diagonal, but transitions from the vibrationless levels of the à state to the X̃-state levels of the CCC bending (ν14 and ν15), CaO stretch (ν13), and CaOC asymmetric stretch (ν9 and ν11) modes also have considerable intensities. Transitions to low-frequency in-plane [ν17(a')] and out-of-plane [ν30(a'')] CaOC bending modes were observed in the experimental LIF/DF spectra, the latter being FC-forbidden but induced by the pseudo-Jahn-Teller (pJT) effect. Both bending modes are coupled to the CaOC asymmetric stretch mode via the Duschinsky rotation, as demonstrated in the DF spectra obtained by pumping non-origin vibronic transitions. The pJT interaction also induces transitions to the ground-state vibrational level of the ν10(a') mode, which has the CaOC bending character. Our combined experimental and computational results provide critical information for future direct laser cooling of the target molecule and other alkaline earth monoalkoxide radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Telfah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
| | - Ketan Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Anam C Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
| | - S M Shah Riyadh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Terry A Miller
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jinjun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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27
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Augenbraun BL, Frenett A, Sawaoka H, Hallas C, Vilas NB, Nasir A, Lasner ZD, Doyle JM. Zeeman-Sisyphus Deceleration of Molecular Beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:263002. [PMID: 35029484 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.263002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a robust, continuous molecular decelerator that employs high magnetic fields and few optical pumping steps. CaOH molecules are slowed, accumulating at low velocities in a range sufficient for loading both magnetic and magneto-optical traps. During the slowing, the molecules scatter only seven photons, removing around 8 K of energy. Because large energies can be removed with only a few spontaneous radiative decays, this method can in principle be applied to nearly any paramagnetic atomic or molecular species, opening a general path to trapping of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Augenbraun
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Frenett
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Sawaoka
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Abdullah Nasir
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Zack D Lasner
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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28
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Xia W, Ma H, Bian W. Production of ultracold CaCCH and SrCCH molecules by direct laser cooling: A theoretical study based on accurate ab initio calculations. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204304. [PMID: 34852476 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser cooling of polyatomic molecules to the ultracold regime may enable some new science and technology applications; however, the related study is still at its very early stage. Here, by means of accurate ab initio and dynamical calculations, we identify two new candidate tetratomic molecules that are suitable for laser cooling and demonstrate the feasibility and advantage of two laser cooling schemes that are able to produce ultracold CaCCH and SrCCH molecules. The internally contracted multiconfiguration reference configuration interaction method is applied, and excellent agreement is achieved between the computed and experimental spectroscopic data. We find that the X2Σ1/2 +→A2Π1/2 transitions for both candidates feature diagonal Franck-Condon factors, short radiative lifetimes, and no interference from intermediate electronic states. In addition, the crossings with higher electronic states do not interfere. We further construct feasible laser cooling schemes for CaCCH and SrCCH, each of which allows scattering 104 photons for direct laser cooling. The estimated Doppler temperatures for both CaCCH and SrCCH are on the order of μK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensha Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wensheng Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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29
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Zakharova A, Kurchavov I, Petrov A. Rovibrational structure of the ytterbium monohydroxide molecule and the P,T-violation searches. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:164301. [PMID: 34717359 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of triatomic molecules with close rovibrational opposite parity levels is sensitive to the P,T-odd effects. This makes them a convenient platform for the experimental search of a new physics. Among the promising candidates, one may distinguish YbOH as a non-radioactive compound with a heavy atom. The energy gap between levels of opposite parity, l-doubling, is of great interest as it determines the electric field strength required for the full polarization of the molecule. Likewise, the influence of the bending and stretching modes on the sensitivities to the P,T-violation requires a thorough investigation since the measurement would be performed on the excited vibrational states. This motivates us to obtain the rovibrational nuclear wavefunctions, taking into account the anharmonicity of the potential. As a result, we get the values of Eeff and Es for the lowest excited vibrational state and determine the l-doubling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zakharova
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Igor Kurchavov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," 1, MKR Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Alexander Petrov
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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30
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Prehn A, Ibrügger M, Rempe G, Zeppenfeld M. High-Resolution "Magic"-Field Spectroscopy on Trapped Polyatomic Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:173602. [PMID: 34739278 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.173602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid progress in cooling and trapping of molecules has enabled first experiments on high-resolution spectroscopy of trapped diatomic molecules, promising unprecedented precision. Extending this work to polyatomic molecules provides unique opportunities due to more complex geometries and additional internal degrees of freedom. Here, this is achieved by combining a homogeneous-field microstructured electric trap, rotational transitions with minimal Stark broadening at a"magic" offset electric field, and optoelectrical Sisyphus cooling of molecules to the low millikelvin temperature regime. We thereby reduce Stark broadening on the J=5←4 (K=3) transition of formaldehyde at 364 GHz to well below 1 kHz, observe Doppler-limited linewidths down to 3.8 kHz, and determine the magic-field line position with an uncertainty below 100 Hz. Our approach opens a multitude of possibilities for investigating diverse polyatomic molecule species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Ibrügger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Zeppenfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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31
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Skripnikov LV, Chubukov DV, Shakhova VM. The role of QED effects in transition energies of heavy-atom alkaline earth monofluoride molecules: A theoretical study of Ba +, BaF, RaF, and E120F. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:144103. [PMID: 34654288 DOI: 10.1063/5.0068267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy-atom alkaline earth monofluoride molecules are considered as prospective systems to study spatial parity or spatial parity and time-reversal symmetry violating effects such as the nuclear anapole moment or the electron electric dipole moment. A comprehensive and highly accurate theoretical study of the electronic structure properties and transition energies in such systems can simplify the preparation and interpretation of the experiments. However, almost no attempts to calculate quantum electrodynamics (QED) effects' contribution into characteristics of these neutral heavy-atom molecules have been performed. Recently, we have formulated and implemented such an approach to calculate QED contributions to transition energies of molecules [L. V. Skripnikov, J. Chem. Phys. 154, 201101 (2021)]. In this paper, we perform a benchmark theoretical study of the transition energies in the Ba+ cation and BaF molecule. The deviation of the calculated values from the experimental ones is of the order 10 cm-1 and is more than an order of magnitude better than the "chemical accuracy," 350 cm-1. The achievement of such an agreement has been provided, in particular, by the inclusion of the QED effects. The latter appeared to be not less important than the high-order correlation effects beyond the coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple cluster amplitude level. We compare the role of QED effects for transition energies with heavier molecules-RaF and E120F, where E120 is the superheavy Z = 120 homolog of Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Skripnikov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Leningrad District 188300, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Chubukov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Leningrad District 188300, Russia
| | - Vera M Shakhova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Leningrad District 188300, Russia
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32
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Lewis TN, Wang C, Daniel JR, Dhital M, Bardeen CJ, Hemmerling B. Optimizing pulsed-laser ablation production of AlCl molecules for laser cooling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22785-22793. [PMID: 34610064 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum monochloride (AlCl) has been proposed as a promising candidate for laser cooling to ultracold temperatures, and recent spectroscopy results support this prediction. It is challenging to produce large numbers of AlCl molecules because it is a highly reactive open-shell molecule and must be generated in situ. Here we show that pulsed-laser ablation of stable, non-toxic mixtures of Al with alkali or alkaline earth chlorides, denoted XCln, can provide a robust and reliable source of cold AlCl molecules. Both the chemical identity of XCln and the Al : XCln molar ratio are varied, and the yield of AlCl is monitored using absorption spectroscopy in a cryogenic gas. For KCl, the production of Al and K atoms was also monitored. We model the AlCl production in the limits of nonequilibrium recombination dominated by first-encounter events. The non-equilibrium model is in agreement with the data and also reproduces the observed trend with different XCln precursors. We find that AlCl production is limited by the solid-state densities of Al and Cl atoms and the recondensation of Al atoms in the ablation plume. We suggest future directions for optimizing the production of cold AlCl molecules using laser ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - John R Daniel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Madhav Dhital
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | | | - Boerge Hemmerling
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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33
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Zhang C, Augenbraun BL, Lasner ZD, Vilas NB, Doyle JM, Cheng L. Accurate prediction and measurement of vibronic branching ratios for laser cooling linear polyatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:091101. [PMID: 34496585 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a generally applicable computational and experimental approach to determine vibronic branching ratios in linear polyatomic molecules to the 10-5 level, including for nominally symmetry-forbidden transitions. These methods are demonstrated in CaOH and YbOH, showing approximately two orders of magnitude improved sensitivity compared with the previous state of the art. Knowledge of branching ratios at this level is needed for the successful deep laser cooling of a broad range of molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | | | - Zack D Lasner
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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34
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Pilgram NH, Jadbabaie A, Zeng Y, Hutzler NR, Steimle TC. Fine and hyperfine interactions in 171YbOH and 173YbOH. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:244309. [PMID: 34241351 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The odd isotopologues of ytterbium monohydroxide, 171,173YbOH, have been identified as promising molecules to measure parity (P) and time reversal (T) violating physics. Here, we characterize the Ã2Π1/2(0,0,0)-X̃2Σ+(0,0,0) band near 577 nm for these odd isotopologues. Both laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra of a supersonic molecular beam sample and absorption spectra of a cryogenic buffer-gas cooled sample were recorded. In addition, a novel spectroscopic technique based on laser-enhanced chemical reactions is demonstrated and used in absorption measurements. This technique is especially powerful for disentangling congested spectra. An effective Hamiltonian model is used to extract the fine and hyperfine parameters for the Ã2Π1/2(0,0,0) and X̃2Σ+(0,0,0) states. A comparison of the determined X̃2Σ+(0,0,0) hyperfine parameters with recently predicted values [Denis et al., J. Chem. Phys. 152, 084303 (2020); K. Gaul and R. Berger, Phys. Rev. A 101, 012508 (2020); and Liu et al., J. Chem. Phys. 154,064110 (2021)] is made. The measured hyperfine parameters provide experimental confirmation of the computational methods used to compute the P,T-violating coupling constants Wd and WM, which correlate P,T-violating physics to P,T-violating energy shifts in the molecule. The dependence of the fine and hyperfine parameters of the Ã2Π1/2(0,0,0) and X̃2Σ+(0,0,0) states for all isotopologues of YbOH are discussed, and a comparison to isoelectronic YbF is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas H Pilgram
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Arian Jadbabaie
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Yi Zeng
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Timothy C Steimle
- School of Molecular Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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35
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Maison DE, Skripnikov LV, Oleynichenko AV, Zaitsevskii AV. Axion-mediated electron-electron interaction in ytterbium monohydroxide molecule. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:224303. [PMID: 34241194 DOI: 10.1063/5.0051590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The YbOH triatomic molecule can be efficiently used to measure the electron electric dipole moment, which violates time-reversal (T) and spatial parity (P) symmetries of fundamental interactions [Kozyryev and Hutzler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 133002 (2017)]. We study another mechanism of the T, P-violation in the YbOH molecule-the electron-electron interaction mediated by the low-mass axionlike particle. For this, we calculate the molecular constant that characterizes this interaction and use it to estimate the expected magnitude of the effect to be measured. It is shown that this molecular constant has the same order of magnitude as the corresponding molecular constant corresponding to the axion-mediated electron-nucleus interaction. According to our estimation, an experiment on YbOH will allow one to set updated laboratory constraints on the CP-violating electron-axion coupling constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Maison
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Leningrad region, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - L V Skripnikov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Leningrad region, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - A V Oleynichenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Leningrad region, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - A V Zaitsevskii
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" (NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - PNPI), 1 Orlova roscha, Leningrad region, Gatchina 188300, Russia
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36
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Skripnikov LV. Approaching meV level for transition energies in the radium monofluoride molecule RaF and radium cation Ra + by including quantum-electrodynamics effects. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:201101. [PMID: 34241153 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly accurate theoretical predictions of transition energies in the radium monofluoride molecule, 226RaF, and radium cation, 226Ra+, are reported. The considered transition X2Σ1/2 → A2Π1/2 in RaF is one of the main features of this molecule and can be used to laser-cool RaF for a subsequent measurement of the electron electric dipole moment. For molecular and atomic predictions, we go beyond the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian and treat high-order electron correlation effects within the coupled cluster theory with the inclusion of quadruple and ever higher amplitudes. The effects of quantum electrodynamics (QED) are included non-perturbatively using the model QED operator that is now implemented for molecules. It is shown that the inclusion of the QED effects in molecular and atomic calculations is a key ingredient in resolving the discrepancy between the theoretical values obtained within the Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Hamiltonian and the experiment. The remaining deviation from the experimental values is within a few meV. This is more than an order of magnitude better than the "chemical accuracy," 1 kcal/mol = 43 meV, that is usually considered as a guiding thread in theoretical molecular physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Skripnikov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Leningrad District 188300, Russia and Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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37
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Cairncross WB, Zhang JT, Picard LRB, Yu Y, Wang K, Ni KK. Assembly of a Rovibrational Ground State Molecule in an Optical Tweezer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:123402. [PMID: 33834818 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.123402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the coherent creation of a single NaCs molecule in its rotational, vibrational, and electronic (rovibronic) ground state in an optical tweezer. Starting with a weakly bound Feshbach molecule, we locate a two-photon transition via the |c^{3}Σ_{1},v^{'}=26⟩ excited state and drive coherent Rabi oscillations between the Feshbach state and a single hyperfine level of the NaCs rovibronic ground state |X^{1}Σ,v^{''}=0,N^{''}=0⟩ with a binding energy of D_{0}=h×147044.63(11) GHz. We measure a lifetime of 3.4±1.6 s for the rovibronic ground state molecule, which possesses a large molecule-frame dipole moment of 4.6D and occupies predominantly the motional ground state. These long-lived, fully quantum-state-controlled individual dipolar molecules provide a key resource for molecule-based quantum simulation and information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Cairncross
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jessie T Zhang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Lewis R B Picard
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Yichao Yu
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kenneth Wang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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38
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Dickerson CE, Guo H, Shin AJ, Augenbraun BL, Caram JR, Campbell WC, Alexandrova AN. Franck-Condon Tuning of Optical Cycling Centers by Organic Functionalization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:123002. [PMID: 33834801 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Laser induced electronic excitations that spontaneously emit photons and decay directly to the initial ground state ("optical cycling transitions") are used in quantum information and precision measurement for state initialization and readout. To extend this primarily atomic technique to large, organic compounds, we theoretically investigate optical cycling of alkaline earth phenoxides and their functionalized derivatives. We find that optical cycle leakage due to wave function mismatch is low in these species, and can be further suppressed by using chemical substitution to boost the electron-withdrawing strength of the aromatic molecular ligand through resonance and induction effects. This provides a straightforward way to use chemical functional groups to construct optical cycling moieties for laser cooling, state preparation, and quantum measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ashley J Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | - Justin R Caram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Wesley C Campbell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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39
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Liu J, Zheng X, Asthana A, Zhang C, Cheng L. Analytic evaluation of energy first derivatives for spin-orbit coupled-cluster singles and doubles augmented with noniterative triples method: General formulation and an implementation for first-order properties. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:064110. [PMID: 33588557 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A formulation of analytic energy first derivatives for the coupled-cluster singles and doubles augmented with noniterative triples [CCSD(T)] method with spin-orbit coupling included at the orbital level and an implementation for evaluation of first-order properties are reported. The standard density-matrix formulation for analytic CC gradient theory adapted to complex algebra has been used. The orbital-relaxation contributions from frozen core, occupied, virtual, and frozen virtual orbitals to analytic spin-orbit CCSD(T) gradients are fully taken into account and treated efficiently, which is of importance to calculations of heavy elements. Benchmark calculations of first-order properties including dipole moments and electric-field gradients using the corresponding exact two-component property integrals are presented for heavy-element containing molecules to demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the present analytic scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Xuechen Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Ayush Asthana
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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40
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Abstract
In search of suitable molecular candidates for probing the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the electron (de), a property that arises due to parity and time-reversal violating (P,T-odd) interactions, we consider the triatomic mercury hydroxide (HgOH) molecule. The impetus for this proposal is based on previous works on two systems: the recently proposed ytterbium hydroxide (YbOH) experiment that demonstrates the advantages of polyatomics for such EDM searches, and the finding that mercury halides provide the highest enhancement due to de compared to other diatomic molecules. We identify the ground state of HgOH as being in a bent geometry, and show that its intrinsic EDM sensitivity is comparable to the corresponding value for YbOH. Along with the theoretical results, we discuss plausible experimental schemes for an EDM measurement in HgOH. Furthermore, we provide pilot calculations of the EDM sensitivity for de for HgCH3 and HgCF3, that are natural extensions of HgOH.
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41
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Yu P, Hutzler NR. Probing Fundamental Symmetries of Deformed Nuclei in Symmetric Top Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:023003. [PMID: 33512225 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.023003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Precision measurements of Schiff moments in heavy, deformed nuclei are sensitive probes of beyond standard model T, P violation in the hadronic sector. While the most stringent limits on Schiff moments to date are set with diamagnetic atoms, polar polyatomic molecules can offer higher sensitivities with unique experimental advantages. In particular, symmetric top molecular ions possess K doublets of opposite parity with especially small splittings, leading to full polarization at low fields, internal comagnetometer states useful for rejection of systematic effects, and the ability to perform sensitive searches for T, P violation using a small number of trapped ions containing heavy exotic nuclei. We consider the symmetric top cation ^{225}RaOCH_{3}^{+} as a prototypical and candidate platform for performing sensitive nuclear Schiff measurements and characterize in detail its internal structure using relativistic ab initio methods. The combination of enhancements from a deformed nucleus, large polarizability, and unique molecular structure make this molecule a promising platform to search for fundamental symmetry violation even with a single trapped ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phelan Yu
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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42
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Fan M, Holliman CA, Shi X, Zhang H, Straus MW, Li X, Buechele SW, Jayich AM. Optical Mass Spectrometry of Cold RaOH^{+} and RaOCH_{3}^{+}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:023002. [PMID: 33512224 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an all-optical mass spectrometry technique to identify trapped ions. The new method uses laser-cooled ions to determine the mass of a cotrapped dark ion with a sub-dalton resolution within a few seconds. We apply the method to identify the first controlled synthesis of cold, trapped RaOH^{+} and RaOCH_{3}^{+}. These molecules are promising for their sensitivity to time and parity violations that could constrain sources of new physics beyond the standard model. The nondestructive nature of the mass spectrometry technique may help identify molecular ions or highly charged ions prior to optical spectroscopy. Unlike previous mass spectrometry techniques for small ion crystals that rely on scanning, the method uses a Fourier transform that is inherently broadband and comparatively fast. The technique's speed provides new opportunities for studying state-resolved chemical reactions in ion traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - C A Holliman
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - X Shi
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - H Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - M W Straus
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - X Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710049, China
| | - S W Buechele
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A M Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- California Institute for Quantum Entanglement, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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43
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Santamaria L, Di Sarno V, Aiello R, De Rosa M, Ricciardi I, De Natale P, Maddaloni P. Infrared Comb Spectroscopy of Buffer-Gas-Cooled Molecules: Toward Absolute Frequency Metrology of Cold Acetylene. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E250. [PMID: 33383699 PMCID: PMC7795711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the recent developments in precision ro-vibrational spectroscopy of buffer-gas-cooled neutral molecules, obtained using infrared frequency combs either as direct probe sources or as ultra-accurate optical rulers. In particular, we show how coherent broadband spectroscopy of complex molecules especially benefits from drastic simplification of the spectra brought about by cooling of internal temperatures. Moreover, cooling the translational motion allows longer light-molecule interaction times and hence reduced transit-time broadening effects, crucial for high-precision spectroscopy on simple molecules. In this respect, we report on the progress of absolute frequency metrology experiments with buffer-gas-cooled molecules, focusing on the advanced technologies that led to record measurements with acetylene. Finally, we briefly discuss the prospects for further improving the ultimate accuracy of the spectroscopic frequency measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santamaria
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Contrada Terlecchia, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Valentina Di Sarno
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Aiello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maurizio De Rosa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Iolanda Ricciardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maddaloni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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44
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Maison DE, Skripnikov LV, Flambaum VV, Grau M. Search for CP-violating nuclear magnetic quadrupole moment using the LuOH+ cation. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0028983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Maison
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute” (NRC “Kurchatov Institute” - PNPI), 1 Orlova Roscha mcr., Gatchina 188300, Leningrad Region, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - L. V. Skripnikov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute” (NRC “Kurchatov Institute” - PNPI), 1 Orlova Roscha mcr., Gatchina 188300, Leningrad Region, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - V. V. Flambaum
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Grau
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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45
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Yamaguchi Y, Yamanaka N. Large Long-Distance Contributions to the Electric Dipole Moments of Charged Leptons in the Standard Model. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:241802. [PMID: 33412045 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.241802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We reevaluate the electric dipole moment (EDM) of charged leptons in the standard model using hadron effective models. We find unexpectedly large EDM generated by the hadron level long-distance effect, d_{e}=5.8×10^{-40}, d_{μ}=1.4×10^{-38}, and d_{τ}=-7.3×10^{-38} e cm, with an error bar of 70%, exceeding the conventionally known four-loop level elementary contribution by several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamaguchi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai 319-1195, Japan and RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nodoka Yamanaka
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA and Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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46
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Zhang C, Korslund H, Wu Y, Ding S, Cheng L. Towards accurate prediction for laser-coolable molecules: relativistic coupled-cluster calculations for yttrium monoxide and prospects for improving its laser cooling efficiencies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26167-26177. [PMID: 33188674 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04608f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benchmark relativistic coupled-cluster calculations for yttrium monoxide (YO) with accurate treatment of relativistic and electron correlation effects are reported. The spin-orbit mixing of 2Π and 2Δ is found to be an order of magnitude smaller than previously reported in the literature. Together with the measurement of the lifetime of the A'2Δ3/2 state, it implies an enhanced capability of a narrow-line cooling scheme to bring YO to sub-recoil temperature. The computed electronic transition properties also support a four-photon scheme to close the leakage of the A2Π1/2 ↔ X2Σ1/2+ cycle through the A'2Δ3/2 state by repumping the A'2Δ3/2 state to the B2Σ1/2+ state, which subsequently decays back to X2Σ1/2+. Relativistic coupled-cluster methods, capable of providing accurate spectroscopic parameters that characterize the local potential curves and hence of providing accurate Franck-Condon factors, appear to be promising candidates for accurate calculation of properties for laser-coolable molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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47
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Mills M, Wu H, Reed EC, Qi L, Brown KR, Schneider C, Heaven MC, Campbell WC, Hudson ER. Dipole-phonon quantum logic with alkaline-earth monoxide and monosulfide cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:24964-24973. [PMID: 33140766 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04574h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dipole-phonon quantum logic (DPQL) leverages the interaction between polar molecular ions and the motional modes of a trapped-ion Coulomb crystal to provide a potentially scalable route to quantum information science. Here, we study a class of candidate molecular ions for DPQL, the cationic alkaline-earth monoxides and monosulfides, which possess suitable structure for DPQL and can be produced in existing atomic ion experiments with little additional complexity. We present calculations of DPQL operations for one of these molecules, CaO+, and discuss progress towards experimental realization. We also further develop the theory of DPQL to include state preparation and measurement and entanglement of multiple molecular ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mills
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Evan C Reed
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Kenneth R Brown
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Christian Schneider
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Michael C Heaven
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Wesley C Campbell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Eric R Hudson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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48
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Wang Y, Wang K, Fenton EF, Lin YW, Ni KK, Hood JD. Reduction of laser intensity noise over 1 MHz band for single atom trapping. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:31209-31215. [PMID: 33115099 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We reduce the intensity noise of laser light by using an electro-optic modulator and acousto-optic modulator in series. The electro-optic modulator reduces noise at high frequency (10 kHz to 1 MHz), while the acousto-optic modulator sets the average power of the light and reduces noise at low frequency (up to 10 kHz). The light is then used to trap single sodium atoms in an optical tweezer, where the lifetime of the atoms is limited by parametric heating due to laser noise at twice the trapping frequency. With our noise eater, the noise is reduced by up to 15 dB at these frequencies and the lifetime of the atom in the optical tweezer is increased by an order of magnitude to around 6 seconds. Our technique is general and acts directly on the laser beam, expanding laser options for sensitive optical trapping applications.
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49
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Leung KH, Majewska I, Bekker H, Lee CH, Tiberi E, Kondov SS, Moszynski R, Zelevinsky T. Transition Strength Measurements to Guide Magic Wavelength Selection in Optically Trapped Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:153001. [PMID: 33095629 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping of molecules with long coherence times is crucial for many protocols in quantum information and metrology. However, the factors that limit the lifetimes of the trapped molecules remain elusive and require improved understanding of the underlying molecular structure. Here we show that measurements of vibronic line strengths in weakly and deeply bound ^{88}Sr_{2} molecules, combined with ab initio calculations, allow for unambiguous identification of vibrational quantum numbers. This, in turn, enables the construction of refined excited potential energy curves, informing the selection of magic wavelengths that facilitate long vibrational coherence. We demonstrate Rabi oscillations between far-separated vibrational states that persist for nearly 100 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Leung
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - I Majewska
- Quantum Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - H Bekker
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - C-H Lee
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - E Tiberi
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - S S Kondov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - R Moszynski
- Quantum Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Zelevinsky
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
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50
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Verma M, Jayich AM, Vutha AC. Electron Electric Dipole Moment Searches Using Clock Transitions in Ultracold Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:153201. [PMID: 33095600 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Permanent electric dipole moments (EDMs) of fundamental particles such as the electron are signatures of parity and time-reversal violation occurring in physics beyond the standard model. EDM measurements probe new physics at energy scales well beyond the reach of present-day colliders. Recent advances in assembling molecules from ultracold atoms have opened up new opportunities for improving the reach of EDM experiments. However, the magnetic field sensitivity of such ultracold molecules means that new measurement techniques are needed before these opportunities can be fully exploited. We present a technique that takes advantage of magnetically insensitive hyperfine clock transitions in polar molecules, offering a way to improve both the precision and accuracy of EDM searches with ultracold assembled molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Verma
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Andrew M Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Amar C Vutha
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A7, Canada
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