1
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Uto T, Evrard B, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kroner M, İmamoğlu A. Interaction-Induced ac Stark Shift of Exciton-Polaron Resonances. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:056901. [PMID: 38364159 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.056901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Laser-induced shift of atomic states due to the ac Stark effect has played a central role in cold-atom physics and facilitated their emergence as analog quantum simulators. Here, we explore this phenomenon in an atomically thin layer of semiconductor MoSe_{2}, which we embedded in a heterostructure enabling charge tunability. Shining an intense pump laser with a small detuning from the material resonances, we generate a large population of virtual collective excitations and achieve a regime where interactions with this background population are the leading contribution to the ac Stark shift. Using this technique we study how itinerant charges modify-and dramatically enhance-the interactions between optical excitations. In particular, our experiments show that the interaction between attractive polarons could be more than an order of magnitude stronger than those between bare excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Uto
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - B Evrard
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - M Kroner
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A İmamoğlu
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Gelly RJ, White AD, Scuri G, Liao X, Ahn GH, Deng B, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Vučković J, Park H. An Inverse-Designed Nanophotonic Interface for Excitons in Atomically Thin Materials. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8779-8786. [PMID: 37695253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient nanophotonic devices are essential for applications in quantum networking, optical information processing, sensing, and nonlinear optics. Extensive research efforts have focused on integrating two-dimensional (2D) materials into photonic structures, but this integration is often limited by size and material quality. Here, we use hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a benchmark choice for encapsulating atomically thin materials, as a waveguiding layer while simultaneously improving the optical quality of the embedded films. When combined with a photonic inverse design, it becomes a complete nanophotonic platform to interface with optically active 2D materials. Grating couplers and low-loss waveguides provide optical interfacing and routing, tunable cavities provide a large exciton-photon coupling to transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers through Purcell enhancement, and metasurfaces enable the efficient detection of TMD dark excitons. This work paves the way for advanced 2D-material nanophotonic structures for classical and quantum nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander D White
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Giovanni Scuri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Geun Ho Ahn
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jelena Vučković
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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3
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Busch RT, Sun L, Austin D, Jiang J, Miesle P, Susner MA, Conner BS, Jawaid A, Becks ST, Mahalingam K, Velez MA, Torsi R, Robinson JA, Rao R, Glavin NR, Vaia RA, Pachter R, Joshua Kennedy W, Vernon JP, Stevenson PR. Exfoliation procedure-dependent optical properties of solution deposited MoS 2 films. NPJ 2D MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 7:12. [PMID: 38665486 PMCID: PMC11041683 DOI: 10.1038/s41699-023-00376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of high-precision large-area optical coatings and devices comprising low-dimensional materials hinges on scalable solution-based manufacturability with control over exfoliation procedure-dependent effects. As such, it is critical to understand the influence of technique-induced transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) optical properties that impact the design, performance, and integration of advanced optical coatings and devices. Here, we examine the optical properties of semiconducting MoS2 films from the exfoliation formulations of four prominent approaches: solvent-mediated exfoliation, chemical exfoliation with phase reconversion, redox exfoliation, and native redox exfoliation. The resulting MoS2 films exhibit distinct refractive indices (n), extinction coefficients (k), dielectric functions (ε1 and ε2), and absorption coefficients (α). For example, a large index contrast of Δn ≈ 2.3 is observed. These exfoliation procedures and related chemistries produce different exfoliated flake dimensions, chemical impurities, carrier doping, and lattice strain that influence the resulting optical properties. First-principles calculations further confirm the impact of lattice defects and doping characteristics on MoS2 optical properties. Overall, incomplete phase reconfiguration (from 1T to mixed crystalline 2H and amorphous phases), lattice vacancies, intraflake strain, and Mo oxidation largely contribute to the observed differences in the reported MoS2 optical properties. These findings highlight the need for controlled technique-induced effects as well as the opportunity for continued development of, and improvement to, liquid phase exfoliation methodologies. Such chemical and processing-induced effects present compelling routes to engineer exfoliated TMDC optical properties toward the development of next-generation high-performance mirrors, narrow bandpass filters, and wavelength-tailored absorbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Busch
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432 USA
| | - Lirong Sun
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
- Azimuth Corporation, 2970 Presidential Drive, Suite 200, Beavercreek, OH 45324 USA
| | - Drake Austin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432 USA
| | - Jie Jiang
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
| | - Paige Miesle
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432 USA
| | - Michael A. Susner
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
| | - Benjamin S. Conner
- National Research Council, 500 Fifth St. N.W., Washington, DC 20001 USA
- Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
| | - Ali Jawaid
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432 USA
| | - Shannon T. Becks
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432 USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Mahalingam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432 USA
| | - Michael A. Velez
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, OH 45432 USA
| | - Riccardo Torsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Joshua A. Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Rahul Rao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
| | - Nicholas R. Glavin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
| | - W. Joshua Kennedy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
| | - Jonathan P. Vernon
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
| | - Peter R. Stevenson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433 USA
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4
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Bustamante CM, Gadea ED, Todorov TN, Scherlis DA. Tailoring Cooperative Emission in Molecules: Superradiance and Subradiance from First-Principles Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11601-11609. [PMID: 36480910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative optical effects provide a pathway to both the amplification (superradiance) and the suppression (subradiance) of photon emission from electronically excited states. These captivating phenomena offer a rich variety of possibilities for photonic technologies aimed at electromagnetic energy manipulation, including lasers and high-speed emitting devices in the case of superradiance or optical energy storage in that of subradiance. The employment of molecules as the building pieces in these developments requires a precise understanding of the roles of separation, orientation, spatial distribution, and applied fields, which remains challenging for theory and experiments. These questions are addressed here through ab initio quantum dynamics simulations of collective emission on the basis of a novel semiclassical formalism and time-dependent density functional theory. By establishing the configurations leading to decoherence and how the fine-tuning of a pulse can accumulate or release optical energy in H2 arrays, this report provides fundamental insight toward the design of real superradiant and subradiant devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Bustamante
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Esteban D Gadea
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Tchavdar N Todorov
- Centre for Quantum Materials and Technologies, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BelfastBT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Damián A Scherlis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos AiresC1428EHA, Argentina
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5
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Busch RT, Torsi R, Drees A, Moore D, Sarangan A, Glavin NR, Robinson JA, Vernon JP, Kennedy WJ, Stevenson PR. Effective Optical Properties of Laterally Coalescing Monolayer MoS 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5808-5814. [PMID: 35726902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) exhibit compelling dimension-dependent exciton-dominated optical behavior influenced by thickness and lateral quantum confinement effects. Thickness quantum confinement effects have been observed; however, experimental optical property assessment of nanoscale lateral dimension monolayer TMDCs is lacking. Here, we employ ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to evaluate laterally coalescing monolayer metalorganic chemical vapor deposited MoS2. A multisample analysis is used to constrain Bruggeman and Maxwell-Garnett effective medium approximations and the effective dielectric functions are derived for laterally coalesced and uncoalesced MoS2 films (∼10-94% surface coverage for ∼10-140 nm lateral grain sizes). This analysis demonstrates the ability to probe MoS2 optical exciton behavior at growth-relevant grain sizes in relation to chemical vapor nucleation density, ripening, and lateral growth conditions. Our analysis is pertinent toward expected in situ epitaxial 2D TMDC film growth metrology to enable the facile development of monolayer films with targeted process-dependent optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Busch
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Riccardo Torsi
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Angelica Drees
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - David Moore
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Andrew Sarangan
- Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Nicholas R Glavin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Joshua A Robinson
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jonathan P Vernon
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - W Joshua Kennedy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Peter R Stevenson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
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6
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Beam steering at the nanosecond time scale with an atomically thin reflector. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3431. [PMID: 35701395 PMCID: PMC9198240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Techniques to mold the flow of light on subwavelength scales enable fundamentally new optical systems and device applications. The realization of programmable, active optical systems with fast, tunable components is among the outstanding challenges in the field. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a few-pixel beam steering device based on electrostatic gate control of excitons in an atomically thin semiconductor with strong light-matter interactions. By combining the high reflectivity of a MoSe2 monolayer with a graphene split-gate geometry, we shape the wavefront phase profile to achieve continuously tunable beam deflection with a range of 10°, two-dimensional beam steering, and switching times down to 1.6 nanoseconds. Our approach opens the door for a new class of atomically thin optical systems, such as rapidly switchable beam arrays and quantum metasurfaces operating at their fundamental thickness limit. Andersen et al. have demonstrated a new type of beam steering device based on the excitonic response of an atomically thin semiconductor. Using electrostatic gates, the authors achieved tunable steering with switching times on the nanosecond scale.
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7
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Fernández-Fernández D, González-Tudela A. Tunable Directional Emission and Collective Dissipation with Quantum Metasurfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:113601. [PMID: 35363033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Subwavelength atomic arrays, recently labeled as quantum metamaterials, have emerged as an exciting platform for obtaining novel quantum optical phenomena. The strong interference effects in these systems generate subradiant excitations that propagate through the atomic array with very long lifetimes. Here, we demonstrate that one can harness these excitations to obtain tunable directional emission patterns and collective dissipative couplings when placing judiciously additional atoms nearby the atomic array. For doing that, we first characterize the optimal square array geometry to obtain directional emission patterns. Then, we characterize the best atomic positions to couple efficiently to the subradiant metasurface excitations and provide several improvement strategies based on entangled atomic clusters or bilayers. Afterward, we also show how the directionality of the emission pattern can be controlled through the relative dipole orientation between the auxiliary atoms and the one of the array. Finally, we benchmark how these directional emission patterns translate into to collective, anisotropic dissipative couplings between the auxiliary atoms by studying the lifetime modification of atomic entangled states.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fernández-Fernández
- Institute of Fundamental Physics IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-Tudela
- Institute of Fundamental Physics IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Taghizadeh A, Thygesen KS, Pedersen TG. Two-Dimensional Materials with Giant Optical Nonlinearities near the Theoretical Upper Limit. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7155-7167. [PMID: 33724766 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena such as harmonic generation and Kerr and Pockels effects are of great technological importance for lasers, frequency converters, modulators, switches, etc. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials have drawn significant attention due to their strong and peculiar NLO properties. Here, we describe an efficient first-principles workflow for calculating the quadratic optical response and apply it to 375 non-centrosymmetric semiconductor monolayers from the Computational 2D Materials Database (C2DB). Sorting the nonresonant nonlinearities with respect to bandgap Eg reveals an upper limit proportional to Eg-4, which is neatly explained by two distinct generic models. We identify multiple promising candidates with giant nonlinearities and bandgaps ranging from 0.4 to 5 eV, some of which approach the theoretical upper limit and greatly outperform known materials. Our comprehensive library of ab initio NLO spectra for all 375 monolayers is freely available via the C2DB Web site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Taghizadeh
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Computational Atomic-scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian S Thygesen
- Computational Atomic-scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas G Pedersen
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), 9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
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9
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Zhuo Z, Chen H, Huang J, Li S, Wang J, Ding K, Ni H, Niu Z, Jiang D, Dou X, Sun B. Self-Induced Dark States in Two-Dimensional Excitons. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3485-3489. [PMID: 33792330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have obtained an ultralong lifetime exciton emission in InAs/GaAs single quantum dots (QDs) when the QD films are transferred onto the Si substrate covered by Ag nanoparticles. It is found that when the separation distance from the QD layer (also the wetting layer) to the Ag nanoparticles is around 19 nm, the QD emission lifetime changes from approximately 1 to 2000 ns. A classical dipole oscillator model is used to quantitatively calculate the spontaneous radiation decay rate of the excitons in the wetting layer (WL), and the simulated calculation result is in good agreement with the experimental one, revealing that the long lifetime exciton emission is due to the existence of the dark state in the WL. The self-induced dark state stems from the destructive interference between the exciton emission field and the induced dipole field of the Ag nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shulun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haiqiao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhichuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Desheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuming Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoquan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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Gu J, Walther V, Waldecker L, Rhodes D, Raja A, Hone JC, Heinz TF, Kéna-Cohen S, Pohl T, Menon VM. Enhanced nonlinear interaction of polaritons via excitonic Rydberg states in monolayer WSe 2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2269. [PMID: 33859179 PMCID: PMC8050076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong optical nonlinearities play a central role in realizing quantum photonic technologies. Exciton-polaritons, which result from the hybridization of material excitations and cavity photons, are an attractive candidate to realize such nonlinearities. While the interaction between ground state excitons generates a notable optical nonlinearity, the strength of such interactions is generally not sufficient to reach the regime of quantum nonlinear optics. Excited states, however, feature enhanced interactions and therefore hold promise for accessing the quantum domain of single-photon nonlinearities. Here we demonstrate the formation of exciton-polaritons using excited excitonic states in monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2) embedded in a microcavity. The realized excited-state polaritons exhibit an enhanced nonlinear response ∼[Formula: see text] which is ∼4.6 times that for the ground-state exciton. The demonstration of enhanced nonlinear response from excited exciton-polaritons presents the potential of generating strong exciton-polariton interactions, a necessary building block for solid-state quantum photonic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentin Walther
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lutz Waldecker
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Archana Raja
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Stéphane Kéna-Cohen
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Pohl
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Kyriienko O, Krizhanovskii DN, Shelykh IA. Nonlinear Quantum Optics with Trion Polaritons in 2D Monolayers: Conventional and Unconventional Photon Blockade. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:197402. [PMID: 33216594 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.197402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study a 2D system of trion polaritons at the quantum level and demonstrate that for monolayer semiconductors they can exhibit a strongly nonlinear optical response. The effect is due to the composite nature of trion-based excitations resulting in their nontrivial quantum statistical properties, and enhanced phase space filling effects. We present the full quantum theory to describe the statistics of trion polaritons, and demonstrate that the associated nonlinearity persists at the level of few quanta, where two qualitatively different regimes of photon antibunching are present for weak and strong single photon-trion coupling. We find that single photon emission from trion polaritons becomes experimentally feasible in state-of-the-art transition metal dichalcogenide setups. This can foster the development of quantum polaritonics using 2D monolayers as a material platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kyriienko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - D N Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - I A Shelykh
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Alaee R, Gurlek B, Albooyeh M, Martín-Cano D, Sandoghdar V. Quantum Metamaterials with Magnetic Response at Optical Frequencies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:063601. [PMID: 32845673 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.063601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose novel quantum antennas and metamaterials with a strong magnetic response at optical frequencies. Our design is based on the arrangement of natural quantum emitters with only electric dipole transition moments at distances smaller than a wavelength of light but much larger than their physical size. In particular, we show that an atomic dimer can serve as a magnetic antenna at its antisymmetric mode to enhance the decay rate of a magnetic transition in its vicinity by several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we study metasurfaces composed of atomic bilayers with and without cavities and show that they can fully reflect the electric and magnetic fields of light, thus, forming nearly perfect electric or magnetic mirrors. The proposed metamaterials will embody the intrinsic quantum functionalities of natural emitters such as atoms, ions, color center, or molecules and can be fabricated with available state-of-the-art technologies, promising several applications both in classical optics and quantum engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Alaee
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Q1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Burak Gurlek
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Albooyeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Diego Martín-Cano
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Qin J, Chen YH, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Blaikie RJ, Ding B, Qiu M. Revealing Strong Plasmon-Exciton Coupling between Nanogap Resonators and Two-Dimensional Semiconductors at Ambient Conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:063902. [PMID: 32109119 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.063902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of two-dimensional semiconductor excitons with plasmonic resonators enables control of light-matter interaction at the subwavelength scale. Here we develop such strong coupling in plasmonic nanogap resonators, which allows modification of exciton strength by altering electromagnetic environments in nearby semiconductor monolayers. Using this system, we not only demonstrate a large vacuum Rabi splitting up to 163 meV and splitting features in photoluminescence spectra but also reveal that the effective exciton number contributing to the coupling can be reduced down to the single-digit level (N<10), which is 2 orders lower than that of previous systems, close to single-exciton based strong coupling. In addition, we prove that the strong coupling process is not affected by the large exciton coherence size that was previously believed to be detrimental to the formation of plasmon-exciton interaction. We provide a deeper understanding of strong coupling in two-dimensional semiconductors, paving the way for room-temperature quantum optics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hui Chen
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhepeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard J Blaikie
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Boyang Ding
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Min Qiu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
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Zhou Y, Scuri G, Sung J, Gelly RJ, Wild DS, De Greve K, Joe AY, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Kim P, Lukin MD, Park H. Controlling Excitons in an Atomically Thin Membrane with a Mirror. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:027401. [PMID: 32004011 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.027401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new approach for dynamically manipulating the optical response of an atomically thin semiconductor, a monolayer of MoSe_{2}, by suspending it over a metallic mirror. First, we show that suspended van der Waals heterostructures incorporating a MoSe_{2} monolayer host spatially homogeneous, lifetime-broadened excitons. Then, we interface this nearly ideal excitonic system with a metallic mirror and demonstrate control over the exciton-photon coupling. Specifically, by electromechanically changing the distance between the heterostructure and the mirror, thereby changing the local photonic density of states in a controllable and reversible fashion, we show that both the absorption and emission properties of the excitons can be dynamically modulated. This electromechanical control over exciton dynamics in a mechanically flexible, atomically thin semiconductor opens up new avenues in cavity quantum optomechanics, nonlinear quantum optics, and topological photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Giovanni Scuri
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jiho Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ryan J Gelly
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Dominik S Wild
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kristiaan De Greve
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Andrew Y Joe
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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15
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Černotík O, Dantan A, Genes C. Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics with Frequency-Dependent Reflectors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:243601. [PMID: 31322406 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a general framework for cavity quantum electrodynamics with strongly frequency-dependent mirrors. The method is applicable to a variety of reflectors exhibiting sharp internal resonances as can be realized, for example, with photonic-crystal mirrors or with two-dimensional atomic arrays around subradiant points. Our approach is based on a modification of the standard input-output formalism to explicitly include the dynamics of the mirror's internal resonance. We show how to directly extract the interaction parameters from the comparison with classical transfer matrix theory and how to treat the non-Markovian dynamics of the cavity field mode introduced by the mirror's internal resonance. As an application within optomechanics, we illustrate how a non-Markovian Fano-resonance cavity with a flexible photonic-crystal mirror can provide both sideband resolution as well as strong heating suppression in optomechanical cooling. This approach, amenable to a wide range of systems, opens up possibilities for using hybrid frequency-dependent reflectors in cavity quantum electrodynamics for engineering novel forms of light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Černotík
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aurélien Dantan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claudiu Genes
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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