1
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Engelhardt G, Cao J. Polariton Localization and Dispersion Properties of Disordered Quantum Emitters in Multimode Microcavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:213602. [PMID: 37295110 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.213602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Experiments have demonstrated that the strong light-matter coupling in polaritonic microcavities significantly enhances transport. Motivated by these experiments, we have solved the disordered multimode Tavis-Cummings model in the thermodynamic limit and used this solution to analyze its dispersion and localization properties. The solution implies that wave-vector-resolved spectroscopic quantities can be described by single-mode models, but spatially resolved quantities require the multimode solution. Nondiagonal elements of the Green's function decay exponentially with distance, which defines the coherence length. The coherent length is strongly correlated with the photon weight and exhibits inverse scaling with respect to the Rabi frequency and an unusual dependence on disorder. For energies away from the average molecular energy E_{M} and above the confinement energy E_{C}, the coherence length rapidly diverges such that it exceeds the photon resonance wavelength λ_{0}. The rapid divergence allows us to differentiate the localized and delocalized regimes and identify the transition from diffusive to ballistic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Engelhardt
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianshu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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2
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Shishkov VY, Andrianov ES. Negative compressibility of a nonequilibrium nonideal Bose-Einstein condensate. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:064108. [PMID: 36671074 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.064108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An ideal equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is usually considered in the grand canonical (μVT) ensemble, which implies the presence of the chemical equilibrium with the environment. However, in most experimental scenarios, the total amount of particles in BEC is determined either by the initial conditions or by the balance between dissipation and pumping. As a result, BEC may possess the thermal equilibrium but almost never the chemical equilibrium. In addition, many experimentally achievable BECs are non-ideal due to interaction between particles. In the recent work [Shiskov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 065301 (2022)0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.128.065301], it has been shown that invariant subspaces in the system Hilbert space appear in non-equilibrium BEC in the fast thermalization limit. In each of these subspaces, Gibbs distribution is established with a certain number of particles that makes it possible to investigate properties of non-ideal non-equilibrium BEC independently in each invariant subspace. In this work, we analyze the BEC stability due to change in dispersion curve caused by non-linearity in BEC. Generally, non-linearity leads to the redshift or blueshift of the dispersion curve and to the change in the effective mass of the particles. We show that the redshift of the dispersion curve can lead to the negative compressibility of BEC and onset of instability, whereas the change in the effective mass always makes BEC more stable. We find the explicit condition for the particle density in BEC, at which the negative compressibility appears. We show that the appearance of BEC instability is followed by the formation of stable and spatially inhomogeneous BEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Yu Shishkov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy pereulok, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow region, Russia; Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratories for Hybrid Photonics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny S Andrianov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy pereulok, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow region, Russia; Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratories for Hybrid Photonics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Fowler-Wright P, Lovett BW, Keeling J. Efficient Many-Body Non-Markovian Dynamics of Organic Polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:173001. [PMID: 36332236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.173001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We show how to simulate a model of many molecules with both strong coupling to many vibrational modes and collective coupling to a single photon mode. We do this by combining process tensor matrix product operator methods with a mean-field approximation which reduces the dimension of the problem. We analyze the steady state of the model under incoherent pumping to determine the dependence of the polariton lasing threshold on cavity detuning, light-matter coupling strength, and environmental temperature. Moreover, by measuring two-time correlations, we study quadratic fluctuations about the mean field to calculate the photoluminescence spectrum. Our method enables one to simulate many-body systems with strong coupling to multiple environments, and to extract both static and dynamical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper Fowler-Wright
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Brendon W Lovett
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Keeling
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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4
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Sánchez-Barquilla M, Fernández-Domínguez AI, Feist J, García-Vidal FJ. A Theoretical Perspective on Molecular Polaritonics. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1830-1841. [PMID: 35726239 PMCID: PMC9204811 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, much theoretical research has focused on studying the strong coupling between organic molecules (or quantum emitters, in general) and light modes. The description and prediction of polaritonic phenomena emerging in this light-matter interaction regime have proven to be difficult tasks. The challenge originates from the enormous number of degrees of freedom that need to be taken into account, both in the organic molecules and in their photonic environment. On one hand, the accurate treatment of the vibrational spectrum of the former is key, and simplified quantum models are not valid in many cases. On the other hand, most photonic setups have complex geometric and material characteristics, with the result that photon fields corresponding to more than just a single electromagnetic mode contribute to the light-matter interaction in these platforms. Moreover, loss and dissipation, in the form of absorption or radiation, must also be included in the theoretical description of polaritons. Here, we review and offer our own perspective on some of the work recently done in the modeling of interacting molecular and optical states with increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sánchez-Barquilla
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio I. Fernández-Domínguez
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. García-Vidal
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
of High Performance Computing, Agency for
Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Connexis, Singapore, 138632 Singapore
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5
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Pannir-Sivajothi S, Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo JA, Martínez-Martínez LA, Sinha S, Yuen-Zhou J. Driving chemical reactions with polariton condensates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1645. [PMID: 35347131 PMCID: PMC8960839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When molecular transitions strongly couple to photon modes, they form hybrid light-matter modes called polaritons. Collective vibrational strong coupling is a promising avenue for control of chemistry, but this can be deterred by the large number of quasi-degenerate dark modes. The macroscopic occupation of a single polariton mode by excitations, as observed in Bose-Einstein condensation, offers promise for overcoming this issue. Here we theoretically investigate the effect of vibrational polariton condensation on the kinetics of electron transfer processes. Compared with excitation with infrared laser sources, the vibrational polariton condensate changes the reaction yield significantly at room temperature due to additional channels with reduced activation barriers resulting from the large accumulation of energy in the lower polariton, and the many modes available for energy redistribution during the reaction. Our results offer tantalizing opportunities to use condensates for driving chemical reactions, kinetically bypassing usual constraints of fast intramolecular vibrational redistribution in condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhana Pannir-Sivajothi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Luis A Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shubham Sinha
- Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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6
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Shishkov VY, Andrianov ES, Zasedatelev AV, Lagoudakis PG, Lozovik YE. Exact Analytical Solution for the Density Matrix of a Nonequilibrium Polariton Bose-Einstein Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:065301. [PMID: 35213178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.065301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we give an analytical quantum description of a nonequilibrium polariton Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) based on the solution of the master equation for the full polariton density matrix in the limit of fast thermalization. We find the density matrix of a nonequilibrium BEC, that takes into account quantum correlations between all polariton states. We show that the formation of BEC is accompanied by the build-up of cross-correlations between the ground state and the excited states reaching their highest values at the condensation threshold. Despite the nonequilibrium nature of polariton systems, we show the average population of polariton states exhibits the Bose-Einstein distribution with an almost zero effective chemical potential above the condensation threshold similar to an equilibrium BEC. We demonstrate that above threshold the effective temperature of polaritons drops below the reservoir temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Yu Shishkov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy pereulok, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow region, Russia; and Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny S Andrianov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy pereulok, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow region, Russia; and Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton V Zasedatelev
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavlos G Lagoudakis
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yurii E Lozovik
- Institute for Spectroscopy RAS, 5 Fizicheskaya, Troitsk 142190, Russia; Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia; Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia; and Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia
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7
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Dunkelberger AD, Simpkins BS, Vurgaftman I, Owrutsky JC. Vibration-Cavity Polariton Chemistry and Dynamics. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:429-451. [PMID: 35081324 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082620-014627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons result from light-matter coupling between optical resonances and molecular electronic or vibrational transitions. When the coupling is strong enough, new hybridized states with mixed photon-material character are observed spectroscopically, with resonances shifted above and below the uncoupled frequency. These new modes have unique optical properties and can be exploited to promote or inhibit physical and chemical processes. One remarkable result is that vibrational strong coupling to cavities can alter reaction rates and product branching ratios with no optical excitation whatsoever. In this work we review the ability of vibration-cavity polaritons to modify chemical and physical processes including chemical reactivity, as well as steady-state and transient spectroscopy. We discuss the larger context of these works and highlight their most important contributions and implications. Our goal is to provide insight for systematically manipulating molecular polaritons in photonic and chemical applications. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake S Simpkins
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA;
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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8
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Yu G, Li J, Zong H, Lei M, Chen H, Lang R, Li S, Akbar Khan MS, Hu X. Two-round quasi-whispering gallery mode exciton polaritons with large Rabi splitting in a GaN microrod. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:39788-39800. [PMID: 34809335 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the exciton polaritons and their corresponding optical modes in a hexagonal GaN microrod at room temperature. The dispersion curves are measured by the angle-resolved micro-photoluminescence spectrometer, and two types of exciton polaritons are identified with the help of the finite-difference time-domain simulation. By changing the pump position, the photon part of the exciton polaritons is found to switch between the quasi-whispering gallery modes and the two-round quasi-whispering gallery modes. The exciton polaritons formed by the latter are observed and distinguished for the first time, with a giant Rabi splitting as large as 2Ω = 230.3 meV.
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9
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Arnardottir KB, Moilanen AJ, Strashko A, Törmä P, Keeling J. Multimode Organic Polariton Lasing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:233603. [PMID: 33337197 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.233603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a beyond-mean-field approach to predict the nature of organic polariton lasing, accounting for all relevant photon modes in a planar microcavity. Starting from a microscopic picture, we show how lasing can switch between polaritonic states resonant with the maximal gain, and those at the bottom of the polariton dispersion. We show how the population of nonlasing modes can be found, and by using two-time correlations, we show how the photoluminescence spectrum (of both lasing and nonlasing modes) evolves with pumping and coupling strength, confirming recent experimental work on the origin of blueshift for polariton lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B Arnardottir
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Antti J Moilanen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Artem Strashko
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Päivi Törmä
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jonathan Keeling
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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10
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Alvertis AM, Pandya R, Quarti C, Legrand L, Barisien T, Monserrat B, Musser AJ, Rao A, Chin AW, Beljonne D. First principles modeling of exciton-polaritons in polydiacetylene chains. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:084103. [PMID: 32872885 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons in organic materials are hybrid states that result from the strong interaction of photons and the bound excitons that these materials host. Organic polaritons hold great interest for optoelectronic applications; however, progress toward this end has been impeded by the lack of a first principles approach that quantifies light-matter interactions in these systems, which would allow the formulation of molecular design rules. Here, we present a theoretical framework that combines first principles calculations for excitons with classical electrodynamics in order to quantify light-matter interactions. We exemplify our approach by studying variants of the conjugated polymer polydiacetylene, and we show that a large polymer conjugation length is critical toward strong exciton-photon coupling, hence underlying the importance of pure structures without static disorder. By comparing to our experimental reflectivity measurements, we show that the coupling of excitons to vibrations, manifested by phonon side bands in the absorption, has a strong impact on the magnitude of light-matter coupling over a range of frequencies. Our approach opens the way toward a deeper understanding of polaritons in organic materials, and we highlight that a quantitatively accurate calculation of the exciton-photon interaction would require accounting for all sources of disorder self-consistently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios M Alvertis
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Raj Pandya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Quarti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Laurent Legrand
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS-UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Barisien
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS-UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bartomeu Monserrat
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W Chin
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS-UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, INSP, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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11
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Ulusoy IS, Vendrell O. Dynamics and spectroscopy of molecular ensembles in a lossy microcavity. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044108. [PMID: 32752693 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiative and nonradiative relaxation dynamics of an ensemble of molecules in a microcavity are investigated with emphasis on the impact of the cavity lifetime on reactive and spectroscopic properties. Extending a previous study [I. S. Ulusoy et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 123, 8832-8844 (2019)], it is shown that the dynamics of the ensemble and of single molecules are influenced by the presence of a cavity resonance as long as the polariton splitting can be resolved spectroscopically, which critically depends on the lifetime of the system. Our simulations illustrate how the branching between nonradiative intersystem crossing and radiative decay through the cavity can be tuned by selecting specific cavity photon energies resonant at specific molecular geometries. In the case of cavity-photon energies that are not resonant at the Franck-Condon geometry of the molecules, it is demonstrated numerically and analytically that collective effects are limited to a handful of molecules in the ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Sub-picosecond thermalization dynamics in condensation of strongly coupled lattice plasmons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3139. [PMID: 32561728 PMCID: PMC7305221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bosonic condensates offer exciting prospects for studies of non-equilibrium quantum dynamics. Understanding the dynamics is particularly challenging in the sub-picosecond timescales typical for room temperature luminous driven-dissipative condensates. Here we combine a lattice of plasmonic nanoparticles with dye molecule solution at the strong coupling regime, and pump the molecules optically. The emitted light reveals three distinct regimes: one-dimensional lasing, incomplete stimulated thermalization, and two-dimensional multimode condensation. The condensate is achieved by matching the thermalization rate with the lattice size and occurs only for pump pulse durations below a critical value. Our results give access to control and monitoring of thermalization processes and condensate formation at sub-picosecond timescale.
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13
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Keeling J, Kéna-Cohen S. Bose–Einstein Condensation of Exciton-Polaritons in Organic Microcavities. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2020; 71:435-459. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-010920-102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bose–Einstein condensation describes the macroscopic occupation of a single-particle mode: the condensate. This state can in principle be realized for any particles obeying Bose–Einstein statistics; this includes hybrid light-matter excitations known as polaritons. Some of the unique optoelectronic properties of organic molecules make them especially well suited for the realization of polariton condensates. Exciton-polaritons form in optical cavities when electronic excitations couple collectively to the optical mode supported by the cavity. These polaritons obey bosonic statistics at moderate densities, are stable at room temperature, and have been observed to form a condensed or lasing state. Understanding the optimal conditions for polariton condensation requires careful modeling of the complex photophysics of organic molecules. In this article, we introduce the basic physics of exciton-polaritons and condensation and review experiments demonstrating polariton condensation in molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Keeling
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Kéna-Cohen
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
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14
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Herrera F, Owrutsky J. Molecular polaritons for controlling chemistry with quantum optics. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:100902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5136320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile and Millennium Institute for Research in Optics MIRO, Concepción, Chile
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15
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Ramezani M, Halpin A, Wang S, Berghuis M, Rivas JG. Ultrafast Dynamics of Nonequilibrium Organic Exciton-Polariton Condensates. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8590-8596. [PMID: 31670967 PMCID: PMC6909230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polariton condensation in organic materials, arising from the coupling of Frenkel excitons to the electromagnetic field in cavities, is a phenomenon resulting in low-threshold coherent light emission among other fascinating properties. The exact mechanisms leading to the thermalization of organic exciton-polaritons toward condensation are not yet understood, partly due to the complexity of organic molecules and partly to the canonical microcavities used in condensation studies, which limit broadband studies. Here, we exploit an entirely different cavity design, i.e., an array of plasmonic nanoparticles strongly coupled to organic molecules, to successfully measure the broadband ultrafast dynamics of the strongly coupled system. Sharp features emerge in the transient spectrum originating from the formation of a condensate with a well-defined molecular vibrational composition. These measurements represent the first direct experimental evidence that molecular vibrations drive condensation in organic systems and provide a benchmark for modeling the dynamics of organic-based exciton-polariton condensates.
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