1
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Fábri C, Császár AG, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Coupling polyatomic molecules to lossy nanocavities: Lindblad vs Schrödinger description. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214308. [PMID: 38836455 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of cavities to impact molecular structure and dynamics has become popular. As cavities, in particular plasmonic nanocavities, are lossy and the lifetime of their modes can be very short, their lossy nature must be incorporated into the calculations. The Lindblad master equation is commonly considered an appropriate tool to describe this lossy nature. This approach requires the dynamics of the density operator and is thus substantially more costly than approaches employing the Schrödinger equation for the quantum wave function when several or many nuclear degrees of freedom are involved. In this work, we compare numerically the Lindblad and Schrödinger descriptions discussed in the literature for a molecular example where the cavity is pumped by a laser. The laser and cavity properties are varied over a range of parameters. It is found that the Schrödinger description adequately describes the dynamics of the polaritons and emission signal as long as the laser intensity is moderate and the pump time is not much longer than the lifetime of the cavity mode. Otherwise, it is demonstrated that the Schrödinger description gradually fails. We also show that the failure of the Schrödinger description can often be remedied by renormalizing the wave function at every step of time propagation. The results are discussed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila G Császár
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Fábri C, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Impact of Cavity on Molecular Ionization Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4655-4661. [PMID: 38647546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ionization phenomena have been widely studied for decades. With the advent of cavity technology, the question arises how quantum light affects molecular ionization. As the ionization spectrum is recorded from the neutral ground state, it is usually possible to choose cavities which exert negligible effect on the neutral ground state, but have significant impact on the ion and the ionization spectrum. Particularly interesting are cases where the ion exhibits conical intersections between close-lying electronic states, which gives rise to substantial nonadiabatic effects. Assuming single-molecule strong coupling, we demonstrate that vibrational modes irrelevant in the absence of a cavity play a decisive role when the molecule is in the cavity. Here, dynamical symmetry breaking is responsible for the ion-cavity coupling and high symmetry enables control of the coupling via molecular orientation relative to the cavity field polarization. Significant impact on the spectrum by the cavity is found and shown to even substantially increase for less symmetric molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Wanasinghe S, Gjoni A, Burson W, Majeski C, Zaslona B, Rury AS. Motional Narrowing through Photonic Exchange: Rational Suppression of Excitonic Disorder from Molecular Cavity Polariton Formation. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2405-2418. [PMID: 38394364 PMCID: PMC10926155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Maximizing the coherence between the constituents of molecular materials remains a crucial goal toward the implementation of these systems into everyday optoelectronic technologies. Here we experimentally assess the ability of strong light-matter coupling in the collective limit to reduce energetic disorder using porphyrin-based chromophores in Fabry-Pérot (FP) microresonator structures. Following characterization of cavity polaritons formed from chemically distinct porphyrin dimers, we find that the peaks corresponding to the lower polariton (LP) state in each sample do not possess widths consistent with conventional theories. We model the behavior of the polariton peak widths effectively using the results of spectroscopic theory. We correlate differences in the suppression of excitonic energetic disorder between our samples with microscopic light-matter interactions and propose that the suppression stems from photonic exchange. Our results demonstrate that cavity polariton formation can suppress disorder and show researchers how to design coherence into hybrid molecular material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachithra
T. Wanasinghe
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Materials
Structural Dynamics Laboratory, Wayne State
University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Adelina Gjoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Materials
Structural Dynamics Laboratory, Wayne State
University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Wade Burson
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Caris Majeski
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Bradley Zaslona
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Aaron S. Rury
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Materials
Structural Dynamics Laboratory, Wayne State
University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
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4
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Sokolovskii I, Groenhof G. Non-Hermitian molecular dynamics simulations of exciton-polaritons in lossy cavities. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:092501. [PMID: 38426514 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The observation that materials can change their properties when placed inside or near an optical resonator has sparked a fervid interest in understanding the effects of strong light-matter coupling on molecular dynamics, and several approaches have been proposed to extend the methods of computational chemistry into this regime. Whereas the majority of these approaches have focused on modeling a single molecule coupled to a single cavity mode, changes to chemistry have so far only been observed experimentally when very many molecules are coupled collectively to multiple modes with short lifetimes. While atomistic simulations of many molecules coupled to multiple cavity modes have been performed with semi-classical molecular dynamics, an explicit description of cavity losses has so far been restricted to simulations in which only a very few molecular degrees of freedom were considered. Here, we have implemented an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian to explicitly treat cavity losses in large-scale semi-classical molecular dynamics simulations of organic polaritons and used it to perform both mean-field and surface hopping simulations of polariton relaxation, propagation, and energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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5
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Moiseyev N, Landau A. QED Theory for Controlling the Molecule-Cavity Interaction: From Solvable Analytical Models to Realistic Ones. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:5465-5480. [PMID: 37494598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The study of the interactions of chemical systems in a cavity and the ability to control the reactions inside the cavities become an evolving and hot field of research. Despite that, there is still a significant gap between experiment and theory. Herein, we aim to bridge this gap by starting with the analysis of solvable analytical models for reactions inside a cavity, then continuing to realistic models for many molecules inside a single mode and in a multimode cavity. In addition, we investigate different ways to control the strength of the molecule-cavity coupling term, which in turn allows controlling chemical reactions. Our analysis can benefit the development of ab initio computational methods to simulate molecular systems in polariton cavities; in addition, we show how to parameterize the model Hamiltonians in order to simulate a specific molecular system. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility of achieving isomerization, in case it is prohibited out of the cavity, by placing the reaction inside a cavity.
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6
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Davidsson E, Kowalewski M. The role of dephasing for dark state coupling in a molecular Tavis-Cummings model. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044306. [PMID: 37493131 PMCID: PMC7615654 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The collective coupling of an ensemble of molecules to a light field is commonly described by the Tavis-Cummings model. This model includes numerous eigenstates that are optically decoupled from the optically bright polariton states. Accessing these dark states requires breaking the symmetry in the corresponding Hamiltonian. In this paper, we investigate the influence of non-unitary processes on the dark state dynamics in the molecular Tavis-Cummings model. The system is modeled with a Lindblad equation that includes pure dephasing, as it would be caused by weak interactions with an environment, and photon decay. Our simulations show that the rate of pure dephasing, as well as the number of two-level systems, has a significant influence on the dark state population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Davidsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Gu Y, Gu B, Sun S, Yong H, Chernyak VY, Mukamel S. Manipulating Attosecond Charge Migration in Molecules by Optical Cavities. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37390450 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast electronic charge dynamics in molecules upon photoionization while the nuclear motions are frozen is known as charge migration. In a theoretical study of the quantum dynamics of photoionized 5-bromo-1-pentene, we show that the charge migration process can be induced and enhanced by placing the molecule in an optical cavity, and can be monitored by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The collective nature of the polaritonic charge migration process is investigated. We find that, unlike spectroscopy, molecular charge dynamics in a cavity is local and does not show many-molecule collective effects. The same conclusion applies to cavity polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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8
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Cederbaum LS, Fedyk J. Activating cavity by electrons. COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS 2023; 6:111. [PMID: 38665403 PMCID: PMC11041782 DOI: 10.1038/s42005-023-01227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of atoms and molecules with quantum light as realized in cavities has become a highly topical and fast growing research field. This interaction leads to hybrid light-matter states giving rise to new phenomena and opening up pathways to control and manipulate properties of the matter. Here, we substantially extend the scope of the interaction by allowing free electrons to enter the cavity and merge and unify the two active fields of electron scattering and quantum-light-matter interaction. In the presence of matter, hybrid metastable states are formed at electron energies of choice. The properties of these states depend strongly on the frequency and on the light-matter coupling of the cavity. The incoming electrons can be captured by the matter inside the cavity solely due to the presence of the cavity. The findings are substantiated by an explicit example and general consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S. Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Fedyk
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Schäfer C, Baranov DG. Chiral Polaritonics: Analytical Solutions, Intuition, and Use. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3777-3784. [PMID: 37052302 PMCID: PMC10123817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Preferential selection of a given enantiomer over its chiral counterpart has become increasingly relevant in the advent of the next era of medical drug design. In parallel, cavity quantum electrodynamics has grown into a solid framework to control energy transfer and chemical reactivity, the latter requiring strong coupling. In this work, we derive an analytical solution to a system of many chiral emitters interacting with a chiral cavity similar to the widely used Tavis-Cummings and Hopfield models of quantum optics. We are able to estimate the discriminating strength of chiral polaritonics, discuss possible future development directions and exciting applications such as elucidating homochirality, and deliver much needed intuition to foster the newly flourishing field of chiral polaritonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- MC2
Department, Chalmers University of Technology, 41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denis G. Baranov
- Center
for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute
of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
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10
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Zhang Z, Nie X, Lei D, Mukamel S. Multidimensional Coherent Spectroscopy of Molecular Polaritons: Langevin Approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:103001. [PMID: 36962020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a microscopic theory for nonlinear optical spectroscopy of N molecules in an optical cavity. Using the Heisenberg-Langevin equation, an analytical expression is derived for the time- and frequency-resolved signals accounting for arbitrary numbers of vibrational excitations. We identify clear signatures of the polariton-polaron interaction from multidimensional projections of the signal, e.g., pathways and timescales. Cooperative dynamics of cavity polaritons against intramolecular vibrations is revealed, along with a crosstalk between long-range coherence and vibronic coupling that may lead to localization effects. Our results further characterize the polaritonic coherence and the population transfer that is slower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhedong Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Xiaoyu Nie
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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11
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Sukharev M, Subotnik J, Nitzan A. Dissociation slowdown by collective optical response under strong coupling conditions. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:084104. [PMID: 36859100 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We consider an ensemble of diatomic molecules resonantly coupled to an optical cavity under strong coupling conditions at normal incidence. Photodissociation dynamics is examined via direct numerical integration of the coupled Maxwell-Schrödinger equations with molecular rovibrational degrees of freedom explicitly taken into account. It is shown that the dissociation is significantly affected (slowed down) when the system is driven at its polaritonic frequencies. The observed effect is demonstrated to be of transient nature and has no classical analog. An intuitive explanation of the dissociation slowdown at polaritonic frequencies is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Sukharev
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona 85212, USA
| | - Joseph Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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12
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Gómez JA, Vendrell O. Vibrational Energy Redistribution and Polaritonic Fermi Resonances in the Strong Coupling Regime. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1598-1608. [PMID: 36758162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) plays a significant role in cavity-modified chemical reaction rates. As such, understanding the fundamental mechanisms by which the cavity modifies the IVR pathways is a fundamental step toward engineering the effect of the confined electromagnetic modes on the outcome of chemical processes. Here we consider an ensemble of M two-mode molecules with intramolecular anharmonic couplings interacting with an infrared cavity mode and consider their quantum dynamics and infrared spectra. Polaritonic Fermi resonances involving fundamental and overtone states of the polaritonic subsystem mediate efficient energy transfer pathways between otherwise off-resonant molecular states. These pathways are of collective nature, yet enabled by the intramolecular anharmonic couplings. Hence, through polaritonic Fermi resonances, cavity excitation can efficiently spread toward low-frequency modes while becoming delocalized over several molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana A Gómez
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Couto RC, Kowalewski M. Suppressing non-radiative decay of photochromic organic molecular systems in the strong coupling regime. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19199-19208. [PMID: 35861014 PMCID: PMC9382694 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00774f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The lifetimes of electronic excited states have a strong influence on the efficiency of organic solar cells. However, in some molecular systems a given excited state lifetime is reduced due to the non-radiative decay through conical intersections. Several strategies may be used to suppress this decay channel. The use of the strong light-matter coupling provided in optical nano-cavities is the focus of this paper. Here, we consider the meso-tert-butyl-4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene molecule (meso-tert-butyl-BODIPY) as a showcase of how strong and ultrastrong coupling might help in the development of organic solar cells. The meso-tert-butyl-BODIPY is known for its low fluorescence yield caused by the non-radiative decay through a conical intersection. However, we show here that, by considering this system within a cavity, the strong coupling can lead to significant changes in the multidimensional landscape of the potential energy surfaces of meso-tert-butyl-BODIPY, suppressing almost completely the decay of the excited state wave packet back to the ground state. By means of multi configuration electronic structure calculations and nuclear wave packet dynamics, the coupling with the cavity is analyzed in-depth to provide further insight of the interaction. By fine-tuning the cavity field strength and resonance frequency, we show that one can change the nuclear dynamics in the excited state, and control the non-radiative decay. This may lead to a faster and more efficient population transfer or the suppression of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Couto
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Schäfer C. Polaritonic Chemistry from First Principles via Embedding Radiation Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6905-6911. [PMID: 35866694 PMCID: PMC9358701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coherent interaction of a large collection of molecules with a common photonic mode results in strong light-matter coupling, a feature that has proven highly beneficial for chemistry and has introduced the research topics polaritonic and QED chemistry. Here, we demonstrate an embedding approach to capture the collective nature while retaining the full ab initio representation of single molecules─an approach ideal for polaritonic chemistry. The accuracy of the embedding radiation-reaction ansatz is demonstrated for time-dependent density-functional theory. Then, by virtue of a simple proton-tunneling model, we illustrate that the influence of collective strong coupling on chemical reactions features a nontrivial dependence on the number of emitters and can alternate between strong catalyzing and an inhibiting effect. Bridging classical electrodynamics, quantum optical descriptions, and the ab initio description of realistic molecules, this work can serve as a guiding light for future developments and investigations in the quickly growing fields of QED chemistry and QED material design.
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15
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Tichauer RH, Morozov D, Sokolovskii I, Toppari JJ, Groenhof G. Identifying Vibrations that Control Non-adiabatic Relaxation of Polaritons in Strongly Coupled Molecule-Cavity Systems. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6259-6267. [PMID: 35771724 PMCID: PMC9289944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The strong light-matter coupling regime, in which excitations of materials hybridize with excitations of confined light modes into polaritons, holds great promise in various areas of science and technology. A key aspect for all applications of polaritonic chemistry is the relaxation into the lower polaritonic states. Polariton relaxation is speculated to involve two separate processes: vibrationally assisted scattering (VAS) and radiative pumping (RP), but the driving forces underlying these two mechanisms are not fully understood. To provide mechanistic insights, we performed multiscale molecular dynamics simulations of tetracene molecules strongly coupled to the confined light modes of an optical cavity. The results suggest that both mechanisms are driven by the same molecular vibrations that induce relaxation through nonadiabatic coupling between dark states and polaritonic states. Identifying these vibrational modes provides a rationale for enhanced relaxation into the lower polariton when the cavity detuning is resonant with specific vibrational transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H. Tichauer
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J. Jussi Toppari
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Physics, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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16
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Sun J, Vendrell O. Suppression and Enhancement of Thermal Chemical Rates in a Cavity. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4441-4446. [PMID: 35549344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The observed modification of thermal chemical rates in Fabry-Perot cavities remains a poorly understood effect theoretically. Recent breakthroughs explain some of the observations through the Grote-Hynes theory, where the cavity introduces friction with the reaction coordinate, thus reducing the transmission coefficient and the rate. The regime of rate enhancement, the observed sharp resonances at varying cavity frequencies, and the survival of these effects in the collective regime remain mostly unexplained. In this Letter, we consider the cis-trans isomerization of HONO atomistically using an ab initio potential energy surface. We evaluate the transmission coefficient using the reactive flux method and identify the conditions for rate acceleration. In the underdamped, low-friction regime of the reaction coordinate, the cavity coupling enhances the rate with increasing coupling strength until reaching the Kramers turnover point. Sharp resonances in this regime are related to cavity-enabled energy redistribution channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Structure and dynamics of electronically excited molecular systems. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Fregoni J, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Feist J. Theoretical Challenges in Polaritonic Chemistry. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1096-1107. [PMID: 35480492 PMCID: PMC9026242 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic chemistry exploits strong light-matter coupling between molecules and confined electromagnetic field modes to enable new chemical reactivities. In systems displaying this functionality, the choice of the cavity determines both the confinement of the electromagnetic field and the number of molecules that are involved in the process. While in wavelength-scale optical cavities the light-matter interaction is ruled by collective effects, plasmonic subwavelength nanocavities allow even single molecules to reach strong coupling. Due to these very distinct situations, a multiscale theoretical toolbox is then required to explore the rich phenomenology of polaritonic chemistry. Within this framework, each component of the system (molecules and electromagnetic modes) needs to be treated in sufficient detail to obtain reliable results. Starting from the very general aspects of light-molecule interactions in typical experimental setups, we underline the basic concepts that should be taken into account when operating in this new area of research. Building on these considerations, we then provide a map of the theoretical tools already available to tackle chemical applications of molecular polaritons at different scales. Throughout the discussion, we draw attention to both the successes and the challenges still ahead in the theoretical description of polaritonic chemistry.
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19
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Climent C, Casanova D, Feist J, Garcia-Vidal FJ. Not dark yet for strong light-matter coupling to accelerate singlet fission dynamics. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2022; 3:100841. [PMID: 35620360 PMCID: PMC9022090 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are unique hybrid light-matter states that offer an alternative way to manipulate chemical processes. In this work, we show that singlet fission dynamics can be accelerated under strong light-matter coupling. For superexchange-mediated singlet fission, state mixing speeds up the dynamics in cavities when the lower polariton is close in energy to the multiexcitonic state. This effect is more pronounced in non-conventional singlet fission materials in which the energy gap between the bright singlet exciton and the multiexcitonic state is large ( > 0.1 eV). In this case, the dynamics is dominated by the polaritonic modes and not by the bare-molecule-like dark states, and, additionally, the resonant enhancement due to strong coupling is robust even for energetically broad molecular states. The present results provide a new strategy to expand the range of suitable materials for efficient singlet fission by making use of strong light-matter coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Climent
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A∗STAR), Connexis, 138632, Singapore
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20
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Cederbaum LS. Cooperative molecular structure in polaritonic and dark states. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:184102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0090047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of quantum light with matter is known to give rise to mixed light-matter states. An ensemble of identical molecules is discussed. The resulting hybrid light-matter states exhibit complex structure even if only a single vibrational coordinate per molecule is considered. Starting from the uniform situation where all molecules possess the same value of this coordinate, polaritons and dark states follow like in atoms, but are functions of this coordinate. It is proven that any point on a resulting polariton energy curve is a (local) minimum or maximum for distorting molecules perpendicular to this curve. It is shown how to explicitly compute the impact of distortion solely based on the data of a free molecule. The structure of the dark states and their behavior upon distortion is analyzed as well. Useful techniques are introduced and general results on, for example, minimum energy path, symmetry breaking and restoration, are obtained. The developed strategy is transferred to include several or even many nuclear degrees of freedom per molecule and it is demonstrated that the interplay of several vibrational degrees of freedom in a single molecule of the ensemble is expected to lead to qualitatively different physics. General consequences are discussed.
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21
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Du M, Yuen-Zhou J. Catalysis by Dark States in Vibropolaritonic Chemistry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:096001. [PMID: 35302824 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.096001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Collective strong coupling between a disordered ensemble of N localized molecular vibrations and a resonant optical cavity mode gives rise to two polariton and N-1≫2 dark modes. Thus, experimental changes in thermally activated reaction kinetics due to polariton formation appear entropically unlikely and remain a puzzle. Here we show that the overlooked dark modes, while parked at the same energy as bare molecular vibrations, are robustly delocalized across ∼2-3 molecules, yielding enhanced channels of vibrational cooling, concomitantly catalyzing a chemical reaction. As an illustration, we theoretically show an ≈50% increase in an electron transfer rate due to enhanced product stabilization. The reported effects can arise when the homogeneous linewidths of the dark modes are smaller than their energy spacings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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22
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Fábri C, Halász GJ, Vibók Á. Probing Light-Induced Conical Intersections by Monitoring Multidimensional Polaritonic Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1172-1179. [PMID: 35084197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of a molecule with the quantized electromagnetic field of a nanocavity gives rise to light-induced conical intersections between polaritonic potential energy surfaces. We demonstrate for a realistic model of a polyatomic molecule that the time-resolved ultrafast radiative emission of the cavity enables following both nuclear wavepacket dynamics on, and nonadiabatic population transfer between, polaritonic surfaces without applying a probe pulse. The latter provides an unambiguous (and in principle experimentally accessible) dynamical fingerprint of light-induced conical intersections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- MTA-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, Budapest 112, H-1518, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, Debrecen, H-4002, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, Debrecen, H-4002, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, Debrecen, H-4002, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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23
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Wang S, Chuang YT, Hsu LY. Simple but accurate estimation of light-matter coupling strength and optical loss for a molecular emitter coupled with photonic modes. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:134117. [PMID: 34624977 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-matter coupling strength and optical loss are two key physical quantities in cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED), and their interplay determines whether light-matter hybrid states can be formed or not in chemical systems. In this study, by using macroscopic quantum electrodynamics (MQED) combined with a pseudomode approach, we present a simple but accurate method, which allows us to quickly estimate the light-matter coupling strength and optical loss without free parameters. Moreover, for a molecular emitter coupled with photonic modes (including cavity modes and plasmon polariton modes), we analytically and numerically prove that the dynamics derived from the MQED-based wavefunction approach is mathematically equivalent to the dynamics governed by the CQED-based Lindblad master equation when the Purcell factor behaves like Lorentzian functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chuang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yan Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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24
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Avramenko AG, Rury AS. Local molecular probes of ultrafast relaxation channels in strongly coupled metalloporphyrin-cavity systems. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:064702. [PMID: 34391349 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum control of ultrafast excited state dynamics remains an unachieved goal within the chemical physics community. In this study, we assess how strongly coupling to cavity photons affects the excited state dynamics of strongly coupled zinc (II) tetraphenyl porphyrin (ZnTPP) and copper (II) tetraphenyl porphyrin (CuTPP) molecules. By varying the concentration of each chromophore within different Fabry-Pérot (FP) structures, we control the collective vacuum Rabi splitting between the energies of cavity polariton states formed through the strong coupling of molecular electrons and cavity photons. Using ultrafast transient reflectivity and transmission measurements probing optical transitions of individual ZnTPP and CuTPP molecules, we find that the polaritonic states localize into uncoupled excited states of these chromophores through different mechanisms. For ZnTPP, we build a simple kinetic model including a direct channel of relaxation between the polaritonic states. We find that our models necessitate a small contribution from this interpolaritonic relaxation channel to explain both our steady-state and transient optical spectroscopic measurements adequately. In contrast, we propose that strong cavity coupling slows the internal conversion between electronic states of CuTPP not directly interacting with the photons of FP structures. These results suggest that researchers must consider the vibrational structure and excited state properties of the strongly coupled chromophores when attempting to use polariton formation as a tool to control the dynamics of molecules central to photo-sensitizing and light harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr G Avramenko
- Materials Structural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Aaron S Rury
- Materials Structural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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25
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Abstract
The interaction of quantum light with matter like that inside a cavity is known to give rise to mixed light-matter states called polaritons. We discuss the impact of rotation of the cavity on the polaritons. It is shown that the number of polaritons increases because of this rotation. The structure of the original polaritons is modified, and new ones are induced by the rotation that strongly depend on the angular velocity and the choice of axis of rotation. In molecules the rotation can change the number of light-induced conical intersections and their dimensionality and hence strongly impact their quantum dynamics. General consequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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26
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Cederbaum LS, Kuleff AI. Impact of cavity on interatomic Coulombic decay. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4083. [PMID: 34215732 PMCID: PMC8253799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) is an efficient electronic decay process of systems embedded in environment. In ICD, the excess energy of an excited atom A is efficiently utilized to ionize a neighboring atom B. In quantum light, an ensemble of atoms A form polaritonic states which can undergo ICD with B. Here we investigate the impact of quantum light on ICD and show that this process is strongly altered compared to classical ICD. The ICD rate depends sensitively on the atomic distribution and orientation of the ensemble. It is stressed that in contrast to superposition states formed by a laser, forming polaritons by a cavity enables to control the emergence and suppression, as well as the efficiency of ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander I Kuleff
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Liu YR, Kimberg V, Wu Y, Wang JG, Vendrell O, Zhang SB. Ultraviolet Pump-Probe Photodissociation Spectroscopy of Electron-Rotation Coupling in Diatomics. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5534-5539. [PMID: 34100612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The electronic angular momentum projected onto the diatomic axis couples with the angular momentum of the nuclei, significantly affecting the rotational motion of the system under electronic excitations by intense lasers. In this letter, we propose a pump-probe photodissociation scheme for an accurate determination of electron-rotation coupling effects induced by the strong fields. As a showcase we study the CH+ molecule excited by a short intense ultraviolet pump pulse to the A1Π state, which triggers coupled rovibrational dynamics. The dynamics is observed by measuring the kinetic energy release and angular resolved photofragmentation upon photodissociation induced by the time-delayed probe pulse populating the C1Σ+ state. Simulations of the rovibrational dynamics unravel clear fingerprints of the electron-rotation coupling effects that can be observed experimentally. The proposed pump-probe scheme opens new possibilities for the study of ultrafast dynamics following valence electronic transitions with current laser technology, and possible applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong Liu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Victor Kimberg
- Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- International Research Center of Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Siberian Federal University - IRC SQC, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yong Wu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Guo Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Song Bin Zhang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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28
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Tichauer RH, Feist J, Groenhof G. Multi-scale dynamics simulations of molecular polaritons: The effect of multiple cavity modes on polariton relaxation. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104112. [PMID: 33722041 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling molecules to the confined light modes of an optical cavity is showing great promise for manipulating chemical reactions. However, to fully exploit this principle and use cavities as a new tool for controlling chemistry, a complete understanding of the effects of strong light-matter coupling on molecular dynamics and reactivity is required. While quantum chemistry can provide atomistic insight into the reactivity of uncoupled molecules, the possibilities to also explore strongly coupled systems are still rather limited due to the challenges associated with an accurate description of the cavity in such calculations. Despite recent progress in introducing strong coupling effects into quantum chemistry calculations, applications are mostly restricted to single or simplified molecules in ideal lossless cavities that support a single light mode only. However, even if commonly used planar mirror micro-cavities are characterized by a fundamental mode with a frequency determined by the distance between the mirrors, the cavity energy also depends on the wave vector of the incident light rays. To account for this dependency, called cavity dispersion, in atomistic simulations of molecules in optical cavities, we have extended our multi-scale molecular dynamics model for strongly coupled molecular ensembles to include multiple confined light modes. To validate the new model, we have performed simulations of up to 512 Rhodamine molecules in red-detuned Fabry-Pérot cavities. The results of our simulations suggest that after resonant excitation into the upper polariton at a fixed wave vector, or incidence angle, the coupled cavity-molecule system rapidly decays into dark states that lack dispersion. Slower relaxation from the dark state manifold into both the upper and lower bright polaritons causes observable photo-luminescence from the molecule-cavity system along the two polariton dispersion branches that ultimately evolves toward the bottom of the lower polariton branch, in line with experimental observations. We anticipate that the more realistic cavity description in our approach will help to better understand and predict how cavities can modify molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Tichauer
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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29
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Triana JF, Sanz-Vicario JL. Polar diatomic molecules in optical cavities: Photon scaling, rotational effects, and comparison with classical fields. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094120. [PMID: 33685158 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We address topics related to molecules coupled to quantum radiation. The formalism of light-matter interaction is different for classical and quantum fields, but some analogies remain, such as the formation of light induced crossings. We show that under particular circumstances, the molecular dynamics under quantum or classical fields produce similar results, as long as the radiation is prepared as a Fock state and far from ultra-strong coupling regimes. At this point, the choice of specific initial Fock states is irrelevant since the dynamics scales. However, in realistic multistate molecular systems, radiative scaling may fail due to the presence of simultaneous efficient non-radiative couplings in the dynamics. Polar molecules have permanent dipoles, and within the context of the full quantum Rabi model with a Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian, they play a crucial role in the polaritonic dynamics since both permanent dipole moments and self-energy terms produce drastic changes on the undressed potential energy surfaces at high coupling strengths. We also gauge the effect of including rotational degrees of freedom in cavity molecular photodynamics. For diatomic molecules, the addition of rotation amounts to transform (both with classical or quantum fields) a light induced crossing into a light induced conical intersection. However, we show that conical intersections due to molecular rotation do not represent the standard properties of well-known efficient intrinsic conical intersections inasmuch they do not enhance the quantum transition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan F Triana
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Sanz-Vicario
- Grupo de Física Atómica y Molecular, Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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30
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Szidarovszky T, Badankó P, Halász GJ, Vibók Á. Nonadiabatic phenomena in molecular vibrational polaritons. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:064305. [PMID: 33588553 DOI: 10.1063/5.0033338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonadiabatic phenomena are investigated in the rovibrational motion of molecules confined in an infrared cavity. Conical intersections (CIs) between vibrational polaritons, similar to CIs between electronic polaritonic surfaces, are found. The spectral, topological, and dynamic properties of the vibrational polaritons show clear fingerprints of nonadiabatic couplings between molecular vibration, rotation, and the cavity photonic mode. Furthermore, it is found that for the investigated system, composed of two rovibrating HCl molecules and the cavity mode, breaking the molecular permutational symmetry, by changing 35Cl to 37Cl in one of the HCl molecules, the polaritonic surfaces, nonadiabatic couplings, and related spectral, topological, and dynamic properties can deviate substantially. This implies that the natural occurrence of different molecular isotopologues needs to be considered when modeling realistic polaritonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Szidarovszky
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University and MTA-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Badankó
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
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31
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Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Controlling the Photostability of Pyrrole with Optical Nanocavities. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1142-1151. [PMID: 33464084 PMCID: PMC7883346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling provides a new strategy to manipulate the non-adiabatic dynamics of molecules by modifying potential energy surfaces. The vacuum field of nanocavities can couple strongly with the molecular degrees of freedom and form hybrid light-matter states, termed as polaritons or dressed states. The photochemistry of molecules possessing intrinsic conical intersections can be significantly altered by introducing cavity couplings to create new conical intersections or avoided crossings. Here, we explore the effects of optical cavities on the photo-induced hydrogen elimination reaction of pyrrole. Wave packet dynamics simulations have been performed on the two-state, two-mode model of pyrrole, combined with the cavity photon mode. Our results show how the optical cavities assist in controlling the photostability of pyrrole and influence the reaction mechanism by providing alternative dissociation pathways. The cavity effects have been found to be intensely dependent on the resonance frequency. We further demonstrate the importance of the vibrational cavity couplings and dipole-self interaction terms in describing the cavity-modified non-adiabatic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Physics, Albanova University
Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Albanova University
Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Wellnitz D, Pupillo G, Schachenmayer J. A quantum optics approach to photoinduced electron transfer in cavities. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0037412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Wellnitz
- ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, and icFRC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- IPCMS (UMR 7504), CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - G. Pupillo
- ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, and icFRC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J. Schachenmayer
- ISIS (UMR 7006), University of Strasbourg and CNRS, and icFRC, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- IPCMS (UMR 7504), CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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33
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Sidler D, Schäfer C, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Polaritonic Chemistry: Collective Strong Coupling Implies Strong Local Modification of Chemical Properties. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:508-516. [PMID: 33373238 PMCID: PMC7928910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in the field of polaritonic chemistry is whether collective coupling implies local modifications of chemical properties scaling with the ensemble size. Here we demonstrate from first-principles that an impurity present in a collectively coupled chemical ensemble features such locally scaling modifications. In particular, we find the formation of a novel dark state for a nitrogen dimer chain of variable size, whose local chemical properties are altered considerably at the impurity due to its embedding in the collectively coupled environment. Our simulations unify theoretical predictions from quantum optical models (e.g., collective dark states and bright polaritonic branches) with the single molecule quantum chemical perspective, which relies on the (quantized) redistribution of charges leading to a local hybridization of light and matter. Moreover, our findings suggest that recently developed ab initio methods for strong light-matter coupling are suitable to access these local polaritonic effects and provide a detailed understanding of photon-modified chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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34
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Torres-Sánchez J, Feist J. Molecular photodissociation enabled by ultrafast plasmon decay. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:014303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0037856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Torres-Sánchez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Ulusoy IS, Gomez JA, Vendrell O. Many-photon excitation of organic molecules in a cavity-Superradiance as a measure of coherence. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244107. [PMID: 33380096 DOI: 10.1063/5.0034786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent excitation of a molecular ensemble coupled to a common radiation mode can lead to the collective emission of radiation known as superradiance. This collective emission only occurs if there is an entanglement between the molecules in their ground and excited state and can, therefore, serve as a macroscopic measure of coherence in the ensemble. Reported here are wave packet propagations for various pyrazine models of increasing complexity and molecular ensembles thereof. We show that ensemble coherence upon photoexcitation can prevail up to relatively long time scales although the effect can diminish quickly with increasing ensemble size. Coherence can also build up over time and even reemerge after the molecules have passed through a conical intersection. The effect of the pump pulse characteristics on the collective response of the molecular ensemble is also studied. A broadband pulse imprints a large amount of initial coherence to the system, as compared to a longer pulse with a smaller spread in the frequency domain. However, the differential effects arising from a different pulse duration and coherent bandwidth become less prominent if the emission of light from the ensemble takes place after a non-adiabatic decay process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johana A Gomez
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Fábri C, Lasorne B, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Quantum light-induced nonadiabatic phenomena in the absorption spectrum of formaldehyde: Full- and reduced-dimensionality studies. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0035870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary
| | - Benjamin Lasorne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Gábor J. Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lorenz S. Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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37
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Fábri C, Halász GJ, Cederbaum LS, Vibók Á. Born-Oppenheimer approximation in optical cavities: from success to breakdown. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1251-1258. [PMID: 34163887 PMCID: PMC8179040 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05164k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling of a molecule and a cavity induces nonadiabaticity in the molecule which makes the description of its dynamics complicated. For polyatomic molecules, reduced-dimensional models and the use of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) may remedy the situation. It is demonstrated that contrary to expectation, BOA may even fail in a one-dimensional model and is generally expected to fail in two- or more-dimensional models due to the appearance of conical intersections induced by the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fábri
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary .,MTA-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group P.O. Box 32 H-1518 Budapest Hungary
| | - Gábor J Halász
- Department of Information Technology, University of Debrecen P.O. Box 400 H-4002 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ágnes Vibók
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Debrecen PO Box 400 H-4002 Debrecen Hungary .,ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd Dugonics tér 13 H-6720 Szeged Hungary
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38
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Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Appel H, Rubio A. Chemistry in Quantum Cavities: Exact Results, the Impact of Thermal Velocities, and Modified Dissociation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7525-7530. [PMID: 32805122 PMCID: PMC7503860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years tremendous progress in the field of light-matter interactions has unveiled that strong coupling to the modes of an optical cavity can alter chemistry even at room temperature. Despite these impressive advances, many fundamental questions of chemistry in cavities remain unanswered. This is also due to a lack of exact results that can be used to validate and benchmark approximate approaches. In this work we provide such reference calculations from exact diagonalization of the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian in the long-wavelength limit with an effective cavity mode. This allows us to investigate the reliability of the ubiquitous Jaynes-Cummings model not only for electronic but also for the case of ro-vibrational transitions. We demonstrate how the commonly ignored thermal velocity of charged molecular systems can influence chemical properties while leaving the spectra invariant. Furthermore, we show the emergence of new bound polaritonic states beyond the dissociation energy limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Appel
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, Universidad del Pais
Vasco, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
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39
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Buchholz F, Theophilou I, Giesbertz KJH, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Light-Matter Hybrid-Orbital-Based First-Principles Methods: The Influence of Polariton Statistics. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5601-5620. [PMID: 32692551 PMCID: PMC7482321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A detailed
understanding of strong matter–photon interactions
requires first-principle methods that can solve the fundamental Pauli–Fierz
Hamiltonian of nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics efficiently.
A possible way to extend well-established electronic-structure methods
to this situation is to embed the Pauli–Fierz Hamiltonian in
a higher-dimensional light–matter hybrid auxiliary configuration
space. In this work we show the importance of the resulting hybrid
Fermi–Bose statistics of the polaritons, which are the new
fundamental particles of the “photon-dressed” Pauli–Fierz
Hamiltonian for systems in cavities. We show that violations of these
statistics can lead to unphysical results. We present an efficient
way to ensure the correct statistics by enforcing representability
conditions on the dressed one-body reduced density matrix. We further
present a general prescription how to extend a given first-principles
approach to polaritons and as an example introduce polaritonic Hartree–Fock
theory. While being a single-reference method in polariton space,
polaritonic Hartree–Fock is a multireference method in the
electronic space, i.e., it describes electronic correlations. We also
discuss possible applications to polaritonic QEDFT. We apply this
theory to a lattice model and find that, the more delocalized the
bound-state wave function of the particles is, the stronger it reacts
to photons. The main reason is that within a small energy range, many
states with different electronic configurations are available as opposed
to a strongly bound (and hence energetically separated) ground-state
wave function. This indicates that under certain conditions coupling
to the quantum vacuum of a cavity can indeed modify ground state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Buchholz
- Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter-Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Theophilou
- Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter-Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaas J H Giesbertz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter-Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter-Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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40
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Fregoni J, Corni S, Persico M, Granucci G. Photochemistry in the strong coupling regime: A trajectory surface hopping scheme. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:2033-2044. [PMID: 32609934 PMCID: PMC7891387 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The strong coupling regime between confined light and organic molecules turned out to be promising in modifying both the ground state and the excited states properties. Under this peculiar condition, the electronic states of the molecule are mixed with the quantum states of light. The dynamical processes occurring on such hybrid states undergo several modifications accordingly. Hence, the dynamical description of chemical reactivity in polaritonic systems needs to explicitly take into account the photon degrees of freedom and nonadiabatic events. With the aim of describing photochemical polaritonic processes, in the present work, we extend the direct trajectory surface hopping scheme to investigate photochemistry under strong coupling between light and matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Fregoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche Informatiche e MatematicheUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Stefano Corni
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Maurizio Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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41
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Ulusoy IS, Vendrell O. Dynamics and spectroscopy of molecular ensembles in a lossy microcavity. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044108. [PMID: 32752693 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiative and nonradiative relaxation dynamics of an ensemble of molecules in a microcavity are investigated with emphasis on the impact of the cavity lifetime on reactive and spectroscopic properties. Extending a previous study [I. S. Ulusoy et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 123, 8832-8844 (2019)], it is shown that the dynamics of the ensemble and of single molecules are influenced by the presence of a cavity resonance as long as the polariton splitting can be resolved spectroscopically, which critically depends on the lifetime of the system. Our simulations illustrate how the branching between nonradiative intersystem crossing and radiative decay through the cavity can be tuned by selecting specific cavity photon energies resonant at specific molecular geometries. In the case of cavity-photon energies that are not resonant at the Franck-Condon geometry of the molecules, it is demonstrated numerically and analytically that collective effects are limited to a handful of molecules in the ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Gu B, Mukamel S. Cooperative Conical Intersection Dynamics of Two Pyrazine Molecules in an Optical Cavity. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5555-5562. [PMID: 32531166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid light-matter states in optical cavities, known as polaritons, offer a novel means of manipulating and controlling photochemical processes. We investigate the cooperative cavity photochemistry of two pyrazine molecules undergoing conical intersection dynamics and interacting with a single cavity photon mode by exact quantum dynamics. When the cavity mode is coupled to the electronic transition between the ground and excited states, we find an enhanced polaritonic splitting and collective dark states. These features dominate the cooperative polariton dynamics and can be observed in the transient absorption spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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43
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Golombek A, Balasubrahmaniyam M, Kaeek M, Hadar K, Schwartz T. Collective Rayleigh Scattering from Molecular Ensembles under Strong Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3803-3808. [PMID: 32329347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rayleigh scattering is usually considered to be the elastic scattering of photons from subwavelength physical objects, such as small particles or molecules. Here, we present a quantitative spectroscopic study of the scattering properties of molecules embedded in an optical cavity under strong coupling conditions, where the collective interaction between the molecules and the cavity gives rise to composite light-matter excitations known as cavity polaritons. We show that the polaritonic states exhibit strong resonant Rayleigh scattering, which depends on both the coupling strength and detuning and reaching ∼25% efficiency. Since the polaritonic wave functions in such systems are delocalized, our observations correspond to the collective scattering of each photon from a large ensemble of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Golombek
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Mukundakumar Balasubrahmaniyam
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Maria Kaeek
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Keren Hadar
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tal Schwartz
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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44
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Schäfer C, Ruggenthaler M, Rokaj V, Rubio A. Relevance of the Quadratic Diamagnetic and Self-Polarization Terms in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. ACS PHOTONICS 2020; 7:975-990. [PMID: 32322607 PMCID: PMC7164385 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Experiments at the interface of quantum optics and chemistry have revealed that strong coupling between light and matter can substantially modify the chemical and physical properties of molecules and solids. While the theoretical description of such situations is usually based on nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics, which contains quadratic light-matter coupling terms, it is commonplace to disregard these terms and restrict the treatment to purely bilinear couplings. In this work, we clarify the physical origin and the substantial impact of the most common quadratic terms, the diamagnetic and self-polarization terms, and highlight why neglecting them can lead to rather unphysical results. Specifically, we demonstrate their relevance by showing that neglecting these terms leads to the loss of gauge invariance, basis set dependence, disintegration (loss of bound states) of any system in the basis set limit, unphysical radiation of the ground state, and an artificial dependence on the static dipole. Besides providing important guidance for modeling of strongly coupled light-matter systems, the presented results also indicate conditions under which those effects might become accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schäfer
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vasil Rokaj
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science & Department of Physics, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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45
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Herrera F, Owrutsky J. Molecular polaritons for controlling chemistry with quantum optics. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:100902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5136320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile and Millennium Institute for Research in Optics MIRO, Concepción, Chile
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46
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Takahashi S, Watanabe K. Decoupling from a Thermal Bath via Molecular Polariton Formation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1349-1356. [PMID: 32017569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between an electronic system and an environmental bath plays a decisive role in the excited state dynamics of artificial/natural molecular condensed phases. Although it is generally difficult to control the coupling between the system and the thermal bath in condensed matter, a strong light-matter coupling can control system-bath coupling properties using the polaron decoupling effect, in which a coherent interaction between excitons and photons reduces the reorganization energy. Here we demonstrate that this polaron decoupling strongly reduces the fluctuations in electronic energy in tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene thin films embedded in an optical microcavity. Using two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy, the frequency-fluctuation correlation function of the lower polariton state was revealed, showing that the dynamic inhomogeneity due to bath coupling inside the microcavity almost vanishes completely. This was attributed to a significant delocalization of the lower polariton state over 105 molecules in the cavity, reducing the effective coupling strength of the bath modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto , 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Kazuya Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto , 606-8502 , Japan
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47
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Pérez-Sánchez JB, Yuen-Zhou J. Polariton Assisted Down-Conversion of Photons via Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics: A Molecular Dynamical Casimir Effect. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:152-159. [PMID: 31820998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dynamics of the photoisomerization of a single 3,3'-diethyl-2,2'-thiacynine iodide molecule embedded in an optical microcavity was theoretically studied. The molecular model consisting of two electronic states and the reaction coordinate was coupled to a single cavity mode via the quantum Rabi Hamiltonian, and the corresponding time-dependent Schrödinger equation starting with a purely molecular excitation was solved using the Multiconfigurational Time-Dependent Hartree Method (MCTDH). We show that, for single-molecule strong coupling with the photon mode, nonadiabatic molecular dynamics produces mixing of polariton manifolds with differing number of excitations, without the need of counter-rotating light-matter coupling terms. Therefore, an electronic excitation of the molecule at the cis configuration is followed by the generation of two photons in the trans configuration upon isomerization. Conditions for this phenomenon to be operating in the collective strong light-matter coupling regime are discussed and found to be unfeasible for the present system, based on simulations of two molecules inside the microcavity. Yet, our finding suggests a new mechanism that, without ultrastrong coupling, achieves photon down-conversion by exploiting the emergent molecular dynamics arising in polaritonic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Pérez-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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48
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Gu B, Mukamel S. Manipulating nonadiabatic conical intersection dynamics by optical cavities. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1290-1298. [PMID: 34123253 PMCID: PMC8147895 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical cavities hold great promise to manipulate and control the photochemistry of molecules. We demonstrate how molecular photochemical processes can be manipulated by strong light-matter coupling. For a molecule with an inherent conical intersection, optical cavities can induce significant changes in the nonadiabatic dynamics by either splitting the pristine conical intersections into two novel polaritonic conical intersections or by creating light-induced avoided crossings in the polaritonic surfaces. This is demonstrated by exact real-time quantum dynamics simulations of a three-state two-mode model of pyrazine strongly coupled to a single cavity photon mode. We further explore the effects of external environments through dissipative polaritonic dynamics computed using the hierarchical equation of motion method. We find that cavity-controlled photochemistry can be immune to external environments. We also demonstrate that the polariton-induced changes in the dynamics can be monitored by transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
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49
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Buchholz F, Theophilou I, Nielsen SEB, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A. Reduced Density-Matrix Approach to Strong Matter-Photon Interaction. ACS PHOTONICS 2019; 6:2694-2711. [PMID: 31788499 PMCID: PMC6875895 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a first-principles approach to electronic many-body systems strongly coupled to cavity modes in terms of matter-photon one-body reduced density matrices. The theory is fundamentally nonperturbative and thus captures not only the effects of correlated electronic systems but accounts also for strong interactions between matter and photon degrees of freedom. We do so by introducing a higher-dimensional auxiliary system that maps the coupled fermion-boson system to a dressed fermionic problem. This reformulation allows us to overcome many fundamental challenges of density-matrix theory in the context of coupled fermion-boson systems and we can employ conventional reduced density-matrix functional theory developed for purely fermionic systems. We provide results for one-dimensional model systems in real space and show that simple density-matrix approximations are accurate from the weak to the deep-strong coupling regime. This justifies the application of our method to systems that are too complex for exact calculations and we present first results, which show that the influence of the photon field depends sensitively on the details of the electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Buchholz
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Iris Theophilou
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Soeren E. B. Nielsen
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Angel Rubio
- Theory
Department, Max Planck Institute for the
Structure and Dynamics of Matter - Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United
States
- E-mail:
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50
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Ulusoy IS, Gomez JA, Vendrell O. Modifying the Nonradiative Decay Dynamics through Conical Intersections via Collective Coupling to a Cavity Mode. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8832-8844. [PMID: 31536346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of a molecular ensemble to the confined electromagnetic modes of a microcavity can strongly modify the photophysics and photochemistry of the molecules upon photoexcitation. We investigate here how collective coupling effects lead to modifications of the mechanisms and rates of photochemical processes, in particular, photodissociation and nonradiative decay in NaI and pyrazine, respectively. We show that, after direct excitation into the lower polaritonic states, the lower-energy light-matter hybrid states, the dynamics of the molecular ensemble coupled to light is very similar to the dynamics of the corresponding isolated molecules. Conversely, excitation into the upper polaritonic states results in more complex dynamics that involve as a first step the population transfer toward the manifold of intermediate dark states. These dynamics differ substantially from those of the isolated molecules and may result in measurable time delays for nonradiative decay or excited-state reaction mechanisms. Similarly, we describe how addition of a buffer of nonreactive molecules coupled to the cavity mode can be used to delay the onset of the photochemical processes of the reactive part of the ensemble, where the buffer medium is more effective in inhibiting the reactive process than only reactive molecules in the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Johana A Gomez
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
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