1
|
Thoms E, Song Z, Wang K, Napolitano S. Simple Model to Predict the Adsorption Rate of Polymer Melts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:248101. [PMID: 38949357 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.248101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
We determine the adsorption rate of polymer melts by means of measurements of molecular mobility. We show that the complex set of molecular rearrangements involved in the adsorption of polymers on flat surfaces can be modeled as an equilibration kinetics driven by the slow Arrhenius process (SAP), a recently discovered molecular mechanism. Our predictive model is based on the single hypothesis that the number of chains adsorbed per unit surface within the timescale of spontaneous fluctuations associated to the SAP is a temperature-invariant constant, not depending on the chemical structure of the polymer. Going beyond the qualitative arguments setting a correlation between equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties, we demonstrate that the rate at which an adsorbed layer grows does not depend on interfacial interactions. By considering simple physical arguments, we demonstrate that this quantity can be straightforwardly determined using the energy barrier of molecular motion as only input.
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng S, Kogut D, Zheng J, Patil S, Yang F, Lu W. Dynamics of polylactic acid under ultrafine nanoconfinement: The collective interface effect and the spatial gradient. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:114904. [PMID: 38506298 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers under nanoconfinement can exhibit large alterations in dynamics from their bulk values due to an interface effect. However, understanding the interface effect remains a challenge, especially in the ultrafine nanoconfinement region. In this work, we prepare new geometries with ultrafine nanoconfinement ∼10nm through controlled distributions of the crystalline phases and the amorphous phases of a model semi-crystalline polymer, i.e., the polylactic acid. The broadband dielectric spectroscopy measurements show that ultrafine nanoconfinement leads to a large elevation in the glass transition temperature and a strong increment in the polymer fragility index. Moreover, new relaxation time profile analyses demonstrate a spatial gradient that can be well described by either a single-exponential decay or a double-exponential decay functional form near the middle of the film with a collective interface effect. However, the dynamics at the 1-2 nm vicinity of the interface exhibit a power-law decay that is different from the single-exponential decay or double-exponential decay functional forms as predicted by theories. Thus, these results call for further investigations of the interface effect on polymer dynamics, especially for interfaces with perturbed chain packing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - David Kogut
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Juncheng Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Shalin Patil
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Fuming Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Weiyi Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dittrich G, Cencha LG, Steinhart M, Wehrspohn RB, Berli CLA, Urteaga R, Huber P. Polymeric liquids in mesoporous photonic structures: From precursor film spreading to imbibition dynamics at the nanoscale. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:064903. [PMID: 38341790 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers are known to wet nanopores with high surface energy through an atomically thin precursor film followed by slower capillary filling. We present here light interference spectroscopy using a mesoporous membrane-based chip that allows us to observe the dynamics of these phenomena in situ down to the sub-nanometer scale at milli- to microsecond temporal resolution. The device consists of a mesoporous silicon film (average pore size 6 nm) with an integrated photonic crystal, which permits to simultaneously measure the phase shift of thin film interference and the resonance of the photonic crystal upon imbibition. For a styrene dimer, we find a flat fluid front without a precursor film, while the pentamer forms an expanding molecular thin film moving in front of the menisci of the capillary filling. These different behaviors are attributed to a significantly faster pore-surface diffusion compared to the imbibition dynamics for the pentamer and vice versa for the dimer. In addition, both oligomers exhibit anomalously slow imbibition dynamics, which could be explained by apparent viscosities of six and eleven times the bulk value, respectively. However, a more consistent description of the dynamics is achieved by a constriction model that emphasizes the increasing importance of local undulations in the pore radius with the molecular size and includes a sub-nanometer hydrodynamic dead, immobile zone at the pore wall but otherwise uses bulk fluid parameters. Overall, our study illustrates that interferometric, opto-fluidic experiments with mesoporous media allow for a remarkably detailed exploration of the nano-rheology of polymeric liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Dittrich
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
| | - Luisa G Cencha
- IFIS-Litoral (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Guemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ralf B Wehrspohn
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 21 Kentech-gil, Naju 58330, South Korea
| | - Claudio L A Berli
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Predio CCT CONICET Santa Fe, RN 168, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Raul Urteaga
- IFIS-Litoral (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), Guemes 3450, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
- Center for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Lei J, Feng P, Floudas G, Zhang G, Zhou J. Capillary filling of star polymer melts in nanopores. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054903. [PMID: 38341697 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The topology of a polymer profoundly influences its behavior. However, its effect on imbibition dynamics remains poorly understood. In the present work, capillary filling (during imbibition and following full imbibition) of star polymer melts was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations with a coarse-grained model. The reversal of imbibition dynamics observed for linear-chain systems was also present for star polymers. Star polymers with short arms penetrate slower than the prediction of the Lucas-Washburn equation, while systems with long arms penetrate faster. The radius of gyration increases during confined flow, indicating the orientation and disentanglement of arms. In addition, the higher the functionality of the star polymer, the more entanglement points are retained. Besides, a stiff region near the core segments of the stars is observed, which increases in size with functionality. The proportion of different configurations of the arms (e.g., loops, trains, tails) changes dramatically with the arm length and degree of confinement but is only influenced by the functionality when the arms are short. Following full imbibition, the different decay rates of the self-correlation function of the core-to-end vector illustrate that arms take a longer time to reach the equilibrium state as the functionality, arm length, and degree of confinement increase, in agreement with recent experimental findings. Furthermore, the star topology induces a stronger effect of adsorption and friction, which becomes more pronounced with increasing functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinyu Lei
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pu Feng
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - George Floudas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kong W, Neuman A, Zhang AC, Lee D, Riggleman RA, Composto RJ. Capillary filling dynamics of polymer melts in a bicontinuous nanoporous scaffold. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:044904. [PMID: 38270239 DOI: 10.1063/5.0184427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer infiltrated nanoporous gold is prepared by infiltrating polymer melts into a bicontinuous, nanoporous gold (NPG) scaffold. Polystyrene (PS) films with molecular weights (Mw) from 424 to 1133 kDa are infiltrated into a NPG scaffold (∼120 nm), with a pore radius (Rp) and pore volume fraction of 37.5 nm and 50%, respectively. The confinement ratios (Γ=RgRp) range from 0.47 to 0.77, suggesting that the polymers inside the pores are moderately confined. The time for PS to achieve 80% infiltration (τ80%) is determined using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry at 150 °C. The kinetics of infiltration scales weaker with Mw, τ80%∝Mw1.30±0.20, than expected from bulk viscosity Mw3.4. Furthermore, the effective viscosity of the PS melt inside NPG, inferred from the Lucas-Washburn model, is reduced by more than one order of magnitude compared to the bulk. Molecular dynamics simulation results are in good agreement with experiments predicting scaling as Mw1.4. The reduced dependence of Mw and the enhanced kinetics of infiltration are attributed to a reduction in chain entanglement density during infiltration and a reduction in polymer-wall friction with increasing polymer molecular weight. Compared to the traditional approach involving adding discrete particles into the polymer matrix, these studies show that nanocomposites with higher loading can be readily prepared, and that kinetics of infiltration are faster due to polymer confinement inside pores. These films have potential as actuators when filled with stimuli-responsive polymers as well as polymer electrolyte and fuel cell membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Anastasia Neuman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Aria C Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kardasis P, Tzourtzouklis I, Nega AD, Sakellariou G, Steinhart M, Floudas G. Topology sorting: Separating linear/star polymer blend components by imbibition in nanopores. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:044912. [PMID: 38294315 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the imbibition and adsorption kinetics of a series of symmetric linear/star cis-1,4-polyisoprene blends within the long channels of self-ordered nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (abbreviated: AAO). Using in situ nanodielectric spectroscopy, we followed the evolution of the longest chain modes in the blends with a judicious selection of molar masses for the constituent components. We demonstrated differences in the imbibition kinetics of linear and star components based on the relative viscosities (e.g., polymers with lower zero-shear viscosity penetrated first the nanopores). Following the complete imbibition of the pores, the adsorption time, τads, of each component was evaluated from the reduction in the dielectric strength of the respective chain modes. In the majority of blends, both components exhibited slower adsorption kinetics with respect to the homopolymers. The only exception was the case of entangled stars mixed with shorter linear chains, the latter acting as a diluent for the star component. This gives rise to what is known as topology sorting, e.g., the separation of linear/star blend components in the absence of solvent. Moreover, a simple relation (τads ∼ 10 × tpeak; tpeak is the time needed for the complete filling of pores) was found for linear polymers and stars. This suggested that the characteristic timescale of imbibition (tpeak) governs the adsorption process of polymers. It further implied the possibility of predicting the adsorption times of high molar mass polymers of various architectures by the shorter imbibition times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alkmini D Nega
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Sakellariou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI) - Institute of Materials Science and Computing, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thoms E, Li C, Napolitano S. Tracing the slow Arrhenius process deep in the glassy state-quantitative evaluation of the dielectric relaxation of bulk samples and thin polymer films in the temperature domain. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:034901. [PMID: 38226828 DOI: 10.1063/5.0184382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The slow Arrhenius process (SAP) is a dielectric mode connected to thermally activated equilibration mechanisms, allowing for a fast reduction in free energy in liquids and glasses. The SAP, however, is still poorly understood, and so far, this process has mainly been investigated at temperatures above the glass transition. By employing a combination of methods to analyze dielectric measurements under both isochronal and isothermal conditions, we were able to quantitatively reproduce the dielectric response of the SAP of different polymers and to expand the experimental regime over which this process can be observed down to lower temperatures, up to 70 K below the glass transition. Employing thin films of thicknesses varying between 10 and 800 nm, we further verified that the peak shape and activation energy of the SAP of poly(4-bromostyrene) are not sensitive to temperature, nor do they vary upon confinement at the nanoscale level. These observations confirm the preliminary trends reported for other polymers. We find that one single set of parameters-meaning the activation barrier and the pre-exponential factor, respectively, linked to the enthalpic and entropic components of the process-can describe the dynamics of the SAP in both the supercooled liquid and glassy states, in bulk and thin films. These results are discussed in terms of possible molecular origins of the slow Arrhenius process in polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Thoms
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Chun Li
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1050, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong Y, Steinhart M, Butt HJ, Floudas G. Conductivity of Ionic Liquids In the Bulk and during Infiltration in Nanopores. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6958-6968. [PMID: 37499259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The conductivity of ionic liquids (ILs) in nanopores is essential when considering their application as materials for energy. However, no consensus has been reached about the influence of confinement on the mobility of the ions. A series of ILs bearing the same cation, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM]+), and six different anions ([Cl]-, [Br]-, [I]-, [BF4]-, [PF6]-, and [TFSI]-) with radii from 0.168 to 0.326 nm were investigated with respect to their self-assembly, the thermodynamics, and the ionic conductivity in the bulk, during flow and under confinement in cylindrical nanopores with sizes in the range from 400 to 25 nm. In the bulk, the [BMIM]+[X]- exhibits weak ordering as a result of cation-anion correlations (charge alteration peak), and nanophase separation of polar/apolar groups. Liquid-to-glass temperatures were found to differ by ∼50 K, their viscosities by a factor of ∼270, and their conductivities by a factor of 24 (all at a temperature of 303 K). Electrostatic interactions were largely responsible for variations in the glass temperature, the viscosity, and the conductivity. Confined ILs behave differently from the bulk. The majority of ILs in the bulk were prone to crystallization during heating but were unable to crystallize in the smaller pores. Changes in dc-conductivity were used as markers of the phase state. This allowed the construction of the effective phase diagrams under confinement. The ILs penetrate the pores with an effective viscosity of the order of their viscosity in their bulk state. However, within the pores the dc-conductivity was reduced relative to bulk, indicating the immobilization of ions at the pore walls. Hydrophobization of the pore walls by hexamethyldisilazane could partially restore the conductivity. ILs are model systems where the phase state and ion mobility can be controlled by confinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dong
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Floudas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang J, Lei J, Tian W, Zhang G, Floudas G, Zhou J. Capillary Filling of Polymer Chains in Nanopores. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinyu Lei
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenzhang Tian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - George Floudas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kardasis P, Sakellariou G, Steinhart M, Floudas G. Non-equilibrium Effects of Polymer Dynamics under Nanometer Confinement: Effects of Architecture and Molar Mass. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5570-5581. [PMID: 35834553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The non-equilibrium dynamics of linear and star-shaped cis-1,4 polyisoprenes confined within nanoporous alumina is explored as a function of pore size, d, molar mass, and functionality (f = 2, 6, and 64). Two thermal protocols are tested: one resembling a quasi-static process (I) and another involving fast cooling followed by annealing (II). Although both protocols give identical equilibrium times, it is through protocol I that it is easier to extract the equilibrium times, teq, by the linear relationships of the characteristic peak frequencies with time and rate, respectively, as log(fmax) = C1 - k log(t) and log(fmax) = C2 + λ log(β). Both thermal protocols establish the existence of a critical temperature (at Tc, where k → 0 and λ → 0) below which non-equilibrium effects set-in. The critical temperature depends on the degree of confinement, 2Rg/d, and on molecular architecture. Strikingly, establishing equilibrium dynamics at all temperatures above the bulk, Tg, requires 2Rg/d ∼ 0.02, i.e., pore diameters that are much larger than the chain dimensions. This reflects non-equilibrium configurations of the adsorbed layer that extent away from the pore walls. The equilibrium times depend strongly on temperature, pore size, and functionality. In general, star-shaped polymers require longer times to reach equilibrium because of the higher tendency for adsorption. Both thermal protocols produced an increasing dielectric strength for the segmental and chain modes. The increase was beyond any densification, suggesting enhanced orientation correlations of subchain dipoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Sakellariou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.,Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Venkatesh RB, Lee D. Conflicting Effects of Extreme Nanoconfinement on the Translational and Segmental Motion of Entangled Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Bharath Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tu CH, Veith L, Butt HJ, Floudas G. Ionic Conductivity of a Solid Polymer Electrolyte Confined in Nanopores. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hua Tu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lothar Veith
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - George Floudas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI)─Institute of Materials Science and Computing, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kardasis P, Oikonomopoulos A, Sakellariou G, Steinhart M, Floudas G. Effect of Star Architecture on the Dynamics of 1,4- cis-Polyisoprene under Nanometer Confinement. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelos Oikonomopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Georgios Sakellariou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49069, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina 45110, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Winkler R, Tu W, Dulski M, Laskowski L, Adrjanowicz K. Effect of the Surface Polarity, Through Employing Nonpolar Spacer Groups, on the Glass-Transition Dynamics of Poly(phenyl methylsiloxane) Confined in Alumina Nanopores. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Winkler
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
| | - Wenkang Tu
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
| | - Lukasz Laskowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow 31-342, Poland
| | - Karolina Adrjanowicz
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research (SMCEBI), 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, Chorzow 41-500, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maguire SM, Bilchak CR, Corsi JS, Welborn SS, Tsaggaris T, Ford J, Detsi E, Fakhraai Z, Composto RJ. Effect of Nanoscale Confinement on Polymer-Infiltrated Scaffold Metal Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:44893-44903. [PMID: 34494810 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most research on polymer composites has focused on adding discrete inorganic nanofillers to a polymer matrix to impart properties not found in polymers alone. However, properties such as ion conductivity and mechanical reinforcement would be greatly improved if the composite exhibited an interconnected network of inorganic and polymer phases. Here, we fabricate bicontinuous polymer-infiltrated scaffold metal (PrISM) composites by infiltrating polymer into nanoporous gold (NPG) films. Polystyrene (PS) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) films are infiltrated into the ∼43 nm diameter NPG pores via capillary forces during thermal annealing above the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg). The infiltration process is characterized in situ using spectroscopic ellipsometry. PS and P2VP, which have different affinities for the metal scaffold, exhibit slower segmental dynamics compared to their bulk counterparts when confined within the nanopores, as measured through Tg. The more attractive P2VP shows a 20 °C increase in Tg relative to its bulk, while PS only shows a 6 °C increase at a comparable molecular weight. The infiltrated polymer, in turn, stabilizes the gold nanopores against temporal coarsening. The broad tunability of these polymer/metal hybrids represents a unique template for designing functional network composite structures with applications ranging from flexible electronics to fuel cell membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Maguire
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Connor R Bilchak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John S Corsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Samuel S Welborn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Theresa Tsaggaris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jamie Ford
- Nanoscale Characterization Facility, Singh Center for Nanotechnology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric Detsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ok S, Vayer M, Sinturel C. A decade of innovation and progress in understanding the morphology and structure of heterogeneous polymers in rigid confinement. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7430-7458. [PMID: 34341814 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00522g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When confined in nanoscale domains, polymers generally encounter changes in their structural, thermodynamics and dynamics properties compared to those in the bulk, due to the high amount of polymer/wall interfaces and limited amount of matter. The present review specifically deals with the confinement of heterogeneous polymers (i.e. polymer blends and block copolymers) in rigid nanoscale domains (i.e. bearing non-deformable solid walls) where the processes of phase separation and self-assembly can be deeply affected. This review focuses on the innovative contributions of the last decade (2010-2020), giving a summary of the new insights and understanding gained in this period. We conclude this review by giving our view on the most thriving directions for this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salim Ok
- Petroleum Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tu CH, Zhou J, Butt HJ, Floudas G. Adsorption Kinetics of cis-1,4-Polyisoprene in Nanopores by In Situ Nanodielectric Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hua Tu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | - George Floudas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| |
Collapse
|