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Lei Z, Cheah E, Schott R, Lehner CA, Zeitler U, Wegscheider W, Ihn T, Ensslin K. Quantum transport in InSb quantum well devices: progress and perspective. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:383001. [PMID: 38815611 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
InSb, a narrow-band III-V semiconductor, is known for its small bandgap, small electron effective mass, high electron mobility, large effectiveg-factor, and strong spin-orbit interactions. These unique properties make InSb interesting for both industrial applications and quantum information processing. In this paper, we provide a review of recent progress in quantum transport research on InSb quantum well devices. With advancements in the growth of high-quality heterostructures and micro/nano fabrication, quantum transport experiments have been conducted on low-dimensional systems based on InSb quantum wells. Furthermore, ambipolar operations have been achieved in undoped InSb quantum wells, allowing for a systematic study of the band structure and quantum properties of p-type narrow-band semiconductors. Additionally, we introduce the latest research on InAsSb quantum wells as a continuation of exploring physics in semiconductors with even narrower bandgaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Lei
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Cheah
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian A Lehner
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uli Zeitler
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner Wegscheider
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ihn
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Ensslin
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Coraiola M, Svetogorov AE, Haxell DZ, Sabonis D, Hinderling M, Ten Kate SC, Cheah E, Krizek F, Schott R, Wegscheider W, Cuevas JC, Belzig W, Nichele F. Flux-Tunable Josephson Diode Effect in a Hybrid Four-Terminal Josephson Junction. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9221-9231. [PMID: 38488287 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the direction-dependent switching current in a flux-tunable four-terminal Josephson junction defined in an InAs/Al two-dimensional heterostructure. The device exhibits the Josephson diode effect with switching currents that depend on the sign of the bias current. The superconducting diode efficiency, reaching a maximum of |η| ≈ 34%, is widely tunable─both in amplitude and sign─as a function of magnetic fluxes and gate voltages. Our observations are supported by a circuit model of three parallel Josephson junctions with nonsinusoidal current-phase relation. With respect to conventional Josephson interferometers, phase-tunable multiterminal Josephson junctions enable large diode efficiencies in structurally symmetric devices, where local magnetic fluxes generated on the chip break both time-reversal and spatial symmetries. Our work presents an approach for developing Josephson diodes with wide-range tunability that do not rely on exotic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Coraiola
- IBM Research Europe─Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Erik Cheah
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Krizek
- IBM Research Europe─Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Wegscheider
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Carlos Cuevas
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Belzig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, de Gijsel T, Jung J, Calcaterra S, Ballabio A, Aguilera Servin J, Aggarwal K, Janik M, Adletzberger T, Seoane Souto R, Leijnse M, Danon J, Schrade C, Bakkers E, Chrastina D, Isella G, Katsaros G. Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium. Nat Commun 2024; 15:169. [PMID: 38167818 PMCID: PMC10762135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Superconductor/semiconductor hybrid devices have attracted increasing interest in the past years. Superconducting electronics aims to complement semiconductor technology, while hybrid architectures are at the forefront of new ideas such as topological superconductivity and protected qubits. In this work, we engineer the induced superconductivity in two-dimensional germanium hole gas by varying the distance between the quantum well and the aluminum. We demonstrate a hard superconducting gap and realize an electrically and flux tunable superconducting diode using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). This allows to tune the current phase relation (CPR), to a regime where single Cooper pair tunneling is suppressed, creating a [Formula: see text] CPR. Shapiro experiments complement this interpretation and the microwave drive allows to create a diode with ≈ 100% efficiency. The reported results open up the path towards integration of spin qubit devices, microwave resonators and (protected) superconducting qubits on the same silicon technology compatible platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Valentini
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Oliver Sagi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Levon Baghumyan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Thijs de Gijsel
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Jung
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Ballabio
- L-NESS, Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Como, Italy
| | | | - Kushagra Aggarwal
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marian Janik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Rubén Seoane Souto
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Leijnse
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeroen Danon
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Constantin Schrade
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Erik Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanni Isella
- L-NESS, Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Como, Italy
| | - Georgios Katsaros
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Haxell D, Coraiola M, Sabonis D, Hinderling M, ten Kate SC, Cheah E, Krizek F, Schott R, Wegscheider W, Nichele F. Zeeman- and Orbital-Driven Phase Shifts in Planar Josephson Junctions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18139-18147. [PMID: 37694539 PMCID: PMC10540266 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
We perform supercurrent and tunneling spectroscopy measurements on gate-tunable InAs/Al Josephson junctions (JJs) in an in-plane magnetic field and report on phase shifts in the current-phase relation measured with respect to an absolute phase reference. The impact of orbital effects is investigated by studying multiple devices with different superconducting lead sizes. At low fields, we observe gate-dependent phase shifts of up to φ0 = 0.5π, which are consistent with a Zeeman field coupling to highly transmissive Andreev bound states via Rashba spin-orbit interaction. A distinct phase shift emerges at larger fields, concomitant with a switching current minimum and the closing and reopening of the superconducting gap. These signatures of an induced phase transition, which might resemble a topological transition, scale with the superconducting lead size, demonstrating the crucial role of orbital effects. Our results elucidate the interplay of Zeeman, spin-orbit, and orbital effects in InAs/Al JJs, giving improved understanding of phase transitions in hybrid JJs and their applications in quantum computing and superconducting electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Coraiola
- IBM
Research Europe−Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Erik Cheah
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Krizek
- IBM
Research Europe−Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Wegscheider
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Haxell D, Coraiola M, Hinderling M, ten Kate SC, Sabonis D, Svetogorov AE, Belzig W, Cheah E, Krizek F, Schott R, Wegscheider W, Nichele F. Demonstration of the Nonlocal Josephson Effect in Andreev Molecules. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7532-7538. [PMID: 37552598 PMCID: PMC10450812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
We perform switching current measurements of planar Josephson junctions (JJs) coupled by a common superconducting electrode with independent control over the two superconducting phase differences. We observe an anomalous phase shift in the current-phase relation of a JJ as a function of gate voltage or phase difference in the second JJ. This demonstrates the nonlocal Josephson effect, and the implementation of a φ0-junction which is tunable both electrostatically and magnetically. The anomalous phase shift is larger for shorter distances between the JJs and vanishes for distances much longer than the superconducting coherence length. Results are consistent with the hybridization of Andreev bound states, leading to the formation of an Andreev molecule. Our devices constitute a realization of a tunable superconducting phase source and could enable new coupling schemes for hybrid quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
Z. Haxell
- IBM
Research Europe−Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Marco Coraiola
- IBM
Research Europe−Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Hinderling
- IBM
Research Europe−Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Deividas Sabonis
- IBM
Research Europe−Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Belzig
- Fachbereich
Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Erik Cheah
- Solid
State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Krizek
- Fachbereich
Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Solid
State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Solid
State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabrizio Nichele
- IBM
Research Europe−Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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