1
|
Kato R, Mikami T, Kato T. 2D Photonic Colloidal Liquid Crystals Composed of Self-Assembled Rod-Shaped Particles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404396. [PMID: 38877780 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Photonic crystals, characterized by their periodic structures, have been extensively studied for their ability to manipulate light. Typically, the development of 2D photonic crystals requires either sophisticated equipment or precise orientation of spherical nanoparticles. However, liquid-crystalline (LC) materials offer a promising alternative, facilitating the formation of periodic structures without the need for complex manipulation. Despite this advantage, the development of 2D photonic periodic structures using LC materials is limited to a few colloidal nanodisk liquid crystals. Herein, 2D photonic colloidal liquid crystals composed of biomineral-based nanorods and water is reported. The soft photonic materials with 2D structure by self-assembled LC colloidal nanorods are unique and a new class of photonic materials different from conventional solid 2D photonic materials. These colloids exhibit bright structural colors with high reflectance (>50%) and significant angular dependency. The structural colors are adjusted by controlling the concentration and size of the LC colloidal nanorods. Furthermore, mechanochromic hydrogel thin films with 2D photonic structure are developed. The hydrogels exhibit reversible mechanochromic properties with angular dependency, which can be used for an advanced stimuli responsible sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riki Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mikami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mikami T, Kato R, Hosokawa Y, Miyamoto N, Kato T. Nanostructure Control in Zinc Oxide Films and Microfibers through Bioinspired Synthesis of Liquid-Crystalline Zinc Hydroxide Carbonate; Formation of Free-Standing Materials in Centimeter-Level Lengths. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300353. [PMID: 37665220 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing zinc oxide in the forms of films and fibrous materials are expected to be used as functional devices such as piezoelectric devices and catalyst filters without being limited by the growth substrate. Herein, a synthetic morphology-control method for 2D and 1D free-standing ZnO materials with ordered and nanoporous structures by conversion of liquid-crystalline (LC) zinc hydroxide carbonate (ZHC) nanoplates is reported. As a new colloidal liquid crystal, the LC ZHC nanoplate precursors are obtained by a biomineralization-inspired method. The approach is to control the morphology and crystallographic orientation of ZHC crystals by using acidic macromolecules. Their nano-scale and oriented structures are examined. The LC oriented ZHC nanoplates have led to the synthesis of free-standing films and microfibers of ZHC in centimeter-level lengths, with the successful thermal conversion into free-standing films and microfibers of ZnO. The resultant ZnO films and ZnO microfibers have nanoporous structures and preferential crystallographic orientations that preserve the alignment of ZHC nanoplates before conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mikami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Riki Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hosokawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Life, Environment and Applied Chemistry, The Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Wajiro-higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tuinier R, Kuhnhold A. Equation of State of Charged Rod Dispersions. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9058-9065. [PMID: 37831936 PMCID: PMC10614191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the accuracy of the theory of Stroobants, Lekkerkerker, and Odijk [Macromolecules 1986, 19, 2232-2238], called SLO theory, to describe the thermodynamic properties of an isotropic fluid of charged rods. By incorporation of the effective diameter of the rods according to SLO theory into scaled particle theory (SPT), we obtain an expression for the rod concentration-dependent free volume fraction and the osmotic pressure of a collection of charged hard spherocylinders. The results are compared to Monte Carlo simulations. We find close agreement between the simulation results and the SLO-SPT predictions for not too large values of the Debye length and for high rod charge densities. The deviations increase with rod density, particularly at concentrations above which isotropic-nematic phase transitions are expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remco Tuinier
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry,
& Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Kuhnhold
- Institute
of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wensink HH, Grelet E. Elastic response of colloidal smectic liquid crystals: Insights from microscopic theory. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:054604. [PMID: 37329078 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.054604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Elongated colloidal rods at sufficient packing conditions are known to form stable lamellar or smectic phases. Using a simplified volume-exclusion model, we propose a generic equation of state for hard-rod smectics that is robust against simulation results and is independent of the rod aspect ratio. We then extend our theory by exploring the elastic properties of a hard-rod smectic, including the layer compressibility (B) and bending modulus (K_{1}). By introducing weak backbone flexibility we are able to compare our predictions with experimental results on smectics of filamentous virus rods (fd) and find quantitative agreement between the smectic layer spacing, the out-of-plane fluctuation strength, as well as the smectic penetration length λ=sqrt[K_{1}/B]. We demonstrate that the layer bending modulus is dominated by director splay and depends sensitively on lamellar out-of-plane fluctuations that we account for on the single-rod level. We find that the ratio between the smectic penetration length and the lamellar spacing is about two orders of magnitude smaller than typical values reported for thermotropic smectics. We attribute this to the fact that colloidal smectics are considerably softer in terms of layer compression than their thermotropic counterparts while the cost of layer bending is of comparable magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Wensink
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides-UMR 8502, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - E Grelet
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal-UMR 5031, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pasinetti PM, Ramirez-Pastor AJ, Vogel EE, Saravia G. Entropy-driven phases at high coverage adsorption of straight rigid rods on two-dimensional square lattices. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:054136. [PMID: 34942833 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.054136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are frequently deposited on different surfaces, which has attracted the attention of scientists from different viewpoints. In the present approach polymers are represented by rigid rods of length k (k-mers), and the substrate takes the form of an L×L square lattice whose lattice constant matches exactly the interspacing between consecutive elements of the k-mer chain. We briefly review the classical description of the nematic transition presented by this system for k≥7 observing that the high-coverage (θ) transition deserves a more careful analysis from the entropy point of view. We present a possible viewpoint for this analysis that justifies the phase transitions. Moreover, we perform Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in the grand canonical ensemble, supplemented by thermodynamic integration, to first calculate the configurational entropy of the adsorbed phase as a function of the coverage, and then to explore the different phases (and orientational transitions) that appear on the surface with increasing the density of adsorbed k-mers. In the limit of θ→1 (full coverage) the configurational entropy is obtained for values of k ranging between 2 and 10. MC data are discussed in comparison with recent analytical results [D. Dhar and R. Rajesh, Phys. Rev. E 103, 042130 (2021)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.103.042130]. The comparative study allows us to establish the applicability range of the theoretical predictions. Finally, the structure of the high-coverage phase is characterized in terms of the statistics of k×l domains (domains of l parallel k-mers adsorbed on the surface). A distribution of finite values of l (l≪L) is found with a predominance of k×1 (single k-mers) and k×k domains. The distribution is the same in each lattice direction, confirming that at high density the adsorbed phase goes to a state with mixed orientations and no orientational preference. An order parameter measuring the number of k×k domains in the adsorbed layer is introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Pasinetti
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP), Universidad Nacional de San Luis-CONICET, Ejército de Los Andes 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - A J Ramirez-Pastor
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP), Universidad Nacional de San Luis-CONICET, Ejército de Los Andes 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - E E Vogel
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 481180, Chile and Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - G Saravia
- Los Eucaliptus 1189, Temuco 4812537, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lopes JT, Romano F, Grelet E, Franco LFM, Giacometti A. Phase behavior of hard cylinders. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104902. [PMID: 33722037 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Using isobaric Monte Carlo simulations, we map out the entire phase diagram of a system of hard cylindrical particles of length (L) and diameter (D) using an improved algorithm to identify the overlap condition between two cylinders. Both the prolate L/D > 1 and the oblate L/D < 1 phase diagrams are reported with no solution of continuity. In the prolate L/D > 1 case, we find intermediate nematic N and smectic SmA phases in addition to a low density isotropic I and a high density crystal X phase with I-N-SmA and I-SmA-X triple points. An apparent columnar phase C is shown to be metastable, as in the case of spherocylinders. In the oblate L/D < 1 case, we find stable intermediate cubatic (Cub), nematic (N), and columnar (C) phases with I-N-Cub, N-Cub-C, and I-Cub-C triple points. Comparison with previous numerical and analytical studies is discussed. The present study, accounting for the explicit cylindrical shape, paves the way to more sophisticated models with important biological applications, such as viruses and nucleosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce T Lopes
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Químicos, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Flavio Romano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Campus Scientifico, Edificio Alfa, via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Eric Grelet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Luís F M Franco
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Químicos, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Achille Giacometti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Campus Scientifico, Edificio Alfa, via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vogel EE, Saravia G, Ramirez-Pastor AJ, Pasinetti M. Alternative characterization of the nematic transition in deposition of rods on two-dimensional lattices. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:022104. [PMID: 32168581 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.022104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the problem of excluded volume deposition of rigid rods of length k unit cells over square lattices. Two new features are introduced: (a) two new short-distance complementary order parameters, called Π and Σ, are defined, calculated, and discussed to deal with the phases present as coverage increases; (b) the interpretation is now done beginning at the high-coverage ordered phase which allows us to interpret the low-coverage nematic phase as an ergodicity breakdown present only when k≥7. In addition the data analysis invokes both mutability (dynamical information theory method) and Shannon entropy (static distribution analysis) to further characterize the phases of the system. Moreover, mutability and Shannon entropy are compared, and we report the advantages and disadvantages they present for their use in this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Vogel
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, CEMCC, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - G Saravia
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, CEMCC, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - A J Ramirez-Pastor
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP), Universidad Nacional de San Luis - CONICET, Ejército de Los Andes 950, D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Pasinetti
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física Aplicada (INFAP), Universidad Nacional de San Luis - CONICET, Ejército de Los Andes 950, D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Milchev A, Egorov SA, Binder K, Nikoubashman A. Nematic order in solutions of semiflexible polymers: Hairpins, elastic constants, and the nematic-smectic transition. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:174909. [PMID: 30408984 DOI: 10.1063/1.5049630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coarse-grained models of lyotropic solutions of semiflexible polymers are studied by both molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations, using an implicit solvent bead-spring model with a bond-angle potential. We systematically vary the monomer density, persistence length, and contour length over a wide range and explore the full range from the isotropic-nematic transition to the nematic-smectic transition. In the nematic regime, we span the entire regime from rigid-rod like polymers to thin wormlike chains, confined in effective straight tubes caused by the collective nematic effective ordering field. We show that the distribution of bond angles relative to the director is well described by a Gaussian, irrespective of whether the chains are rod-like or rather flexible. However, the related concept of "deflection length" is shown to make sense only in the latter case for rather dilute solutions since otherwise the deflection length is of the order of about two bond lengths only. When the solution is semi-dilute, a substantial renormalization of the persistence length occurs, while this effect is absent in the isotropic phase even at rather high monomer densities. The effective radii of the "tubes" confining the chains in the related description of orientational ordering are significantly larger than the distances between neighboring chains, providing evidence for a pronounced collective character of orientational fluctuations. Hairpins can be identified close to the isotropic-nematic transition, and their probability of occurrence agrees qualitatively with the Vroege-Odijk theory. The corresponding theoretical predictions for the elastic constants, however, are not in good agreement with the simulations. We attribute the shortcomings of the theories to their neglect of the coupling between local density and orientational fluctuations. Finally, we detected for this model a transition to a smectic phase for reduced monomer densities near 0.7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Milchev
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academia of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sergei A Egorov
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Binder
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arash Nikoubashman
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dogic Z. Filamentous Phages As a Model System in Soft Matter Physics. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1013. [PMID: 27446051 PMCID: PMC4927585 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous phages have unique physical properties, such as uniform particle lengths, that are not found in other model systems of rod-like colloidal particles. Consequently, suspensions of such phages provided powerful model systems that have advanced our understanding of soft matter physics in general and liquid crystals in particular. We described some of these advances. In particular we briefly summarize how suspensions of filamentous phages have provided valuable insight into the field of colloidal liquid crystals. We also describe recent experiments on filamentous phages that have elucidated a robust pathway for assembly of 2D membrane-like materials. Finally, we outline unique structural properties of filamentous phages that have so far remained largely unexplored yet have the potential to further advance soft matter physics and material science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir Dogic
- Department of Physics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mederos L, Velasco E, Martínez-Ratón Y. Hard-body models of bulk liquid crystals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:463101. [PMID: 25335432 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/46/463101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hard models for particle interactions have played a crucial role in the understanding of the structure of condensed matter. In particular, they help to explain the formation of oriented phases in liquids made of anisotropic molecules or colloidal particles and continue to be of great interest in the formulation of theories for liquids in bulk, near interfaces and in biophysical environments. Hard models of anisotropic particles give rise to complex phase diagrams, including uniaxial and biaxial nematic phases, discotic phases and spatially ordered phases such as smectic, columnar or crystal. Also, their mixtures exhibit additional interesting behaviours where demixing competes with orientational order. Here we review the different models of hard particles used in the theory of bulk anisotropic liquids, leaving aside interfacial properties and discuss the associated theoretical approaches and computer simulations, focusing on applications in equilibrium situations. The latter include one-component bulk fluids, mixtures and polydisperse fluids, both in two and three dimensions, and emphasis is put on liquid-crystal phase transitions and complex phase behaviour in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mederos
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Naderi S, van der Schoot P. Effect of bending flexibility on the phase behavior and dynamics of rods. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:124901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4895730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
12
|
Naderi S, van der Schoot P. Collective stringlike motion of semiflexible filamentous particles in columnar liquid crystalline phases. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:032307. [PMID: 24125268 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.032307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study, by means of Brownian dynamics simulations, heterogeneous dynamics in a dense columnar phase of monodisperse hard filamentous particles, and find that in a background of barely moving particles, some particles occasionally engage in a fast coherent string-type motion similar to what is observed in glassy states of isometric particles. This fast motion is triggered by the exchange of particles between two or more columns at different positions in the columns, which leads to sudden displacement of particles between these positions. The distribution of particle displacements shows a pronounced peak at one particle length. We perform our simulations with particles of different persistence lengths and find that for more flexible particles, the number of jump events increases. As the number of particles in the columns increases with system size for a given linear fraction of particles in the columns, the peak in the distribution becomes wider and, for sufficiently large systems, the peak disappears completely. This is associated with the increase in the magnitude of fluctuations in the motion of particles as the system size increases. Our simulation results explain recent experimental observations on single-particle motion in dense columnar phases in aqueous dispersions of filamentous virus particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saber Naderi
- Faculteit Technische Natuurkunde, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Westen T, Oyarzún B, Vlugt TJH, Gross J. The isotropic-nematic phase transition of tangent hard-sphere chain fluids--pure components. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:034505. [PMID: 23883045 DOI: 10.1063/1.4815916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An extension of Onsager's second virial theory is developed to describe the isotropic-nematic phase transition of tangent hard-sphere chain fluids. Flexibility is introduced by the rod-coil model. The effect of chain-flexibility on the second virial coefficient is described using an accurate, analytical approximation for the orientation-dependent pair-excluded volume. The use of this approximation allows for an analytical treatment of intramolecular flexibility by using a single pure-component parameter. Two approaches to approximate the effect of the higher virial coefficients are considered, i.e., the Vega-Lago rescaling and Scaled Particle Theory (SPT). The Onsager trial function is employed to describe the orientational distribution function. Theoretical predictions for the equation of state and orientational order parameter are tested against the results from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. For linear chains of length 9 and longer, theoretical results are in excellent agreement with MC data. For smaller chain lengths, small errors introduced by the approximation of the higher virial coefficients become apparent, leading to a small under- and overestimation of the pressure and density difference at the phase transition, respectively. For rod-coil fluids of reasonable rigidity, a quantitative comparison between theory and MC simulations is obtained. For more flexible chains, however, both the Vega-Lago rescaling and SPT lead to a small underestimation of the location of the phase transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs van Westen
- Process and Energy Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kählitz P, Schoen M, Stark H. Clustering and mobility of hard rods in a quasicrystalline substrate potential. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:224705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4769839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
15
|
Kählitz P, Stark H. Phase ordering of hard needles on a quasicrystalline substrate. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:174705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4711086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
16
|
Pouget E, Grelet E, Lettinga MP. Dynamics in the smectic phase of stiff viral rods. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:041704. [PMID: 22181154 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.041704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the dynamics in colloidal suspensions of stiff viral rods, called fd-Y21M. This mutant filamentous virus exhibits a persistence length 3.5 times larger than the wild-type fd-wt. Such a virus system can be used as a model system of rodlike particles for studying their self-diffusion. In this paper, the physical features, such as rod contour length and polydispersity have been determined for both viruses. The effect of viral rod flexibility on the location of the nematic-smectic phase transition has been investigated, with a focus on the underlying dynamics studied more specifically in the smectic phase. Direct visualization of the stiff fd-Y21M at the scale of a single particle has shown the mass transport between adjacent smectic layers, as found earlier for the more flexible rods. We could relate this hindered diffusion with the smectic ordering potentials for varying rod concentrations. The self-diffusion within the layers is far more pronounced for the stiff rods as compared to the more flexible fd-wt viral rod.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pouget
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal-CNRS, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jiang C, Wang Z, Huang H, He T. Large-scale and highly oriented liquid crystal phase in suspensions of polystyrene-block-poly(L-lactide) single crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4351-4357. [PMID: 21405072 DOI: 10.1021/la200314t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A large number of lozenge-shaped and sandwiched polystyrene-block-poly(L-lactide) (PS-b-PLLA) single crystals were prepared by the self-seeding technique. The single crystals were nearly monodispersed in both thickness and diameter. They are well-dispersed because of the steric stabilization offered by tethered PS in p-xylene, which is a good solvent for PS. The suspensions were observed to separate into a transparent upper phase and a turbid lower phase. The lower phase showed uniform iridescent stripes extending over the whole tube between crossed polarizers. The birefringence demonstrates the liquid crystal order, and the uniform stripes reveal that the phase is a well-oriented single domain. The phase-transition concentration is rather low. Polarizing light microscopy (PLM) images show Schlieren texture and thread-like texture. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results showed that the single crystals in the liquid crystal phase oriented horizontally with a vertical repeat distance of about 70 nm. Additionally, the possible structure of the liquid crystal phase is being discussed. The novel disclike colloidal particle might be useful for anisotropic photonic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shortell MP, Liu HW, Zhu H, Jaatinen EA, Waclawik ER. Formation of one-dimensional capped ZnO nanoparticle assemblies at the air/water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14472-14478. [PMID: 20722361 DOI: 10.1021/la102152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembling behavior and microscopic structure of zinc oxide nanoparticle Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer films were investigated for the case of zinc oxide nanoparticles coated with a hydrophobic layer of dodecanethiol. Evolution of nanoparticle film structure as a function of surface pressure (π) at the air-water interface was monitored in situ using Brewster's angle microscopy, where it was determined that π = 16 mN/m produced near-defect-free monolayer films. Transmission electron micrographs of drop-cast and Langmuir-Schaefer deposited films of the dodecanethiol-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles revealed that the nanoparticle preparation method yielded a microscopic structure that consisted of one-dimensional rodlike assemblies of nanoparticles with typical dimensions of 25 × 400 nm, encased in the organic dodecanethiol layer. These nanoparticle-containing rodlike micelles were aligned into ordered arrangements of parallel rods using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Shortell
- Discipline of Physics, Faculty of Science & Technology, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Okoshi K, Suzuki A, Tokita M, Fujiki M, Watanabe J. Entropically-Driven Formation of Smectic A1, A2, and A3 phases in Binary Mixtures of Rigid-Rod Helical Polysilanes with Different Molecular Weights. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900040x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Okoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Michiya Fujiki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Junji Watanabe
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
van den Pol E, Thies-Weesie DME, Petukhov AV, Vroege GJ, Kvashnina K. Influence of polydispersity on the phase behavior of colloidal goethite. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:164715. [PMID: 19045306 DOI: 10.1063/1.2999405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of fractionation on the phase behavior of colloidal goethite dispersions with different polydispersities (17%, 35%, and 55% in length) has been studied by small angle x-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. All systems show at least nematic and smectic phases. The occurrence of the latter phase at such a high polydispersity is remarkable. It is shown that in the highly polydisperse systems strong fractionation occurs, which is able to reduce the local length polydispersity up to a factor of 2. A columnar phase was only found in the 35% and 55% polydisperse systems. It seems that the columnar phase accommodates the particles that do not fit into the smectic layers and, thus, reduces the length polydispersity within the smectic phase even further. The fact that a columnar phase was not found in the system of lowest polydispersity indicates that the smectic phase is the most stable phase at higher concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E van den Pol
- Van't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oka H, Suzaki G, Edo S, Suzuki A, Tokita M, Watanabe J. Structural Characteristics of Thermotropic SmA Layer Phase Formed from Rigid-Rod Polysilanes. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801606g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Oka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Goro Suzaki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Susumu Edo
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Junji Watanabe
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yen CC, Edo S, Oka H, Tokita M, Watanabe J. Phase Diagram for Solutions of α-Helical Poly(l-glutamate)s in m-Cresol Including Isotropic, Cholesteric, and Columnar Phases. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma701971f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chun Yen
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Susumu Edo
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hideki Oka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Junji Watanabe
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Faunce CA, Paradies HH. Observations of liquidlike order of charged rodlike lipid A diphosphate assemblies at pH 8.5. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:065105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2834206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
24
|
Kuroki S, Kamiguchi K. Diffusional Behavior of Poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) in Concentrated Solution As Studied by the Field-Gradient 1H NMR Methods. Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2007155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Gobeaux F, Mosser G, Anglo A, Panine P, Davidson P, Giraud-Guille MM, Belamie E. Fibrillogenesis in dense collagen solutions: a physicochemical study. J Mol Biol 2008; 376:1509-22. [PMID: 18234220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillogenesis, the formation of collagen fibrils, is a key factor in connective tissue morphogenesis. To understand to what extent cells influence this process, we systematically studied the physicochemistry of the self-assembly of type I collagen molecules into fibrils in vitro. We report that fibrillogenesis in solutions of type I collagen, in a high concentration range close to that of living tissues (40-300 mg/ml), yields strong gels over wide pH and ionic strength ranges. Structures of gels were described by combining microscopic observations (transmission electron microscopy) with small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis, and the influence of concentration, pH, and ionic strength on the fibril size and organization was evaluated. The typical cross-striated pattern and the corresponding small-angle X-ray scattering 67-nm diffraction peaks were visible in all conditions in the pH 6 to pH 12 range. In reference conditions (pH 7.4, ionic strength=150 mM, 20 degrees C), collagen concentration greatly influences the overall macroscopic structure of the resultant fibrillar gels, as well as the morphology and structure of the fibrils themselves. At a given collagen concentration, increasing the ionic strength from 24 to 261 mM produces larger fibrils until the system becomes biphasic. We also show that fibrils can form in acidic medium (pH approximately 2.5) at very high collagen concentrations, beyond 150 mg/ml, which suggests a possible cholesteric-to-smectic phase transition. This set of data demonstrates how simple physicochemical parameters determine the molecular organization of collagen. Such an in vitro model allows us to study the intricate process of fibrillogenesis in conditions of molecular packing close to that which occurs in biological tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Gobeaux
- Chimie de la Matière Condensée, UMR 7574 CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, ENSCP-Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 12 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lettinga MP, Grelet E. Self-diffusion of rodlike viruses through smectic layers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:197802. [PMID: 18233117 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.197802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct visualization at the scale of single particles of mass transport between smectic layers, also called permeation, in a suspension of rodlike viruses. Self-diffusion takes place preferentially in the direction normal to the smectic layers, and occurs by quasiquantized steps of one rod length. The diffusion rate corresponds with the rate calculated from the diffusion in the nematic state with a lamellar periodic ordering potential that is obtained experimentally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Paul Lettinga
- IFF, Institut Weiche Materie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Maeda H, Maeda Y. Direct observation of Brownian dynamics of hard colloidal nanorods. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:3329-35. [PMID: 17914852 DOI: 10.1021/nl071577i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize monodisperse selenium (Se) colloidal rods, and the suspensions exhibit the smectic phase at a particle volume fraction (phi) of 0.28. Side-by-side rod clustering occurs at phi > 0.04. Cluster-size distributions and persistence times are determined for various phi. In dense suspensions (phi > 0.1), individual rods reveal characteristic fundamental motions, e.g., reptation and synchronized rotation. Mean-square displacements of the rods suggest a cage trapping and escape. Estimated translational and rotational diffusion coefficients show a large difference from predictions by computer simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideatsu Maeda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Okoshi K, Nishinaka T, Doi Y, Hara R, Hashimoto M, Yashima E. Liquid crystal formation of RecA–DNA filamentous complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:2022-4. [PMID: 17713065 DOI: 10.1039/b702982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous optical birefringence of RecA-bound linear and closed circular single-stranded DNA filaments, as well as RecA self-assembled polymer, was observed in aqueous buffer solutions, which demonstrates the formation of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Okoshi
- Yashima Super-structured Helix Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERA TO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-0003, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koda T, Ikeda S. Effect of Addition of Hard Spheres to the Smectic-A Phase of Parallel Hard Spherocylinders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259808045378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Koda
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University , Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa , 992-8510 , JAPAN
| | - Susumu Ikeda
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University , Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa , 992-8510 , JAPAN
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lemaire BJ, Davidson P, Panine P, Jolivet JP. Magnetic-field-induced nematic-columnar phase transition in aqueous suspensions of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) nanorods. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:267801. [PMID: 15698022 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.267801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal aqueous suspensions of goethite lath-shaped nanorods form nematic and isotropic phases. We show that they also display a 2D rectangular (c2mm) columnar phase at volume fractions phi larger than 15%. Interestingly, the nematic-columnar first-order transition can also be triggered by applying to the nematic phase a magnetic field of intensity decreasing with phi (1 T at 8.5%; 0.5 T at 12%). Single domains of the columnar phase were thus produced and their structure investigated by synchrotron x-ray scattering. This magnetic-field-induced transition is fully reversible and reproducible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR CNRS 8502, Bâtiment 510, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Talapin DV, Shevchenko EV, Murray CB, Kornowski A, Förster S, Weller H. CdSe and CdSe/CdS Nanorod Solids. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:12984-8. [PMID: 15469296 DOI: 10.1021/ja046727v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the self-organization of CdSe nanorods into nematic, smectic, and crystalline solids. Layered colloidal crystals of CdSe nanorods grow by slow destabilization of a nanocrystal solution upon allowing the diffusion of a nonsolvent into the colloidal solution of nanocrystals. The colloidal crystals of nanorods show characteristic birefringence, which we assign to specific spherulite-like texture of each nanorod assembly. To demonstrate the general character of nanorod self-assembly technique, CdSe/CdS heterostructure nanorods were organized into highly luminescent superlattices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Talapin
- Contribution from the Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lemaire BJ, Davidson P, Ferré J, Jamet JP, Petermann D, Panine P, Dozov I, Jolivet JP. Physical properties of aqueous suspensions of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) nanorods. Part I: In the isotropic phase. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2004; 13:291-308. [PMID: 15103523 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2003-10078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Depending on volume fraction, aqueous suspensions of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) nanorods form a liquid-crystalline nematic phase (above 8.5%) or an isotropic liquid phase (below 5.5%). In this article, we investigate by small-angle X-ray scattering, magneto-optics, and magnetometry the influence of a magnetic field on the isotropic phase. After a brief description of the synthesis and characterisation of the goethite nanorod suspensions, we show that the disordered phase becomes very anisotropic under a magnetic field that aligns the particles. Moreover, we observe that the nanorods align parallel to a small field (< 350 mT), but realign perpendicular to a large enough field (> 350 mT). This phenomenon is interpreted as due to the competition between the influence of the nanorod permanent magnetic moment and a negative anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Our interpretation is supported by the behaviour of the suspensions in an alternating magnetic field. Finally, we propose a model that explains all experimental observations in a consistent way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR CNRS 8502, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shundyak K, van Roij R. Free planar isotropic-nematic interfaces in binary hard-rod fluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 68:061703. [PMID: 14754221 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.68.061703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Within the Onsager theory we study free planar isotropic-nematic interfaces in binary mixtures of hard rods. For sufficiently different particle shapes the bulk phase diagrams of these mixtures exhibit a triple point, where an isotropic (I) phase coexists with two nematic phases (N1 and N2) of different composition. For all explored mixtures we find that upon approach of the triple point the I-N2 interface shows complete wetting by an intervening N1 film. We compute the surface tensions of isotropic-nematic interfaces, and find a remarkable increase with fractionation, similar to the effect in polydisperse hard-rod fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kostya Shundyak
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Purdy KR, Dogic Z, Fraden S, Rühm A, Lurio L, Mochrie SGJ. Measuring the nematic order of suspensions of colloidal fd virus by x-ray diffraction and optical birefringence. PHYSICAL REVIEW E 2003; 67:031708. [PMID: 12689089 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The orientational distribution function of the nematic phase of suspensions of the semiflexible rodlike virus fd is measured by x-ray diffraction as a function of concentration and ionic strength. X-ray diffraction from a single-domain nematic phase of fd is influenced by interparticle correlations at low angle, while only intraparticle scatter contributes at high angle. Consequently, the angular distribution of the scattered intensity arises from only the single-particle orientational distribution function at high angle but it also includes spatial and orientational correlations at low angle. Experimental measurements of the orientational distribution function from both the interparticle (structure factor) and intraparticle (form factor) scattering were made to test whether the correlations present in interparticle scatter influence the measurement of the single-particle orientational distribution function. It was found that the two types of scatter yield consistent values for the nematic order parameter. It was also found that x-ray diffraction is insensitive to the orientational distribution function's precise form, and the measured angular intensity distribution is described equally well by both Onsager's trial function and a Gaussian. At high ionic strength, the order parameter S of the nematic phase coexisting with the isotropic phase approaches theoretical predictions for long semiflexible rods S=0.55, but deviations from theory increase with decreasing ionic strength. The concentration dependence of the nematic order parameter also better agrees with theoretical predictions at high ionic strength indicating that electrostatic interactions have a measurable effect on the nematic order parameter. The x-ray order parameters are shown to be proportional to the measured birefringence, and the saturation birefringence of fd is determined enabling a simple, inexpensive way to measure the order parameter. Additionally, the spatial ordering of nematic fd was probed. Measurements of the nematic structure factor revealed a single large peak in contrast to nematics of rigid rods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin R Purdy
- Complex Fluids Group, Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maeda H, Maeda Y. Liquid crystal formation in suspensions of hard rodlike colloidal particles: direct observation of particle arrangement and self-ordering behavior. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:018303. [PMID: 12570654 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.018303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We successfully prepared monodisperse, hard rodlike colloidal particles with a wide range of length-to-width ratios (L/W). In their suspensions liquid crystals, or nematic (N) and smectic (Sm) phases, spontaneously appeared. The size of the particles made it possible to directly observe their arrangement and dynamics with an optical microscope. The phase behavior observed exhibited an I (isotropic)-Sm transition for L/W=3.5-8.0 and I-N-Sm transitions for L/W=10-35. In pre-Sm transition regions, lateral clustering of the particles and subsequent layering of the clusters were observed exactly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideatsu Maeda
- National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (AIST), Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
van Roij R, Dijkstra M, Evans R. Interfaces, wetting, and capillary nematization of a hard-rod fluid: Theory for the Zwanzig model. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1288903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
37
|
Yu SM, Soto CM, Tirrell DA. Nanometer-Scale Smectic Ordering of Genetically Engineered Rodlike Polymers: Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Derivatives of Poly(γ-benzyl α,l-glutamate). J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja000465p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seungju M. Yu
- Contribution from the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Carissa M. Soto
- Contribution from the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - David A. Tirrell
- Contribution from the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kramer EM, Herzfeld J. Avoidance model for soft particles. II. Positional ordering of charged rods. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:6872-8. [PMID: 11088380 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.6872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/1999] [Revised: 03/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The phase diagram of parallel, charged spherocylinders is computed. The topology of the diagram is found to be similar to the uncharged one, but there are several qualitative changes. Regions of phase coexistence are significantly narrower and positional ordering is stabilized by the electrostatic repulsions. The nematic phase occupies a very narrow zone. We suggest that soft repulsions between surfactant micelles may be responsible for the absence of a nematic phase in most surfactant systems. We also present comparisons with the observed nematic-smectic phase transition for fd and tobacco mosaic virus particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, MS 015, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Davidson P. Selected Topics in X-Ray Scattering by Liquid-Crystalline Polymers. LIQUID CRYSTALS II 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-68118-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
40
|
Bhowmik PK, Molla AH, Han H, Gangoda ME, Bose RN. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Main-Chain Viologen Polymers: Homopolymer of 4,4‘-Bipyridyl with the Ditosylate of trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol and Its Copolymers with the Ditosylate of 1,8-Octanediol. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971115z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| | - Abul H. Molla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| | - Mahinda E. Gangoda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| | - Rathindra N. Bose
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, Michigan 48219-0900, and Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yu SM, Conticello VP, Zhang G, Kayser C, Fournier MJ, Mason TL, Tirrell DA. Smectic ordering in solutions and films of a rod-like polymer owing to monodispersity of chain length. Nature 1997; 389:167-70. [PMID: 9296493 DOI: 10.1038/38254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Solutions and melts of stiff ('rod-like') macromolecules often exhibit nematic liquid crystalline phases characterized by orientational, but not positional, molecular order. Smectic phases, in which macromolecular rods are organized into layers roughly perpendicular to the direction of molecular orientation, are rare, owing at least in part to the polydisperse nature (distribution of chain lengths) of polymers prepared by conventional polymerization processes. Bacterial methods for polypeptide synthesis, in which artificial genes encoding the polymer are expressed in bacterial vectors, offer the opportunity to make macromolecules with very well defined chain lengths. Here we show that a monodisperse derivative of poly(gamma-benzyl alpha,L-glutamate) prepared in this way shows smectic ordering in solution and in films. This result suggests that methods for preparing monodisperse polymers might provide access to new smectic phases with layer spacings that are susceptible to precise control on the scale of tens of nanometres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Yu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
We review the theory of the isotropic—nematic phase transition for solutions of thin hard rods and semi-flexible chain molecules along with the extensions to polydisperse systems and soft interactions. The occurrence of more highly ordered liquid crystal phases (smectic, columnar) in concentrated solutions of colloids and macromolecules is discussed briefly. Experimental results for a number of carefully studied uncharged and charged colloids and macromolecules are compared to theoretical results.
Collapse
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- William M. Gelbart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024
| | - Avinoam Ben-Shaul
- Department of Physical Chemistry and The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Löwen H. Brownian dynamics of hard spherocylinders. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 50:1232-1242. [PMID: 9962084 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Löwen H. Interaction between charged rodlike colloidal particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:424-427. [PMID: 10056427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
47
|
Fraden S, Maret G, Caspar DL. Angular correlations and the isotropic-nematic phase transition in suspensions of tobacco mosaic virus. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:2816-2837. [PMID: 9960916 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
48
|
Stroobants A. Columnar versus smectic order in binary mixtures of hard parallel spherocylinders. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:2388-2391. [PMID: 10046472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
49
|
Van Winkle DH, Davidson MW, Rill RL. Terraces in the cholesteric phase of DNA liquid crystals. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.463772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
50
|
|