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Wang S, Wei X, Lu H, Ren Z, Jiang Z, Ren J, Yang Z, Sun L, Shang W, Wu X, Shen Y. Robot-aided fN∙m torque sensing within an ultrawide dynamic range. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:2. [PMID: 34567722 PMCID: PMC8433428 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization have enabled the stretching, compression, and bending of micro/nanomaterials and have greatly expanded our understanding of small-scale phenomena. However, as one of the fundamental approaches for material analytics, torsion tests at a small scale remain a major challenge due to the lack of an ultrahigh precise torque sensor and the delicate sample assembly strategy. Herein, we present a microelectromechanical resonant torque sensor with an ultrahigh resolution of up to 4.78 fN∙m within an ultrawide dynamic range of 123 dB. Moreover, we propose a nanorobotic system to realize the precise assembly of microscale specimens with nanoscale positioning accuracy and to conduct repeatable in situ pure torsion tests for the first time. As a demonstration, we characterized the mechanical properties of Si microbeams through torsion tests and found that these microbeams were five-fold stronger than their bulk counterparts. The proposed torsion characterization system pushes the limit of mechanical torsion tests, overcomes the deficiencies in current in situ characterization techniques, and expands our knowledge regarding the behavior of micro/nanomaterials at various loads, which is expected to have significant implications for the eventual development and implementation of materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077 China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Haojian Lu
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077 China
| | - Ziming Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Juan Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- Department of Mechatronics, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054 China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021 China
| | - Lining Sun
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021 China
| | - Wanfeng Shang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Yajing Shen
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 440305 China
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2
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Andalouci A, Roussigné Y, Farhat S, Chérif SM. Low frequency vibrations observed on assemblies of vertical multiwall carbon nanotubes by Brillouin light scattering: determination of the Young modulus. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:455701. [PMID: 32640433 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aba3ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Assemblies of vertical multiwall carbon nanotubes, (VCNTs), have been synthesized by coupling dewetting of cobalt or nickel ultrathin layers and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Electronic microscopies revealed well defined micrometer length nanotubes with inner radius of 3-4 nm and outer radius of 8-9 nm. Similar structural qualities have been revealed by Raman measurements. Dynamic behaviour of these VCNTs assemblies have been studied by means of Brillouin light scattering technique. The measured inelastic light scattering from VCNTs is attributed to bending vibrations of the nanotubes. The observed frequencies on both assemblies, considered as dense effective media, are compatible with an effective Young modulus of 850 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Andalouci
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, LSPM, CNRS, UPR 3407, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Yves Roussigné
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, LSPM, CNRS, UPR 3407, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Samir Farhat
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, LSPM, CNRS, UPR 3407, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Salim Mourad Chérif
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, LSPM, CNRS, UPR 3407, F-93430, Villetaneuse, France
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3
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Zhang X, Lu W, Zhou G, Li Q. Understanding the Mechanical and Conductive Properties of Carbon Nanotube Fibers for Smart Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902028. [PMID: 31250496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of fiber-based smart electronics has provoked increasing demand for high-performance and multifunctional fiber materials. Carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers, the 1D macroassembly of CNTs, have extensively been utilized to construct wearable electronics due to their unique integration of high porosity/surface area, desirable mechanical/physical properties, and extraordinary structural flexibility, as well as their novel corrosion/oxidation resistivity. To take full advantage of CNT fibers, it is essential to understand their mechanical and conductive properties. Herein, the recent progress regarding the intrinsic structure-property relationship of CNT fibers, as well as the strategies of enhancing their mechanical and conductive properties are briefly summarized, providing helpful guidance for scouting ideally structured CNT fibers for specific flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Division of Advanced Nano-Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Weibang Lu
- Division of Advanced Nano-Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Gengheng Zhou
- Division of Advanced Nano-Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Division of Advanced Nano-Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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4
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Divon Y, Levi R, Garel J, Golberg D, Tenne R, Ya'akobovitz A, Joselevich E. Torsional Resonators Based on Inorganic Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:28-35. [PMID: 28032770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study for the first time the resonant torsional behaviors of inorganic nanotubes, specifically tungsten disulfide (WS2) and boron nitride (BN) nanotubes, and compare them to that of carbon nanotubes. We have found WS2 nanotubes to have the highest quality factor (Q) and torsional resonance frequency, followed by BN nanotubes and carbon nanotubes. Dynamic and static torsional spring constants of the various nanotubes were found to be different, especially in the case of WS2, possibly due to a velocity-dependent intershell friction. These results indicate that inorganic nanotubes are promising building blocks for high-Q nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiftach Divon
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Roi Levi
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan Garel
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Ya'akobovitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ernesto Joselevich
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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5
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García-Hevia L, Villegas JC, Fernández F, Casafont Í, González J, Valiente R, Fanarraga ML. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Inhibit Tumor Progression in a Mouse Model. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1080-7. [PMID: 26866927 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthetic interactions between particular nanomaterials with specific cells or proteins opens new alternatives in nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have long been explored as drug delivery systems and nanomedicines against cancer. There are high expectations for their use in therapy and diagnosis. These filaments can translocate inside cultured cells and intermingle with the protein nanofilaments of the cytoskeleton, interfering with the biomechanics of cell division mimicking the effect of traditional microtubule-binding anti-cancer drugs such as paclitaxel. Here, it is shown how MWCNTs can trigger significant anti-tumoral effects in vivo, in solid malignant melanomas produced by allograft transplantation. Interestingly, the MWCNT anti-tumoral effects are maintained even in solid melanomas generated from paclitaxel-resistant cells. These findings provide great expectation in the development of groundbreaking adjuvant synthetic microtubule-stabilizing chemotherapies to overcome drug resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena García-Hevia
- Grupo de Nanomedicina-IDIVAL; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander 39011 Spain
| | - Juan C. Villegas
- Grupo de Nanomedicina-IDIVAL; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander 39011 Spain
| | - Fidel Fernández
- Grupo de Nanomedicina-IDIVAL; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander 39011 Spain
| | - Íñigo Casafont
- Grupo de Nanomedicina-IDIVAL; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander 39011 Spain
| | - Jesús González
- Grupo de Nanomedicina-IDIVAL; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander 39011 Spain
| | - Rafael Valiente
- Grupo de Nanomedicina-IDIVAL; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander 39011 Spain
| | - Mónica L. Fanarraga
- Grupo de Nanomedicina-IDIVAL; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander 39011 Spain
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6
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Levi R, Garel J, Teich D, Seifert G, Tenne R, Joselevich E. Nanotube Electromechanics beyond Carbon: The Case of WS2. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12224-12232. [PMID: 26451698 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of nanostructures into nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical systems is a long sought-after goal. In the present article, we report the first torsional electromechanical measurements of pure inorganic nanotubes. The WS2 nanotubes exhibited a complex and reproducible electrical response to mechanical deformation. We combined these measurements with density-functional-tight-binding calculations to understand the interplay between mechanical deformation, specifically torsion and tension, and electrical properties of WS2 nanotubes. This yielded the understanding that the electrical response to mechanical deformation may span several orders of magnitude on one hand and detect several modes of mechanical deformation simultaneously on the other. These results demonstrate that inorganic nanotubes could thus be attractive building blocks for nanoelectromechanical systems such as highly sensitive nanometric motion sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Levi
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan Garel
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David Teich
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden D-01062, Germany
| | - Gotthard Seifert
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden D-01062, Germany
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ernesto Joselevich
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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7
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Sadeghi H, Sangtarash S, Al-Galiby Q, Sparks R, Bailey S, Lambert CJ. Negative differential electrical resistance of a rotational organic nanomotor. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:2332-7. [PMID: 26734524 PMCID: PMC4685900 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A robust, nanoelectromechanical switch is proposed based upon an asymmetric pendant moiety anchored to an organic backbone between two C60 fullerenes, which in turn are connected to gold electrodes. Ab initio density functional calculations are used to demonstrate that an electric field induces rotation of the pendant group, leading to a nonlinear current-voltage relation. The nonlinearity is strong enough to lead to negative differential resistance at modest source-drain voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatef Sadeghi
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Qusiy Al-Galiby
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Rachel Sparks
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Steven Bailey
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
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8
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Garel J, Zhao C, Popovitz-Biro R, Golberg D, Wang W, Joselevich E. BCN nanotubes as highly sensitive torsional electromechanical transducers. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:6132-6137. [PMID: 25275220 DOI: 10.1021/nl502161h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their mechanically tunable electronic properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely studied as potential components for nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS); however, the mechanical properties of multiwall CNTs are often limited by the weak shear interactions between the graphitic layers. Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) exhibit a strong interlayer mechanical coupling, but their high electrical resistance limits their use as electromechanical transducers. Can the outstanding mechanical properties of BNNTs be combined with the electromechanical properties of CNTs in one hybrid structure? Here, we report the first experimental study of boron carbonitride nanotube (BCNNT) mechanics and electromechanics. We found that the hybrid BCNNTs are up to five times torsionally stiffer and stronger than CNTs, thereby retaining to a large extent the ultrahigh torsional stiffness of BNNTs. At the same time, we show that the electrical response of BCNNTs to torsion is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of CNTs. These results demonstrate that BCNNTs could be especially attractive building blocks for NEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Garel
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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9
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Garel J, Leven I, Zhi C, Nagapriya KS, Popovitz-Biro R, Golberg D, Bando Y, Hod O, Joselevich E. Ultrahigh torsional stiffness and strength of boron nitride nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:6347-6352. [PMID: 23130892 DOI: 10.1021/nl303601d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental and theoretical study of boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) torsional mechanics. We show that BNNTs exhibit a much stronger mechanical interlayer coupling than carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This feature makes BNNTs up to 1 order of magnitude stiffer and stronger than CNTs. We attribute this interlayer locking to the faceted nature of BNNTs, arising from the polarity of the B-N bond. This property makes BNNTs superior candidates to replace CNTs in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), fibers, and nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Garel
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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10
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Hall AR, Paulson S, Cui T, Lu JP, Qin LC, Washburn S. Torsional electromechanical systems based on carbon nanotubes. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:116501. [PMID: 23072764 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/11/116501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the most highly studied nanomaterials due to their unique (and intertwined) mechanical and electrical properties. Recent advances in fabrication have allowed devices to be fabricated that are capable of applying a twisting force to individual CNTs while measuring mechanical and electrical response. Here, we review major results from this emerging field of study, revealing new properties of the material itself and opening possibilities for advances in future devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hall
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901, USA.
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11
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Lin L, Cui T, Qin LC, Washburn S. Direct measurement of the friction between and shear moduli of shells of carbon nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:206101. [PMID: 22181746 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.206101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of the shear modulus of each shell and the friction between the two shells of double-shell carbon nanotubes in single nanotube-based nanoelectromechanical devices operated in a transmission electron microscope. In situ nanobeam electron diffraction is applied to obtain the chiral indices of each shell of the nanotube and it allows us to establish a quantitative correlation between the atomic structure and properties of the nanotube under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Lin
- Curriculum in Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-3255, USA
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12
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Hu Y, Chen W, Lu L, Liu J, Chang C. Electromechanical actuation with controllable motion based on a single-walled carbon nanotube and natural biopolymer composite. ACS NANO 2010; 4:3498-3502. [PMID: 20465239 DOI: 10.1021/nn1006013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports novel electromechanical behavior for a natural biopolymer film due to the incorporation of a conductive carbon nanotube network. Through simple solution blending and casting, high weight fraction single-walled carbon nanotube-chitosan composite films were fabricated and exhibited electromechanical actuation properties with motion controlled by low alternating voltage stimuli in atmospheric conditions. Of particular interest and importance is that the displacement output imitated perfectly the electrical input signal in terms of frequency (<10 Hz) and waveform. Operational reliability was confirmed by stable vibration testing in air for more than 3000 cycles. Proposed electrothermal mechanism considering the alternating current-induced periodic thermal expansion and contraction of the composite film was discussed. The unique actuation performance of the carbon nanotube-biopolymer composite, coupled with ease of fabrication, low driven voltage, tunable vibration, reliable operation, and good biocompatibility, shows great possibility for implementation of dry actuators in artificial muscle and microsystems for biomimetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215125 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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13
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Nagapriya KS, Goldbart O, Kaplan-Ashiri I, Seifert G, Tenne R, Joselevich E. Torsional stick-slip behavior in WS2 nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:195501. [PMID: 19113281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.195501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally observed atomic-scale torsional stick-slip behavior in individual nanotubes of tungsten disulfide (WS2). When an external torque is applied to a WS2 nanotube, all its walls initially stick and twist together, until a critical torsion angle, at which the outer wall slips and twists around the inner walls, further undergoing a series of stick-slip torque oscillations. We present a theoretical model based on density-functional-based tight-binding calculations, which explains the torsional stick-slip behavior in terms of a competition between the effects of the in-plane shear stiffness of the WS2 walls and the interwall friction arising from the atomic corrugation of the interaction between adjacent WS2 walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Nagapriya
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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14
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Bailey SWD, Amanatidis I, Lambert CJ. Carbon nanotube electron windmills: a novel design for nanomotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:256802. [PMID: 18643689 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.256802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new drive mechanism for carbon nanotube (CNT) motors, based upon the torque generated by a flux of electrons passing through a chiral nanotube. The structure of interest comprises a double-walled CNT formed from, for example, an achiral outer tube encompassing a chiral inner tube. Through a detailed analysis of electrons passing through such a "windmill," we find that the current, due to a potential difference applied to the outer CNT, generates sufficient torque to overcome the static and dynamic frictional forces that exist between the inner and outer walls, thereby causing the inner tube to rotate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W D Bailey
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
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15
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Lee SW, Jeong GH, Campbell EEB. In situ raman measurements of suspended individual single-walled carbon nanotubes under strain. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:2590-5. [PMID: 17718583 DOI: 10.1021/nl070877x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a technique for in situ Raman measurements of suspended individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under strain. We observe a strong change in the radial breathing mode intensity with increasing strain as the nanotube moves out of (or into) resonance, and for strain greater than approximately 2%, there is a clear irreversible upshift in the G-mode frequencies accompanied by an increase in intensity of a broad peak at a position associated with the D mode. For lower strain, the G-mode peaks (A1, E1, and E2) do not change significantly in position but change in relative intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wook Lee
- Department of Physics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
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16
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17
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Hall AR, Falvo MR, Superfine R, Washburn S. Electromechanical response of single-walled carbon nanotubes to torsional strain in a self-contained device. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:413-416. [PMID: 18654324 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale electronics seeks to decrease the critical dimension of devices in order to improve performance while reducing power consumption. Single-walled carbon nanotubes fit well with this strategy because, in addition to their molecular size, they demonstrate a number of unique electronic, mechanical and electromechanical properties. In particular, theory predicts that strain can have a large effect on the band structure of a nanotube, which, in turn, has an influence on its electron transport properties. This has been demonstrated in experiments where axial strain was applied by a scanning probe. Theory also predicts that torsional strain can influence transport properties, which was observed recently in multiwalled nanotubes. Here we present the first experimental evidence of an electromechanical effect from torsional strain in single-walled nanotubes, and also the first measurements of piezoresistive response in a self-contained nanotube-based nanoelectromechanical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Hall
- Curriculum in Applied and Materials Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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18
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Li X, Yang W, Liu B. Bending induced rippling and twisting of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:205502. [PMID: 17677708 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.205502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report that a twisting deformation mode emerges with the rippling in bent multiwalled carbon nanotubes via atomistic simulations. This mode arises from the curvature-induced lattice mismatch, and is energetically favorable. For the nanotubes with larger radii, twisting may enhance the local strain relaxation. Under the thermal fluctuation, the nucleation of defects involves bond breaking and reconstruction due to strain localization. The defective inner tubes undergo the cyclic torsion, resulting in unstable necking and even failure. Prior to fracture, a monatomic chain is formed under the combination of bending and twisting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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19
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20
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Xiao S, Hou W. Multiscale modeling and simulation of nanotube-based torsional oscillators. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2006; 2:54. [PMCID: PMC3245556 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-006-9030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose the first numerical study of nanotube-based torsional oscillators via developing a new multiscale model. The edge-to-edge technique was employed in this multiscale method to couple the molecular model, i.e., nanotubes, and the continuum model, i.e., the metal paddle. Without losing accuracy, the metal paddle was treated as the rigid body in the continuum model. Torsional oscillators containing (10,0) nanotubes were mainly studied. We considered various initial angles of twist to depict linear/nonlinear characteristics of torsional oscillators. Furthermore, effects of vacancy defects and temperature on mechanisms of nanotube-based torsional oscillators were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoping Xiao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Center for Computer-Aided Design, The University of Iowa, 3131, Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Wenyi Hou
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Center for Computer-Aided Design, The University of Iowa, 3131, Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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21
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Cohen-Karni T, Segev L, Srur-Lavi O, Cohen SR, Joselevich E. Torsional electromechanical quantum oscillations in carbon nanotubes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 1:36-41. [PMID: 18654139 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2006.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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22
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Hall AR, An L, Liu J, Vicci L, Falvo MR, Superfine R, Washburn S. Experimental measurement of single-wall carbon nanotube torsional properties. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:256102. [PMID: 16907325 PMCID: PMC3274556 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.256102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the characterization of nanometer-scale torsional devices based on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes as the spring elements. The axial shear moduli of the nanotubes are obtained through modeling of device reaction to various amounts of applied electrostatic force and are compared to theoretical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hall
- Curriculum in Applied and Materials Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Joselevich
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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24
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Kang MK, Huang R, Knowles T. Torsional vibrations of circular elastic plates with thickness steps. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2006; 53:349-59. [PMID: 16529109 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2006.1593373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a theoretical study of torsional vibrations in isotropic elastic plates. The exact solutions for torsional vibrations in circular and annular plates are first reviewed. Then, an approximate method is developed to analyze torsional vibrations of circular plates with thickness steps. The method is based on an approximate plate theory for torsional vibrations derived from the variational principle following Mindlin's series expansion method. Approximate solutions for the zeroth- and first-order torsional modes in the circular plate with one thickness step are presented. It is found that, within a narrow frequency range, the first-order torsional modes can be trapped in the inner region where the thickness exceeds that of the outer region. The mode shapes clearly show that both the displacement and the stress amplitudes decay exponentially away from the thickness step. The existence and the number of the trapped first-order torsional modes in a circular mesa on an infinite plate are determined as functions of the normalized geometric parameters, which may serve as a guide for designing distributed torsional-mode resonators for sensing applications. Comparisons between the theoretical predictions and experimental measurements show close agreements in the resonance frequencies of trapped torsional modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min K Kang
- Research Center for Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Materials, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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25
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Kaplan-Ashiri I, Cohen SR, Gartsman K, Ivanovskaya V, Heine T, Seifert G, Wiesel I, Wagner HD, Tenne R. On the mechanical behavior of WS2 nanotubes under axial tension and compression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:523-8. [PMID: 16407141 PMCID: PMC1334634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505640103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of materials and particularly the strength are greatly affected by the presence of defects; therefore, the theoretical strength ( approximately 10% of the Young's modulus) is not generally achievable for macroscopic objects. On the contrary, nanotubes, which are almost defect-free, should achieve the theoretical strength that would be reflected in superior mechanical properties. In this study, both tensile tests and buckling experiments of individual WS(2) nanotubes were carried out in a high-resolution scanning electron microscope. Tensile tests of MoS(2) nanotubes were simulated by means of a density-functional tight-binding-based molecular dynamics scheme as well. The combination of these studies provides a microscopic picture of the nature of the fracture process, giving insight to the strength and flexibility of the WS(2) nanotubes (tensile strength of approximately 16 GPa). Fracture analysis with recently proposed models indicates that the strength of such nanotubes is governed by a small number of defects. A fraction of the nanotubes attained the theoretical strength indicating absence of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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26
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Ahir SV, Terentjev EM. Photomechanical actuation in polymer-nanotube composites. NATURE MATERIALS 2005; 4:491-5. [PMID: 15880115 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
For some systems, energy from an external source can trigger changes in the internal state of the structure, leading to a mechanical response much larger than the initial input. The ability to unlock this internal work in a solid-state structure is of key importance for many potential applications. We report a novel phenomenon of photo-induced mechanical actuation observed in a polymer-nanotube composite when exposed to infrared radiation. At small strains the sample tends to expand, when stimulated by photons, by an amount that is orders of magnitude greater than the pristine polymer. Conversely, at larger applied pre-strain, it will contract under identical infrared excitation. The behaviour is modelled as a function of orientational ordering of nanotubes induced by the uniaxial extension. It is thought that no other materials can display this continuously reversible response of so large a magnitude, making rubber nanocomposites important for actuator applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit V Ahir
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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27
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Ilic B, Yang Y, Aubin K, Reichenbach R, Krylov S, Craighead HG. Enumeration of DNA molecules bound to a nanomechanical oscillator. NANO LETTERS 2005; 5:925-9. [PMID: 15884896 DOI: 10.1021/nl050456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are being actively investigated as sensitive mass detectors for applications such as chemical and biological sensing. We demonstrate that highly uniform arrays of nanomechanical resonators can be used to detect the binding of individual DNA molecules through resonant frequency shifts resulting from the added mass of bound analyte. Localized binding sites created with gold nanodots create a calibrated response with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy to count small numbers of bound molecules. The amount of nonspecifically bound material from solution, a fundamental issue in any ultra-sensitive assay, was measured to be less than the mass of one DNA molecule, allowing us to detect a single 1587 bp DNA molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ilic
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Nanobiotechnology Center and Cornell Nanofabrication Facility, Cornell University, USA
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28
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Papadakis SJ, Hall AR, Williams PA, Vicci L, Falvo MR, Superfine R, Washburn S. Resonant oscillators with carbon-nanotube torsion springs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:146101. [PMID: 15524813 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.146101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on the characterization of nanometer-scale resonators. Each device incorporates one multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) as a torsional spring. The devices are actuated electrostatically, and their deflections, both low frequency and on resonance, are detected optically. These are some of the smallest electromechanical devices ever created and are a demonstration of practical integrated MWNT-based oscillators. The results also show surprising intershell mechanical coupling behavior in the MWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Papadakis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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29
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Poggi MA, Gadsby ED, Bottomley LA, King WP, Oroudjev E, Hansma H. Scanning Probe Microscopy. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3429-43. [PMID: 15193118 DOI: 10.1021/ac0400818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Poggi
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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30
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Arroyo M, Belytschko T. Nonlinear mechanical response and rippling of thick multiwalled carbon nanotubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:215505. [PMID: 14683316 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.215505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The measured drop of the effective bending stiffness of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with increasing diameter is investigated by a generalized local quasicontinuum method. The previous hypothesis that this reduction is due to a rippling mode is confirmed by the calculations. The observed ripples result from a complex three-dimensional deformation similar to the Yoshimura buckling pattern. It is found that thick MWCNTs exhibit a well-defined nonlinear moment-curvature relation, even for small deformations, governed by the interplay of strain energy relaxation and intertube interactions. Rippling deformations are also predicted for MWCNTs subject to torsion, resulting in an effective torsional modulus much smaller than that predicted by linear elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arroyo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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31
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Fennimore AM, Yuzvinsky TD, Han WQ, Fuhrer MS, Cumings J, Zettl A. Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes. Nature 2003; 424:408-10. [PMID: 12879064 DOI: 10.1038/nature01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Accepted: 06/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructures are of great interest not only for their basic scientific richness, but also because they have the potential to revolutionize critical technologies. The miniaturization of electronic devices over the past century has profoundly affected human communication, computation, manufacturing and transportation systems. True molecular-scale electronic devices are now emerging that set the stage for future integrated nanoelectronics. Recently, there have been dramatic parallel advances in the miniaturization of mechanical and electromechanical devices. Commercial microelectromechanical systems now reach the submillimetre to micrometre size scale, and there is intense interest in the creation of next-generation synthetic nanometre-scale electromechanical systems. We report on the construction and successful operation of a fully synthetic nanoscale electromechanical actuator incorporating a rotatable metal plate, with a multi-walled carbon nanotube serving as the key motion-enabling element.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fennimore
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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