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Schwarz M, Vethaak TD, Derycke V, Francheteau A, Iniguez B, Kataria S, Kloes A, Lefloch F, Lemme M, Snyder JP, Weber WM, Calvet LE. The Schottky barrier transistor in emerging electronic devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:352002. [PMID: 37100049 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acd05f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores how the Schottky barrier (SB) transistor is used in a variety of applications and material systems. A discussion of SB formation, current transport processes, and an overview of modeling are first considered. Three discussions follow, which detail the role of SB transistors in high performance, ubiquitous and cryogenic electronics. For high performance computing, the SB typically needs to be minimized to achieve optimal performance and we explore the methods adopted in carbon nanotube technology and two-dimensional electronics. On the contrary for ubiquitous electronics, the SB can be used advantageously in source-gated transistors and reconfigurable field-effect transistors (FETs) for sensors, neuromorphic hardware and security applications. Similarly, judicious use of an SB can be an asset for applications involving Josephson junction FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom D Vethaak
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vincent Derycke
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Francois Lefloch
- University Grenoble Alps, GINP, CEA-IRIG-PHELIQS, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Walter M Weber
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute of Solid State Electronics, Vienna, Austria
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Ryu S, López R, Serra L, Sánchez D. Beating Carnot efficiency with periodically driven chiral conductors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2512. [PMID: 35523762 PMCID: PMC9076907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, the power generated by an ideal thermal machine cannot be larger than the Carnot limit. This profound result is rooted in the second law of thermodynamics. A hot question is whether this bound is still valid for microengines operating far from equilibrium. Here, we demonstrate that a quantum chiral conductor driven by AC voltage can indeed work with efficiencies much larger than the Carnot bound. The system also extracts work from common temperature baths, violating Kelvin-Planck statement. Nonetheless, with the proper definition, entropy production is always positive and the second law is preserved. The crucial ingredients to obtain efficiencies beyond the Carnot limit are: i) irreversible entropy production by the photoassisted excitation processes due to the AC field and ii) absence of power injection thanks to chirality. Our results are relevant in view of recent developments that use small conductors to test the fundamental limits of thermodynamic engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungguen Ryu
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), E-07122, Palma, Spain.
| | - Rosa López
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), E-07122, Palma, Spain
| | - Llorenç Serra
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), E-07122, Palma, Spain
| | - David Sánchez
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), E-07122, Palma, Spain
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Record electron self-cooling in cold-electron bolometers with a hybrid superconductor-ferromagnetic nanoabsorber and traps. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21961. [PMID: 33319817 PMCID: PMC7738494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation is the only observable that allows studying the earliest stage of the Universe. Radioastronomy instruments for CMB investigation require low working temperatures around 100 mK to get the necessary sensitivity. On-chip electron cooling of receivers is a pathway for future space missions due to problems of dilution fridges at low gravity. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that in a Cold-Electron Bolometer (CEB) a theoretical limit of electron cooling down to 65 mK from phonon temperature of 300 mK can be reached. It is possible due to effective withdrawing of hot electrons from the tunnel barrier by double stock, special traps and suppression of Andreev Joule heating in hybrid Al/Fe normal nanoabsorber.
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Mykkänen E, Lehtinen JS, Grönberg L, Shchepetov A, Timofeev AV, Gunnarsson D, Kemppinen A, Manninen AJ, Prunnila M. Thermionic junction devices utilizing phonon blocking. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax9191. [PMID: 32300644 PMCID: PMC7148110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrothermal elements are used in various energy harvesters, coolers, and radiation detectors. The optimal operation of these elements relies on mastering two competing boundary conditions: the maximization of the electrothermal response and the blockade of lattice (phonon) thermal conduction. In this work, we propose and demonstrate that efficient electrothermal operation and phonon blocking can be achieved in solid-state thermionic junctions, paving the way for new phonon-engineered high-efficiency refrigerators and sensors. Our experimental demonstration uses semiconductor-superconductor (Sm-S) junctions where the electrothermal response arises from the superconducting energy gap and the phonon blocking results from the acoustic transmission bottleneck at the junction. We demonstrate a cooling platform where a silicon chip, suspended only from the Sm-S junctions, is cooled by ~40% from the bath temperature. We also show how the observed effect can be used in radiation detectors and multistage electronic refrigerators suitable for cooling of quantum technology devices.
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Abstract
A superconductor/normal metal/superconductor Josephson junction is a coherent electron system where the thermodynamic entropy depends on temperature and difference of phase across the weak-link. Here, exploiting the phase-temperature thermodynamic diagram of a thermally isolated system, we argue that a cooling effect can be achieved when the phase drop across the junction is brought from 0 to π in a iso-entropic process. We show that iso-entropic cooling can be enhanced with proper choice of geometrical and electrical parameters of the junction, i.e. by increasing the ratio between supercurrent and total junction volume. We present extensive numerical calculations using quasi-classical Green function methods for a short junction and we compare them with analytical results. Interestingly, we demonstrate that phase-coherent thermodynamic cycles can be implemented by combining iso-entropic and iso-phasic processes acting on the weak-link, thereby engineering the coherent version of thermal machines such as engines and cooling systems. We therefore evaluate their performances and the minimum temperature achievable in a cooling cycle.
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Ziabari A, Zebarjadi M, Vashaee D, Shakouri A. Nanoscale solid-state cooling: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:095901. [PMID: 27519021 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/9/095901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent developments in nanoscale solid-state cooling are reviewed. This includes both theoretical and experimental studies of different physical concepts, as well as nanostructured material design and device configurations. We primarily focus on thermoelectric, thermionic and thermo-magnetic coolers. Particular emphasis is given to the concepts based on metal-semiconductor superlattices, graded materials, non-equilibrium thermoelectric devices, Thomson coolers, and photon assisted Peltier coolers as promising methods for efficient solid-state cooling. Thermomagnetic effects such as magneto-Peltier and Nernst-Ettingshausen cooling are briefly described and recent advances and future trends in these areas are reviewed. The ongoing progress in solid-state cooling concepts such as spin-calorimetrics, electrocalorics, non-equilibrium/nonlinear Peltier devices, superconducting junctions and two-dimensional materials are also elucidated and practical achievements are reviewed. We explain the thermoreflectance thermal imaging microscopy and the transient Harman method as two unique techniques developed for characterization of thermoelectric microrefrigerators. The future prospects for solid-state cooling are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirkoushyar Ziabari
- Birck Nanotechnology Center and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Martínez-Pérez MJ, Fornieri A, Giazotto F. Rectification of electronic heat current by a hybrid thermal diode. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:303-307. [PMID: 25705868 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermal diodes--devices that allow heat to flow preferentially in one direction--are one of the key tools for the implementation of solid-state thermal circuits. These would find application in many fields of nanoscience, including cooling, energy harvesting, thermal isolation, radiation detection and quantum information, or in emerging fields such as phononics and coherent caloritronics. However, both in terms of phononic and electronic heat conduction (the latter being the focus of this work), their experimental realization remains very challenging. A highly efficient thermal diode should provide a difference of at least one order of magnitude between the heat current transmitted in the forward temperature (T) bias configuration (Jfw) and that generated with T-bias reversal (Jrev), leading to ℛ = Jfw/Jrev ≫ 1 or ≪ 1. So far, ℛ ≈ 1.07-1.4 has been reported in phononic devices, and ℛ ≈ 1.1 has been obtained with a quantum-dot electronic thermal rectifier at cryogenic temperatures. Here, we show that unprecedentedly high ratios of ℛ ≈ 140 can be achieved in a hybrid device combining normal metals tunnel-coupled to superconductors. Our approach provides a high-performance realization of a thermal diode for electronic heat current that could be successfully implemented in true low-temperature solid-state thermal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Martínez-Pérez
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Antonio Fornieri
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Francesco Giazotto
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy
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Ozaeta A, Virtanen P, Bergeret FS, Heikkilä TT. Predicted very large thermoelectric effect in ferromagnet-superconductor junctions in the presence of a spin-splitting magnetic field. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:057001. [PMID: 24580623 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.057001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show that a huge thermoelectric effect can be observed by contacting a superconductor whose density of states is spin split by a Zeeman field with a ferromagnet with a nonzero polarization. The resulting thermopower exceeds kB/e by a large factor, and the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT can far exceed unity, leading to heat engine efficiencies close to the Carnot limit. We also show that spin-polarized currents can be generated in the superconductor by applying a temperature bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ozaeta
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - P Virtanen
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - F S Bergeret
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain and Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - T T Heikkilä
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland and Nanoscience Center, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 35 (YFL), FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Muhonen JT, Meschke M, Pekola JP. Micrometre-scale refrigerators. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:046501. [PMID: 22790509 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/4/046501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A superconductor with a gap in the density of states or a quantum dot with discrete energy levels is a central building block in realizing an electronic on-chip cooler. They can work as energy filters, allowing only hot quasiparticles to tunnel out from the electrode to be cooled. This principle has been employed experimentally since the early 1990s in investigations and demonstrations of micrometre-scale coolers at sub-kelvin temperatures. In this paper, we review the basic experimental conditions in realizing the coolers and the main practical issues that are known to limit their performance. We give an update of experiments performed on cryogenic micrometre-scale coolers in the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha T Muhonen
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Aalto University, School of Science, PO Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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Tirelli S, Savin AM, Garcia CP, Pekola JP, Beltram F, Giazotto F. Manipulation and generation of supercurrent in out-of-equilibrium Josephson tunnel nanojunctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:077004. [PMID: 18764569 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.077004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally the manipulation of supercurrent in Al-AlOx-Ti Josephson tunnel junctions by injecting quasiparticles in a Ti island from two additional tunnel-coupled Al superconducting reservoirs. Both supercurrent enhancement and quenching with respect to equilibrium are achieved. We demonstrate cooling of the Ti line by quasiparticle injection from the normal state deep into the superconducting phase. A model based on heat transport and the nonmonotonic current-voltage characteristic of a Josephson junction satisfactorily accounts for our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tirelli
- NEST CNR-INFM and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Rajauria S, Gandit P, Fournier T, Hekking FWJ, Pannetier B, Courtois H. Andreev current-induced dissipation in a hybrid superconducting tunnel junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:207002. [PMID: 18518571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.207002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have studied hybrid superconducting microcoolers made of a double superconductor-insulator-normal metal tunnel junction. Under subgap conditions, the Andreev current is found to dominate the single-particle tunnel current. We show that the Andreev current introduces additional dissipation in the normal metal equivalent to Joule heating. By analyzing quantitatively the heat balance in the system, we provide a full description of the evolution of the electronic temperature with the voltage. The dissipation induced by the Andreev current is found to dominate the quasiparticle tunneling-based cooling over a large bias range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Rajauria
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, B.P. 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
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Rajauria S, Luo PS, Fournier T, Hekking FWJ, Courtois H, Pannetier B. Electron and phonon cooling in a superconductor-normal-metal-superconductor tunnel junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:047004. [PMID: 17678393 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.047004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence for the cooling of normal-metal phonons, in addition to the well-known electron cooling, by electron tunneling in a superconductor-normal-metal-superconductor tunnel junction. The normal-metal electron temperature is extracted by comparing the device current-voltage characteristics to the theoretical prediction. We use a quantitative model for the heat transfer that includes the electron-phonon coupling in the normal metal and the Kapitza resistance between the substrate and the metal. It gives a very good fit to the data and enables us to extract an effective phonon temperature in the normal metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Rajauria
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, 25 Avenue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
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Pekola JP, Giazotto F, Saira OP. Radio-frequency single-electron refrigerator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:037201. [PMID: 17358719 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.037201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a cyclic refrigeration principle based on mesoscopic electron transport. Synchronous sequential tunneling of electrons in a Coulomb-blockaded device, a normal metal-superconductor single-electron box, results in a cooling power of approximately k(B)T x f at temperature T over a wide range of cycle frequencies f. Electrostatic work, done by the gate voltage source, removes heat from the Coulomb island with an efficiency of approximately k(B)T/Delta, where Delta is the superconducting gap parameter. The performance is not affected significantly by nonidealities, for instance by offset charges. We propose ways of characterizing the system and of its practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka P Pekola
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, PO Box 3500, 02015 TKK, Finland
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Giazotto F, Taddei F, Governale M, Castellana C, Fazio R, Beltram F. Cooling electrons by magnetic-field tuning of Andreev reflection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:197001. [PMID: 17155652 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.197001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A solid-state cooling principle based on magnetic-field-driven tunable suppression of Andreev reflection in superconductor/two-dimensional electron gas nanostructures is proposed. This cooling mechanism can lead to very large heat fluxes per channel up to 10;{4} times greater than currently achieved with superconducting tunnel junctions. This efficacy and its availability in a two-dimensional electron system make this method of particular relevance for the implementation of quantum nanostructures operating at cryogenic temperatures.
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Giazotto F, Taddei F, Fazio R, Beltram F. Manipulating nonequilibrium magnetism through superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:066804. [PMID: 16090974 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.066804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic control of the magnetization of a normal mesoscopic conductor is analyzed in a hybrid superconductor-normal-conductor-superconductor system. This effect stems from the interplay between the nonequilibrium condition in the normal region and the Zeeman splitting of the quasi-particle density of states of the superconductor subjected to a static in-plane magnetic field. Unexpected spin-dependent effects such as magnetization suppression, diamagnetic-like response of the susceptibility, as well as spin-polarized current generation are the most remarkable features presented. The impact of scattering events is evaluated and lets us show that this effect is compatible with realistic material properties and fabrication techniques.
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Giazotto F, Heikkilä TT, Taddei F, Fazio R, Pekola JP, Beltram F. Tailoring Josephson coupling through superconductivity-induced nonequilibrium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:137001. [PMID: 15089638 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.137001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The distinctive quasiparticle distribution existing under nonequilibrium in a superconductor-insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor mesoscopic line is proposed as a novel tool to control the supercurrent intensity in a long Josephson weak link. We present a description of this system in the framework of the diffusive-limit quasiclassical Green-function theory and take into account the effects of inelastic scattering with arbitrary strength. Supercurrent enhancement and suppression, including a marked transition to a pi junction, are striking features leading to a fully tunable structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giazotto
- NEST-INFM & Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
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