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Zeng K, Yang G, Xu Z, Song L, Wang L, Tang M, Liu D. High-sensitivity acoustic impedance sensing based on forward Brillouin scattering in a highly nonlinear fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8595-8609. [PMID: 36859971 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
By using radial acoustic modes induced forward Brillouin scattering (FBS) in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), to the best of our knowledge we have demonstrated acoustic impedance sensing with the sensitivity reaching beyond 3MHz for the first time. Benefiting from the high acousto-optical coupling efficiency, both radial acoustic modes (R0,m) and torsional-radial acoustic modes (TR2,m) induced FBS in HNLF have larger gain coefficient and scattering efficiency than those in standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). This provides better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and hence larger measurement sensitivity. By using R0,20 mode in HNLF, we have achieved a higher sensitivity of 3.83 MHz/[kg/(s · mm2)], in contrast to that of 2.70 MHz/[kg/(s · mm2)] when measured using R0,9 mode (with almost the largest gain coefficient) in SSMF. Meanwhile, with the use of the TR2,5 mode in HNLF, the sensitivity is measured to be 0.24 MHz/[kg/(s · mm2)], which is still 1.5 times larger than that reported when using the same mode in SSMF. The improved sensitivity would make the detection of the external environment by FBS based sensors more accurate.
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2
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Sato K, Kan T, Yoshida M, Kasai K, Hirooka T, Nakazawa M. Chromatic dispersion dependence of GAWBS phase noise compensation with pilot tone. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:10676-10687. [PMID: 33820197 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe experimental and numerical results regarding the influence of chromatic dispersion in optical fibers on guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) phase noise compensation with a pilot tone (PT). We compared the compensation performance for GAWBS phase noise generated in an ultra-large-area fiber (ULAF) where DULAF = 21 ps/nm/km with that in a dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) where DDSF = -1.3 ps/nm/km and found that the performance depends strongly on chromatic dispersion. The numerical analysis shows that the group delay between the signal and PT caused by chromatic dispersion reduces the GAWBS noise correlation between them, which degrades the compensation performance for GAWBS phase noise. It is clarified that a condition for effective GAWBS compensation is that the group delay between the signal and PT should be less than half the period of the GAWBS phase noise component.
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Yoshida M, Takefushi N, Kasai K, Hirooka T, Nakazawa M. Precise measurements and their analysis of GAWBS-induced depolarization noise in various optical fibers for digital coherent transmission. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:34422-34433. [PMID: 33182912 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We undertake precise measurements of guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) depolarization noise caused by the TR2,m mode (torsional and radial mode) in various fibers and analyze the results. And we describe the influence of the noise on digital coherent transmission. We first show that the TR2,m mode is distributed over a wider bandwidth when the effective core area Aeff of the fiber is smaller. We then describe the strong mode-number dependence of the depolarization power generated from the profile of the refractive index change induced by the TR2,m mode. We also use two methods to measure the polarization crosstalk (XT) induced by the depolarization, namely, a direct detection method with a photodiode and a conventional power detection method with an optical spectrum analyzer. The results of the two methods agree well, and the XT increase is inversely proportional to the fiber Aeff and proportional to fiber length. Finally, we evaluate the influence of the GAWBS-induced XT on the BER characteristics in a coherent QAM transmission, where we find that the influence of the TR2,m mode is much weaker than that of the R0,m mode (radial mode). That is, the error-free transmission distance in standard single-mode fiber is extended to 8600 km for 256 QAM signal assuming hard-decision FEC with a 7% overhead. This distance is seven times longer than that obtained with the R0,m mode.
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Jin L, Khajehtourian R, Mueller J, Rafsanjani A, Tournat V, Bertoldi K, Kochmann DM. Guided transition waves in multistable mechanical metamaterials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2319-2325. [PMID: 31969454 PMCID: PMC7007517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913228117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition fronts, moving through solids and fluids in the form of propagating domain or phase boundaries, have recently been mimicked at the structural level in bistable architectures. What has been limited to simple one-dimensional (1D) examples is here cast into a blueprint for higher dimensions, demonstrated through 2D experiments and described by a continuum mechanical model that draws inspiration from phase transition theory in crystalline solids. Unlike materials, the presented structural analogs admit precise control of the transition wave's direction, shape, and velocity through spatially tailoring the underlying periodic network architecture (locally varying the shape or stiffness of the fundamental building blocks, and exploiting interactions of transition fronts with lattice defects such as point defects and free surfaces). The outcome is a predictable and programmable strongly nonlinear metamaterial motion with potential for, for example, propulsion in soft robotics, morphing surfaces, reconfigurable devices, mechanical logic, and controlled energy absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuai Jin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Romik Khajehtourian
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Mueller
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Ahmad Rafsanjani
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Tournat
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans, CNRS UMR 6613, Le Mans Université, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Katia Bertoldi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Kavli Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Dennis M Kochmann
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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5
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Takefushi N, Yoshida M, Kasai K, Hirooka T, Nakazawa M. Theoretical and experimental analyses of GAWBS phase noise in various optical fibers for digital coherent transmission. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:2873-2883. [PMID: 32121966 DOI: 10.1364/oe.384505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe the fiber structural dependence of guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) phase noise in a digital coherent optical fiber transmission. We present theoretical and experimental analyses of GAWBS phase noise spectra in three types of optical fibers and show that the GAWBS resonant modes are distributed over a wider bandwidth as the effective core area of the fiber becomes smaller. We also use a vector signal analysis to show phase fluctuations caused by GAWBS. On the basis of these analyses, we show that the GAWBS phase noise fluctuation has a Gaussian distribution, which is used to evaluate its influence on the BER characteristics in a coherent QAM transmission. As a result, we found that the error-free transmission distance in SSMF is limited to 4600, 1200, and 340 km with 64, 256, and 1024 QAM, respectively, assuming a hard-decision FEC with a 7% overhead. These results provide useful insights into the influence of GAWBS on digital coherent transmission.
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Nakazawa M, Yoshida M, Terayama M, Okamoto S, Kasai K, Hirooka T. Observation of guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering noise and its compensation in digital coherent optical fiber transmission. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:9165-9181. [PMID: 29715872 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.009165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the first observation of guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) phase noise in a digital coherent optical fiber transmission. GAWBS noise, which is a forward lightwave generated by thermally excited vibration modes in a cylindrical fiber structure, occurs coherently not only in a signal at a single carrier frequency, but also in modulated wide-band optical signals. Since the signal-to-GAWBS-noise ratio is independent of signal power, it has caused problems in various fields including quantum optics. We point out that GAWBS noise exists even in a digital coherent transmission system such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and degrades the transmission performance since the phase noise is inevitably included within the bandwidth of the transmitted data. We propose two analogue and one digital method to compensate for the GAWBS noise and demonstrate improved performance in a QAM digital coherent transmission.
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Abstract
Although the human visual system is remarkable at perceiving and interpreting motions, it has limited sensitivity, and we cannot see motions that are smaller than some threshold. Although difficult to visualize, tiny motions below this threshold are important and can reveal physical mechanisms, or be precursors to large motions in the case of mechanical failure. Here, we present a "motion microscope," a computational tool that quantifies tiny motions in videos and then visualizes them by producing a new video in which the motions are made large enough to see. Three scientific visualizations are shown, spanning macroscopic to nanoscopic length scales. They are the resonant vibrations of a bridge demonstrating simultaneous spatial and temporal modal analysis, micrometer vibrations of a metamaterial demonstrating wave propagation through an elastic matrix with embedded resonating units, and nanometer motions of an extracellular tissue found in the inner ear demonstrating a mechanism of frequency separation in hearing. In these instances, the motion microscope uncovers hidden dynamics over a variety of length scales, leading to the discovery of previously unknown phenomena.
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Müller CR, Peuntinger C, Dirmeier T, Khan I, Vogl U, Marquardt C, Leuchs G, Sánchez-Soto LL, Teo YS, Hradil Z, Řeháček J. Evading Vacuum Noise: Wigner Projections or Husimi Samples? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:070801. [PMID: 27563944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy in determining the quantum state of a system depends on the type of measurement performed. Homodyne and heterodyne detection are the two main schemes in continuous-variable quantum information. The former leads to a direct reconstruction of the Wigner function of the state, whereas the latter samples its Husimi Q function. We experimentally demonstrate that heterodyne detection outperforms homodyne detection for almost all Gaussian states, the details of which depend on the squeezing strength and thermal noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Müller
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Peuntinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland Street, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - T Dirmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - I Khan
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - U Vogl
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ch Marquardt
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Leuchs
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - L L Sánchez-Soto
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut für Optik, Information und Photonik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Departamento de Óptica, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Y S Teo
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Z Hradil
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J Řeháček
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Tchahame JC, Beugnot JC, Huy KP, Laude V, Kudlinski A, Sylvestre T. Surface Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3269-3272. [PMID: 27420512 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental observation of surface Brillouin scattering in silica-based photonic crystal fibers, arising from the interaction between guided light and surface acoustic waves. This was achieved using small-core and high air-filling fraction microstructured fibers that enable a strong opto-acoustic coupling near the air holes while mitigating the acoustic leakages in the microstructured cladding. It is further shown that this new type of light scattering is highly sensitive to the fiber air-hole microstructure, thus providing a passive and efficient way to control it. Our observations are confirmed through numerical simulations of the elastodynamics equation.
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10
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Javid F, Wang P, Shanian A, Bertoldi K. Architected Materials with Ultra-Low Porosity for Vibration Control. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5943-5948. [PMID: 27165948 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Periodic structures with extremely low porosities capable of forming large band gaps-frequency ranges with strong wave attenuation-are designed by patterning an elastic sheet with an array of alternating crack-like pores separated by small ligaments. The results indicate that the presence and size of the band gaps are controlled by the smallest geometric -feature in the system (which can be easily controlled by tuning the aspect ratio of the pores), providing an important guideline for the design of systems with the -desired response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Javid
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Pai Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ali Shanian
- Siemens ADGT, 9545 Cote de Liesse, Dorval, Québec, H9P 1A5, Canada
| | - Katia Bertoldi
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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11
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Zhong WEN, Stiller B, Elser D, Heim B, Marquardt C, Leuchs G. Depolarized guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in hollow-core photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:27707-27714. [PMID: 26480433 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.027707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
By performing quantum-noise-limited optical heterodyne detection, we observe polarization noise in light after propagation through a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF). We compare the noise spectrum to the one of a standard fiber and find an increase of noise even though the light is mainly transmitted in air in a hollow-core PCF. Combined with our simulation of the acoustic vibrational modes in the hollow-core PCF, we are offering an explanation for the polarization noise with a variation of guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS). Here, instead of modulating the strain in the fiber core as in a solid core fiber, the acoustic vibrations in hollow-core PCF influence the effective refractive index by modulating the geometry of the photonic crystal structure. This induces polarization noise in the light guided by the photonic crystal structure.
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12
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Szriftgiser P, Kudlinski A, Bacquet D, Bouwmans G, Dossou M, Beugnot JC, Laude V. Enhanced structural sensitivity of hybrid-mode acoustic phonons in axially-varying photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:23329-23338. [PMID: 26368434 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.023329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of anti-crossings between hybrid-mode acoustic phonons in an axially-varying photonic crystal fiber. Our experimental results are analyzed using an electrostriction theory which reveals strong coupling between longitudinal and shear components of elastic wave. These anti-crossings are highly sensitive to the transverse fiber structure and thus could be potentially used for ultra-sensitive sensors and new opto-acoustic devices.
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13
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Wang P, Casadei F, Shan S, Weaver JC, Bertoldi K. Harnessing buckling to design tunable locally resonant acoustic metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:014301. [PMID: 25032927 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.014301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a new class of tunable and switchable acoustic metamaterials comprising resonating units dispersed into an elastic matrix. Each resonator consists of a metallic core connected to the elastomeric matrix through elastic beams, whose buckling is intentionally exploited as a novel and effective approach to control the propagation of elastic waves. We first use numerical analysis to show the evolution of the locally resonant band gap, fully accounting for the effect of nonlinear pre-deformation. Then, we experimentally measure the transmission of vibrations as a function of the applied loading in a finite-size sample and find excellent agreement with our numerical predictions. The proposed concept expands the ability of existing acoustic metamaterials by enabling tunability over a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in our system the deformation can be exploited to turn on or off the band gap, opening avenues for the design of adaptive switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Wang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Filippo Casadei
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sicong Shan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Katia Bertoldi
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Kavli Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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14
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Stiller B, Sylvestre T. Observation of acoustically induced modulation instability in a Brillouin photonic crystal fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:1570-1572. [PMID: 23632555 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.001570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental observation of self-induced modulation instability (MI) in a Brillouin fiber laser made with a solid-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with strong anomalous dispersion. We identify this MI as the result of parametric amplification of optical sidebands generated by guided acoustic modes within the core of the PCF. It is further shown that MI leads to passive harmonic mode locking and to the generation of a picosecond pulse train at a repetition rate of 1.15 GHz which matches the acoustic frequency of the fundamental acoustic mode of the PCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Stiller
- Institut FEMTO-ST, Département d’Optique, UMR 6174 CNRS-Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France.
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15
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Pedersen AT, Rottwitt K. Frequency noise in frequency swept fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:1089-1091. [PMID: 23546253 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents a measurement of the spectral content of frequency shifted pulses generated by a lightwave synthesized frequency sweeper. We found that each pulse is shifted in frequency with very high accuracy. We also discovered that noise originating from light leaking through the acousto- optical modulators and forward propagating Brillouin scattering appear in the spectrum.
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16
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Carry E, Beugnot JC, Stiller B, Lee MW, Maillotte H, Sylvestre T. Temperature coefficient of the high-frequency guided acoustic mode in a photonic crystal fiber. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:6543-6547. [PMID: 22193134 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.006543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency guided acoustic Brillouin modes have recently been observed in small-core silica photonic crystal fibers. In this paper, we investigate the temperature dependence of the optical sideband frequency generated by one of these guided acoustic waves. The experimental results show a temperature coefficient of 100 kHz/°C at an acoustic resonance frequency of 1.15 GHz and are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions. This coefficient demonstrates a temperature sensitivity 10 times larger than that previously reported in conventional single-mode fibers, which is promising in view of potential applications to optical fiber sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Carry
- Institut FEMTO-ST, Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6174, 25030 Besançon, France
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17
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Stiller B, Delqué M, Beugnot JC, Lee MW, Mélin G, Maillotte H, Laude V, Sylvestre T. Frequency-selective excitation of guided acoustic modes in a photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:7689-7694. [PMID: 21503078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.007689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental and numerical results demonstrating the simultaneous frequency-selective excitation of several guided acoustic Brillouin modes in a photonic crystal fiber with a multi-scale structure design. These guided acoustic modes are identified by using a full vector finite-element model to result from elastic radial vibrations confined by the wavelength-scale air-silica microstructure. We further show the strong impact of structural irregularities of the fiber on the frequency and modal shape of these acoustic resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stiller
- Institut FEMTO-ST, Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS UMR 6174, Besançon, France.
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18
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Nakagome H, Ushio H, Itoh Y, Kannari F. Generation of squeezed vacuum pulses at 810 nm using a 40-cm-long optical fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:1051-1056. [PMID: 21263643 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the generation of a squeezed vacuum pulse at 810 nm with a fiber polarization interferometer. During femtosecond laser pulse propagation through an optical fiber in the normal dispersion regime, only self-phase modulation within a short length contributes to pulse squeezing since the laser pulse is immediately broadened. Guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) noise that increases in proportional to the fiber length is also lower with shorter fibers. Consequently, a maximum noise reduction of 2.1 dB (4.8 dB when corrected for losses) is obtained using a 40-cm-long single mode optical fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakagome
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Zhang YN, Ren LY, Gong YK, Li XH, Wang LR, Sun CD. Design and optimization of highly nonlinear low-dispersion crystal fiber with high birefringence for four-wave mixing. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:3208-3214. [PMID: 20517392 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.003208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed a novel type of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with low dispersion and high nonlinearity for four-wave mixing. This type of fiber is composed of a solid silica core and a cladding with a squeezed hexagonal lattice elliptical airhole along the fiber length. Its dispersion and nonlinearity coefficient are investigated simultaneously by using the full vectorial finite element method. Numerical results show that the proposed highly nonlinear low-dispersion fiber has a total dispersion as low as +/-2.5 ps nm(-1) km(-1) over an ultrabroad wavelength range from 1.43 to 1.8 microm, and the corresponding nonlinearity coefficient and birefringence are about 150 W(-1) km(-1) and 2.5x10(-3) at 1.55 microm, respectively. The proposed PCF with low ultraflattened dispersion, high nonlinearity, and high birefringence can have important application in four-wave mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ni Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
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20
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Milanovic J, Lassen M, Andersen UL, Leuchs G. A novel method for polarization squeezing with Photonic Crystal Fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:1521-1527. [PMID: 20173980 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.001521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Photonic Crystal Fibers can be tailored to increase the effective Kerr nonlinearity, while producing smaller amounts of excess noise compared to standard silicon fibers. Using these features of Photonic Crystal Fibers we create polarization squeezed states with increased purity compared to standard fiber squeezing experiments. Explicit we produce squeezed states in counter propagating pulses along the same fiber axis to achieve near identical dispersion properties. This enables the production of polarization squeezing through interference in a polarization type Sagnac interferometer. We observe Stokes parameter squeezing of -3.9 +/-0.3dB and anti-squeezing of 16.2 +/-0.3dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Milanovic
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany.
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Lai Y, Lee RK. Entangled quantum nonlinear Schrödinger solitons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:013902. [PMID: 19659148 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.013902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Considered as a multipartite quantum system, time-multiplexed nonlinear Schrödinger solitons after collision are rigorously proved to become quantum entangled in the sense that their quadrature components of suitably selected internal modes satisfy the inseparability criterion. Clear physical insights for the origin of entanglement are given, and the required homodyne local oscillator pulse shape for optimum entanglement detection is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchieh Lai
- Department of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Beugnot JC, Sylvestre T, Alasia D, Maillotte H, Laude V, Monteville A, Provino L, Traynor N, Mafang SF, Thévenaz L. Complete experimental characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2007; 15:15517-15522. [PMID: 19550837 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.015517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We provide a complete experimental characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a 160 m long solid-core photonic crystal fiber, including threshold and spectrum measurements as well as position-resolved mapping of the Brillouin frequency shift. In particular, a three-fold increase of the Brillouin threshold power is observed, in excellent agreement with the spectrally-broadened Brillouin gain spectrum. Distributed measurements additionally reveal that the rise of the Brillouin threshold results from the broadband nature of the gain spectrum all along the fiber and is strongly influenced by strain. Our experiments confirm that these unique fibers can be exploited for the passive control or the suppression of Brillouin scattering.
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Matsui T, Nakajima K, Sakamoto T, Shiraki K, Sankawa I. Structural dependence of guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering spectra in hole-assisted fiber and its temperature dependence. APPLIED OPTICS 2007; 46:6912-7. [PMID: 17906718 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.006912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe the guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) characteristics of hole-assisted fiber (HAF). We clarify numerically and experimentally that the GAWBS spectrum corresponding to a particular acoustic mode is observed for HAF and that the efficiency for that mode can be controlled simply by designing the air-hole size and position. We also reveal the temperature dependence of the GAWBS characteristics in HAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- NTT Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Beugnot JC, Sylvestre T, Maillotte H, Mélin G, Laude V. Guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2007; 32:17-9. [PMID: 17167569 DOI: 10.1364/ol.32.000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in several photonic crystal fibers by use of the so-called fiber loop mirror technique and show a completely different dynamics with respect to standard all-silica fibers. In addition to the suppression of most acoustic phonons, we show that forward Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fibers is substantially enhanced only for the fundamental acoustic phonon because of efficient transverse acousto-optic field overlap. The results of our numerical simulations reveal that this high-frequency phonon is indeed trapped within the fiber core by the air-hole microstructure, in good agreement with experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Beugnot
- Departement d'Optique P.M. Duffieux, Institut FEMTO-ST, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 6174, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
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