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Celliers PM, Millot M. Imaging velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) diagnostics for high energy density sciences. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:011101. [PMID: 36725591 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two variants of optical imaging velocimetry, specifically the one-dimensional streaked line-imaging and the two-dimensional time-resolved area-imaging versions of the Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR), have become important diagnostics in high energy density sciences, including inertial confinement fusion and dynamic compression of condensed matter. Here, we give a brief review of the historical development of these techniques, then describe the current implementations at major high energy density (HED) facilities worldwide, including the OMEGA Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility. We illustrate the versatility and power of these techniques by reviewing diverse applications of imaging VISARs for gas-gun and laser-driven dynamic compression experiments for materials science, shock physics, condensed matter physics, chemical physics, plasma physics, planetary science and astronomy, as well as a broad range of HED experiments and laser-driven inertial confinement fusion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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2
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Ao T, Morgan DV, Stoltzfus BS, Austin KN, Usher J, Breden E, Pacheco LM, Dean S, Brown JL, Duwal S, Fan H, Kalita P, Knudson MD, Rodriguez MA, Lane JMD. A compact x-ray diffraction system for dynamic compression experiments on pulsed-power generators. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:053909. [PMID: 35649781 DOI: 10.1063/5.0074467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed-power generators can produce well-controlled continuous ramp compression of condensed matter for high-pressure equation-of-state studies using the magnetic loading technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data from dynamically compressed samples provide direct measurements of the elastic compression of the crystal lattice, onset of plastic flow, strength-strain rate dependence, structural phase transitions, and density of crystal defects, such as dislocations. Here, we present a cost-effective, compact, pulsed x-ray source for XRD measurements on pulsed-power-driven ramp-loaded samples. This combination of magnetically driven ramp compression of materials with a single, short-pulse XRD diagnostic will be a powerful capability for the dynamic materials' community to investigate in situ dynamic phase transitions critical to equation of states. We present results using this new diagnostic to evaluate lattice compression in Zr and Al and to capture signatures of phase transitions in CdS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ao
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D V Morgan
- Mission Support and Test Services, LLC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B S Stoltzfus
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K N Austin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J Usher
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E Breden
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - L M Pacheco
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S Dean
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L Brown
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S Duwal
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - H Fan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P Kalita
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M D Knudson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M A Rodriguez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J M D Lane
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Swift DC, Fratanduono DE, Kraus RG, Dowling EA. Non-iterative characteristics analysis for high-pressure ramp loading. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:093903. [PMID: 31575262 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the canonical ramp compression experiment, a smoothly increasing load is applied to the surface of the sample, and the particle velocity history is measured at two or more different distances into the sample, at interfaces where the surface of the sample can be probed. The velocity histories are used to deduce a stress-density relation, usually using iterative Lagrangian analysis to account for the perturbing effect of the impedance mismatch at the interface. In that technique, a stress-density relation is assumed in order to correct for the perturbation and is adjusted until it becomes consistent with the deduced stress-density relation. This process is subject to the usual difficulties of nonlinear optimization, such as the existence of local minima (sensitivity to the initial guess), possible failure to converge, and relatively large computational effort. We show that, by considering the interaction of successive characteristics reaching a free surface, the stress-density relation can be deduced directly by recursion rather than iteration. This calculation is orders of magnitude faster than iterative analysis and does not require an initial guess. Direct recursion may be less suitable for very noisy data, but it was robust when applied to trial data. The stress-density relation deduced was identical to the result from iterative Lagrangian analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C Swift
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Dayne E Fratanduono
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Richard G Kraus
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Evan A Dowling
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Polsin DN, Fratanduono DE, Rygg JR, Lazicki A, Smith RF, Eggert JH, Gregor MC, Henderson BH, Delettrez JA, Kraus RG, Celliers PM, Coppari F, Swift DC, McCoy CA, Seagle CT, Davis JP, Burns SJ, Collins GW, Boehly TR. Measurement of Body-Centered-Cubic Aluminum at 475 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:175702. [PMID: 29219452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.175702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanosecond in situ x-ray diffraction and simultaneous velocimetry measurements were used to determine the crystal structure and pressure, respectively, of ramp-compressed aluminum at stress states between 111 and 475 GPa. The solid-solid Al phase transformations, fcc-hcp and hcp-bcc, are observed at 216±9 and 321±12 GPa, respectively, with the bcc phase persisting to 475 GPa. The high-pressure crystallographic texture of the hcp and bcc phases suggests close-packed or nearly close-packed lattice planes remain parallel through both transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Polsin
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M C Gregor
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B H Henderson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - J A Delettrez
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
| | - R G Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D C Swift
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C A McCoy
- Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1189, USA
| | - C T Seagle
- Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1189, USA
| | - J-P Davis
- Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1189, USA
| | - S J Burns
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - T R Boehly
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623-1299, USA
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Wang J, Smith RF, Coppari F, Eggert JH, Boehly TR, Collins GW, Duffy TS. Ramp compression of magnesium oxide to 234 GPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/500/6/062002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wang K, Xiao S, Liu M, Deng H, Zhu W, Hu W. Shock Waves Propagation and Phase Transition in Single Crystal Iron under Ramp Compression: Large Scale Parallel NEMD Simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li M, Huang X, Chen G, Cai J, Zhang H, Sun C, Zhao J, Liu S, Fu S. Laser-driven plasma loader and solid matter ramp compression experiments on SG-II Laser. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20122601034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
This review discusses new developments in shock compression science with a focus on molecular media. Some basic features of shock and detonation waves, nonlinear excitations that can produce extreme states of high temperature and high pressure, are described. Methods of generating and detecting shock waves are reviewed, especially those using tabletop lasers that can be interfaced with advanced molecular diagnostics. Newer compression methods such as shockless compression and precompression shock that generate states of cold dense molecular matter are discussed. Shock compression creates a metallic form of hydrogen, melts diamond, and makes water a superionic liquid with unique catalytic properties. Our understanding of detonations at the molecular level has improved a great deal as a result of advanced nonequilibrium molecular simulations. Experimental measurements of detailed molecular behavior behind a detonation front might be available soon using femtosecond lasers to produce nanoscale simulated detonation fronts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana D. Dlott
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Murphy WJ, Higginbotham A, Kimminau G, Barbrel B, Bringa EM, Hawreliak J, Kodama R, Koenig M, McBarron W, Meyers MA, Nagler B, Ozaki N, Park N, Remington B, Rothman S, Vinko SM, Whitcher T, Wark JS. The strength of single crystal copper under uniaxial shock compression at 100 GPa. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:065404. [PMID: 21389369 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/6/065404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In situ x-ray diffraction has been used to measure the shear strain (and thus strength) of single crystal copper shocked to 100 GPa pressures at strain rates over two orders of magnitude higher than those achieved previously. For shocks in the [001] direction there is a significant associated shear strain, while shocks in the [111] direction give negligible shear strain. We infer, using molecular dynamics simulations and VISAR (standing for 'velocity interferometer system for any reflector') measurements, that the strength of the material increases dramatically (to approximately 1 GPa) for these extreme strain rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Murphy
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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Reed EJ, Maiti A, Fried LE. Anomalous sound propagation and slow kinetics in dynamically compressed amorphous carbon. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:016607. [PMID: 20365491 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.016607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have performed molecular-dynamics simulations of dynamic compression waves propagating through amorphous carbon using the Tersoff potential and find that a variety of dynamic compression features appear for two different initial densities. These features include steady elastic shocks, steady chemically reactive shocks, unsteady elastic waves, and unsteady chemically reactive waves. We show how these features can be distinguished by analyzing time-dependent propagation speeds, time-dependent sound speeds, and comparison to multiscale shock technique (MSST) simulations. Understanding such features is a key challenge in quasi-isentropic experiments involving phase transformations. In addition to direct simulations of dynamic compression, we employ the MSST and find agreement with the direct method for this system for the shocks observed. We show how the MSST can be extended to include explicit material viscosity and demonstrate on an amorphous Lennard-Jones system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Reed
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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11
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High-Rate Plastic Deformation of Nanocrystalline Tantalum to Large Strains: Molecular Dynamics Simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.633-634.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the ability to generate extremes of pressure and temperature in dynamic experiments and to probe the response of materials has motivated the need for special materials optimized for those conditions as well as a need for a much deeper understanding of the behavior of materials subjected to high pressure and/or temperature. Of particular importance is the understanding of rate effects at the extremely high rates encountered in those experiments, especially with the next generation of laser drives such as at the National Ignition Facility. Here we use large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the high-rate deformation of nanocrystalline tantalum to investigate the processes associated with plastic deformation for strains up to 100%. We use initial atomic configurations that were produced through simulations of solidification in the work of Streitz et al [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, (2006) 225701]. These 3D polycrystalline systems have typical grain sizes of 10-20 nm. We also study a rapidly quenched liquid (amorphous solid) tantalum. We apply a constant volume (isochoric), constant temperature (isothermal) shear deformation over a range of strain rates, and compute the resulting stress-strain curves to large strains for both uniaxial and biaxial compression. We study the rate dependence and identify plastic deformation mechanisms. The identification of the mechanisms is facilitated through a novel technique that computes the local grain orientation, returning it as a quaternion for each atom. This analysis technique is robust and fast, and has been used to compute the orientations on the fly during our parallel MD simulations on supercomputers. We find both dislocation and twinning processes are important, and they interact in the weak strain hardening in these extremely fine-grained microstructures.
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Bradley DK, Eggert JH, Smith RF, Prisbrey ST, Hicks DG, Braun DG, Biener J, Hamza AV, Rudd RE, Collins GW. Diamond at 800 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:075503. [PMID: 19257686 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.075503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new compression technique, which enables the study of solids into the TPa regime, is described and used to ramp (or quasi-isentropically) compress diamond to a peak pressure of 1400 GPa. Diamond stress versus density data are reported to 800 GPa and suggest that the diamond phase is stable and has significant material strength up to at least this stress level. Data presented here are the highest ramp compression pressures by more than a factor of 5 and the highest-pressure solid equation-of-state data ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Smith RF, Eggert JH, Saculla MD, Jankowski AF, Bastea M, Hicks DG, Collins GW. Ultrafast dynamic compression technique to study the kinetics of phase transformations in bismuth. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:065701. [PMID: 18764477 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.065701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Preheated Bi (296-532 K) was ramp compressed with 15-35 ns rise times to a peak stress of approximately 11 GPa to explore structural phase-transformation kinetics under dynamic loading conditions. At high strain rates, epsilon[over ]>5 x 10;{6} s;{-1}, deviation from equilibrium phase boundaries suggests that compression time scales are comparable to the new phase incubation period. The dependence of DeltaP/kT on epsilon[over ] is consistent with a thermally activated transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Ao T, Asay JR, Chantrenne S, Baer MR, Hall CA. A compact strip-line pulsed power generator for isentropic compression experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:013903. [PMID: 18248046 DOI: 10.1063/1.2827509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Veloce is a medium-voltage, high-current, compact pulsed power generator developed for isentropic and shock compression experiments. Because of its increased availability and ease of operation, Veloce is well suited for studying isentropic compression experiments (ICE) in much greater detail than previously allowed with larger pulsed power machines such as the Z accelerator. Since the compact pulsed power technology used for dynamic material experiments has not been previously used, it is necessary to examine several key issues to ensure that accurate results are obtained. In the present experiments, issues such as panel and sample preparation, uniformity of loading, and edge effects were extensively examined. In addition, magnetohydrodynamic simulations using the ALEGRA code were performed to interpret the experimental results and to design improved sample/panel configurations. Examples of recent ICE studies on aluminum are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ao
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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