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Zhang Z, Sun M, Xiong T, Ye F, Zhao Z. Development and genetic regulation of pollen intine in Arabidopsis and rice. Gene 2024; 893:147936. [PMID: 38381507 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Pollen intine serves as a protective layer situated between the pollen exine and the plasma membrane. It performs essential functions during pollen development, including maintaining the morphological structure of the pollen, preventing the loss of pollen contents, and facilitating pollen germination. The formation of the intine layer commences at the bicellular pollen stage. Pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and structural proteins are the key constituents of the pollen intine. In Arabidopsis and rice, numerous regulatory factors associated with polysaccharide metabolism and material transport have been identified, which regulate intine development. In this review, we elucidate the developmental processes of the pollen wall and provide a concise summary of the research advancements in the development and genetic regulation of the pollen intine in Arabidopsis and rice. A comprehensive understanding of intine development and regulation is crucial for unraveling the genetic network underlying intine development in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibao Zhang
- School of Life and Health Science, Huzhou College, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mengke Sun
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Fan Ye
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
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2
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Kamarova KA, Ershova NM, Sheshukova EV, Arifulin EA, Ovsiannikova NL, Antimonova AA, Kudriashov AA, Komarova TV. Nicotiana benthamiana Class 1 Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptides Suppress Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12843. [PMID: 37629021 PMCID: PMC10454303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) have been identified in many plant species and play an important role in cell wall formation, intercellular transport regulation, and plant-virus interactions. Most plants have several RGP genes with different expression patterns depending on the organ and developmental stage. Here, we report on four members of the RGP family in N. benthamiana. Based on a homology search, NbRGP1-3 and NbRGP5 were assigned to the class 1 and class 2 RGPs, respectively. We demonstrated that NbRGP1-3 and 5 mRNA accumulation increases significantly in response to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Moreover, all identified class 1 NbRGPs (as distinct from NbRGP5) suppress TMV intercellular transport and replication in N. benthamiana. Elevated expression of NbRGP1-2 led to the stimulation of callose deposition at plasmodesmata, indicating that RGP-mediated TMV local spread could be affected via a callose-dependent mechanism. It was also demonstrated that NbRGP1 interacts with TMV movement protein (MP) in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, class 1 NbRGP1-2 play an antiviral role by impeding intercellular transport of the virus by affecting plasmodesmata callose and directly interacting with TMV MP, resulting in the reduced viral spread and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila A. Kamarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Natalia M. Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Eugene A. Arifulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L. Ovsiannikova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A. Antimonova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Andrei A. Kudriashov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Huang X, Bai X, Qian C, Liu S, Goher F, He F, Zhao G, Pei G, Zhao H, Wang J, Kang Z, Guo J. TaUAM3, a UDP‐Ara mutases protein, positively regulates wheat resistance to the stripe rust fungus. Food Energy Secur 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Chaowei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Farhan Goher
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guosen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guoliang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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Transcriptome Analysis of Air Space-Type Variegation Formation in Trifolium pratense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147794. [PMID: 35887138 PMCID: PMC9322087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Air space-type variegation is the most diverse among the species of known variegated leaf plants and is caused by conspicuous intercellular spaces between the epidermal and palisade cells and among the palisade cells at non-green areas. Trifolium pratense, a species in Fabaceae with V-shaped air space-type variegation, was selected to explore the application potential of variegated leaf plants and accumulate basic data on the molecular regulatory mechanism and evolutionary history of leaf variegation. We performed comparative transcriptome analysis on young and adult leaflets of variegated and green plants and identified 43 candidate genes related to air space-type variegation formation. Most of the genes were related to cell-wall structure modification (CESA, CSL, EXP, FLA, PG, PGIP, PLL, PME, RGP, SKS, and XTH family genes), followed by photosynthesis (LHCB subfamily, RBCS, GOX, and AGT family genes), redox (2OG and GSH family genes), and nitrogen metabolism (NodGS family genes). Other genes were related to photooxidation, protein interaction, and protease degradation systems. The downregulated expression of light-responsive LHCB subfamily genes and the upregulated expression of the genes involved in cell-wall structure modification were important conditions for air space-type variegation formation in T. pratense. The upregulated expression of the ubiquitin-protein ligase enzyme (E3)-related genes in the protease degradation systems were conducive to air space-type variegation formation. Because these family genes are necessary for plant growth and development, the mechanism of the leaf variegation formation in T. pratense might be a widely existing regulation in air space-type variegation in nature.
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Mariette A, Kang HS, Heazlewood JL, Persson S, Ebert B, Lampugnani ER. Not Just a Simple Sugar: Arabinose Metabolism and Function in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1791-1812. [PMID: 34129041 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth, development, structure as well as dynamic adaptations and remodeling processes in plants are largely controlled by properties of their cell walls. These intricate wall structures are mostly made up of different sugars connected through specific glycosidic linkages but also contain many glycosylated proteins. A key plant sugar that is present throughout the plantae, even before the divergence of the land plant lineage, but is not found in animals, is l-arabinose (l-Ara). Here, we summarize and discuss the processes and proteins involved in l-Ara de novo synthesis, l-Ara interconversion, and the assembly and recycling of l-Ara-containing cell wall polymers and proteins. We also discuss the biological function of l-Ara in a context-focused manner, mainly addressing cell wall-related functions that are conferred by the basic physical properties of arabinose-containing polymers/compounds. In this article we explore these processes with the goal of directing future research efforts to the many exciting yet unanswered questions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Mariette
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Hee Sung Kang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
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Zhang Q, Sun T, Tuo X, Li Y, Yang H, Deng J. A Novel Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide-2 of Bee Pollen from Rape ( Brassica napus L.): Purification and Characterization. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:543-553. [PMID: 33143610 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666201103161302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversibly glycosylated polypeptide (RGP), a kind of hydrosoluble and plasmodesmal-associated protein found in plants, plays a crucial role in the development of pollen. OBJECTIVE A novel RGP 2 was isolated and identified from rape (Brassica napus L.) bee pollen. METHODS RGP2 was isolated and purified by ion-exchange column and gel filtration chromatography, and characterized by MALDI-TOF-MS, LC-MS, immunological histological chemistry, and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS Our results indicated that the RGP2 is an acidic protein (pI=5.46) with the molecular weight 42388 Da. It contained 17 kinds of amino acids, among which aspartic acid had the highest amount (71.56 mg/g). Homologous alignment of amino acid sequence results showed that RGP2 was 80.33%, 85.02%, 86.06%, and 88.93% identical to Arabidopsis thaliana RGP2 (AtRGP2), Oryza sativa RGP (OsRGP), Triticum aestivum RGP (TaRGP), and Zea maize RGP (ZmRGP), respectively. The localization results showed that RGP2 in rape anther existed in exine and intine of anther cells of rape flower by immunological histological chemistry and the subcellular localization identified that RGP2 appeared around the Golgi apparatus in cytoplasm by transmission electron microscope. CONCLUSION RGP2 has a highly conserved sequence of amino acid residues and potential glycosylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingxia Tuo
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haixia Yang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Sun X, Cao L, Zhang S, Yu J, Xu X, Xu C, Xu Z, Qu C, Liu G. Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. Gene Expr Patterns 2020; 38:119142. [PMID: 32898702 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2020.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RGP genes all belong to Class I in P. trichocarpa. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that PtRGP1 and PtRGP2 were highly expressed in the stems, PtRGP4 and PtRGP5 were highly expressed in the upper leaves, PtRGR3 and PtRGR6 were expressed in stems and internodes, but the relative expression is not high. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Lina Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Jiajie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Xiuyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Caifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Zhiru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Chunpu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Xue T, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wei S, Chao Q, Zhu Y, Teng J, Zhang A, Sheng W, Duan Y, Xue J. Full-length transcriptome analysis of shade-induced promotion of tuber production in Pinellia ternata. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:565. [PMID: 31852442 PMCID: PMC6921527 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pinellia ternata is native to China and has been used as a traditional herb due to its antiemetic, antitussive, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects. When exposed to strong light intensity and high temperature during the reproductive growth process, P. ternata withers in a phenomenon known as "sprout tumble", which largely limits tuber production. Shade was previously found to delay sprout tumble formation (STF); however, no information exists regarding this process at the molecular level. Hence, we determined the genes involved in tuber development and STF in P. ternata. RESULTS Compared to that with natural sun-light (control), shade significantly induced chlorophyll accumulation, increased chlorophyll fluorescence parameters including initial fluorescence, maximal fluorescence, and qP, and dramatically repressed chlorophyll a:b and NPQ. Catalase (CAT) activity was largely induced by shade, and tuber products were largely increased in this environment. Transcriptome profiles of P. ternata grown in natural sun-light and shaded environments were analyzed by a combination of next generation sequencing (NGS) and third generation single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing. Corrections of SMRT long reads based on NGS short reads yielded 136,163 non-redundant transcripts, with an average N50 length of 2578 bp. In total, 6738 deferentially-expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the comparisons, specifically D5S vs D5CK, D20S vs D20CK, D20S vs D5S, and D20CK vs D5CK, of which, 6384 DEGs (94.8%) were generated from the D20S vs D20CK comparison. Gene annotation and functional analyses revealed that these genes were related to auxin signal transduction, polysaccharide and sugar metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. Moreover, the expression of genes enriched in photosynthesis appeared to be significantly altered by shade. The expression patterns of 16 candidate genes were consistent with changes in their transcript abundance as identified by RNA-Seq, and these might contribute to STF and tuber production. CONCLUSION The full-length transcripts identified in this study have provided a more accurate depiction of P. ternata gene transcription. Further, we identified potential genes involved in STF and tuber growth. Such data could serve as a genetic resource and a foundation for further research on this important traditional herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Shuqin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Qiujie Chao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Yanfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Jingtong Teng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Yongbo Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China.
| | - Jianping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China.
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Plasmodesmata Conductivity Regulation: A Mechanistic Model. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120595. [PMID: 31842374 PMCID: PMC6963776 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells form a multicellular symplast via cytoplasmic bridges called plasmodesmata (Pd) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that crosses almost all plant tissues. The Pd proteome is mainly represented by secreted Pd-associated proteins (PdAPs), the repertoire of which quickly adapts to environmental conditions and responds to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the important role of Pd in stress-induced reactions is universally recognized, the mechanisms of Pd control are still not fully understood. The negative role of callose in Pd permeability has been convincingly confirmed experimentally, yet the roles of cytoskeletal elements and many PdAPs remain unclear. Here, we discuss the contribution of each protein component to Pd control. Based on known data, we offer mechanistic models of mature leaf Pd regulation in response to stressful effects.
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10
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Saqib A, Scheller HV, Fredslund F, Welner DH. Molecular characteristics of plant UDP-arabinopyranose mutases. Glycobiology 2019; 29:839-846. [PMID: 31679023 PMCID: PMC6861824 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
l-arabinofuranose is a ubiquitous component of the cell wall and various natural products in plants, where it is synthesized from cytosolic UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap). The biosynthetic machinery long remained enigmatic in terms of responsible enzymes and subcellular localization. With the discovery of UDP-Arap mutase in plant cytosol, the demonstration of its role in cell-wall arabinose incorporation and the identification of UDP-arabinofuranose transporters in the Golgi membrane, it is clear that the cytosolic UDP-Arap mutases are the key enzymes converting UDP-Arap to UDP-arabinofuranose for cell wall and natural product biosynthesis. This has recently been confirmed by several genotype/phenotype studies. In contrast to the solid evidence pertaining to UDP-Arap mutase function in vivo, the molecular features, including enzymatic mechanism and oligomeric state, remain unknown. However, these enzymes belong to the small family of proteins originally identified as reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs), which has been studied for >20 years. Here, we review the UDP-Arap mutase and RGP literature together, to summarize and systemize reported molecular characteristics and relations to other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Saqib
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
- Industrial Enzymes and Biofuels Group, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, 44000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Environmental Engineering and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Folmer Fredslund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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Sultan A, Andersen B, Christensen JB, Poulsen HD, Svensson B, Finnie C. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Barley-Based Liquid Feed and the Effect of Protease Inhibitors and NADPH-Dependent Thioredoxin Reductase/Thioredoxin (NTR/Trx) System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6432-6444. [PMID: 31095381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liquid feeding strategies have been devised with the aim of enhancing grain nutrient availability for livestock. It is characterized by a steeping/soaking period that softens the grains and initiates mobilization of seed storage reserves. The present study uses 2D gel-based proteomics to investigate the role of proteolysis and reduction by thioredoxins over a 48 h steeping period by monitoring protein abundance dynamics in barley-based liquid feed samples supplemented with either protease inhibitors or NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin (NTR/Trx). Several full-length storage proteins were only identified in the water-extractable fraction of feed containing protease inhibitors, illustrating significant inhibition of proteolytic activities arising during the steeping period. Application of functional NTR/Trx to liquid feed reductively increased the solubility of known and potentially new Trx-target proteins, e.g., outer membrane protein X, and their susceptibility to proteolysis. Thus, the NTR/Trx system exhibits important potential as a feed additive to enhance nutrient digestibility in monogastric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abida Sultan
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Birgit Andersen
- Agricultural and Environmental Proteomics, Department of Systems Biology , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Jesper Bjerg Christensen
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Aarhus University , Blichers Allé 20, Building S20 , DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Hanne Damgaard Poulsen
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Aarhus University , Blichers Allé 20, Building S20 , DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Christine Finnie
- Agricultural and Environmental Proteomics, Department of Systems Biology , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
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12
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Honta H, Inamura T, Konishi T, Satoh S, Iwai H. UDP-arabinopyranose mutase gene expressions are required for the biosynthesis of the arabinose side chain of both pectin and arabinoxyloglucan, and normal leaf expansion in Nicotiana tabacum. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:307-317. [PMID: 29052022 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composed of polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins, whose location and function differ depending on plant type. Arabinose is a constituent of many different cell wall components, including pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and II (RG-II), glucuronoarabinoxylans (GAX), and arabinoxyloglucan (AXG). Arabinose is found predominantly in the furanose rather than in the thermodynamically more stable pyranose form. The UDP-arabinopyranose mutases (UAMs) have been demonstrated to convert UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) to UDP-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The UAMs have been implicated in polysaccharide biosynthesis and developmental processes. Arabinose residues could be a component of many polysaccharides, including branched (1→5)-α-arabinans, arabinogalactans in pectic polysaccharides, and arabinoxyloglucans, which are abundant in the cell walls of solanaceous plants. Therefore, to elucidate the role of UAMs and arabinan side chains, we analyzed the UAM RNA interference transformants in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The tobacco UAM gene family consists of four members. We generated RNAi transformants (NtUAM-KD) to down-regulate all four of the UAM members. The NtUAM-KD showed abnormal leaf development in the form of a callus-like structure and many holes in the leaf epidermis. A clear reduction in the pectic arabinan content was observed in the tissue of the NtUAM-KD leaf. The arabinose/xylose ratio in the xyloglucan-rich cell wall fraction was drastically reduced in NtUAM-KD. These results suggest that UAMs are required for Ara side chain biosynthesis in both RG-I and AXG in Solanaceae plants, and that arabinan-mediated cell wall networks might be important for normal leaf expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Honta
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takuya Inamura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Teruko Konishi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shinobu Satoh
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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13
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Fedosejevs ET, Liu LNC, Abergel M, She YM, Plaxton WC. Coimmunoprecipitation of reversibly glycosylated polypeptide with sucrose synthase from developing castor oilseeds. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3872-3880. [PMID: 29110302 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The sucrose synthase (SUS) interactome of developing castor oilseeds (COS; Ricinus communis) was assessed using coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) with anti-(COS RcSUS1)-IgG followed by proteomic analysis. A 41-kDa polypeptide (p41) that coimmunoprecipitated with RcSUS1 from COS extracts was identified as reversibly glycosylated polypeptide-1 (RcRGP1) by LC-MS/MS and anti-RcRGP1 immunoblotting. Reciprocal Far-western immunodot blotting corroborated the specific interaction between RcSUS1 and RcRGP1. Co-IP using anti-(COS RcSUS1)-IgG and clarified extracts from other developing seeds as well as cluster (proteoid) roots of white lupin and Harsh Hakea consistently recovered 90 kDa SUS polypeptides along with p41/RGP as a SUS interactor. The results suggest that SUS interacts with RGP in diverse sink tissues to channel UDP-glucose derived from imported sucrose into hemicellulose and/or glycoprotein/glycolipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Fedosejevs
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leo N C Liu
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan Abergel
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi-Min She
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William C Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Welner DH, Shin D, Tomaleri GP, DeGiovanni AM, Tsai AYL, Tran HM, Hansen SF, Green DT, Scheller HV, Adams PD. Plant cell wall glycosyltransferases: High-throughput recombinant expression screening and general requirements for these challenging enzymes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177591. [PMID: 28598995 PMCID: PMC5466300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of plant cell wall glycosyltransferases is a critical step towards understanding the biosynthesis of the complex plant cell wall, and ultimately for efficient engineering of biofuel and agricultural crops. The majority of these enzymes have proven very difficult to obtain in the needed amount and purity for such molecular studies, and recombinant cell wall glycosyltransferase production efforts have largely failed. A daunting number of strategies can be employed to overcome this challenge, including optimization of DNA and protein sequences, choice of expression organism, expression conditions, co-expression partners, purification methods, and optimization of protein solubility and stability. Hence researchers are presented with thousands of potential conditions to test. Ultimately, the subset of conditions that will be sampled depends on practical considerations and prior knowledge of the enzyme(s) being studied. We have developed a rational approach to this process. We devise a pipeline comprising in silico selection of targets and construct design, and high-throughput expression screening, target enrichment, and hit identification. We have applied this pipeline to a test set of Arabidopsis thaliana cell wall glycosyltransferases known to be challenging to obtain in soluble form, as well as to a library of cell wall glycosyltransferases from other plants including agricultural and biofuel crops. The screening results suggest that recombinant cell wall glycosyltransferases in general have a very low soluble:insoluble ratio in lysates from heterologous expression cultures, and that co-expression of chaperones as well as lysis buffer optimization can increase this ratio. We have applied the identified preferred conditions to Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, and processed this enzyme to near-purity in unprecedented milligram amounts. The obtained preparation of Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide 1 has the expected arabinopyranose mutase and autoglycosylation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Hededam Welner
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David Shin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Giovani P. Tomaleri
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andy M. DeGiovanni
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Yi-Lin Tsai
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Huu M. Tran
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Sara Fasmer Hansen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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15
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Perin D, Murano E. Starch Polysaccharides in the Human Diet: Effect of the Different Source and Processing on its Absorption. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the main source of carbohydrates in human diet. It is widely used in food processing and non-food industrial applications. The effects on starch digestion and absorption in humans are reviewed in relation to the starch composition, sources, plant genetic variation, food processing and cooking. The impact of food industrial processing and starch modification on the digestibility of starch containing foods and on gut microbiota are discussed. Considering that the resistant starch (RS) fraction escaped from the small intestine is fermented in large intestine, all the variables that influence starch digestibility and absorption must be taken into account when discussing about healthy properties of fibers. Future trends in food industries are aimed to increase the RS fraction in processed foods in order to improve nutritional quality as well as to clarify the influence of RS3 and RS4 on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Perin
- Protos Research Institute, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erminio Murano
- Protos Research Institute, 34128, Trieste, Italy
- Nealys srl, Via Flavia 23/1, 34148 Trieste, Italy
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16
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Welner DH, Tsai AYL, DeGiovanni AM, Scheller HV, Adams PD. X-ray diffraction analysis and in vitro characterization of the UAM2 protein from Oryza sativa. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:241-245. [PMID: 28368284 PMCID: PMC5379175 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17004587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of seemingly non-enzymatic proteins in complexes interconverting UDP-arabinopyranose and UDP-arabinofuranose (UDP-arabinosemutases; UAMs) in the plant cytosol remains unknown. To shed light on their function, crystallographic and functional studies of the seemingly non-enzymatic UAM2 protein from Oryza sativa (OsUAM2) were undertaken. Here, X-ray diffraction data are reported, as well as analysis of the oligomeric state in the crystal and in solution. OsUAM2 crystallizes readily but forms highly radiation-sensitive crystals with limited diffraction power, requiring careful low-dose vector data acquisition. Using size-exclusion chromatography, it is shown that the protein is monomeric in solution. Finally, limited proteolysis was employed to demonstrate DTT-enhanced proteolytic digestion, indicating the existence of at least one intramolecular disulfide bridge or, alternatively, a requirement for a structural metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Hededam Welner
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej, Building 375, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alex Yi-Lin Tsai
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andy M. DeGiovanni
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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17
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Butardo VM, Anacleto R, Parween S, Samson I, de Guzman K, Alhambra CM, Misra G, Sreenivasulu N. Systems Genetics Identifies a Novel Regulatory Domain of Amylose Synthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:887-906. [PMID: 27881726 PMCID: PMC5210722 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the regulation of starch biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm is crucial in tailoring digestibility without sacrificing grain quality. In this study, significant association peaks on chromosomes 6 and 7 were identified through a genomewide association study (GWAS) of debranched starch structure from grains of a 320 indica rice diversity panel using genotyping data from the high-density rice array. A systems genetics approach that interrelates starch structure data from GWAS to functional pathways from a gene regulatory network identified known genes with high correlation to the proportion of amylose and amylopectin. An SNP in the promoter region of Granule Bound Starch Synthase I was identified along with seven other SNPs to form haplotypes that discriminate samples into different phenotypic ranges of amylose. A GWAS peak on chromosome 7 between LOC_Os07g11020 and LOC_Os07g11520 indexed by a nonsynonymous SNP mutation on exon 5 of a bHLH transcription factor was found to elevate the proportion of amylose at the expense of reduced short-chain amylopectin. Linking starch structure with starch digestibility by determining the kinetics of cooked grain amylolysis of selected haplotypes revealed strong association of starch structure with estimated digestibility kinetics. Combining all results from grain quality genomics, systems genetics, and digestibility phenotyping, we propose target haplotypes for fine-tuning starch structure in rice through marker-assisted breeding that can be used to alter the digestibility of rice grain, thus offering rice consumers a new diet-based intervention to mitigate the impact of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito M Butardo
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Roslen Anacleto
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Sabiha Parween
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Irene Samson
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Krishna de Guzman
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Crisline Mae Alhambra
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Gopal Misra
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, Plant Breeding Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
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18
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Dugard CK, Mertz RA, Rayon C, Mercadante D, Hart C, Benatti MR, Olek AT, SanMiguel PJ, Cooper BR, Reiter WD, McCann MC, Carpita NC. The Cell Wall Arabinose-Deficient Arabidopsis thaliana Mutant murus5 Encodes a Defective Allele of REVERSIBLY GLYCOSYLATED POLYPEPTIDE2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1905-20. [PMID: 27217494 PMCID: PMC4936543 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Traditional marker-based mapping and next-generation sequencing was used to determine that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) low cell wall arabinose mutant murus5 (mur5) encodes a defective allele of REVERSIBLY GLYCOSYLATED POLYPEPTIDE2 (RGP2). Marker analysis of 13 F2 confirmed mutant progeny from a recombinant mapping population gave a rough map position on the upper arm of chromosome 5, and deep sequencing of DNA from these 13 lines gave five candidate genes with G→A (C→T) transitions predicted to result in amino acid changes. Of these five, only insertional mutant alleles of RGP2, a gene that encodes a UDP-arabinose mutase that interconverts UDP-arabinopyranose and UDP-arabinofuranose, exhibited the low cell wall arabinose phenotype. The identities of mur5 and two SALK insertional alleles were confirmed by allelism tests and overexpression of wild-type RGP2 complementary DNA placed under the control of the 35S promoter in the three alleles. The mur5 mutation results in the conversion of cysteine-257 to tyrosine-257 within a conserved hydrophobic cluster predicted to be distal to the active site and essential for protein stability and possible heterodimerization with other isoforms of RGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Dugard
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Rachel A Mertz
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Catherine Rayon
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Davide Mercadante
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Christopher Hart
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Matheus R Benatti
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Anna T Olek
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Phillip J SanMiguel
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Bruce R Cooper
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Wolf-Dieter Reiter
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (C.K.D., R.A.M., A.T.O., N.C.C.), Department of Biological Sciences (M.R.B., M.C.M., N.C.C.), Bindley Bioscience Center (B.R.C., M.C.M., N.C.C.), and Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture (P.J.S.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054;Université de Picardie Jules Verne, EA 3900-BIOPI, 80039 Amiens, France (C.R.);Heidelberg Institut für Theoretische Studien, Molecular Biomechanics, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany (D.M.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (C.H., W.-D.R.)
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19
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Abstract
Starch-rich crops form the basis of our nutrition, but plants have still to yield all their secrets as to how they make this vital substance. Great progress has been made by studying both crop and model systems, and we approach the point of knowing the enzymatic machinery responsible for creating the massive, insoluble starch granules found in plant tissues. Here, we summarize our current understanding of these biosynthetic enzymes, highlighting recent progress in elucidating their specific functions. Yet, in many ways we have only scratched the surface: much uncertainty remains about how these components function together and are controlled. We flag-up recent observations suggesting a significant degree of flexibility during the synthesis of starch and that previously unsuspected non-enzymatic proteins may have a role. We conclude that starch research is not yet a mature subject and that novel experimental and theoretical approaches will be important to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Olsen S, Striberny B, Hollmann J, Schwacke R, Popper Z, Krause K. Getting ready for host invasion: elevated expression and action of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases in developing haustoria of the holoparasitic angiosperm Cuscuta. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:695-708. [PMID: 26561437 PMCID: PMC4737069 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cell walls have been previously observed in the mature infection organ, or haustorium, of the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta, but are not equally well charted in young haustoria. In this study, we focused on the molecular processes in the early stages of developing haustoria; that is, before the parasite engages in a physiological contact with its host. We describe first the identification of differentially expressed genes in young haustoria whose development was induced by far-red light and tactile stimuli in the absence of a host plant by suppression subtractive hybridization. To improve sequence information and to aid in the identification of the obtained candidates, reference transcriptomes derived from two species of Cuscuta, C. gronovii and C. reflexa, were generated. Subsequent quantitative gene expression analysis with different tissues of C. reflexa revealed that among the genes that were up-regulated in young haustoria, two xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes were highly expressed almost exclusively at the onset of haustorium development. The same expression pattern was also found for the closest XTH homologues from C. gronovii. In situ assays for XTH-specific action suggested that xyloglucan endotransglucosylation was most pronounced in the cell walls of the swelling area of the haustorium facing the host plant, but was also detectable in later stages of haustoriogenesis. We propose that xyloglucan remodelling by Cuscuta XTHs prepares the parasite for host infection and possibly aids the invasive growth of the haustorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Olsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Dramsveien 201, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bernd Striberny
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Dramsveien 201, 9037 Tromsø, Norway * Present address: ArcticZymes AS, Sykehusveien 23, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Julien Hollmann
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Schwacke
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Dramsveien 201, 9037 Tromsø, Norway Present address: Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Zoë Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Dramsveien 201, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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21
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Zhao Q, Gao J, Suo J, Chen S, Wang T, Dai S. Cytological and proteomic analyses of horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) spore germination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:441. [PMID: 26136760 PMCID: PMC4469821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spermatophyte pollen tubes and root hairs have been used as single-cell-type model systems to understand the molecular processes underlying polar growth of plant cells. Horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) is a perennial herb species in Equisetopsida, which creates separately growing spring and summer stems in its life cycle. The mature chlorophyllous spores produced from spring stems can germinate without dormancy. Here we report the cellular features and protein expression patterns in five stages of horsetail spore germination (mature spores, rehydrated spores, double-celled spores, germinated spores, and spores with protonemal cells). Using 2-DE combined with mass spectrometry, 80 proteins were found to be abundance changed upon spore germination. Among them, proteins involved in photosynthesis, protein turnover, and energy supply were over-represented. Thirteen proteins appeared as proteoforms on the gels, indicating the potential importance of post-translational modification. In addition, the dynamic changes of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxiredoxin, and dehydroascorbate reductase implied that reactive oxygen species homeostasis is critical in regulating cell division and tip-growth. The time course of germination and diverse expression patterns of proteins in photosynthesis, energy supply, lipid and amino acid metabolism indicated that heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism were necessary in light-dependent germination of the spores. Twenty-six proteins were involved in protein synthesis, folding, and degradation, indicating that protein turnover is vital to spore germination and rhizoid tip-growth. Furthermore, the altered abundance of 14-3-3 protein, small G protein Ran, actin, and caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase revealed that signaling transduction, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeleton dynamics, and cell wall modulation were critical to cell division and polar growth. These findings lay a foundation toward understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying fern spore asymmetric division and rhizoid polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jinwei Suo
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tai Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghai, China
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22
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Song L, Liu Z, Tong J, Xiao L, Ma H, Zhang H. Comparative proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism of fertility alternation of thermosensitive genic male sterile rice lines under low temperature inducement. Proteomics 2015; 15:1884-905. [PMID: 25641954 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice line has made great economical contributions in rice production. However, the fertility of TGMS rice line during hybrid seed production is frequently influenced by low temperature, thus leading to its fertility/sterility alteration and hybrid seed production failure. To understand the mechanism of fertility alternation under low temperature inducement, the extracted proteins from young panicles of two TGMS rice lines at the fertility alternation sensitivity stage were analyzed by 2DE. Eighty-three protein spots were found to be significantly changed in abundance, and identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF MS. The identified proteins were involved in 16 metabolic pathways and cellular processes. The young panicles of TGMS rice line Zhu 1S possessed the lower ROS-scavenging, indole-3-acetic acid level, soluble protein, and sugar contents as well as the faster anther wall disintegration than those of TGMS rice line Zhun S. All these major differences might result in that the former is more stable in fertility than the latter. Based on the majority of the 83 identified proteins, together with microstructural, physiological, and biochemical results, a possible fertile alteration mechanism in the young panicles of TGMS rice line under low temperature inducement was proposed. Such a result will help us in breeding TGMS rice lines and production of hybrid seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liru Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain and Oil crops in South China, Changsha, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain and Oil crops in South China, Changsha, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, P. R. China
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23
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Sumiyoshi M, Inamura T, Nakamura A, Aohara T, Ishii T, Satoh S, Iwai H. UDP-arabinopyranose mutase 3 is required for pollen wall morphogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:232-41. [PMID: 25261533 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
l-Arabinose is one of the main constituents of cell wall polysaccharides such as pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), glucuronoarabinoxylans and other glycoproteins. It is found predominantly in the furanose form rather than in the thermodynamically more stable pyranose form. UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf), rather than UDP-L-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap), is a sugar donor for the biosynthesis of arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues. UDP-arabinopyranose mutases (UAMs) have been shown to interconvert UDP-Araf and UDP-Arap and are involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides including Araf. The UAM gene family has three members in Oryza sativa. Co-expression network in silico analysis showed that OsUAM3 expression was independent from OsUAM1 and OsUAM2 co-expression networks. OsUAM1 and OsUAM2 were expressed ubiquitously throughout plant development, but OsUAM3 was expressed primarily in reproductive tissue, particularly at the pollen cell wall formation developmental stage. OsUAM3 co-expression networks include pectin catabolic enzymes. To determine the function of OsUAMs in reproductive tissues, we analyzed RNA interference (RNAi)-knockdown transformants (OsUAM3-KD) specific for OsUAM3. OsUAM3-KD plants grew normally and showed abnormal phenotypes in reproductive tissues, especially in terms of the pollen cell wall and exine. In addition, we examined modifications of cell wall polysaccharides at the cellular level using antibodies against polysaccharides including Araf. Immunolocalization of arabinan using the LM6 antibody showed low levels of arabinan in OsUAM3-KD pollen grains. Our results suggest that the function of OsUAM3 is important for synthesis of arabinan side chains of RG-I and is required for reproductive developmental processes, especially the formation of the cell wall in pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Sumiyoshi
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Takuya Inamura
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakamura
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Aohara
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Shinobu Satoh
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
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24
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Gong W, Qi P, Du J, Sun X, Wu X, Song C, Liu W, Wu Y, Yu X, Yong T, Wang X, Yang F, Yan Y, Yang W. Transcriptome analysis of shade-induced inhibition on leaf size in relay intercropped soybean. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98465. [PMID: 24886785 PMCID: PMC4041726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-species intercropping is a sustainable agricultural practice worldwide used to utilize resources more efficiently. In intercropping systems, short crops often grow under vegetative shade of tall crops. Soybean, one important legume, is often planted in intercropping. However, little is known about the mechanisms of shade inhibition effect on leaf size in soybean leaves at the transcriptome level. We analyzed the transcriptome of shaded soybean leaves via RNA-Seq technology. We found that transcription 1085 genes in mature leaves and 1847 genes in young leaves were significantly affected by shade. Gene ontology analyses showed that expression of genes enriched in polysaccharide metabolism was down-regulated, but genes enriched in auxin stimulus were up-regulated in mature leaves; and genes enriched in cell cycling, DNA-replication were down-regulated in young leaves. These results suggest that the inhibition of higher auxin content and shortage of sugar supply on cell division and cell expansion contribute to smaller and thinner leaf morphology, which highlights potential research targets such as auxin and sugar regulation on leaves for crop adaptation to shade in intercropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhuo Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- Triticeae Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun Song
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhong Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
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25
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Callose homeostasis at plasmodesmata: molecular regulators and developmental relevance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:138. [PMID: 24795733 PMCID: PMC4001042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined channels that are located in the plant cell wall and that physically interconnect the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of adjacent cells. Operating as controllable gates, plasmodesmata regulate the symplastic trafficking of micro- and macromolecules, such as endogenous proteins [transcription factors (TFs)] and RNA-based signals (mRNA, siRNA, etc.), hence mediating direct cell-to-cell communication and long distance signaling. Besides this physiological role, plasmodesmata also form gateways through which viral genomes can pass, largely facilitating the pernicious spread of viral infections. Plasmodesmatal trafficking is either passive (e.g., diffusion) or active and responses both to developmental and environmental stimuli. In general, plasmodesmatal conductivity is regulated by the controlled build-up of callose at the plasmodesmatal neck, largely mediated by the antagonistic action of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases. Here, in this theory and hypothesis paper, we outline the importance of callose metabolism in PD SEL control, and highlight the main molecular factors involved. In addition, we also review other proteins that regulate symplastic PD transport, both in a developmental and stress-responsive framework, and discuss on their putative role in the modulation of PD callose turn-over. Finally, we hypothesize on the role of structural sterols in the regulation of (PD) callose deposition and outline putative mechanisms by which this regulation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Geelen
- *Correspondence: Danny Geelen, Laboratory for In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:
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26
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Crumpton-Taylor M, Pike M, Lu KJ, Hylton CM, Feil R, Eicke S, Lunn JE, Zeeman SC, Smith AM. Starch synthase 4 is essential for coordination of starch granule formation with chloroplast division during Arabidopsis leaf expansion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:1064-75. [PMID: 23952675 PMCID: PMC4283981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking the SS4 isoform of starch synthase have strongly reduced numbers of starch granules per chloroplast, suggesting that SS4 is necessary for the normal generation of starch granules. To establish whether it plays a direct role in this process, we investigated the circumstances in which granules are formed in ss4 mutants. Starch granule numbers and distribution and the accumulation of starch synthase substrates and products were investigated during ss4 leaf development, and in ss4 mutants carrying mutations or transgenes that affect starch turnover or chloroplast volume. We found that immature ss4 leaves have no starch granules, but accumulate high concentrations of the starch synthase substrate ADPglucose. Granule numbers are partially restored by elevating the capacity for glucan synthesis (via expression of bacterial glycogen synthase) or by increasing the volumes of individual chloroplasts (via introduction of arc mutations). However, these granules are abnormal in distribution, size and shape. SS4 is an essential component of a mechanism that coordinates granule formation with chloroplast division during leaf expansion and determines the abundance and the flattened, discoid shape of leaf starch granules.
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27
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Purification and characterization of UDP-arabinopyranose mutase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1874-8. [PMID: 24018663 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells are surrounded by a mixture of hydroxyprolin-rich glycoproteins consisting of L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, and D-mannose residues. The L-arabinose residue is thought to be attached by a transfer of UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf), which is produced from UDP-L-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) by UDP-arabinopyranose mutase (UAM). UAM was purified from the cytosol to determine the involvement of C. reinhardtii UAM (CrUAM) in glycoprotein synthesis. CrUAM was purified 94-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity by hydrophobic and size-exclusion chromatography. CrUAM catalyzed the reversible conversion between UDP-Arap and UDP-Araf and exhibited autoglycosylation activity when UDP-D-[(14)C]glucose was added as substrate. Compared to the properties of native and recombinant CrUAM overexpressed in Escherichia coli, native CrUAM showed a higher affinity for UDP-Arap than recombinant CrUAM did. This increased affinity for UDP-Arap might have been caused by post-translational modifications that occur in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes.
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28
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Mukerjea R, Robyt JF. Tests for the mechanism of starch biosynthesis: de novo synthesis or an amylogenin primer synthesis. Carbohydr Res 2013; 372:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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De Pino V, Marino Busjle C, Moreno S. Oligomerization of the reversibly glycosylated polypeptide: its role during rice plant development and in the regulation of self-glycosylation. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:111-119. [PMID: 22367534 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A multigenic family of self-glycosylating proteins named reversibly glycosylated polypeptides, designated as RGPs, have been usually associated with carbohydrate metabolism, although they are an enigma both at the functional, as well as at the structural level. In this work, we used biochemical approaches to demonstrate that complex formation is linked to rice plant development, in which class 1 Oryza sativa RGP (OsRGP) would be involved in an early stage of growing plants, while class 2 OsRGP would be associated with a late stage linked to an active polysaccharide synthesis that occurs during the elongation of plant. Here, a further investigation of the complex formation of the Solanum tuberosum RGP (StRGP) was performed. Results showed that disulfide bonds are at least partially responsible for maintaining the oligomeric protein structure, so that the nonreduced StRGP protein showed an apparent higher molecular weight and a lower radioglycosylation of the monomer with respect to its reduced form. Hydrophobic cluster analysis and secondary structure prediction revealed that class 2 RGPs no longer maintained the Rossman fold described for class 1 RGP. A 3D structure of the StRGP protein resolved by homology modeling supports the possibility of intercatenary disulfide bridges formed by exposed cysteines residues C79, C303 and C251 and they are most probably involved in complex formation occurring into the cell cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica De Pino
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, INQUIMEFA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 954, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (1113), Argentina
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30
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Crumpton-Taylor M, Grandison S, Png KM, Bushby AJ, Smith AM. Control of starch granule numbers in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:905-16. [PMID: 22135430 PMCID: PMC3271777 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.186957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate starch granule numbers in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Lack of quantitative information on the extent of genetic, temporal, developmental, and environmental variation in granule numbers is an important limitation in understanding control of starch degradation and the mechanism of granule initiation. Two methods were developed for reliable estimation of numbers of granules per chloroplast. First, direct measurements were made on large series of consecutive sections of mesophyll tissue obtained by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. Second, average numbers were calculated from the starch contents of leaves and chloroplasts and estimates of granule mass based on granule dimensions. Examination of wild-type plants and accumulation and regulation of chloroplast (arc) mutants with few, large chloroplasts provided the following new insights. There is wide variation in chloroplast volumes in cells of wild-type leaves. Granule numbers per chloroplast are correlated with chloroplast volume, i.e. large chloroplasts have more granules than small chloroplasts. Mature leaves of wild-type plants and arc mutants have approximately the same number of granules per unit volume of stroma, regardless of the size and number of chloroplasts per cell. Granule numbers per unit volume of stroma are also relatively constant in immature leaves but are greater than in mature leaves. Granule initiation occurs as chloroplasts divide in immature leaves, but relatively little initiation occurs in mature leaves. Changes in leaf starch content over the diurnal cycle are largely brought about by changes in the volume of a fixed number of granules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alison M. Smith
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (M.C.-T., A.M.S.); School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom (S.G.); The Nanovision Centre, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom (K.M.Y.P., A.J.B.)
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31
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Burch-Smith TM, Cui Y, Zambryski PC. Reduced levels of class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptide increase intercellular transport via plasmodesmata. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:62-7. [PMID: 22274744 PMCID: PMC3357371 DOI: 10.4161/psb.7.1.18636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize and Arabidopsis thaliana class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (C1RGPs) are plasmodesmata-associated proteins. Previously, over-expression of Arabidopsis C1RGP AtRGP2 in Nicotiana tabacum was shown to reduce intercellular transport of photoassimilate, resulting in stunted, chlorotic plants, and inhibition of local cell-to-cell spread of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Here, we used virus induced gene silencing to examine the effects of reduced levels of C1RGPs in Nicotiana benthamiana. Silenced plants show wild-type growth and development. Intercellular transport in silenced plants was probed using fluorescently labeled TMV and its movement protein, P30. P30 shows increased cell-to-cell movement and TMV exhibited accelerated systemic spread compared to control plants. These results support the hypothesis that C1RGPs act to regulate intercellular transport via plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia C. Zambryski
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; Koshland Hall; University of California; Berkeley, CA USA
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32
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Rautengarten C, Ebert B, Herter T, Petzold CJ, Ishii T, Mukhopadhyay A, Usadel B, Scheller HV. The interconversion of UDP-arabinopyranose and UDP-arabinofuranose is indispensable for plant development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1373-90. [PMID: 21478444 PMCID: PMC3101560 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
L-Ara, an important constituent of plant cell walls, is found predominantly in the furanose rather than in the thermodynamically more stable pyranose form. Nucleotide sugar mutases have been demonstrated to interconvert UDP-Larabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) and UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) in rice (Oryza sativa). These enzymes belong to a small gene family encoding the previously named Reversibly Glycosylated Proteins (RGPs). RGPs are plant-specific cytosolic proteins that tend to associate with the endomembrane system. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the RGP protein family consists of five closely related members. We characterized all five RGPs regarding their expression pattern and subcellular localizations in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Enzymatic activity assays of recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli identified three of the Arabidopsis RGP protein family members as UDP-L-Ara mutases that catalyze the formation of UDP-Araf from UDP-Arap. Coimmunoprecipitation and subsequent liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed a distinct interaction network between RGPs in different Arabidopsis organs. Examination of cell wall polysaccharide preparations from RGP1 and RGP2 knockout mutants showed a significant reduction in total L-Ara content (12–31%) compared with wild-type plants. Concomitant downregulation of RGP1 and RGP2 expression results in plants almost completely deficient in cell wall–derived L-Ara and exhibiting severe developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Rautengarten
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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Abstract
Biosynthesis of pectin and hemicelluloses occurs in the Golgi apparatus and is thought to involve spatial regulations and complex formation of biosynthetic enzymes and proteins. We have demonstrated that a combination of heterologous expression of recombinant proteins tagged with fluorescent proteins and live cell imaging with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) allows efficient visualization of biosynthetic enzymes and proteins in subcellular compartments. We have also successfully utilized bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) for in situ visualization of protein-protein interactions of pectin biosynthetic enzymes and for the determination of their membrane topology in the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Sakuragi
- The Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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D'Hulst C, Mérida A. The priming of storage glucan synthesis from bacteria to plants: current knowledge and new developments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:13-21. [PMID: 20618917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the main polymer in which carbon and energy are stored in land plants, algae and some cyanobacteria. It plays a crucial role in the physiology of these organisms and also represents an important polymer for humans, in terms of both diet and nonfood industry uses. Recent efforts have elucidated most of the steps involved in the synthesis of starch. However, the process that initiates the synthesis of the starch granule remains unclear. Here, we outline the similarities between the synthesis of starch and the synthesis of glycogen, the other widespread and abundant glucose-based polymer in living cells. We place special emphasis on the mechanisms of initiation of the glycogen granule and current knowledge concerning the initiation of the starch granule. We also discuss recent discoveries regarding the function of starch synthases in the priming of the starch granule and possible interactions with other elements of the starch synthesis machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe D'Hulst
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR8576 CNRS/USTL, IFR 147, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Zeng W, Jiang N, Nadella R, Killen TL, Nadella V, Faik A. A glucurono(arabino)xylan synthase complex from wheat contains members of the GT43, GT47, and GT75 families and functions cooperatively. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:78-97. [PMID: 20631319 PMCID: PMC2938142 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.159749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronoarabinoxylans (GAXs) are the major hemicelluloses in grass cell walls, but the proteins that synthesize them have previously been uncharacterized. The biosynthesis of GAXs would require at least three glycosyltransferases (GTs): xylosyltransferase (XylT), arabinosyltransferase (AraT), and glucuronosyltransferase (GlcAT). A combination of proteomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed three wheat (Triticum aestivum) glycosyltransferase (TaGT) proteins from the GT43, GT47, and GT75 families as promising candidates involved in GAX synthesis in wheat, namely TaGT43-4, TaGT47-13, and TaGT75-4. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using specific antibodies produced against TaGT43-4 allowed the immunopurification of a complex containing these three GT proteins. The affinity-purified complex also showed GAX-XylT, GAX-AraT, and GAX-GlcAT activities that work in a cooperative manner. UDP Xyl strongly enhanced both AraT and GlcAT activities. However, while UDP arabinopyranose stimulated the XylT activity, it had only limited effect on GlcAT activity. Similarly, UDP GlcUA stimulated the XylT activity but had only limited effect on AraT activity. The [(14)C]GAX polymer synthesized by the affinity-purified complex contained Xyl, Ara, and GlcUA in a ratio of 45:12:1, respectively. When this product was digested with purified endoxylanase III and analyzed by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography, only two oligosaccharides were obtained, suggesting a regular structure. One of the two oligosaccharides has six Xyls and two Aras, and the second oligosaccharide contains Xyl, Ara, and GlcUA in a ratio of 40:8:1, respectively. Our results provide a direct link of the involvement of TaGT43-4, TaGT47-13, and TaGT75-4 proteins (as a core complex) in the synthesis of GAX polymer in wheat.
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Harholt J, Suttangkakul A, Vibe Scheller H. Biosynthesis of pectin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:384-95. [PMID: 20427466 PMCID: PMC2879803 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.156588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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37
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Konishi T, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Funane K, Miyazaki Y, Konishi T, Ishii T. An arginyl residue in rice UDP-arabinopyranose mutase is required for catalytic activity and autoglycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:787-91. [PMID: 20149347 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants use UDP-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) to donate Araf residues in the biosynthesis of Araf-containing complex carbohydrates. UDP-Araf itself is formed from UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) by UDP-arabinopyranose mutase (UAM). However, the mechanism by which this enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-Arap and UDP-Araf has not been determined. To gain insight into this reaction, functionally recombinant rUAMs were reacted with UDP-Glc or UDP-Araf. The glycosylated recombinant UAMs were fragmented with trypsin, and the glycopeptides formed were then identified and sequenced by LC-MS/MS. The results of these experiments, together with site-directed mutagenesis studies, suggest that in functional UAMs an arginyl residue is reversibly glycosylated with a single glycosyl residue, and that this residue is required for mutase activity. We also provide evidence that a DXD motif is required for catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Konishi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Zavaliev R, Sagi G, Gera A, Epel BL. The constitutive expression of Arabidopsis plasmodesmal-associated class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptide impairs plant development and virus spread. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:131-42. [PMID: 19887501 PMCID: PMC2791124 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (C1RGPs) were shown to be plasmodesmal-associated proteins. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants constitutively expressing GFP tagged AtRGP2 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter are stunted, have a rosette-like growth pattern, and in source leaves exhibit strong chlorosis, increased photoassimilate retention and starch accumulation that results in elevated leaf specific fresh and dry weights. Basal callose levels around plasmodesmata (Pd) of leaf epidermal cells in transgenic plants are higher than in WT. Such a phenotype is characteristic of virus-infected plants and some transgenic plants expressing Pd-associated viral movement proteins (MP). The local spread of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is inhibited in AtRGP2:GFP transgenics compared to WT. Taken together these observations suggest that overexpression of the AtRGP2:GFP leads to a reduction in Pd permeability to photoassimilate, thus lowering the normal rate of translocation from source leaves to sink organs. Such a reduction may also inhibit the local cell-to-cell spread of viruses in transgenic plants. The observed reduction in Pd permeability could be due to a partial Pd occlusion caused either by the accumulation of AtRGP2:GFP fusion in Pd, and/or by constriction of Pd by the excessive callose accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Department of Plant Sciences, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Guy Sagi
- Department of Plant Sciences, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Abed Gera
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Bernard L. Epel
- Department of Plant Sciences, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Cell wall proteome of wheat roots under flooding stress using gel-based and LC MS/MS-based proteomics approaches. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:124-36. [PMID: 19786127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall proteins (CWPs) are important both for maintenance of cell structure and for responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, a destructive CWP purification procedure was adopted using wheat seedling roots and the purity of the CWP extract was confirmed by minimizing the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a cytoplasmic marker enzyme. To determine differentially expressed CWPs under flooding stress, gel-based proteomic and LC-MS/MS-based proteomic techniques were applied. Eighteen proteins were found to be significantly regulated in response to flood by gel-based proteomics and 15 proteins by LC MS/MS-based proteomics. Among the flooding down-regulated proteins, most were related to the glycolysis pathway and cell wall structure and modification. However, the most highly up-regulated proteins in response to flooding belong to the category of defense and disease response proteins. Among these differentially expressed proteins, only methionine synthase, beta-1,3-glucanases, and beta-glucosidase were consistently identified by both techniques. The down-regulation of these three proteins suggested that wheat seedlings respond to flooding stress by restricting cell growth to avoid energy consumption; by coordinating methionine assimilation and cell wall hydrolysis, CWPs played critical roles in flooding responsiveness.
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40
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Chen T, Wu X, Chen Y, Li X, Huang M, Zheng M, Baluska F, Samaj J, Lin J. Combined proteomic and cytological analysis of Ca2+-calmodulin regulation in Picea meyeri pollen tube growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1111-26. [PMID: 19011005 PMCID: PMC2633844 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.127514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+-calmodulin (Ca2+-CaM) is a critical molecule that mediates cellular functions by interacting with various metabolic and signaling pathways. However, the protein expression patterns and accompanying serial cytological responses in Ca2+-CaM signaling deficiency remain enigmatic. Here, we provide a global analysis of the cytological responses and significant alterations in protein expression profiles after trifluoperazine treatment in Picea meyeri, which abrogates Ca2+-CaM signaling. Ninety-three differentially displayed proteins were identified by comparative proteomics at different development stages and were assigned to different functional categories closely related to tip growth machinery. The inhibition of Ca2+-CaM signaling rapidly induced an increase in extracellular Ca2+ influx, resulting in dramatically increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations and ultrastructural abnormalities in organelles as the primary responses. Secondary and tertiary alterations included actin filament depolymerization, disrupted patterns of endocytosis and exocytosis, and cell wall remodeling, ultimately resulting in perturbed pollen tube extension. In parallel with these cytological events, time-course experiments revealed that most differentially expressed proteins showed time-dependent quantitative changes (i.e. some signaling proteins and proteins involved in organelle functions and energy production changed first, followed by alterations in proteins related to cytoskeletal organization, secretory pathways, and polysaccharide synthesis). Taken together, Ca2+-CaM dysfunction induced serial cytological responses and temporal changes in protein expression profiles, indicating the pivotal role of Ca2+-CaM in the regulation of tip growth machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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41
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Konishi T, Ishii T. Plant UDP-Arabinopyranose Mutase. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2009. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.56.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Yang P, Li X, Wang X, Chen H, Chen F, Shen S. Proteomic analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds during germination. Proteomics 2007; 7:3358-68. [PMID: 17849412 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although seed germination is a major subject in plant physiological research, there is still a long way to go to elucidate the mechanism of seed germination. Recently, functional genomic strategies have been applied to study the germination of plant seeds. Here, we conducted a proteomic analysis of seed germination in rice (Oryza sativa indica cv. 9311) - a model monocot. Comparison of 2-DE maps showed that there were 148 proteins displayed differently in the germination process of rice seeds. Among the changed proteins, 63 were down-regulated, 69 were up-regulated (including 20 induced proteins). The down-regulated proteins were mainly storage proteins, such as globulin and glutelin, and proteins associated with seed maturation, such as "early embryogenesis protein" and "late embryogenesis abundant protein", and proteins related to desiccation, such as "abscisic acid-induced protein" and "cold-regulated protein". The degradation of storage proteins mainly happened at the late stage of germination phase II (48 h imbibition), while that of seed maturation and desiccation associated proteins occurred at the early stage of phase II (24 h imbibition). In addition to alpha-amylase, the up-regulated proteins were mainly those involved in glycolysis such as UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, fructokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and pyruvate decarboxylase. The results reflected the possible biochemical and physiological processes of germination of rice seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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43
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De Pino V, Borán M, Norambuena L, González M, Reyes F, Orellana A, Moreno S. Complex formation regulates the glycosylation of the reversibly glycosylated polypeptide. PLANTA 2007; 226:335-45. [PMID: 17333254 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Reversible glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) are highly conserved plant-specific proteins, which can perform self-glycosylation. These proteins have been shown essential in plants yet its precise function remains unknown. In order to understand the function of this self-glycosylating polypeptide, it is important to establish what factors are involved in the regulation of the RGP activity. Here we show that incubation at high ionic strength produced a high self-glycosylation level and a high glycosylation reversibility of RGP from Solanum tuberosum L. In contrast, incubation at low ionic strength led to a low level of glycosylation and a low glycosylation reversibility of RGP. The incubation at low ionic strength favored the formation of high molecular weight RGP-containing forms, whereas incubation at high ionic strength produced active RGP with a molecular weight similar to the one expected for the monomer. Our data also showed that glycosylation of RGP, in its monomeric form, was highly reversible, whereas, a low reversibility of the protein glycosylation was observed when RGP was part of high molecular weight structures. In addition, glycosylation of RGP increased the occurrence of non-monomeric RGP-containing forms, suggesting that glycosylation may favor multimer formation. Finally, our results indicated that RGP from Arabidopsis thaliana and Pisum sativum are associated to golgi membranes, as part of protein complexes. A model for the regulation of the RGP activity and its binding to golgi membranes based on the glycosylation of the protein is proposed where the sugars linked to oligomeric form of RGP in the golgi may be transferred to acceptors involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica De Pino
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Fundación Instituto Leloir, formerly Fundación Campomar, I.I.B.B.A. Patricias Argentinas 435, Capital Federal 1405, Argentina
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44
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Konishi T, Takeda T, Miyazaki Y, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Hayashi T, O'Neill MA, Ishii T. A plant mutase that interconverts UDP-arabinofuranose and UDP-arabinopyranose. Glycobiology 2006; 17:345-54. [PMID: 17182701 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls constitute the bulk of the earth renewable source of energy and are a component in the diet of humans and herbivores. l-Arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues are a quantifiably important constituent of these walls. Plants use uridine diphosphate (UDP)-l-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) to donate Araf residues in the biosynthesis of Araf-containing polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. However, little is known about the formation of UDP-Araf. We now describe the purification and partial characterization of a rice UDP-arabinopyranose mutase (UAM) that catalyzes the formation of UDP-Araf from UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap). The reaction is reversible and at thermodynamic equilibrium the pyranose form is favored over the furanose form (90 : 10). Three related proteins that are encoded by rice gene loci Os03g40270, Os04g56520, and Os07g41360 were identified from partial amino acid sequences of UAM. These proteins have >80% sequence identity with polypeptides that are reversibly glycosylated in the presence of UDP-sugars. The rice mutase and two functionally active recombinant mutases were shown to be reversibly glycosylated in the presence of UDP-Glc. The cofactor, flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD), is required for the catalytic activity of UDP-galactose mutases of prokaryotes, fungi, and protozoa. The plant mutases, which do not require a cofactor, must therefore have a different catalytic mechanism. Putative UAM-encoding genes are present in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the moss Physcomitrella patens, the gymnosperm Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), and in numerous dicots and monocots, indicating that UAMs are widespread in green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruko Konishi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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45
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Drakakaki G, Zabotina O, Delgado I, Robert S, Keegstra K, Raikhel N. Arabidopsis reversibly glycosylated polypeptides 1 and 2 are essential for pollen development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:1480-92. [PMID: 17071651 PMCID: PMC1676068 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.086363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) have been implicated in polysaccharide biosynthesis. To date, to our knowledge, no direct evidence exists for the involvement of RGPs in a particular biochemical process. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains five RGP genes out of which RGP1 and RGP2 share the highest sequence identity. We characterized the native expression pattern of Arabidopsis RGP1 and RGP2 and used reverse genetics to investigate their respective functions. Although both genes are ubiquitously expressed, the highest levels are observed in actively growing tissues and in mature pollen, in particular. RGPs showed cytoplasmic and transient association with Golgi. In addition, both proteins colocalized in the same compartments and coimmunoprecipitated from plant cell extracts. Single-gene disruptions did not show any obvious morphological defects under greenhouse conditions, whereas the double-insertion mutant could not be recovered. We present evidence that the double mutant is lethal and demonstrate the critical role of RGPs, particularly in pollen development. Detailed analysis demonstrated that mutant pollen development is associated with abnormally enlarged vacuoles and a poorly defined inner cell wall layer, which consequently results in disintegration of the pollen structure during pollen mitosis I. Taken together, our results indicate that RGP1 and RGP2 are required during microspore development and pollen mitosis, either affecting cell division and/or vacuolar integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Drakakaki
- The Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Dai S, Chen T, Chong K, Xue Y, Liu S, Wang T. Proteomics identification of differentially expressed proteins associated with pollen germination and tube growth reveals characteristics of germinated Oryza sativa pollen. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 6:207-30. [PMID: 17132620 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600146-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature pollen from most plant species is metabolically quiescent; however, after pollination, it germinates quickly and gives rise to a pollen tube to transport sperms into the embryo sac. Because methods for collecting a large amount of in vitro germinated pollen grains for transcriptomics and proteomics studies from model plants of Arabidopsis and rice are not available, molecular information about the germination developmental process is lacking. Here we describe a method for obtaining a large quantity of in vitro germinating rice pollen for proteomics study. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of approximately 2300 protein spots revealed 186 that were differentially expressed in mature and germinated pollen. Most showed a changed level of expression, and only 66 appeared to be specific to developmental stages. Furthermore 160 differentially expressed protein spots were identified on mass spectrometry to match 120 diverse protein species. These proteins involve different cellular and metabolic processes with obvious functional skew toward wall metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation, cytoskeleton dynamics, and carbohydrate/energy metabolism. Wall metabolism-related proteins are prominently featured in the differentially expressed proteins and the pollen proteome as compared with rice sporophytic proteomes. Our study also revealed multiple isoforms and differential expression patterns between isoforms of a protein. These results provide novel insights into pollen function specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Dai
- Research Center for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Selth LA, Dogra SC, Rasheed MS, Randles JW, Rezaian MA. Identification and characterization of a host reversibly glycosylated peptide that interacts with the Tomato leaf curl virus V1 protein. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 61:297-310. [PMID: 16786308 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Monopartite geminiviruses of the genus Begomovirus have two virion-sense genes, V1 and V2. V2 encodes the viral coat protein, but the function of V1 is largely unknown, although some studies suggest that it may play a role in cell-to-cell movement. Yeast two-hybrid technology was used to identify possible host binding partners of V1 from Tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) to better understand its function. A protein closely related to a family of plant reversibly glycosylated peptides, designated SlUPTG1, was found to interact with V1 in yeast and in vitro. SlUPTG1 may function endogenously in the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, since a bacterially expressed form of the protein acted as an autocatalytic glycosyltransferase in vitro, a SlUPTG1:GFP fusion protein localized to the cell wall, and expression of SlUPTG1 appeared to be highest in actively dividing tissues. However, expression of SlUPTG1 in a transient TLCV replication assay increased the accumulation of viral DNA, suggesting that this host factor also plays a role in viral infection. Together, these data provide new insight into the role of V1 in TLCV infection and reveal another host pathway which geminiviruses may manipulate to achieve an efficient infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Selth
- Horticulture Unit, CSIRO Plant Industry, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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48
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Wu AM, Ling C, Liu JY. Isolation of a cotton reversibly glycosylated polypeptide (GhRGP1) promoter and its expression activity in transgenic tobacco. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:426-35. [PMID: 16455356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) are thought to be involved in polysaccharide metabolism. A cDNA of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) RGP gene, designated GhRGP1, has previously been characterized, and is preferentially expressed in fiber cells. In order to investigate its temporal and spatial control, we isolated a 624bp fragment upstream of the GhRGP1 coding sequence using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genomic walking method, transcriptionally fused the 624bp promoter sequence to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene, and analyzed the stable gene expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). In 4-week-old transgenic tobacco plants, the highest expression level was observed in roots, and the GUS activity was 1.13- and 6.65-fold higher than that in stems and leaves, respectively. In the reproductive growth stage, the GUS expression level was highest in the pistils and the GUS activity in the stigmas and styles were 17.6-fold higher than that in the ovaries. High GUS activity was also detected in the anthers. In addition, histochemical staining for GUS activity on transgenic tobacco plants further indicated a higher expression in the trichomes, seeds and vascular tissues of stems. Abiotic stress treatments on transgenic tobacco plants showed that wounding and dehydration induced GUS expression. These results demonstrated the spatial and temporal regulation of a cotton RGP promoter in a model plant, and provided an important insight into the factors that control the fiber development and stress responses of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Kim KM, Cho SK, Shin SH, Kim GT, Lee JH, Oh BJ, Kang KH, Hong JC, Choi JY, Shin JS, Chung YS. Analysis of differentially expressed transcripts of fungal elicitor- and wound-treated wild rice (Oryza grandiglumis). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2005; 118:347-54. [PMID: 16136361 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-005-0228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to construct a subtracted library (ogfw) from plants of a wild rice species, Oryza grandiglumis, subjected to a fungal elicitor and physical wounding. To screen the differentially expressed transcripts in the library, we applied a reverse Northern blot analysis to a cDNA microarray containing 1,152 random clones. Based on the average expression ratio, we selected 156 clones showing an elevated expression level. The elevated expression levels and overall expression profiles over time were verified by Northern blot analysis. A comparative functional categorization of the subtracted expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the ogfw library against ESTs isolated from blast-infected O. sativa showed that the functional categories of cell rescue, defense and virulence, transcription, and cellular transport and transport mechanism of the ogfw library were threefold higher in the former than in the latter. These subtracted ESTs can be presumed to be related to the defense/resistance system and will be used to investigate the defense mechanisms of wild rice and to provide new insights into the genome of wild rice, which in turn will assist molecular breeding strategies of cultivated rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mi Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Pusan, South Korea.
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Sagi G, Katz A, Guenoune-Gelbart D, Epel BL. Class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptides are plasmodesmal-associated proteins delivered to plasmodesmata via the golgi apparatus. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:1788-800. [PMID: 15879561 PMCID: PMC1143077 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.031823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SE-WAP41, a salt-extractable 41-kD wall-associated protein that is associated with walls of etiolated maize (Zea mays) seedlings and is recognized by an antiserum previously reported to label plasmodesmata and the Golgi, was cloned, sequenced, and found to be a class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptide ((C1)RGP). Protein gel blot analysis of cell fractions with an antiserum against recombinant SE-WAP41 showed it to be enriched in the wall fraction. RNA gel blot analysis along the mesocotyl developmental axis and during deetiolation demonstrates that high SE-WAP41 transcript levels correlate spatially and temporally with primary and secondary plasmodesmata (Pd) formation. All four of the Arabidopsis thaliana (C1)RGP proteins, when fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and transiently expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) epidermal cells, display fluorescence patterns indicating they are Golgi- and plasmodesmal-associated proteins. Localization to the Golgi apparatus was verified by colocalization of transiently expressed AtRGP2 fused to cyan fluorescence protein together with a known Golgi marker, Golgi Nucleotide Sugar Transporter 1 fused to yellow fluorescent protein (GONST1:YFP). In transgenic tobacco, AtRGP2:GFP fluorescence is punctate, is present only in contact walls between cells, and colocalizes with aniline blue-stained callose present around Pd. In plasmolyzed cells, AtRGP2:GFP remains wall embedded, whereas GONST1:YFP cannot be found embedded in cell walls. This result implies that the targeting to Pd is not due to a default pathway for Golgi-localized fusion proteins but is specific to (C1)RGPs. Treatment with the Golgi disrupting drug Brefeldin A inhibits Pd labeling by AtRGP2:GFP. Integrating these data, we conclude that (C1)RGPs are plasmodesmal-associated proteins delivered to plasmodesmata via the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Sagi
- Department of Plant Sciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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