1
|
Dobrogojski J, Nguyen VH, Kowalska J, Borek S, Pietrowska-Borek M. The Plasma Membrane Purinoreceptor P2K1/DORN1 Is Essential in Stomatal Closure Evoked by Extracellular Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap 4A) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16688. [PMID: 38069010 PMCID: PMC10706190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpnNs) are considered novel signalling molecules involved in the induction of plant defence mechanisms. However, NpnN signal recognition and transduction are still enigmatic. Therefore, the aim of our research was the identification of the NpnN receptor and signal transduction pathways evoked by these nucleotides. Earlier, we proved that purine and pyrimidine NpnNs differentially affect the phenylpropanoid pathway in Vitis vinifera suspension-cultured cells. Here, we report, for the first time, that both diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) and dicytidine tetraphosphate (Cp4C)-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, we showed that plasma membrane purinoreceptor P2K1/DORN1 (does not respond to nucleotide 1) is essential for Ap4A-induced stomata movements but not for Cp4C. Wild-type Col-0 and the dorn1-3 A. thaliana knockout mutant were used. Examination of the leaf epidermis dorn1-3 mutant provided evidence that P2K1/DORN1 is a part of the signal transduction pathway in stomatal closure evoked by extracellular Ap4A but not by Cp4C. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in signal transduction caused by Ap4A and Cp4C, leading to stomatal closure. Ap4A induced and Cp4C suppressed the transcriptional response in wild-type plants. Moreover, in dorn1-3 leaves, the effect of Ap4A on gene expression was impaired. The interaction between P2K1/DORN1 and Ap4A leads to changes in the transcription of signalling hubs in signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Dobrogojski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Van Hai Nguyen
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (V.H.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (V.H.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Sławomir Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zegarra V, Mais CN, Freitag J, Bange G. The mysterious diadenosine tetraphosphate (AP4A). MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad016. [PMID: 37223742 PMCID: PMC10148737 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dinucleoside polyphosphates, a class of nucleotides found amongst all the Trees of Life, have been gathering a lot of attention in the past decades due to their putative role as cellular alarmones. In particular, diadenosine tetraphosphate (AP4A) has been widely studied in bacteria facing various environmental challenges and has been proposed to be important for ensuring cellular survivability through harsh conditions. Here, we discuss the current understanding of AP4A synthesis and degradation, protein targets, their molecular structure where possible, and insights into the molecular mechanisms of AP4A action and its physiological consequences. Lastly, we will briefly touch on what is known with regards to AP4A beyond the bacterial kingdom, given its increasing appearance in the eukaryotic world. Altogether, the notion that AP4A is a conserved second messenger in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans and is able to signal and modulate cellular stress regulation seems promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Zegarra
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Christopher-Nils Mais
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Johannes Freitag
- Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- Corresponding author. Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 14, 35043 Marburg, Germany. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martín JF, Liras P. Comparative Molecular Mechanisms of Biosynthesis of Naringenin and Related Chalcones in Actinobacteria and Plants: Relevance for the Obtention of Potent Bioactive Metabolites. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010082. [PMID: 35052959 PMCID: PMC8773403 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringenin and its glycosylated derivative naringin are flavonoids that are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants. We found that naringenin is also formed by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus, a well-known microorganism used to industrially produce clavulanic acid. The production of naringenin in S. clavuligerus involves a chalcone synthase that uses p-coumaric as a starter unit and a P450 monoxygenase, encoded by two adjacent genes (ncs-ncyP). The p-coumaric acid starter unit is formed by a tyrosine ammonia lyase encoded by an unlinked, tal, gene. Deletion and complementation studies demonstrate that these three genes are required for biosynthesis of naringenin in S. clavuligerus. Other actinobacteria chalcone synthases use caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid or benzoic acid as starter units in the formation of different antibiotics and antitumor agents. The biosynthesis of naringenin is restricted to a few Streptomycess species and the encoding gene cluster is present also in some Saccharotrix and Kitasatospora species. Phylogenetic comparison of S. clavuligerus naringenin chalcone synthase with homologous proteins of other actinobacteria reveal that this protein is closely related to chalcone synthases that use malonyl-CoA as a starter unit for the formation of red-brown pigment. The function of the core enzymes in the pathway, such as the chalcone synthase and the tyrosine ammonia lyase, is conserved in plants and actinobacteria. However, S. clavuligerus use a P450 monooxygenase proposed to complete the cyclization step of the naringenin chalcone, whereas this reaction in plants is performed by a chalcone isomerase. Comparison of the plant and S. clavuligerus chalcone synthases indicates that they have not been transmitted between these organisms by a recent horizontal gene transfer phenomenon. We provide a comprehensive view of the molecular genetics and biochemistry of chalcone synthases and their impact on the development of antibacterial and antitumor compounds. These advances allow new bioactive compounds to be obtained using combinatorial strategies. In addition, processes of heterologous expression and bioconversion for the production of naringenin and naringenin-derived compounds in yeasts are described.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ferguson F, McLennan AG, Urbaniak MD, Jones NJ, Copeland NA. Re-evaluation of Diadenosine Tetraphosphate (Ap 4A) From a Stress Metabolite to Bona Fide Secondary Messenger. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:606807. [PMID: 33282915 PMCID: PMC7705103 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.606807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis requires adaption to environmental stress. In response to various environmental and genotoxic stresses, all cells produce dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpnNs), the best studied of which is diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A). Despite intensive investigation, the precise biological roles of these molecules have remained elusive. However, recent studies have elucidated distinct and specific signaling mechanisms for these nucleotides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This review summarizes these key discoveries and describes the mechanisms of Ap4A and Ap4N synthesis, the mediators of the cellular responses to increased intracellular levels of these molecules and the hydrolytic mechanisms required to maintain low levels in the absence of stress. The intracellular responses to dinucleotide accumulation are evaluated in the context of the "friend" and "foe" scenarios. The "friend (or alarmone) hypothesis" suggests that ApnN act as bona fide secondary messengers mediating responses to stress. In contrast, the "foe" hypothesis proposes that ApnN and other NpnN are produced by non-canonical enzymatic synthesis as a result of physiological and environmental stress in critically damaged cells but do not actively regulate mitigating signaling pathways. In addition, we will discuss potential target proteins, and critically assess new evidence supporting roles for ApnN in the regulation of gene expression, immune responses, DNA replication and DNA repair. The recent advances in the field have generated great interest as they have for the first time revealed some of the molecular mechanisms that mediate cellular responses to ApnN. Finally, areas for future research are discussed with possible but unproven roles for intracellular ApnN to encourage further research into the signaling networks that are regulated by these nucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freya Ferguson
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G McLennan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Urbaniak
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Jones
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki A Copeland
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pietrowska-Borek M, Dobrogojski J, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Borek S. New Insight into Plant Signaling: Extracellular ATP and Uncommon Nucleotides. Cells 2020; 9:E345. [PMID: 32024306 PMCID: PMC7072326 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New players in plant signaling are described in detail in this review: extracellular ATP (eATP) and uncommon nucleotides such as dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpnN's), adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate (NH2-pA), and extracellular NAD+ and NADP+ (eNAD(P)+). Recent molecular, physiological, and biochemical evidence implicating concurrently the signaling role of eATP, NpnN's, and NH2-pA in plant biology and the mechanistic events in which they are involved are discussed. Numerous studies have shown that they are often universal signaling messengers, which trigger a signaling cascade in similar reactions and processes among different kingdoms. We also present here, not described elsewhere, a working model of the NpnN' and NH2-pA signaling network in a plant cell where these nucleotides trigger induction of the phenylpropanoid and the isochorismic acid pathways yielding metabolites protecting the plant against various types of stresses. Through these signals, the plant responds to environmental stimuli by intensifying the production of various compounds, such as anthocyanins, lignin, stilbenes, and salicylic acid. Still, more research needs to be performed to identify signaling networks that involve uncommon nucleotides, followed by omic experiments to define network elements and processes that are controlled by these signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jędrzej Dobrogojski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (E.S.-N.); (S.B.)
| | - Sławomir Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (E.S.-N.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pietrowska-Borek M, Wojdyła-Mamoń A, Dobrogojski J, Młynarska-Cieślak A, Baranowski MR, Dąbrowski JM, Kowalska J, Jemielity J, Borek S, Pedreño MA, Guranowski A. Purine and pyrimidine dinucleoside polyphosphates differentially affect the phenylpropanoid pathway in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Monastrell suspension cultured cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:125-132. [PMID: 31855818 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the concentration of dinucleoside polyphosphates (NpnN's) in cells increases under stress and that adverse environmental factors induce biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, which protect the plant against stress. Previously, we showed that purine NpnN's such as Ap3A and Ap4A induce both the activity of enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and the expression of relevant genes in Arabidopsis seedlings. Moreover, we showed that Ap3A induced stilbene biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell suspension cultured cells. Data presented in this paper show that pyrimidine-containing NpnN's also modify the biosynthesis of stilbenes, affecting the transcript level of genes encoding key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and of these, Up4U caused the most effective accumulation of trans-resveratrol in the culture media. Similar effect was caused by Ap3A and Gp3G. Other pyrimidine NpnN's, such as Cp3C, Cp4C, and Ap4C, strongly inhibited the biosynthesis of stilbenes, but markedly (6- to 8-fold) induced the expression of the cinnamoyl-CoA reductase gene that controls lignin biosynthesis. Purine counterparts also clearly induced biosynthesis of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid, but only slightly induced the expression of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. In cells, Up3U caused a greater accumulation of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid than did Up4U. Each of the NpnN's studied induced expression of the gene encoding the resveratrol transporter VvABCG44, which operates within the Vitis vinifera cell membrane. AMP, GMP, UMP, and CMP, potential products of NpnN degradation, did not affect the accumulation of stilbenes. The results obtained strongly support that NpnN's play a role as signaling molecules in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Anna Wojdyła-Mamoń
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Dobrogojski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Młynarska-Cieślak
- Division of Biophysics Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek R Baranowski
- Division of Biophysics Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub M Dąbrowski
- Division of Biophysics Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Angeles Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dippe M, Bauer A, Porzel A, Funke E, Müller AO, Schmidt J, Beier M, Wessjohann LA. Coenzyme A‐Conjugated Cinnamic Acids – Enzymatic Synthesis of a CoA‐Ester Library and Application in Biocatalytic Cascades to Vanillin Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dippe
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant BiochemistryDepartment of Bioorganic Chemistry Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Anne‐Katrin Bauer
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant BiochemistryDepartment of Bioorganic Chemistry Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant BiochemistryDepartment of Bioorganic Chemistry Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Evelyn Funke
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant BiochemistryDepartment of Bioorganic Chemistry Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Anna O. Müller
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant BiochemistryDepartment of Bioorganic Chemistry Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Jürgen Schmidt
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant BiochemistryDepartment of Bioorganic Chemistry Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Maria Beier
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant BiochemistryDepartment of Bioorganic Chemistry Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant BiochemistryDepartment of Bioorganic Chemistry Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pietrowska-Borek M, Nuc K, Guranowski A. Exogenous adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate behaves as a signal molecule in plants; it augments metabolism of phenylpropanoids and salicylic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 94:144-152. [PMID: 26079287 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells contain various congeners of the canonical nucleotides. Some of these accumulate in cells under stress and may function as signal molecules. Their cellular levels are enzymatically controlled. Previously, we demonstrated a signaling function for diadenosine polyphosphates and cyclic nucleotides in Arabidopsis thaliana and grape, Vitis vinifera. These compounds increased the expression of genes for and the specific activity of enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathways resulting in the accumulation of certain products of these pathways. Here, we show that adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate, whose level can be controlled by HIT-family proteins, induced similar effects. This natural nucleotide, when added to A. thaliana seedlings, activated the genes for phenylalanine:ammonia lyase, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, chalcone synthase, cinnamoyl-coenzyme A:NADP oxidoreductase and isochorismate synthase, which encode proteins catalyzing key reactions of phenylpropanoid pathways, and caused accumulation of lignins, anthocyanins and salicylic acid. Adenosine 5'-phosphofluoridate, a synthetic congener of adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate, behaved similarly. The results allow us to postulate that adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate should be considered as a novel signaling molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland; Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Nuc
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pietrowska-Borek M, Czekała Ł, Belchí-Navarro S, Pedreño MA, Guranowski A. Diadenosine triphosphate is a novel factor which in combination with cyclodextrins synergistically enhances the biosynthesis of trans-resveratrol in Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell suspension cultured cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 84:271-276. [PMID: 25310254 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dinucleoside polyphosphates are considered as signal molecules that may evoke response of plant cells to stress. Other compounds whose biological effects have been recognized are cyclodextrins. They are cyclic oligosaccharides that chemically resemble the alkyl-derived pectic oligosaccharides naturally released from the cell walls during fungal attack, and they act as true elicitors, since, when added to plant cell culture, they induce the expression of genes involved in some secondary metabolism pathways. Previously, we demonstrated that some dinucleoside polyphosphates triggered the biosynthesis of enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. In Vitis vinifera suspension cultured cells, cyclodextrins were shown to enhance the accumulation of trans-resveratrol, one of the basic units of the stilbenes derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Here, we show that diadenosine triphosphate, applied alone or in combination with cyclodextrins to the grapevine suspension-cultured cells, increased the transcript level of genes encoding key phenylpropanoid-pathway enzymes as well as the trans-resveratrol production inside cells and its secretion into the extracellular medium. In the latter case, these two compounds acted synergistically. However, the accumulation of trans-resveratrol and its glucoside trans-piceid inside cells were stimulated much better by diadenosine triphosphate than by cyclodextrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 35 Wołyńska Street, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| | - Łukasz Czekała
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 35 Wołyńska Street, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Sarai Belchí-Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - María Angeles Pedreño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 11 Dojazd Street, 60-632 Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sotelo T, Cartea ME, Velasco P, Soengas P. Identification of antioxidant capacity -related QTLs in Brassica oleracea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107290. [PMID: 25198771 PMCID: PMC4157872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassica vegetables possess high levels of antioxidant metabolites associated with beneficial health effects including vitamins, carotenoids, anthocyanins, soluble sugars and phenolics. Until now, no reports have been documented on the genetic basis of the antioxidant activity (AA) in Brassicas and the content of metabolites with AA like phenolics, anthocyanins and carotenoids. For this reason, this study aimed to: (1) study the relationship among different electron transfer (ET) methods for measuring AA, (2) study the relationship between these methods and phenolic, carotenoid and anthocyanin content, and (3) find QTLs of AA measured with ET assays and for phenolic, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents in leaves and flower buds in a DH population of B. oleracea as an early step in order to identify genes related to these traits. Low correlation coefficients among different methods for measuring AA suggest that it is necessary to employ more than one method at the same time. A total of 19 QTLs were detected for all traits. For AA methods, seven QTLs were found in leaves and six QTLs were found in flower buds. Meanwhile, for the content of metabolites with AA, two QTLs were found in leaves and four QTLs were found in flower buds. AA of the mapping population is related to phenolic compounds but also to carotenoid content. Three genomic regions determined variation for more than one ET method measuring AA. After the syntenic analysis with A. thaliana, several candidate genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis are proposed for the QTLs found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sotelo
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Department of Plant Genetics, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - María Elena Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Department of Plant Genetics, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Department of Plant Genetics, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Department of Plant Genetics, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pietrowska-Borek M, Nuc K, Zielezińska M, Guranowski A. Diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap3A and Ap4A) behave as alarmones triggering the synthesis of enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Open Bio 2011; 1:1-6. [PMID: 23650569 PMCID: PMC3642049 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that cells under stress accumulate various dinucleoside polyphosphates, compounds suggested to function as alarmones. In plants, the phenylpropanoid pathways yield metabolites protecting these organisms against various types of stress. Observations reported in this communication link these two phenomena and provide an example of a metabolic "addressee" for an "alarm" signaled by diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A) or diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A). In response to added Ap3A or Ap4A, seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana incubated in full nutrition medium increased both the expression of the genes for and the specific activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, enzymes that control the beginning of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Neither adenine mononucleotides (AMP, ADP or ATP) nor adenosine evoked such effects. Reactions catalyzed in vitro by these enzymes were not affected by Ap3A or Ap4A.
Collapse
Key Words
- 4-Coumarate:CoA ligase
- 4CL, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase
- Alarmones
- Ap3A, diadenosine 5’,5″′-P1,P3-triphosphate
- Ap4A, diadenosine 5′,5″′-P1,P4-tetraphosphate
- CHS, chalcone synthase
- Diadenosine tetraphosphate
- Diadenosine triphosphate
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
- Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
- Phenylpropanoid pathways
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Nuc
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zielezińska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fraga H, Fontes R. Enzymatic synthesis of mono and dinucleoside polyphosphates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:1195-204. [PMID: 21978831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mono and dinucleoside polyphosphates (p(n)Ns and Np(n)Ns) exist in living organisms and induce diverse biological effects through interaction with intracellular and cytoplasmic membrane proteins. The source of these compounds is associated with secondary activities of a diverse group of enzymes. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we discuss the mechanisms that can promote their synthesis at a molecular level. Although all the enzymes described in this review are able to catalyse the in vitro synthesis of Np(n)Ns (and/or p(n)N), it is not clear which ones are responsible for their in vivo accumulation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite the large amount of knowledge already available, important questions remain to be answered and a more complete understanding of p(n)Ns and Np(n)Ns synthesis mechanisms is required. With the possible exception of (GTP:GTP guanylyltransferase of Artemia), all enzymes able to catalyse the synthesis of p(n)Ns and Np(n)Ns are unspecific and the factors that can promote their synthesis relative to the canonical enzyme activities are unclear. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The fact that p(n)Ns and Np(n)Ns syntheses are promiscuous activities of housekeeping enzymes does not reduce its physiological or pathological importance. Here we resume the current knowledge regarding their enzymatic synthesis and point the open questions on the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fraga
- Department of Biochemistry, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chu HM, Chen FY, Ko TP, Wang AHJ. Binding and catalysis of Humulus lupulus adenylate isopentenyltransferase for the synthesis of isopentenylated diadenosine polyphosphates. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4083-8. [PMID: 20807533 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Various plant developmental processes involve phytohormones such as cytokinins. Isopentenyltransferase (IPT) reaction is the key rate-limiting step in cytokinin biosynthesis that transfers the isopentenyl (iP) group from dimethylallyl diphosphate to the N6-amino group of adenine. Here, a series of diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap(n)A) were screened as possible substrates of IPT, among which diadenosine tetraphosphate, diadenosine pentaphosphate and diadenosine hexaphosphate showed higher affinity than did the authentic substrates ADP and ATP. In addition, formation of mono-isopentenyl Ap(n)A and di-isopentenyl Ap(n)A was observed. Judging by the existing biosynthetic and hydrolytic systems for Ap(n)A in plants, Ap(n)A and isopentenyl-Ap(n)A may occur in the plant cells, with functional importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Mao Chu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Cadmium ions are a potent carcinogen in animals, and cadmium is a toxic metal of significant environmental importance for humans. Response curves were used to investigate the effects of cadmium chloride on the growth of Camplyobacter jejuni. In vitro, the bacterium showed reduced growth in the presence of 0.1 mm cadmium chloride, and the metal ions were lethal at 1 mm concentration. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with tandem mass spectrometry analysis enabled identification of 67 proteins differentially expressed in cells grown without and with 0.1 mm cadmium chloride. Cellular processes and pathways regulated under cadmium stress included fatty acid biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, chemotaxis and mobility, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, protein modification, redox processes and the heat-shock response. Disulfide reductases and their substrates play many roles in cellular processes, including protection against reactive oxygen species and detoxification of xenobiotics, such as cadmium. The effects of cadmium on thioredoxin reductase and disulfide reductases using glutathione as a substrate were studied in bacterial lysates by spectrophotometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. The presence of 0.1 mm cadmium ions modulated the activities of both enzymes. The interactions of cadmium ions with oxidized glutathione and reduced glutathione were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The data suggested that, unlike other organisms, C. jejuni downregulates thioredoxin reductase and upregulates other disulfide reductases involved in metal detoxification in the presence of cadmium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Production of phenylpropanoid compounds by recombinant microorganisms expressing plant-specific biosynthesis genes. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Simanshu DK, Savithri HS, Murthy MRN. Crystal structures of Salmonella typhimurium propionate kinase and its complex with Ap4A: evidence for a novel Ap4A synthetic activity. Proteins 2008; 70:1379-88. [PMID: 17894350 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Propionate kinase catalyses the last step in the anaerobic breakdown of L-threonine to propionate in which propionyl phosphate and ADP are converted to propionate and ATP. Here we report the structures of propionate kinase (TdcD) in the native form as well as in complex with diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) by X-ray crystallography. Structure of TdcD obtained after cocrystallization with ATP showed Ap4A bound to the active site pocket suggesting the presence of Ap4A synthetic activity in TdcD. Binding of Ap4A to the enzyme was confirmed by the structure determination of a TdcD-Ap4A complex obtained after cocrystallization of TdcD with commercially available Ap4A. Mass spectroscopic studies provided further evidence for the formation of Ap4A by propionate kinase in the presence of ATP. In the TdcD-Ap4A complex structure, Ap4A is present in an extended conformation with one adenosine moiety present in the nucleotide binding site and other in the proposed propionate binding site. These observations tend to support direct in-line transfer of phosphoryl group during the kinase reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra K Simanshu
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guranowski A, Starzyńska E, Pietrowska-Borek M, Rejman D, Blackburn GM. Novel diadenosine polyphosphate analogs with oxymethylene bridges replacing oxygen in the polyphosphate chain: potential substrates and/or inhibitors of Ap4A hydrolases. FEBS J 2008; 276:1546-53. [PMID: 19210543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dinucleoside polyphosphates (Np(n)N's; where N and N' are nucleosides and n = 3-6 phosphate residues) are naturally occurring compounds that may act as signaling molecules. One of the most successful approaches to understand their biological functions has been through the use of Np(n)N' analogs. Here, we present the results of studies using novel diadenosine polyphosphate analogs, with an oxymethylene group replacing one or two bridging oxygen(s) in the polyphosphate chain. These have been tested as potential substrates and/or inhibitors of the symmetrically acting Ap(4)A hydrolase [bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase (symmetrical); EC 3.6.1.41] from E. coli and of two asymmetrically acting Ap(4)A hydrolases [bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase (asymmetrical); EC 3.6.1.17] from humans and narrow-leaved lupin. The six chemically synthesized analogs were: ApCH(2)OpOCH(2)pA (1), ApOCH(2)pCH(2)OpA (2), ApOpCH(2)OpOpA (3), ApCH(2)OpOpOCH(2)pA (4), ApOCH(2)pOpCH(2)OpA (5) and ApOpOCH(2)pCH(2)OpOpA (6). The eukaryotic asymmetrical Ap(4)A hydrolases degrade two compounds, 3 and 5, as anticipated in their design. Analog 3 was cleaved to AMP (pA) and beta,gamma-methyleneoxy-ATP (pOCH(2)pOpA), whereas hydrolysis of analog 5 gave two molecules of alpha,beta-oxymethylene ADP (pCH(2)OpA). The relative rates of hydrolysis of these analogs were estimated. Some of the novel nucleotides were moderately good inhibitors of the asymmetrical hydrolases, having K(i) values within the range of the K(m) for Ap(4)A. By contrast, none of the six analogs were good substrates or inhibitors of the bacterial symmetrical Ap(4)A hydrolase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guranowski A, Miersch O, Staswick PE, Suza W, Wasternack C. Substrate specificity and products of side-reactions catalyzed by jasmonate:amino acid synthetase (JAR1). FEBS Lett 2007; 581:815-20. [PMID: 17291501 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonate:amino acid synthetase (JAR1) is involved in the function of jasmonic acid (JA) as a plant hormone. It catalyzes the synthesis of several JA-amido conjugates, the most important of which appears to be JA-Ile. Structurally, JAR1 is a member of the firefly luciferase superfamily that comprises enzymes that adenylate various organic acids. This study analyzed the substrate specificity of recombinant JAR1 and determined whether it catalyzes the synthesis of mono- and dinucleoside polyphosphates, which are side-reaction products of many enzymes forming acyl approximately adenylates. Among different oxylipins tested as mixed stereoisomers for substrate activity with JAR1, the highest rate of conversion to Ile-conjugates was observed for (+/-)-JA and 9,10-dihydro-JA, while the rate of conjugation with 12-hydroxy-JA and OPC-4 (3-oxo-2-(2Z-pentenyl)cyclopentane-1-butyric acid) was only about 1-2% that for (+/-)-JA. Of the two stereoisomers of JA, (-)-JA and (+)-JA, rate of synthesis of the former was about 100-fold faster than for (+)-JA. Finally, we have demonstrated that (1) in the presence of ATP, Mg(2+), (-)-JA and tripolyphosphate the ligase produces adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (p(4)A); (2) addition of isoleucine to that mixture halts the p(4)A synthesis; (3) the enzyme produces neither diadenosine triphosphate (Ap(3)A) nor diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) and (4) Ap(4)A cannot substitute ATP as a source of adenylate in the complete reaction that yields JA-Ile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Guranowski
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guranowski A, Starzyńska E, Pietrowska-Borek M, Jemielity J, Kowalska J, Darzynkiewicz E, Thompson MJ, Blackburn GM. Methylene analogues of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate. Their chemical synthesis and recognition by human and plant mononucleoside tetraphosphatases and dinucleoside tetraphosphatases. FEBS J 2006; 273:829-38. [PMID: 16441668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-polyphosphates have been identified in vitro, as products of certain enzymatic reactions, and in vivo. Although the biological role of these compounds is not known, there exist highly specific hydrolases that degrade nucleoside 5'-polyphosphates into the corresponding nucleoside 5'-triphosphates. One approach to understanding the mechanism and function of these enzymes is through the use of specifically designed phosphonate analogues. We synthesized novel nucleotides: alpha,beta-methylene-adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (pppCH2pA), beta,gamma-methylene-adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (ppCH2ppA), gamma,delta-methylene-adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (pCH2pppA), alphabeta,gammadelta-bismethylene-adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (pCH2ppCH2pA), alphabeta, betagamma-bismethylene-adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (ppCH2pCH2pA) and betagamma, gammadelta-bis(dichloro)methylene-adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (pCCl2pCCl2ppA), and tested them as potential substrates and/or inhibitors of three specific nucleoside tetraphosphatases. In addition, we employed these p4A analogues with two asymmetrically and one symmetrically acting dinucleoside tetraphosphatases. Of the six analogues, only pppCH2pA is a substrate of the two nucleoside tetraphosphatases (EC 3.6.1.14), from yellow lupin seeds and human placenta, and also of the yeast exopolyphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.11). Surprisingly, none of the six analogues inhibited these p4A-hydrolysing enzymes. By contrast, the analogues strongly inhibit the (asymmetrical) dinucleoside tetraphosphatases (EC 3.6.1.17) from human and the narrow-leafed lupin. ppCH2ppA and pCH2pppA, inhibited the human enzyme with Ki values of 1.6 and 2.3 nm, respectively, and the lupin enzyme with Ki values of 30 and 34 nm, respectively. They are thereby identified as being the strongest inhibitors ever reported for the (asymmetrical) dinucleoside tetraphosphatases. The three analogues having two halo/methylene bridges are much less potent inhibitors for these enzymes. These novel nucleotides should prove valuable tools for further studies on the cellular functions of mono- and dinucleoside polyphosphates and on the enzymes involved in their metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural University, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schneider K, Kienow L, Schmelzer E, Colby T, Bartsch M, Miersch O, Wasternack C, Kombrink E, Stuible HP. A new type of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A synthetase from Arabidopsis thaliana has the catalytic capacity to activate biosynthetic precursors of jasmonic acid. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13962-72. [PMID: 15677481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana contains a large number of genes that encode carboxylic acid-activating enzymes, including nine long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetases, four 4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CL), and 25 4CL-like proteins of unknown biochemical function. Because of their high structural and sequence similarity with bona fide 4CLs and their highly hydrophobic putative substrate-binding pockets, the 4CL-like proteins At4g05160 and At5g63380 were selected for detailed analysis. Following heterologous expression, the purified proteins were subjected to a large scale screen to identify their preferred in vitro substrates. This study uncovered a significant activity of At4g05160 with medium-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids carrying a phenyl substitution, long-chain fatty acids, as well as the jasmonic acid precursors 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-hexanoic acid. The closest homolog of At4g05160, namely At5g63380, showed high activity with long-chain fatty acids and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, the latter representing the most efficiently converted substrate. By using fluorescent-tagged variants, we demonstrated that both 4CL-like proteins are targeted to leaf peroxisomes. Collectively, these data demonstrate that At4g05160 and At5g63380 have the capacity to contribute to jasmonic acid biosynthesis by initiating the beta-oxidative chain shortening of its precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guranowski A, de Diego A, Sillero A, Günther Sillero MA. Uridine 5'-polyphosphates (p4U and p5U) and uridine(5')polyphospho(5')nucleosides (Up(n)Ns) can be synthesized by UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2004; 561:83-8. [PMID: 15013755 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.9) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae can transfer the uridylyl moiety from UDP-glucose onto tripolyphosphate (P(3)), tetrapolyphosphate (P(4)), nucleoside triphosphates (p(3)Ns) and nucleoside 5'-polyphosphates (p(4)Ns) forming uridine 5'-tetraphosphate (p(4)U), uridine 5'-pentaphosphate (p(5)U) and dinucleotides, such as Ap(4)U, Cp(4)U, Gp(4)U, Up(4)U, Ap(5)U and Gp(5)U. Unlike UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose was not a UMP donor and ADP was not a UMP acceptor. This is the first example of an enzyme that may be responsible for accumulation of dinucleoside tetraphosphates containing two pyrimidine nucleosides in vivo. Occurrence of such dinucleotides in S. cerevisiae and Escherichia coli has been previously reported (Coste et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 12096-12103).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Guranowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, UAM/CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, c. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guranowski A, Starzyńska E, McLennan AG, Baraniak J, Stec WJ. Adenosine-5'-O-phosphorylated and adenosine-5'-O-phosphorothioylated polyols as strong inhibitors of (symmetrical) and (asymmetrical) dinucleoside tetraphosphatases. Biochem J 2003; 373:635-40. [PMID: 12697025 PMCID: PMC1223503 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2003] [Revised: 04/15/2003] [Accepted: 04/16/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dinucleoside 5',5"'- P (1), P ( n )-polyphosphates, and particularly the diadenosine compounds, have been implicated in extracellular purinergic signalling and in various intracellular processes, including DNA metabolism, tumour suppression and stress responses. If permitted to accumulate, they may also be toxic. One approach to understanding their function is through the various specific degradative enzymes that regulate their levels. Eight adenosine-5'- O -phosphorylated polyols (derivatives of glycerol, erythritol and pentaerythritol) and 11 adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothioylated polyols (derivatives of glycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, butanediol and pentanediol) have been tested as inhibitors of specific diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) hydrolases. Of these two groups of novel nucleotides, the adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothioylated polyols were generally stronger inhibitors than their adenosine-5'- O -phosphorylated counterparts. 1,4-Di(adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothio) erythritol appeared to be the strongest inhibitor of ( asymmetrical ) Ap(4)A hydrolases (EC 3.6.1.17) from both lupin and human, with K (i) values of 0.15 microM and 1.5 microM respectively. Of eight adenosine-5'- O -phosphorylated polyols, 1,4-di(adenosine-5'- O -phospho) erythritol was the only compound that inhibited the lupin enzyme. Two derivatives of pentaerythritol, di(adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothio)-di(phosphorothio) pentaerythritol and tri(adenosine-5'- O -phosphorothio)-phosphorothio-pentaerythritol, proved to be the strongest inhibitors of the prokaryotic ( symmetrical ) Ap(4)A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.41) so far reported. The estimated K (i) values were 0.04 microM and 0.08 microM respectively. All of these inhibitors were competitive with respect to Ap(4)A. These new selectively acting Ap(4)A analogues should prove to be valuable tools for further studies of Ap(4)A function and of the enzymes involved in its metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Guranowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schneider K, Hövel K, Witzel K, Hamberger B, Schomburg D, Kombrink E, Stuible HP. The substrate specificity-determining amino acid code of 4-coumarate:CoA ligase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:8601-6. [PMID: 12819348 PMCID: PMC166275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1430550100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2003] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the structural principles determining substrate specificity of 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), the crystal structure of the phenylalanine activation domain of gramicidin S synthetase was used as a template for homology modeling. According to our model, 12 amino acid residues lining the Arabidopsis 4CL isoform 2 (At4CL2) substrate binding pocket (SBP) function as a signature motif generally determining 4CL substrate specificity. We used this substrate specificity code to create At4CL2 gain-of-function mutants. By increasing the space within the SBP we generated ferulic- and sinapic acid-activating At4CL2 variants. Increasing the hydrophobicity of the SBP resulted in At4CL2 variants with strongly enhanced conversion of cinnamic acid. These enzyme variants are suitable tools for investigating and influencing metabolic channeling mediated by 4CL. Knowledge of the 4CL specificity code will facilitate the prediction of substrate preference of numerous, still uncharacterized 4CL-like proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schneider
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max
Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10,
50829 Cologne, Germany; and Institute of
Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straβe 47, 50674
Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Hövel
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max
Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10,
50829 Cologne, Germany; and Institute of
Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straβe 47, 50674
Cologne, Germany
| | - Kilian Witzel
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max
Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10,
50829 Cologne, Germany; and Institute of
Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straβe 47, 50674
Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max
Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10,
50829 Cologne, Germany; and Institute of
Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straβe 47, 50674
Cologne, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schomburg
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max
Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10,
50829 Cologne, Germany; and Institute of
Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straβe 47, 50674
Cologne, Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max
Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10,
50829 Cologne, Germany; and Institute of
Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straβe 47, 50674
Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Stuible
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max
Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10,
50829 Cologne, Germany; and Institute of
Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straβe 47, 50674
Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|