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Mollo L, Petrucciani A, Norici A. Selection of microalgae in artificial digestate: Strategies towards an effective phycoremediation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108588. [PMID: 38615438 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Digestate is a complex by-product of anaerobic digestion and its composition depends on the digestor inputs. It can be exploited as a sustainable source of nutrients for microalgae cultivation but its unbalanced composition and toxic elements make the use challenging. Screening algae in a simplified synthetic digestate which mimics the main nutrient constraints of a real digestate is proposed as a reproducible and effective method to select suitable species for real digestate valorisation and remediation. Growth performance, nutrient removal and biomass composition of eight microalgae exposed to high amounts of NH4+, PO4- and organic-C were assessed. Using a score matrix, A. protothecoides, T. obliquus, C. reinhardtii, and E. gracilis were identified as the most promising species. Thus, three strategies were applied to improve outcomes: i) establishment of an algal consortium to improve biomass production, ii) K+ addition to the medium to promote K+ uptake over NH4+ and to reduce potential NH4+ toxicity, iii) P starvation as pretreatment for enhanced P removal by luxury uptake. The consortium was able to implement a short-term response displaying higher biomass production than single species (3.77 and 1.03-1.89 mg mL-1 respectively) in synthetic digestate while maintaining similar nutrient remediation, furthermore, its growth rate was 1.6 times higher than in the control condition. However, the strategies aiming to reduce NH4+ toxicity and higher P removal were not successful except for single cases. The proposed algal screening and the resulting designed consortium were respectively a reliable method and a powerful tool towards sustainable real digestate remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mollo
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Petrucciani
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Norici
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; CIRCC, Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi, Italy.
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2
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Findinier J, Joubert LM, Schmid MF, Malkovskiy A, Chiu W, Burlacot A, Grossman AR. Dramatic Changes in Mitochondrial Subcellular Location and Morphology Accompany Activation of the CO 2 Concentrating Mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.25.586705. [PMID: 38585955 PMCID: PMC10996633 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.586705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in intracellular ultrastructure can be critical for the ability of organisms to acclimate to environmental conditions. Microalgae, which are responsible for ~50% of global photosynthesis, compartmentalize their Rubisco into a specialized structure known as the pyrenoid when the cells experience limiting CO2 conditions; this compartmentalization appears to be a component of the CO2 Concentrating Mechanism (CCM), which facilitates photosynthetic CO2 fixation as environmental levels of inorganic carbon (Ci) decline. Changes in the spatial distribution of mitochondria in green algae have also been observed under CO2 limiting conditions, although a role for this reorganization in CCM function remains unclear. We used the green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to monitor changes in the position and ultrastructure of mitochondrial membranes as cells transition between high CO2 (HC) and Low/Very Low CO2 (LC/VLC). Upon transferring cells to VLC, the mitochondria move from a central to a peripheral location, become wedged between the plasma membrane and chloroplast envelope, and mitochondrial membranes orient in parallel tubular arrays that extend from the cell's apex to its base. We show that these ultrastructural changes require protein and RNA synthesis, occur within 90 min of shifting cells to VLC conditions, correlate with CCM induction and are regulated by the CCM master regulator CIA5. The apico-basal orientation of the mitochondrial membrane, but not the movement of the mitochondrion to the cell periphery, is dependent on microtubules and the MIRO1 protein, which is involved in membrane-microtubule interactions. Furthermore, blocking mitochondrial electron transport in VLC acclimated cells reduces the cell's affinity for inorganic carbon. Overall, our results suggest that CIA5-dependent mitochondrial repositioning/reorientation functions in integrating cellular architecture and energetics with CCM activities and invite further exploration of how intracellular architecture can impact fitness under dynamic environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Findinier
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Sciences & Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lydia-Marie Joubert
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael F. Schmid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Andrey Malkovskiy
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Sciences & Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Stanford University, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Sciences & Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford University, Biology Department, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Sciences & Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford University, Biology Department, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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3
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Braun HP, Klusch N. Promotion of oxidative phosphorylation by complex I-anchored carbonic anhydrases? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:64-71. [PMID: 37599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial NADH-dehydrogenase complex of the respiratory chain, known as complex I, includes a carbonic anhydrase (CA) module attached to its membrane arm on the matrix side in protozoans, algae, and plants. Its physiological role is so far unclear. Recent electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) structures show that the CA module may directly provide protons for translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane at complex I. CAs can have a central role in adjusting the proton concentration in the mitochondrial matrix. We suggest that CA anchoring in complex I represents the original configuration to secure oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the context of early endosymbiosis. After development of 'modern mitochondria' with pronounced cristae structures, this anchoring became dispensable, but has been retained in protozoans, algae, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Braun
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Niklas Klusch
- Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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4
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Luan W, Li H, Zhang L, Liu J. Enhalus acoroides efficiently alleviate ocean acidification by shifting modes of inorganic carbon uptake and increasing photosynthesis when pH drops. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 186:105896. [PMID: 36758383 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is causing increasing ecological damage, so it is worthwhile to find efficient and environmentally friendly ways to mitigate OA. The mechanism of inorganic carbon (Ci) absorption and the ability to mitigate OA of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides were investigated in this study. At 2.2 mM Ci concentration, its CO2 fixation efficiency increased to 81.89 t CO2/year/Ha under pH 6.5 from 27.59 t CO2/year/Ha at pH 8.2, and even reached 88.11 t CO2/year/Ha at pH 6.5 with unlimited Ci availability, made possible by three pathways for Ci utilization, which included absorbing CO2 directly, transforming HCO3- into CO2 through extracellular carbonic anhydrase, and absorbing HCO3- directly by anion-exchange protein then transforming it to CO2 through intracellular carbonic anhydrase, as verified by inhibitor addition experiments. The carbon fixation rate increased with decreasing pH, suggesting a greater CO2 absorbing capacity for E. acoroides under acidic conditions, which further demonstrates the possibility of mitigating OA and increasing carbon fixation through conserving and restoring E. acoroides meadows. Due to the strong carbon absorption capacity of E. acoroides, it is very important to strengthen the artificial restoration of E. acoroides seagrass meadows in the environmental management of the coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Luan
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hu Li
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Litao Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Hirakawa Y, Hanawa Y, Yoneda K, Suzuki I. Evolution of a chimeric mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase through gene fusion in a haptophyte alga. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3051-3059. [PMID: 35997667 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a universal enzyme family that catalyses the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, and they are localized in most compartments including mitochondria and plastids. Thus far, eight classes of CAs (α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ζ-, η-, θ- and ι-CA) have been characterized. This study reports an interesting gene encoding a fusion protein of β-CA and ι-CA found in the haptophyte Isochrysis galbana. Recombinant protein assays demonstrated that the C-terminal ι-CA region catalyses CO2 hydration, whereas the N-terminal β-CA region no longer exhibits enzymatic activity. Considering that haptophytes generally have mitochondrion-localized β-CAs and plastid-localized ι-CAs, the fusion CA would show an intermediate stage in which mitochondrial β-CA is replaced by ι-CA in a haptophyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hirakawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hanawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoneda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Zhang J, Yang Q, Liu Q, Liu S, Zhu Y, Yao J, Wang H, Guan W. The responses of harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi to simulated ocean acidification at the transcriptional level. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 111:102167. [PMID: 35016771 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The HAB-forming, toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi, previously found to benefit from ocean acidification (OA), was cultivated to investigate its transcriptional response to simulated OA for 30 generations. Batch cultures were grown under two CO2 concentrations, 450 (control) and 1100 (simulated OA) μatm, and physiological parameters [growth, pigments, catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity], as well as transcriptomes (obtained via RNA-seq), were compared. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and carotenoid (Caro) contents, as well as CAT and GR activities, were significantly increased under OA conditions. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 2,490 differentially expressed unigenes in response to OA, which comprised 1.54% of all unigenes. A total of 1,121 unigenes were upregulated, and 1,369 unigenes were downregulated in OA compared to control conditions. The downregulated expression of bicarbonate transporter and carbonic anhydrase genes was a landmark of OA acclimation. Key genes involved in energy metabolism, e.g., photosynthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and nitrogen metabolism, were highly upregulated under OA, contributing to increases in the Chl a (55.05%) and Caro (28.37%). The enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (i.e. CAT, GR) and upregulated genes (i.e. glutathione peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, heat shock protein, 20S proteasome, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and apolipoprotein) benefit cells against the potential lower pH stress condition under OA. In addition, the downregulation of four genes associated with motility suggested that the preserved energy could further boost growth. In conclusion, the present study suggests that K. mikimotoi exhibits efficient gene expression regulation for the utilization of energy and resistance to OA-induced stress. Taken together, K. mikimotoi appeared as a tolerant species in response to OA. Thus, more extensive algal blooms that threaten marine organisms are likely in the future. These findings expand current knowledge on the gene expression of HAB-forming species in response to future OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhu Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qiongying Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qianlou Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shuqi Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiang Yao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Xinyang Vocational and Technical College, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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7
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Rai AK, Chen T, Moroney JV. Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases are needed for optimal photosynthesis at low CO2 levels in Chlamydomonas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1387-1398. [PMID: 34618049 PMCID: PMC8566214 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can grow photosynthetically using CO2 or in the dark using acetate as the carbon source. In the light in air, the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) of C. reinhardtii accumulates CO2, enhancing photosynthesis. A combination of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and bicarbonate transporters in the CCM of C. reinhardtii increases the CO2 concentration at Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) in the chloroplast pyrenoid. Previously, CAs important to the CCM have been found in the periplasmic space, surrounding the pyrenoid and inside the thylakoid lumen. Two almost identical mitochondrial CAs, CAH4 and CAH5, are also highly expressed when the CCM is made, but their role in the CCM is not understood. Here, we adopted an RNAi approach to reduce the expression of CAH4 and CAH5 to study their possible physiological functions. RNAi mutants with low expression of CAH4 and CAH5 had impaired rates of photosynthesis under ambient levels of CO2 (0.04% CO2 [v/v] in air). These strains were not able to grow at very low CO2 (<0.02% CO2 [v/v] in air), and their ability to accumulate inorganic carbon (Ci = CO2 + HCO3-) was reduced. At low CO2 concentrations, the CCM is needed to both deliver Ci to Rubisco and to minimize the leak of CO2 generated by respiration and photorespiration. We hypothesize that CAH4 and CAH5 in the mitochondria convert the CO2 released from respiration and photorespiration as well as the CO2 leaked from the chloroplast to HCO3- thus "recapturing" this potentially lost CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani K Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Timothy Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- Author for communication:
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8
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Bi YH, Du AY, Li JL, Zhou ZG. Isolation and characterization of a γ-carbonic anhydrase localized in the mitochondria of Saccharina japonica. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129162. [PMID: 33310361 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Saccharina japonica is an ecologically and economically important seaweed that is dominant in the rocky shores of cold-temperate regions, forms the major component of productive beds, and affects marine environments. S. japonica exhibits a high photosynthetic efficiency in natural seawater with low dissolved CO2 concentration, thus suggesting the presence of its carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). However, the genes, proteins, and pathways involved in the CCM of S. japonica have not been fully identified and characterized. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a crucial component of CCM in macroalgae. In this study, the cloning, characterization, and subcellular localization of a specific CA were described. Multisequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that this CA belonged to the gamma (Sjγ-CA) class. This enzyme has a full-length cDAN of 1370 bp, encodes a protein with 246 amino acids (aa; ca. 25.7 kDa), and contains the mitochondrial transit peptide of 16 aa and LbH_gama_CA_like domain of 159 aa that defined the γ-CA region. The Sjγ-CA was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 and purified as an active recombinant CA. Immunogold electron microscopy and fluorescence localization illustrated that this enzyme is localized in the mitochondria, and its transcription level is up-regulated by low CO2 concentration. These findings showed that Sjγ-CA is a possible component of the CCM in S. japonica. This work is the first to report about the mtCA of macroalgae and provides a basis for further analysis on seaweed CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Conferred By Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for the Experimental Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - An-Ying Du
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Conferred By Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Conferred By Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhou
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences Conferred By Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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9
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Rudenko NN, Ignatova LK, Nadeeva-Zhurikova EM, Fedorchuk TP, Ivanov BN, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM. Advances in understanding the physiological role and locations of carbonic anhydrases in C3 plant cells. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:249-262. [PMID: 33118061 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The review describes the structures of plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs), enzymes catalyzing the interconversion of inorganic carbon forms and belonging to different families, as well as the interaction of inhibitors and activators of CA activity with the active sites of CAs in representatives of these families. We outline the data that shed light on the location of CAs in green cells of C3 plants, algae and angiosperms, with the emphasis on the recently obtained data. The proven and proposed functions of CAs in these organisms are listed. The possibility of the involvement of several chloroplast CAs in acceleration of the conversion of bicarbonate to CO2 and in supply of CO2 for fixation by Rubisco is particularly considered. Special attention is paid to CAs in various parts of thylakoids and to discussion about current knowledge of their possible physiological roles. The review states that, despite the significant progress in application of the mutants with suppressed CAs synthesis, the approach based on the use of the inhibitors of CA activity in some cases remains quite effective. Combination of these two approaches, namely determining the effect of CA activity inhibitors in plants with certain knocked-out CA genes, turns out to be very useful for understanding the functions of other CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290.
| | - Lyudmila K Ignatova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Elena M Nadeeva-Zhurikova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Tatiana P Fedorchuk
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Maria M Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
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10
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Jensen EL, Maberly SC, Gontero B. Insights on the Functions and Ecophysiological Relevance of the Diverse Carbonic Anhydrases in Microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2922. [PMID: 32331234 PMCID: PMC7215798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) exist in all kingdoms of life. They are metalloenzymes, often containing zinc, that catalyze the interconversion of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide-a ubiquitous reaction involved in a variety of cellular processes. So far, eight classes of apparently evolutionary unrelated CAs that are present in a large diversity of living organisms have been described. In this review, we focus on the diversity of CAs and their roles in photosynthetic microalgae. We describe their essential role in carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanisms and photosynthesis, their regulation, as well as their less studied roles in non-photosynthetic processes. We also discuss the presence in some microalgae, especially diatoms, of cambialistic CAs (i.e., CAs that can replace Zn by Co, Cd, or Fe) and, more recently, a CA that uses Mn as a metal cofactor, with potential ecological relevance in aquatic environments where trace metal concentrations are low. There has been a recent explosion of knowledge about this well-known enzyme with exciting future opportunities to answer outstanding questions using a range of different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Jensen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, IMM, FR3479, 31 Chemin J. Aiguier, CEDEX 20, 13 402 Marseille, France;
| | - Stephen C. Maberly
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lake Ecosystems Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK;
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, IMM, FR3479, 31 Chemin J. Aiguier, CEDEX 20, 13 402 Marseille, France;
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11
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Takeuchi T, Sears BB, Lindeboom C, Lin YT, Fekaris N, Zienkiewicz K, Zienkiewicz A, Poliner E, Benning C. Chlamydomonas CHT7 Is Required for an Effective Quiescent State by Regulating Nutrient-Responsive Cell Cycle Gene Expression. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1240-1269. [PMID: 32001503 PMCID: PMC7145468 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
COMPROMISED HYDROLYSIS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS7 (CHT7) in Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) was previously shown to affect the transcription of a subset of genes during nitrogen (N)-replete growth and following N refeeding. Here, we show that an extensive derepression of genes involved in DNA metabolism and cell cycle-related processes, as well as downregulation of genes encoding oxidoreductases and nutrient transporters, occurs in the cht7 mutant during N deprivation. Cellular mutant phenotypes are consistent with the observed transcriptome misregulation, as cht7 cells fail to properly arrest growth, nuclear replication, and cell division following N deprivation. Reduction in cht7 colony formation following N refeeding is explained by its compromised viability during N deprivation and by the occurrence of abortive divisions during N refeeding. Surprisingly, the largely unstructured C-terminal half of CHT7 with predicted protein binding domains, but not the canonical CXC DNA binding domain, is essential for the ability of CHT7 to form stable complexes and reverse the cellular phenotypes and transcription levels in the cht7 mutant. Hence, although lacking the presumed DNA binding domain, CHT7 modulates the expression of cell cycle genes in response to N availability, which is essential for establishing an effective quiescent state and the coordinated resumption of growth following N refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Barbara B Sears
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Chase Lindeboom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Yang-Tsung Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Nicholas Fekaris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Centre of Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Centre of Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Eric Poliner
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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12
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Penen F, Isaure MP, Dobritzsch D, Castillo-Michel H, Gontier E, Le Coustumer P, Malherbe J, Schaumlöffel D. Pyrenoidal sequestration of cadmium impairs carbon dioxide fixation in a microalga. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:479-495. [PMID: 31688962 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophic microorganisms are able to use organic carbon as well as inorganic carbon sources and thus, play an essential role in the biogeochemical carbon cycle. In aquatic ecosystems, the alteration of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) fixation by toxic metals such as cadmium - classified as a priority pollutant - could contribute to the unbalance of the carbon cycle. In consequence, the investigation of cadmium impact on carbon assimilation in mixotrophic microorganisms is of high interest. We exposed the mixotrophic microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to cadmium in a growth medium containing both CO2 and labelled 13 C-[1,2] acetate as carbon sources. We showed that the accumulation of cadmium in the pyrenoid, where it was predominantly bound to sulphur ligands, impaired CO2 fixation to the benefit of acetate assimilation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (X-EDS) and micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF)/micro X-ray absorption near-edge structure (μXANES) at Cd LIII- edge indicated the localization and the speciation of cadmium in the cellular structure. In addition, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) analysis of the 13 C/12 C ratio in pyrenoid and starch granules revealed the origin of carbon sources. The fraction of carbon in starch originating from CO2 decreased from 73 to 39% during cadmium stress. For the first time, the complementary use of high-resolution elemental and isotopic imaging techniques allowed relating the impact of cadmium at the subcellular level with carbon assimilation in a mixotrophic microalga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Penen
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Isaure
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
| | - Dirk Dobritzsch
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Core Facility Proteomic Mass Spectrometry, Proteinzentrum Charles Tanford, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Etienne Gontier
- Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, Pôle d'imagerie électronique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Le Coustumer
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
- Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, Pôle d'imagerie électronique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- UF Sciences de la Terre et Environnement, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Julien Malherbe
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Pau, France
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13
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Ribeiro DM, Roncaratti LF, Possa GC, Garcia LC, Cançado LJ, Williams TCR, dos Santos Alves Figueiredo Brasil B. A low-cost approach for Chlorella sorokiniana production through combined use of urea, ammonia and nitrate based fertilizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Kim M, Pernice M, Watson-Lazowski A, Guagliardo P, Kilburn MR, Larkum AWD, Raven JA, Ralph PJ. Effect of reduced irradiance on 13C uptake, gene expression and protein activity of the seagrass Zostera muelleri. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 149:80-89. [PMID: 31181418 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in the seagrass Zostera muelleri remains poorly understood. We investigated the effect of reduced irradiance on the incorporation of 13C, gene expression of photosynthetic, photorespiratory and intermediates recycling genes as well as the enzymatic content and activity of Rubisco and PEPC within Z. muelleri. Following 48 h of reduced irradiance, we found that i) there was a ∼7 fold reduction in 13C incorporation in above ground tissue, ii) a significant down regulation of photosynthetic, photorespiratory and intermediates recycling genes and iii) no significant difference in enzyme activity and content. We propose that Z. muelleri is able to alter its physiology in order to reduce the amount of C lost through photorespiration to compensate for the reduced carbon assimilation as a result of reduced irradiance. In addition, the first estimated rate constant (Kcat) and maximum rates of carboxylation (Vcmax) of Rubisco is reported for the first time for Z. muelleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Kim
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Alexander Watson-Lazowski
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Matt R Kilburn
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony W D Larkum
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - John A Raven
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Peter J Ralph
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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15
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Ignatova L, Rudenko N, Zhurikova E, Borisova-Mubarakshina M, Ivanov B. Carbonic Anhydrases in Photosynthesizing Cells of C3 Higher Plants. Metabolites 2019; 9:E73. [PMID: 30995746 PMCID: PMC6523093 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents data on the location, nature, properties, number, and expression of carbonic anhydrase genes in the photosynthesizing cells of C3 plants. The available data about the presence of carbonic anhydrases in plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast stroma and thylakoids are scrutinized. Special attention was paid to the presence of carbonic anhydrase activities in the different parts of thylakoids, and on collation of sources of these activities with enzymes encoded by the established genes of carbonic anhydrases. The data are presented to show that the consistent incorporation of carbonic anhydrases belonging to different families of these enzymes forms a coherent system of CO2 molecules transport from air to chloroplasts in photosynthesizing cells, where they are included in organic molecules in the carboxylation reaction. It is discussed that the manifestation of the activity of a certain carbonic anhydrase depends on environmental conditions and the stage of ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Ignatova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Natalia Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Elena Zhurikova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Maria Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Boris Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center ⁻ Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
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16
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Kolbe AR, Studer AJ, Cornejo OE, Cousins AB. Insights from transcriptome profiling on the non-photosynthetic and stomatal signaling response of maize carbonic anhydrase mutants to low CO 2. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:138. [PMID: 30767781 PMCID: PMC6377783 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the hydration of CO2 in the first biochemical step of C4 photosynthesis, and has been considered a potentially rate-limiting step when CO2 availability within a leaf is low. Previous work in Zea mays (maize) with a double knockout of the two highest-expressed β-CA genes, CA1 and CA2, reduced total leaf CA activity to less than 3% of wild-type. Surprisingly, this did not limit photosynthesis in maize at ambient or higher CO2concentrations. However, the ca1ca2 mutants exhibited reduced rates of photosynthesis at sub-ambient CO2, and accumulated less biomass when grown under sub-ambient CO2 (9.2 Pa). To further clarify the importance of CA for C4 photosynthesis, we assessed gene expression changes in wild-type, ca1 and ca1ca2 mutants in response to changes in pCO2 from 920 to 9.2 Pa. RESULTS Leaf samples from each genotype were collected for RNA-seq analysis at high CO2 and at two time points after the low CO2 transition, in order to identify early and longer-term responses to CO2 deprivation. Despite the existence of multiple isoforms of CA, no other CA genes were upregulated in CA mutants. Although photosynthetic genes were downregulated in response to low CO2, differential expression was not observed between genotypes. However, multiple indicators of carbon starvation were present in the mutants, including amino acid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and sugar signaling. In particular, multiple genes previously implicated in low carbon stress such as asparagine synthetase, amino acid transporters, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, as well as many transcription factors, were strongly upregulated. Furthermore, genes in the CO2 stomatal signaling pathway were differentially expressed in the CA mutants under low CO2. CONCLUSIONS Using a transcriptomic approach, we showed that carbonic anhydrase mutants do not compensate for the lack of CA activity by upregulating other CA or photosynthetic genes, but rather experienced extreme carbon stress when grown under low CO2. Our results also support a role for CA in the CO2 stomatal signaling pathway. This study provides insight into the importance of CA for C4 photosynthesis and its role in stomatal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Kolbe
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Anthony J. Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Omar E. Cornejo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Asaph B. Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
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17
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Lachmann SC, Mettler‐Altmann T, Wacker A, Spijkerman E. Nitrate or ammonium: Influences of nitrogen source on the physiology of a green alga. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1070-1082. [PMID: 30805141 PMCID: PMC6374670 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In freshwaters, algal species are exposed to different inorganic nitrogen (Ni) sources whose incorporation varies in biochemical energy demand. We hypothesized that due to the lesser energy requirement of ammonium ( NH 4 + )-use, in contrast to nitrate ( NO 3 - )-use, more energy remains for other metabolic processes, especially under CO2- and phosphorus (Pi) limiting conditions. Therefore, we tested differences in cell characteristics of the green alga Chlamydomonas acidophila grown on NH 4 + or NO 3 - under covariation of CO2 and Pi-supply in order to determine limitations, in a full-factorial design. As expected, results revealed higher carbon fixation rates for NH 4 + -grown cells compared to growth with NO 3 - under low CO2 conditions. NO 3 - -grown cells accumulated more of the nine analyzed amino acids, especially under Pi-limited conditions, compared to cells provided with NH 4 + . This is probably due to a slower protein synthesis in cells provided with NO 3 - . In contrast to our expectations, compared to NH 4 + -grown cells NO 3 - -grown cells had higher photosynthetic efficiency under Pi-limitation. In conclusion, growth on the Ni-source NH 4 + did not result in a clearly enhanced Ci-assimilation, as it was highly dependent on Pi and CO2 conditions (replete or limited). Results are potentially connected to the fact that C. acidophila is able to use only CO2 as its inorganic carbon (Ci) source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tabea Mettler‐Altmann
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences and Institute of Plant BiochemistryHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Alexander Wacker
- Heisenberg‐Group: Theoretical Aquatic Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Elly Spijkerman
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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18
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Ogée J, Wingate L, Genty B. Estimating Mesophyll Conductance from Measurements of C 18OO Photosynthetic Discrimination and Carbonic Anhydrase Activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:728-752. [PMID: 30104255 PMCID: PMC6181052 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in leaves catalyzes the 18O exchange between CO2 and water during photosynthesis. This feature has been used to estimate the mesophyll conductance to CO2 (g m) from measurements of online C18OO photosynthetic discrimination (∆18O). Based on CA assays on leaf extracts, it has been argued that CO2 in mesophyll cells should be in isotopic equilibrium with water in most C3 species as well as many C4 dicot species. However, this seems incompatible with ∆18O data that would indicate a much lower degree of equilibration, especially in C4 plants under high light intensity. This apparent contradiction is resolved here using a new model of C3 and C4 photosynthetic discrimination that includes competition between CO2 hydration and carboxylation and the contribution of respiratory fluxes. This new modeling framework is used to revisit previously published data sets on C3 and C4 species, including CA-deficient plants. We conclude that (1) newly ∆18O-derived g m values are usually close but significantly higher (typically 20% and up to 50%) than those derived assuming full equilibration and (2) despite the uncertainty associated with the respiration rate in light, or the water isotope gradient between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, robust estimates of ∆18O-derived g m can be achieved in both C3 and C4 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ogée
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1361, Interactions Sol-Plante-Atmosphère, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1361, Interactions Sol-Plante-Atmosphère, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Bernard Genty
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Aix-Marseille, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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19
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Nguyen B, Graham PJ, Rochman CM, Sinton D. A Platform for High-Throughput Assessments of Environmental Multistressors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700677. [PMID: 29721416 PMCID: PMC5908365 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A platform compatible with microtiter plates to parallelize environmental treatments to test the complex impacts of multiple stressors, including parameters relevant to climate change and point source pollutants is developed. This platform leverages (1) the high rate of purely diffusive gas transport in aerogels to produce well-defined centimeter-scale gas concentration gradients, (2) spatial light control, and (3) established automated liquid handling. The parallel gaseous, aqueous, and light control provided by the platform is compatible with multiparameter experiments across the life sciences. The platform is applied to measure biological effects in over 700 treatments in a five-parameter full factorial study with the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Further, the CO2 response of multicellular organisms, Lemna gibba and Artemia salina under surfactant and nanomaterial stress are tested with the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and Institute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Toronto5 King's College RoadTorontoONM5S 3G8Canada
| | - Percival J. Graham
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and Institute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Toronto5 King's College RoadTorontoONM5S 3G8Canada
| | - Chelsea M. Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto25 Wilcocks StTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and Institute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Toronto5 King's College RoadTorontoONM5S 3G8Canada
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20
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Aspatwar A, Haapanen S, Parkkila S. An Update on the Metabolic Roles of Carbonic Anhydrases in the Model Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Metabolites 2018. [PMID: 29534024 PMCID: PMC5876011 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes that are omnipresent in nature. CAs catalyze the basic reaction of the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3− and H+ in all living organisms. Photosynthetic organisms contain six evolutionarily different classes of CAs, which are namely: α-CAs, β-CAs, γ-CAs, δ-CAs, ζ-CAs, and θ-CAs. Many of the photosynthetic organisms contain multiple isoforms of each CA family. The model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains 15 CAs belonging to three different CA gene families. Of these 15 CAs, three belong to the α-CA gene family; nine belong to the β-CA gene family; and three belong to the γ-CA gene family. The multiple copies of the CAs in each gene family may be due to gene duplications within the particular CA gene family. The CAs of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are localized in different subcellular compartments of this unicellular alga. The presence of a large number of CAs and their diverse subcellular localization within a single cell suggests the importance of these enzymes in the metabolic and biochemical roles they perform in this unicellular alga. In the present review, we update the information on the molecular biology of all 15 CAs and their metabolic and biochemical roles in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We also present a hypothetical model showing the known functions of CAs and predicting the functions of CAs for which precise metabolic roles are yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Susanna Haapanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab, Ltd., and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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21
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LHCSR Expression under HSP70/RBCS2 Promoter as a Strategy to Increase Productivity in Microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010155. [PMID: 29303960 PMCID: PMC5796104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic organisms considered as potential alternative sources for biomass, biofuels or high value products. However, limited biomass productivity is commonly experienced in their cultivating system despite their high potential. One of the reasons for this limitation is the high thermal dissipation of the light absorbed by the outer layers of the cultures exposed to high light caused by the activation of a photoprotective mechanism called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). In the model organism for green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, NPQ is triggered by pigment binding proteins called light-harvesting-complexes-stress-related (LHCSRs), which are over-accumulated in high light. It was recently reported that biomass productivity can be increased both in microalgae and higher plants by properly tuning NPQ induction. In this work increased light use efficiency is reported by introducing in C. reinhardtii a LHCSR3 gene under the control of Heat Shock Protein 70/RUBISCO small chain 2 promoter in a npq4 lhcsr1 background, a mutant strain knockout for all LHCSR genes. This complementation strategy leads to a low expression of LHCSR3, causing a strong reduction of NPQ induction but is still capable of protecting from photodamage at high irradiance, resulting in an improved photosynthetic efficiency and higher biomass accumulation.
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22
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Raven JA, Beardall J, Sánchez-Baracaldo P. The possible evolution and future of CO2-concentrating mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3701-3716. [PMID: 28505361 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), based either on active transport of inorganic carbon (biophysical CCMs) or on biochemistry involving supplementary carbon fixation into C4 acids (C4 and CAM), play a major role in global primary productivity. However, the ubiquitous CO2-fixing enzyme in autotrophs, Rubisco, evolved at a time when atmospheric CO2 levels were very much higher than today and O2 was very low and, as CO2 and O2 approached (by no means monotonically), today's levels, at some time subsequently many organisms evolved a CCM that increased the supply of CO2 and decreased Rubisco oxygenase activity. Given that CO2 levels and other environmental factors have altered considerably between when autotrophs evolved and the present day, and are predicted to continue to change into the future, we here examine the drivers for, and possible timing of, evolution of CCMs. CCMs probably evolved when CO2 fell to 2-16 times the present atmospheric level, depending on Rubisco kinetics. We also assess the effects of other key environmental factors such as temperature and nutrient levels on CCM activity and examine the evidence for evolutionary changes in CCM activity and related cellular processes as well as limitations on continuity of CCMs through environmental variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Functional Plant Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Building 18, Clayton Campus, Vic 3800, Australia
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23
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Zuñiga C, Li CT, Huelsman T, Levering J, Zielinski DC, McConnell BO, Long CP, Knoshaug EP, Guarnieri MT, Antoniewicz MR, Betenbaugh MJ, Zengler K. Genome-Scale Metabolic Model for the Green Alga Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 395 Accurately Predicts Phenotypes under Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, and Mixotrophic Growth Conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:589-602. [PMID: 27372244 PMCID: PMC5074608 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Chlorella vulgaris has been widely recognized as a promising candidate for biofuel production due to its ability to store high lipid content and its natural metabolic versatility. Compartmentalized genome-scale metabolic models constructed from genome sequences enable quantitative insight into the transport and metabolism of compounds within a target organism. These metabolic models have long been utilized to generate optimized design strategies for an improved production process. Here, we describe the reconstruction, validation, and application of a genome-scale metabolic model for C. vulgaris UTEX 395, iCZ843. The reconstruction represents the most comprehensive model for any eukaryotic photosynthetic organism to date, based on the genome size and number of genes in the reconstruction. The highly curated model accurately predicts phenotypes under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic conditions. The model was validated against experimental data and lays the foundation for model-driven strain design and medium alteration to improve yield. Calculated flux distributions under different trophic conditions show that a number of key pathways are affected by nitrogen starvation conditions, including central carbon metabolism and amino acid, nucleotide, and pigment biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, model prediction of growth rates under various medium compositions and subsequent experimental validation showed an increased growth rate with the addition of tryptophan and methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal Zuñiga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Chien-Ting Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Tyler Huelsman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Jennifer Levering
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Daniel C Zielinski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Brian O McConnell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Christopher P Long
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Eric P Knoshaug
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Michael T Guarnieri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Maciek R Antoniewicz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412 (C.Z., T.H., J.L., D.C.Z., K.Z.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (C.-T.L., M.J.B.);Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 (B.O.M., C.P.L., M.R.A.); andNational Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401 (E.P.K., M.T.G.)
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Esperanza M, Seoane M, Rioboo C, Herrero C, Cid Á. Early alterations on photosynthesis-related parameters in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells exposed to atrazine: A multiple approach study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:237-245. [PMID: 26950638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells were exposed to a sublethal concentration of the widespread herbicide atrazine for 3h. Physiological cellular parameters, such as chlorophyll a fluorescence and oxidative stress monitored by flow cytometry and pigments levels were altered in microalgal cells exposed to 0.25 μM of atrazine. Furthermore, the effects of this herbicide on C. reinhardtii were explored using "omics" techniques. Transcriptomic analyses, carried out by RNA-Seq technique, displayed 9 differentially expressed genes, related to photosynthesis, between control cultures and atrazine exposed cultures. Proteomic profiles were obtained using iTRAQ tags and MALDI-MS/MS analysis, identifying important changes in the proteome during atrazine stress; 5 proteins related to photosynthesis were downexpressed. The results of these experiments advance the understanding of photosynthetic adjustments that occur during an early herbicide exposure. Inhibition of photosynthesis induced by atrazine toxicity will affect the entire physiological and biochemical states of microalgal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Concepción Herrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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25
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Hu H, Rappel WJ, Occhipinti R, Ries A, Böhmer M, You L, Xiao C, Engineer CB, Boron WF, Schroeder JI. Distinct Cellular Locations of Carbonic Anhydrases Mediate Carbon Dioxide Control of Stomatal Movements. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1168-78. [PMID: 26243620 PMCID: PMC4587455 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) in leaves closes stomatal apertures. Research has shown key functions of the β-carbonic anhydrases (βCA1 and βCA4) in rapid CO2-induced stomatal movements by catalytic transmission of the CO2 signal in guard cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, because initial studies indicate that these Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) βCAs are targeted to distinct intracellular compartments upon expression in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) cells. Which cellular location of these enzymes plays a key role in native guard cells in CO2-regulated stomatal movements remains unknown. Here, we express fluorescently tagged CAs in guard cells of ca1ca4 double-mutant plants and show that the specific locations of βCA4 at the plasma membrane and βCA1 in native guard cell chloroplasts each can mediate rapid CO2 control of stomatal movements. Localization and complementation analyses using a mammalian αCAII-yellow fluorescent protein in guard cells further show that cytoplasmic localization is also sufficient to restore CO2 regulation of stomatal conductance. Mathematical modeling of cellular CO2 catalysis suggests that the dynamics of the intracellular HCO3 (-) concentration change in guard cells can be driven by plasma membrane and cytoplasmic localizations of CAs but not as clearly by chloroplast targeting. Moreover, modeling supports the notion that the intracellular HCO3 (-) concentration dynamics in guard cells are a key mechanism in mediating CO2-regulated stomatal movements but that an additional chloroplast role of CAs exists that has yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Rossana Occhipinti
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Amber Ries
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Maik Böhmer
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Lei You
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Chuanlei Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Cawas B Engineer
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Walter F Boron
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China (H.H., L.Y., C.X.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section (H.H., A.R., M.B., C.B.E., J.I.S.) andPhysics Department (W.-J.R.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116; andDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics (R.O., W.F.B.) andDepartment of Medicine (W.F.B.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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26
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Wang Y, Stessman DJ, Spalding MH. The CO2 concentrating mechanism and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in limiting CO2 : how Chlamydomonas works against the gradient. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:429-448. [PMID: 25765072 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) represents an effective strategy for carbon acquisition that enables microalgae to survive and proliferate when the CO2 concentration limits photosynthesis. The CCM improves photosynthetic performance by raising the CO2 concentration at the site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), simultaneously enhancing carbon fixation and suppressing photorespiration. Active inorganic carbon (Ci) uptake, Rubisco sequestration and interconversion between different Ci species catalyzed by carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are key components in the CCM, and an array of molecular regulatory elements is present to facilitate the sensing of CO2 availability, to regulate the expression of the CCM and to coordinate interplay between photosynthetic carbon metabolism and other metabolic processes in response to limiting CO2 conditions. This review intends to integrate our current understanding of the eukaryotic algal CCM and its interaction with carbon assimilation, based largely on Chlamydomonas as a model, and to illustrate how Chlamydomonas acclimates to limiting CO2 conditions and how its CCM is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dan J Stessman
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Martin H Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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27
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Rautenberger R, Fernández PA, Strittmatter M, Heesch S, Cornwall CE, Hurd CL, Roleda MY. Saturating light and not increased carbon dioxide under ocean acidification drives photosynthesis and growth in Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta). Ecol Evol 2015; 5:874-88. [PMID: 25750714 PMCID: PMC4338970 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon physiology of a genetically identified Ulva rigida was investigated under different CO2(aq) and light levels. The study was designed to answer whether (1) light or exogenous inorganic carbon (Ci) pool is driving growth; and (2) elevated CO2(aq) concentration under ocean acidification (OA) will downregulate CAext-mediated [Formula: see text] dehydration and alter the stable carbon isotope (δ (13)C) signatures toward more CO2 use to support higher growth rate. At pHT 9.0 where CO2(aq) is <1 μmol L(-1), inhibition of the known [Formula: see text] use mechanisms, that is, direct [Formula: see text] uptake through the AE port and CAext-mediated [Formula: see text] dehydration decreased net photosynthesis (NPS) by only 56-83%, leaving the carbon uptake mechanism for the remaining 17-44% of the NPS unaccounted. An in silico search for carbon-concentrating mechanism elements in expressed sequence tag libraries of Ulva found putative light-dependent [Formula: see text] transporters to which the remaining NPS can be attributed. The shift in δ (13)C signatures from -22‰ toward -10‰ under saturating light but not under elevated CO2(aq) suggest preference and substantial [Formula: see text] use to support photosynthesis and growth. U. rigida is Ci saturated, and growth was primarily controlled by light. Therefore, increased levels of CO2(aq) predicted for the future will not, in isolation, stimulate Ulva blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Rautenberger
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Pamela A Fernández
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine InstituteOban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland
| | - Svenja Heesch
- Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of IrelandGalway (NUIG), University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christopher E Cornwall
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Michael Y Roleda
- Department of Botany, University of OtagoP.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Bioforsk Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental ResearchKudalsveien 6, 8049, Bodø, Norway
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28
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Ng WHA, Liu H. Diel variation of the cellular carbon to nitrogen ratio of Chlorella autotrophica (Chlorophyta) growing in phosphorus- and nitrogen-limited continuous cultures. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:82-92. [PMID: 26986260 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between daily growth rates and diel variation of carbon (C) metabolism and C to nitrogen (N) ratio under P- and N-limitation in the green algae Chlorella autotrophica. To do this, continuous cultures of C. autotrophica were maintained in a cyclostat culture system under 14:10 light:dark cycle over a series of P- and N-limited growth rates. Cell abundance, together with cell size, as reflected by side scatter signal from flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a synchronized diel pattern with cell division occurring at night. Under either type of nutrient limitation, the cellular C:N ratio increased through the light period and decreased through the dark period over all growth rates, indicating a higher diel variation of C metabolism than that of N. Daily average cellular C:N ratios were higher at lower dilution rates under both types of nutrient limitation but cell enlargement was only observed at lower dilution rates under P-limitation. Carbon specific growth rates during the dark period positively correlated with cellular daily growth rates (dilution rates), with net loss of C during night at the lowest growth rates under N-limitation. Under P-limitation, dark C specific growth rates were close to zero at low dilution rates but also exhibited an increasing trend at high dilution rates. In general, diel variations of cellular C:N were low when dark C specific growth rates were high. This result indicated that the fast growing cells performed dark C assimilation at high rates, hence diminished the uncoupling of C and N metabolism at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ho Albert Ng
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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29
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Xiao L, Lian B, Hao J, Liu C, Wang S. Effect of carbonic anhydrase on silicate weathering and carbonate formation at present day CO₂ concentrations compared to primordial values. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7733. [PMID: 25583135 PMCID: PMC4291579 DOI: 10.1038/srep07733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that carbonic anhydrase (CA) participates in silicate weathering and carbonate formation. Nevertheless, it is still not known if the magnitude of the effect produced by CA on surface rock evolution changes or not. In this work, CA gene expression from Bacillus mucilaginosus and the effects of recombination protein on wollastonite dissolution and carbonate formation under different conditions are explored. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to explore the correlation between CA gene expression and sufficiency or deficiency in calcium and CO2 concentration. The results show that the expression of CA genes is negatively correlated with both CO2 concentration and ease of obtaining soluble calcium. A pure form of the protein of interest (CA) is obtained by cloning, heterologous expression, and purification. The results from tests of the recombination protein on wollastonite dissolution and carbonate formation at different levels of CO2 concentration show that the magnitudes of the effects of CA and CO2 concentration are negatively correlated. These results suggest that the effects of microbial CA in relation to silicate weathering and carbonate formation may have increased importance at the modern atmospheric CO2 concentration compared to 3 billion years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianchao Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Congqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
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30
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López García de Lomana A, Schäuble S, Valenzuela J, Imam S, Carter W, Bilgin DD, Yohn CB, Turkarslan S, Reiss DJ, Orellana MV, Price ND, Baliga NS. Transcriptional program for nitrogen starvation-induced lipid accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:207. [PMID: 26633994 PMCID: PMC4667458 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Algae accumulate lipids to endure different kinds of environmental stresses including macronutrient starvation. Although this response has been extensively studied, an in depth understanding of the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) that controls the transition into lipid accumulation remains elusive. In this study, we used a systems biology approach to elucidate the transcriptional program that coordinates the nitrogen starvation-induced metabolic readjustments that drive lipid accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. RESULTS We demonstrate that nitrogen starvation triggered differential regulation of 2147 transcripts, which were co-regulated in 215 distinct modules and temporally ordered as 31 transcriptional waves. An early-stage response was triggered within 12 min that initiated growth arrest through activation of key signaling pathways, while simultaneously preparing the intracellular environment for later stages by modulating transport processes and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Subsequently, central metabolism and carbon fixation were remodeled to trigger the accumulation of triacylglycerols. Further analysis revealed that these waves of genome-wide transcriptional events were coordinated by a regulatory program orchestrated by at least 17 transcriptional regulators, many of which had not been previously implicated in this process. We demonstrate that the TRN coordinates transcriptional downregulation of 57 metabolic enzymes across a period of nearly 4 h to drive an increase in lipid content per unit biomass. Notably, this TRN appears to also drive lipid accumulation during sulfur starvation, while phosphorus starvation induces a different regulatory program. The TRN model described here is available as a community-wide web-resource at http://networks.systemsbiology.net/chlamy-portal. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we have uncovered a comprehensive mechanistic model of the TRN controlling the transition from N starvation to lipid accumulation. The program coordinates sequentially ordered transcriptional waves that simultaneously arrest growth and lead to lipid accumulation. This study has generated predictive tools that will aid in devising strategies for the rational manipulation of regulatory and metabolic networks for better biofuel and biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
- />Jena University Language and Information Engineering (JULIE) Lab, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- />Research Group Theoretical Systems Biology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jacob Valenzuela
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | - Saheed Imam
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | - Warren Carter
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | | | | | - Serdar Turkarslan
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | - David J. Reiss
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
| | - Mónica V. Orellana
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
- />Polar Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Nathan D. Price
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
- />Departments of Bioengineering and Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- />Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Nitin S. Baliga
- />Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, 98109 WA USA
- />Departments of Biology and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- />Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- />Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA USA
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Samukawa M, Shen C, Hopkinson BM, Matsuda Y. Localization of putative carbonic anhydrases in the marine diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 121:235-49. [PMID: 24414291 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen putative carbonic anhydrase (CA) genes have been identified in the marine multipolar centric diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana, and two of these CAs have been localized previously. The first, an alpha CA (TpαCA1), was localized in the chloroplast stroma; the second, a zeta-type CA (TpζCA1), was localized to the periplasmic space. In the present study, cloning and localization of the remaining CAs were carried out. TpγCA2, TpγCA3, TpγCA4, TpγCA5, TpδCA1, TpδCA2, TpδCA3, and TpζCA1 were responsive to CO2 availability at the transcriptional level, being significantly reduced in cells grown at 0.4 % CO2, whereas TpαCA1, TpαCA2, TpαCA3, TpγCA1, and TpδCA4 transcript levels were constitutive with respect to CO2 concentration. Full-length cDNAs for TpγCA1, TpγCA2, TpγCA3, TpγCA4, TpδCA1, and TpδCA2 were isolated and fused with the enhanced-green fluorescent gene at their 3' termini. These GFP-fusion constructs were transformed into T. pseudonana, and the resulting GFP fusion products were localized using fluorescence microscopy. The δ-type TpδCA1 was localized on the periphery of the cell, strongly suggesting localization to the periplasmic space or the frustule. The δ-type TpδCA3 and the γ-type TpγCA2 were, respectively, localized in a periplastidal compartment and the cytosol. The δ-type TpδCA2, and the γ-types TpγCA1, 3, and 4 were localized in the mitochondria. The distribution of CAs in T. pseudonana contrasts notably with that of the raphid pennate diatom P. tricornutum, with likely consequences for CCM function including modes of CO2 acquisition, regions in which DIC is accumulated, and needs for minimizing CO2 leakage from the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Samukawa
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
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Tirumani S, Kokkanti M, Chaudhari V, Shukla M, Rao BJ. Regulation of CCM genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during conditions of light-dark cycles in synchronous cultures. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:277-86. [PMID: 24590314 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated transcript level changes of CO(2)-concentrating mechanism (CCM) genes during light-dark (12 h:12 h) cycles in synchronized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at air-level CO(2). CCM gene transcript levels vary at various times of light-dark cycles, even at same air-level CO(2). Transcripts of inorganic carbon transporter genes (HLA3, LCI1, CCP1, CCP2 and LCIA) and mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase genes (CAH4 and CAH5) are up regulated in light, following which their levels decline in dark. Contrastingly, transcripts of chloroplast carbonic anhydrases namely CAH6, CAH3 and LCIB are up regulated in dark. CAH3 and LCIB transcript levels reached maximum by the end of dark, followed by high expression into early light period. In contrast, CAH6 transcript level stayed high in dark, followed by high level even in light. Moreover, the up regulation of transcripts in dark was undone by high CO(2), suggesting that the dark induced CCM transcripts were regulated by CO(2) even in dark when CCM is absent. Thus while the CAH3 transcript level modulations appear not to positively correlate with that of CCM, the protein regulation matched with CCM status: in spite of high transcript levels in dark, CAH3 protein reached peak level only in light and localized entirely to pyrenoid, a site functionally relevant for CCM. Moreover, in dark, CAH3 protein level not only reduced but also the protein localized as a diffused pattern in chloroplast. We propose that transcription of most CCM genes, followed by protein level changes including their intracellular localization of a subset is subject to light-dark cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Tirumani
- B-202, Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India
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Schmollinger S, Mühlhaus T, Boyle NR, Blaby IK, Casero D, Mettler T, Moseley JL, Kropat J, Sommer F, Strenkert D, Hemme D, Pellegrini M, Grossman AR, Stitt M, Schroda M, Merchant SS. Nitrogen-Sparing Mechanisms in Chlamydomonas Affect the Transcriptome, the Proteome, and Photosynthetic Metabolism. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1410-1435. [PMID: 24748044 PMCID: PMC4036562 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.122523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient that limits global primary productivity; hence, N-use efficiency is of compelling interest in agriculture and aquaculture. We used Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a reference organism for a multicomponent analysis of the N starvation response. In the presence of acetate, respiratory metabolism is prioritized over photosynthesis; consequently, the N-sparing response targets proteins, pigments, and RNAs involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast function over those involved in respiration. Transcripts and proteins of the Calvin-Benson cycle are reduced in N-deficient cells, resulting in the accumulation of cycle metabolic intermediates. Both cytosolic and chloroplast ribosomes are reduced, but via different mechanisms, reflected by rapid changes in abundance of RNAs encoding chloroplast ribosomal proteins but not cytosolic ones. RNAs encoding transporters and enzymes for metabolizing alternative N sources increase in abundance, as is appropriate for the soil environmental niche of C. reinhardtii. Comparison of the N-replete versus N-deplete proteome indicated that abundant proteins with a high N content are reduced in N-starved cells, while the proteins that are increased have lower than average N contents. This sparing mechanism contributes to a lower cellular N/C ratio and suggests an approach for engineering increased N-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schmollinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nanette R Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ian K Blaby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - David Casero
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Tabea Mettler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L Moseley
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Janette Kropat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniela Strenkert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Dorothea Hemme
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Collos Y, Harrison PJ. Acclimation and toxicity of high ammonium concentrations to unicellular algae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 80:8-23. [PMID: 24533997 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A literature review on the effects of high ammonium concentrations on the growth of 6 classes of microalgae suggests the following rankings. Mean optimal ammonium concentrations were 7600, 2500, 1400, 340, 260, 100 μM for Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Diatomophyceae, Raphidophyceae, and Dinophyceae respectively and their tolerance to high toxic ammonium levels was 39,000, 13,000, 2300, 3600, 2500, 1200 μM respectively. Field ammonium concentrations <100 μM would not likely reduce the growth rate of most microalgae. Chlorophytes were significantly more tolerant to high ammonium than diatoms, prymnesiophytes, dinoflagellates, and raphidophytes. Cyanophytes were significantly more tolerant than dinoflagellates which were the least tolerant. A smaller but more complete data set was used to estimate ammonium EC₅₀ values, and the ranking was: Chlorophyceae>Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae, Diatomophyceae, and Raphidophyceae. Ammonia toxicity is mainly attributed to NH₃ at pHs >9 and at pHs <8, toxicity is likely associated with the ammonium ion rather than ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Collos
- Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers (UMR5119), Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, IRD, case 093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Paul J Harrison
- University of British Columbia, Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Rajeev L, da Rocha UN, Klitgord N, Luning EG, Fortney J, Axen SD, Shih PM, Bouskill NJ, Bowen BP, Kerfeld CA, Garcia-Pichel F, Brodie EL, Northen TR, Mukhopadhyay A. Dynamic cyanobacterial response to hydration and dehydration in a desert biological soil crust. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 7:2178-91. [PMID: 23739051 PMCID: PMC3806265 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) cover extensive portions of the earth's deserts. In order to survive desiccation cycles and utilize short periods of activity during infrequent precipitation, crust microorganisms must rely on the unique capabilities of vegetative cells to enter a dormant state and be poised for rapid resuscitation upon wetting. To elucidate the key events involved in the exit from dormancy, we performed a wetting experiment of a BSC and followed the response of the dominant cyanobacterium, Microcoleus vaginatus, in situ using a whole-genome transcriptional time course that included two diel cycles. Immediate, but transient, induction of DNA repair and regulatory genes signaled the hydration event. Recovery of photosynthesis occurred within 1 h, accompanied by upregulation of anabolic pathways. Onset of desiccation was characterized by the induction of genes for oxidative and photo-oxidative stress responses, osmotic stress response and the synthesis of C and N storage polymers. Early expression of genes for the production of exopolysaccharides, additional storage molecules and genes for membrane unsaturation occurred before drying and hints at preparedness for desiccation. We also observed signatures of preparation for future precipitation, notably the expression of genes for anaplerotic reactions in drying crusts, and the stable maintenance of mRNA through dormancy. These data shed light on possible synchronization between this cyanobacterium and its environment, and provides key mechanistic insights into its metabolism in situ that may be used to predict its response to climate, and or, land-use driven perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rajeev
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Expression of three β-type carbonic anhydrases in tomato fruits. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4189-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Park J, Khuu N, Howard ASM, Mullen RT, Plaxton WC. Bacterial- and plant-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isozymes from developing castor oil seeds interact in vivo and associate with the surface of mitochondria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:251-62. [PMID: 22404138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) from developing castor oil seeds (COS) exists as two distinct oligomeric isoforms. The typical class-1 PEPC homotetramer consists of 107-kDa plant-type PEPC (PTPC) subunits, whereas the allosterically desensitized 910-kDa class-2 PEPC hetero-octamer arises from the association of class-1 PEPC with 118-kDa bacterial-type PEPC (BTPC) subunits. The in vivo interaction and subcellular location of COS BTPC and PTPC were assessed by imaging fluorescent protein (FP)-tagged PEPCs in tobacco suspension-cultured cells. The BTPC-FP mainly localized to cytoplasmic punctate/globular structures, identified as mitochondria by co-immunostaining of endogenous cytochrome oxidase. Inhibition of respiration with KCN resulted in proportional decreases and increases in mitochondrial versus cytosolic BTPC-FP, respectively. The FP-PTPC and NLS-FP-PTPC (containing an appended nuclear localization signal, NLS) localized to the cytosol and nucleus, respectively, but both co-localized with mitochondrial-associated BTPC when co-expressed with BTPC-FP. Transmission electron microscopy of immunogold-labeled developing COS revealed that BTPC and PTPC are localized at the mitochondrial (outer) envelope, as well as the cytosol. Moreover, thermolysin-sensitive BTPC and PTPC polypeptides were detected on immunoblots of purified COS mitochondria. Overall, our results demonstrate that: (i) COS BTPC and PTPC interact in vivo as a class-2 PEPC complex that associates with the surface of mitochondria, (ii) BTPC's unique and divergent intrinsically disordered region mediates its interaction with PTPC, whereas (iii) the PTPC-containing class-1 PEPC is entirely cytosolic. We hypothesize that mitochondrial-associated class-2 PEPC facilitates rapid refixation of respiratory CO(2) while sustaining a large anaplerotic flux to replenish tricarboxylic acid cycle C-skeletons withdrawn for biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonho Park
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Igamberdiev AU, Roussel MR. Feedforward non-Michaelis–Menten mechanism for CO2 uptake by Rubisco: Contribution of carbonic anhydrases and photorespiration to optimization of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Biosystems 2012; 107:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Raven JA, Giordano M, Beardall J, Maberly SC. Algal evolution in relation to atmospheric CO2: carboxylases, carbon-concentrating mechanisms and carbon oxidation cycles. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:493-507. [PMID: 22232762 PMCID: PMC3248706 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved at least 2.4 Ga; all oxygenic organisms use the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco)-photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (PCRC) rather than one of the five other known pathways of autotrophic CO(2) assimilation. The high CO(2) and (initially) O(2)-free conditions permitted the use of a Rubisco with a high maximum specific reaction rate. As CO(2) decreased and O(2) increased, Rubisco oxygenase activity increased and 2-phosphoglycolate was produced, with the evolution of pathways recycling this inhibitory product to sugar phosphates. Changed atmospheric composition also selected for Rubiscos with higher CO(2) affinity and CO(2)/O(2) selectivity correlated with decreased CO(2)-saturated catalytic capacity and/or for CO(2)-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). These changes increase the energy, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, zinc and manganese cost of producing and operating Rubisco-PCRC, while biosphere oxygenation decreased the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. The majority of algae today have CCMs; the timing of their origins is unclear. If CCMs evolved in a low-CO(2) episode followed by one or more lengthy high-CO(2) episodes, CCM retention could involve a combination of environmental factors known to favour CCM retention in extant organisms that also occur in a warmer high-CO(2) ocean. More investigations, including studies of genetic adaptation, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee at TJHI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
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Fukuzawa H, Ogawa T, Kaplan A. The Uptake of CO2 by Cyanobacteria and Microalgae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Raven JA, Giordano M, Beardall J, Maberly SC. Algal and aquatic plant carbon concentrating mechanisms in relation to environmental change. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 109:281-296. [PMID: 21327536 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms (also known as inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms; both abbreviated as CCMs) presumably evolved under conditions of low CO(2) availability. However, the timing of their origin is unclear since there are no sound estimates from molecular clocks, and even if there were, there are no proxies for the functioning of CCMs. Accordingly, we cannot use previous episodes of high CO(2) (e.g. the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum) to indicate how organisms with CCMs responded. Present and predicted environmental change in terms of increased CO(2) and temperature are leading to increased CO(2) and HCO(3)(-) and decreased CO(3)(2-) and pH in surface seawater, as well as decreasing the depth of the upper mixed layer and increasing the degree of isolation of this layer with respect to nutrient flux from deeper waters. The outcome of these forcing factors is to increase the availability of inorganic carbon, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) to aquatic photolithotrophs and to decrease the supply of the nutrients (combined) nitrogen and phosphorus and of any non-aeolian iron. The influence of these variations on CCM expression has been examined to varying degrees as acclimation by extant organisms. Increased PAR increases CCM expression in terms of CO(2) affinity, whilst increased UVB has a range of effects in the organisms examined; little relevant information is available on increased temperature. Decreased combined nitrogen supply generally increases CO(2) affinity, decreased iron availability increases CO(2) affinity, and decreased phosphorus supply has varying effects on the organisms examined. There are few data sets showing interactions amongst the observed changes, and even less information on genetic (adaptation) changes in response to the forcing factors. In freshwaters, changes in phytoplankton species composition may alter with environmental change with consequences for frequency of species with or without CCMs. The information available permits less predictive power as to the effect of the forcing factors on CCM expression than for their overall effects on growth. CCMs are currently not part of models as to how global environmental change has altered, and is likely to further alter, algal and aquatic plant primary productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at SCRI, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
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Kranz SA, Eichner M, Rost B. Interactions between CCM and N2 fixation in Trichodesmium. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 109:73-84. [PMID: 21190135 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In view of the current increase in atmospheric pCO(2) and concomitant changes in the marine environment, it is crucial to assess, understand, and predict future responses of ecologically relevant phytoplankton species. The diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum was found to respond strongly to elevated pCO(2) by increasing growth, production rates, and N(2) fixation. The magnitude of these CO(2) effects exceeds those previously seen in other phytoplankton, raising the question about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we review recent publications on metabolic pathways of Trichodesmium from a gene transcription level to the protein activities and energy fluxes. Diurnal patterns of nitrogenase activity change markedly with CO(2) availability, causing higher diel N(2) fixation rates under elevated pCO(2). The observed responses to elevated pCO(2) could not be attributed to enhanced energy generation via gross photosynthesis, although there are indications for CO(2)-dependent changes in ATP/NADPH + H(+) production. The CO(2) concentrating mechanism (CCM) in Trichodesmium is primarily based on HCO(3)(-) uptake. Although only little CO(2) uptake was detected, the NDH complex seems to play a crucial role in internal cycling of inorganic carbon, especially under elevated pCO(2). Affinities for inorganic carbon change over the day, closely following the pattern in N(2) fixation, and generally decrease with increasing pCO(2). This down-regulation of CCM activity and the simultaneously enhanced N(2) fixation point to a shift in energy allocation from carbon acquisition to N(2) fixation under elevated pCO(2) levels. A strong light modulation of CO(2) effects further corroborates the role of energy fluxes as a key to understand the responses of Trichodesmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven A Kranz
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Moroney JV, Ma Y, Frey WD, Fusilier KA, Pham TT, Simms TA, DiMario RJ, Yang J, Mukherjee B. The carbonic anhydrase isoforms of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: intracellular location, expression, and physiological roles. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 109:133-49. [PMID: 21365258 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic photosynthetic organisms, such as the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, respond to low CO(2) conditions by inducing a CO(2) concentrating mechanism (CCM). Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are important components of the CCM. CAs are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO(2) and HCO(3)(-). In C. reinhardtii, there are at least 12 genes that encode CA isoforms, including three alpha, six beta, and three gamma or gamma-like CAs. The expression of the three alpha and six beta genes has been measured from cells grown on elevated CO(2) (having no active CCM) versus cells growing on low levels of CO(2) (with an active CCM) using northern blots, differential hybridization to DNA chips and quantitative RT-PCR. Recent RNA-seq profiles add to our knowledge of the expression of all of the CA genes. In addition, protein content for some of the CA isoforms was estimated using antibodies corresponding to the specific CA isoforms: CAH1/2, CAH3, CAH4/5, CAH6, and CAH7. The intracellular location of each of the CA isoforms was elucidated using immunolocalization and cell fractionation techniques. Combining these results with previous studies using CA mutant strains, we will discuss possible physiological roles of the CA isoforms concentrating on how these CAs might contribute to the acquisition and retention of CO(2) in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Tachibana M, Allen AE, Kikutani S, Endo Y, Bowler C, Matsuda Y. Localization of putative carbonic anhydrases in two marine diatoms, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 109:205-21. [PMID: 21365259 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that intracellular carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are essential components of carbon concentrating mechanisms in microalgae. In this study, putative CA-encoding genes were identified in the genome sequences of the marine diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Subsequently, the subcellular localizations of the encoded proteins were determined. Nine and thirteen CA sequences were found in the genomes of P. tricornutum and T. pseudonana, respectively. Two of the β-CA genes in P. tricornutum corresponded to ptca1 and ptca2 identified previously. Immunostaining transmission electron microscopy of a PtCA1:YFP fusion expressed in the cells of P. tricornutum clearly showed the localization of PtCA1 within the central part of the pyrenoid structure in the chloroplast. Besides these two β-CA genes, P. tricornutum likely contains five α- and two γ-CA genes, whereas T. pseudonana has three α-, five γ-, four δ-, and one ζ-CA genes. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR performed on mRNA from the two diatoms grown in changing light and CO(2) conditions revealed that levels of six putative α- and γ-CA mRNAs in P. tricornutum did not change between cells grown in air-level CO(2) and 5% CO(2). However, mRNA levels of one putative α-CA gene, CA-VII in P. tricornutum, were reduced in the dark compared to that in the light. In T. pseudonana, mRNA accumulation levels of putative α-CA (CA-1), ζ-CA (CA-3) and δ-CA (CA-7) were analyzed and all levels found to be significantly reduced when cells were grown in 0.16% CO(2). Intercellular localizations of eight putative CAs were analyzed by expressing GFP fusion in P. tricornutum and T. pseudonana. In P. tricornutum, CA-I and II localized in the periplastidial compartment, CA-III, VI, VII were found in the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum, and CA-VIII was localized in the mitochondria. On the other hand, T. pseudonana CA-1 localized in the stroma and CA-3 was found in the periplasm. These results suggest that CAs are constitutively present in the four chloroplastic membrane systems in P. tricornutum and that CO(2) responsive CAs occur in the pyrenoid of P. tricornutum, and in the stroma and periplasm of T. pseudonana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Tachibana
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University,Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
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Terashima M, Specht M, Hippler M. The chloroplast proteome: a survey from the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii perspective with a focus on distinctive features. Curr Genet 2011; 57:151-68. [PMID: 21533645 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-011-0339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has emerged to be an important model organism for the study of oxygenic eukaryotic photosynthesis as well as other processes occurring in the chloroplast. However, the chloroplast proteome in C. reinhardtii has only recently been comprehensively characterized, made possible by proteomics emerging as an accessible and powerful tool over the last decade. In this review, we introduce a compiled list of 996 experimentally chloroplast-localized proteins for C. reinhardtii, stemming largely from our previous proteomic dataset comparing chloroplasts and mitochondria samples to localize proteins. In order to get a taste of some cellular functions taking place in the C. reinhardtii chloroplast, we will focus this review particularly on metabolic differences between chloroplasts of C. reinhardtii and higher plants. Areas that will be covered are photosynthesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, fermentative metabolism, ferredoxins and ferredoxin-interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Terashima
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Raven JA. Inorganic carbon acquisition by eukaryotic algae: four current questions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 106:123-34. [PMID: 20524069 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phylogenetically and morphologically diverse eukaryotic algae are typically oxygenic photolithotrophs. They have a diversity of incompletely understood mechanisms of inorganic carbon acquisition: this article reviews four areas where investigations continue. The first topic is diffusive CO(2) entry. Most eukaryotic algae, like all cyanobacteria, have inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). The ancestral condition was presumably the absence of a CCM, i.e. diffusive CO(2) entry, as found in a small minority of eukaryotic algae today; however, it is likely that, as is found in several cases, this condition is due to a loss of a CCM. There are a number of algae which are in various respects intermediate between diffusive CO(2) entry and occurrence of a CCM: further study is needed on this aspect. A second topic is the nature of cyanelles and their role in inorganic carbon assimilation. The cyanelles (plastids) of the euglyphid amoeba Paulinella have been acquired relatively recently by endosymbiosis with genetic integration of an α-cyanobacterium with a Form 1A Rubisco. The α-carboxysomes in the cyanelles are presumably involved in a CCM, but further investigation is needed.Also called cyanelles are the plastids of glaucocystophycean algae, but is it now clear that these were derived from the β-cyanobacterial ancestor of all plastids other than that of Paulinella. The resemblances of the central body of the cyanelles of glaucocystophycean algae to carboxysomes may not reflect derivation from cyanobacterial β-carboxysomes; although it is clear that these algae have CCMs but these are now well characterized. The other two topics concern CCMs in other eukaryotic algae; these CCMs arose polyphyletically and independently of the cyanobacterial CCMs. It is generally believed that eukaryotic algal, like cyanobacterial, CCMs are based on active transport of an inorganic carbon species and/or protons, and they have C(3) biochemistry. This is the case for the organism considered as the third topic, i.e. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the eukaryotic alga with the best understood CCM. This CCM involves HCO(3)(-) conversion to CO(2) in the thylakoid lumen so the external inorganic carbon must cross four membranes in series with a final CO(2) effux from the thylakoid. More remains to be investigated about this CCM. The final topic is that of the occurrence of C(4)-like metabolism in the CCMs of marine diatoms. Different conclusions have been reached depending on the organism investigated and the techniques used, and several aspects require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at SCRI, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
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He J, Austin PT, Lee SK. Effects of elevated root zone CO2 and air temperature on photosynthetic gas exchange, nitrate uptake, and total reduced nitrogen content in aeroponically grown lettuce plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3959-69. [PMID: 20627898 PMCID: PMC2935869 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effects of elevated root zone (RZ) CO(2) and air temperature on photosynthesis, productivity, nitrate (NO(3)(-)), and total reduced nitrogen (N) content in aeroponically grown lettuce plants were studied. Three weeks after transplanting, four different RZ [CO(2)] concentrations [ambient (360 ppm) and elevated concentrations of 2000, 10,000, and 50,000 ppm] were imposed on plants grown at two air temperature regimes of 28 degrees C/22 degrees C (day/night) and 36 degrees C/30 degrees C. Photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) increased with increasing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). When grown at 28 degrees C/22 degrees C, all plants accumulated more biomass than at 36 degrees C/30 degrees C. When measured under a PAR >or=600 micromol m(-2) s(-1), elevated RZ [CO(2)] resulted in significantly higher A, lower g(s), and higher midday leaf relative water content in all plants. Under elevated RZ [CO(2)], the increase of biomass was greater in roots than in shoots, causing a lower shoot/root ratio. The percentage increase in growth under elevated RZ [CO(2)] was greater at 36 degrees C/30 degrees C although the total biomass was higher at 28 degrees C/22 degrees C. NO(3)(-) and total reduced N concentrations of shoot and root were significantly higher in all plants under elevated RZ [CO(2)] than under ambient RZ [CO(2)] of 360 ppm at both temperature regimes. At each RZ [CO(2)], NO(3)(-) and total reduced N concentration of shoots were greater at 28 degrees C/22 degrees C than at 36 degrees C/30 degrees C. At all RZ [CO(2)], roots of plants at 36 degrees C/30 degrees C had significantly higher NO(3)(-) and total reduced N concentrations than at 28 degrees C/22 degrees C. Since increased RZ [CO(2)] caused partial stomatal closure, maximal A and maximal g(s) were negatively correlated, with a unique relationship for each air temperature. However, across all RZ [CO(2)] and temperature treatments, there was a close correlation between maximal A and total shoot reduced N concentration of plants under different RZ [CO(2)], indicating that increased A under elevated RZ [CO(2)] could partially be due to the higher shoot total reduced N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore.
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