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Wu M, Northen TR, Ding Y. Stressing the importance of plant specialized metabolites: omics-based approaches for discovering specialized metabolism in plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1272363. [PMID: 38023861 PMCID: PMC10663375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1272363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse range of specialized metabolites that play pivotal roles in mediating environmental interactions and stress adaptation. These unique chemical compounds also hold significant agricultural, medicinal, and industrial values. Despite the expanding knowledge of their functions in plant stress interactions, understanding the intricate biosynthetic pathways of these natural products remains challenging due to gene and pathway redundancy, multifunctionality of proteins, and the activity of enzymes with broad substrate specificity. In the past decade, substantial progress in genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics has made the exploration of plant specialized metabolism more feasible than ever before. Notably, recent advances in integrative multi-omics and computational approaches, along with other technologies, are accelerating the discovery of plant specialized metabolism. In this review, we present a summary of the recent progress in the discovery of plant stress-related specialized metabolites. Emphasis is placed on the application of advanced omics-based approaches and other techniques in studying plant stress-related specialized metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the high-throughput methods for gene functional characterization. These advances hold great promise for harnessing the potential of specialized metabolites to enhance plant stress resilience in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Trent R. Northen
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Zhang X, Chen X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Zhang T, Xiong Y, Li Y, Yuan Y, Pan X, Ma G. Characterization of sandalwood (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase whose overexpression enhances cold tolerance through jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2023; 258:54. [PMID: 37515637 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Santalum album (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase catalyzes FPP into (E,E)-α-farnesene. Overexpression of the SaAFS gene positively improved cold stress tolerance through JA biosynthesis and signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Volatile terpenoids are released from plants that suffer negative effects following exposure to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent studies revealed that (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase (AFS) plays a significant role in a plant's defence against biotic attack. However, little is known about whether AFS contributes to plant resistance to cold stress. In this study, a SaAFS gene was isolated from Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) and functionally characterized. The SaAFS protein mainly converts farnesyl diphosphate to (E,E)-α-farnesene. SaAFS was clustered into the AFS clade from angiosperms, suggesting a highly conserved enzyme. SaAFS displayed a significant response to cold stress and methyl jasmonate. SaAFS overexpression (OE) in Arabidopsis enhanced cold tolerance by increasing proline content, reducing malondialdehyde content, electrolyte leakage, and accumulating reactive oxygen species. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that upregulated genes related to stress response and JA biosynthesis and signaling were detected in SaAFS-OE lines compared with wild type plants that were exposed to cold stress. Endogenous JA and jasmonoyl-isoleucine content increased significantly in SaAFS-OE lines exposed to cold stress. Collectively considered, these results suggest that the SaAFS gene is a positive regulator during cold stress tolerance via JA biosynthesis and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Xiong
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Pan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Kutty NN, Mishra M. Dynamic distress calls: volatile info chemicals induce and regulate defense responses during herbivory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1135000. [PMID: 37416879 PMCID: PMC10322200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously threatened by a plethora of biotic stresses caused by microbes, pathogens, and pests, which often act as the major constraint in crop productivity. To overcome such attacks, plants have evolved with an array of constitutive and induced defense mechanisms- morphological, biochemical, and molecular. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a class of specialized metabolites that are naturally emitted by plants and play an important role in plant communication and signaling. During herbivory and mechanical damage, plants also emit an exclusive blend of volatiles often referred to as herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). The composition of this unique aroma bouquet is dependent upon the plant species, developmental stage, environment, and herbivore species. HIPVs emitted from infested and non-infested plant parts can prime plant defense responses by various mechanisms such as redox, systemic and jasmonate signaling, activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, and transcription factors; mediate histone modifications; and can also modulate the interactions with natural enemies via direct and indirect mechanisms. These specific volatile cues mediate allelopathic interactions leading to altered transcription of defense-related genes, viz., proteinase inhibitors, amylase inhibitors in neighboring plants, and enhanced levels of defense-related secondary metabolites like terpenoids and phenolic compounds. These factors act as deterrents to feeding insects, attract parasitoids, and provoke behavioral changes in plants and their neighboring species. This review presents an overview of the plasticity identified in HIPVs and their role as regulators of plant defense in Solanaceous plants. The selective emission of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) including hexanal and its derivatives, terpenes, methyl salicylate, and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) inducing direct and indirect defense responses during an attack from phloem-sucking and leaf-chewing pests is discussed. Furthermore, we also focus on the recent developments in the field of metabolic engineering focused on modulation of the volatile bouquet to improve plant defenses.
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Zhan C, Lei L, Guo H, Zhou S, Xu C, Liu Z, Wu Z, Deng Y, Miao Y, Han Y, Zhang M, Li H, Huang S, Yang C, Zhang F, Li Y, Liu L, Liu X, Abbas HMK, Fernie AR, Yuan M, Luo J. Disease resistance conferred by components of essential chrysanthemum oil and the epigenetic regulation of OsTPS1. SCIENCE CHINA LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 66:1108-1118. [PMID: 36462108 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene alpha-bisabolol is the predominant active ingredient in essential oils that are highly valued in the cosmetics industry due to its wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and skin-soothing properties. Alpha-bisabolol was thought to be restricted to Compositae plants. Here we reveal that alpha-bisabolol is also synthesized in rice, a non-Compositae plant, where it acts as a novel sesquiterpene phytoalexin. Overexpressing the gene responsible for the biosynthesis of alpha-bisabolol, OsTPS1, conferred bacterial blight resistance in rice. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that alpha-bisabolol-synthesizing enzymes in rice and Compositae evolved independently. Further experiments demonstrated that the natural variation in the disease resistance level was associated with differential transcription of OsTPS1 due to polymorphisms in its promoter. We demonstrated that OsTPS1 was regulated at the epigenetic level by JMJ705 through the methyl jasmonate pathway. These data reveal the cross-family accumulation and regulatory mechanisms of alpha-bisabolol production.
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Zhang J, Gu X, Yan W, Lou L, Xu X, Chen X. Characterization of Differences in the Composition and Content of Volatile Compounds in Cucumber Fruit. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081101. [PMID: 35454687 PMCID: PMC9027996 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cucumber is characterized by the presence of a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are recognized as the main responsible for its unique flavor. However, research on the types and contents of VOCs in different cucumber cultivars remains fragmentary. Here, using an automatic headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, the VOCs were analyzed in three representative cucumber cultivars, including YX, KX, and GX, with the best, middle, and worst flavor quality, respectively, which were selected from 30 cultivars after flavor quality evaluation. Principal component analysis revealed that the six biological replicates were grouped, indicating high reliability of the data. A total of 163 VOCs were detected. There were 28 differential VOCs in YX compared to GX, 33 differential VOCs in YX compared to KX, and 10 differential VOCs in KX compared to GX. Furthermore, K-means clustering analysis showed that 38 of the 43 no-overlapping differential VOCs were represented by the most abundant compounds detected in YX. The prevailing VOCs in YX included: hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones. The data obtained in the present study extend our understanding the impact of cultivars on VOCs in cucumber and will help facilitate targeted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.Z.); (X.G.); (W.Y.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiuchao Gu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.Z.); (X.G.); (W.Y.); (X.C.)
| | - Wenjing Yan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.Z.); (X.G.); (W.Y.); (X.C.)
| | - Lina Lou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Xuewen Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.Z.); (X.G.); (W.Y.); (X.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.Z.); (X.G.); (W.Y.); (X.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Mishra DK, Srivastava R, Pandey BK, Verma PC, Sawant SV. Identification and validation of the wound and insect bite early inducible promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:74. [PMID: 35251877 PMCID: PMC8861216 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A wound-inducible promoter facilitates the regulated gene expression at the targeted site during the time of mechanical stress or infestation by the pathogen. The present work has aimed to identify a wound-inducible promoter that expresses at early time points preceding wound-stress treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana. The computational analysis of microarray data (GSE5627) resulted in the identification of five early inducible genes, viz., AT1G17380, AT1G80440, AT2G43530, AT3G48360, and AT5G13220. The RT-PCR analysis showed AT5G13220 (JASMONATE-ASSOCIATED 1) gene induced at a significantly higher level post 30 min of wounding. Thus, the promoter of the highly induced and early expressed wound-inducible gene, AT5G13220 (named PW220), was characterized by fusing with β-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter or Cry1EC genes. The fluorometric analysis and histochemical staining of the gusA gene and quantitative estimation of Cry1EC protein in Nicotiana tabacum transgenic lines confirmed wound-induced expression characteristic of the selected promoter. Insect bioassay suggested that wound-inducible and constitutive expression of Cry1EC protein in transgenic lines showed a similar level of protection against different instar Spodoptera litura larvae. Furthermore, we identified that abscisic acid influenced the wound-specific expression of the selected PW220 promoter in the transgenic lines, which correlates with the presence of conserved cis-regulatory elements associated with dehydration and abscisic acid responses. Altogether, our results suggested that the wound-inducible promoter PW220 provides an excellent alternative for developing insect-tolerant transgenic crops in the future. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03143-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Kumar Mishra
- grid.417642.20000 0000 9068 0476Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771AcSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India ,Present Address: Department of Botany. School of Applied Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Rakesh Srivastava
- grid.417642.20000 0000 9068 0476Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
| | - Bhoopendra K. Pandey
- grid.417642.20000 0000 9068 0476Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771AcSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Praveen Chandra Verma
- grid.417642.20000 0000 9068 0476Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771AcSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Samir Vishwanath Sawant
- grid.417642.20000 0000 9068 0476Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India ,grid.469887.c0000 0004 7744 2771AcSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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7
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Zhang Z, Zhang B, He H, Yan M, Li J, Yan F. Changes in Visual and Olfactory Cues in Virus-Infected Host Plants Alter the Behavior of Bemisia tabaci. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.766570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) has caused serious damage to melon crops in many countries in recent years. This plant virus is exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in a semi-persistent mode. Previous studies have shown that both persistent and non-persistent viruses can affect the orientation and performance of insect vectors, through changing host phenotype or interacting with insect vectors directly to facilitate the spread of viruses. However, how CCYV affects host-plant selection by B. tabaci has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the visual and olfactory preferences of B. tabaci between healthy and CCYV-infected host plants Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae). Volatile profiles of healthy and CCYV-infected C. sativus plants were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the choice assay, whiteflies preferred to settle on CCYV-infected C. sativus seedlings. However, the concentrations of total volatiles and terpenes in C. sativus plants decreased after CCYV infection. Interestingly, in the Y-tube assay and vision preference test, whitefly B. tabaci adults showed significant visual preference to CCYV-infected host but showed olfactory preference to healthy plants. These results indicated that CCYV infection in plants differently affected the visual and olfactory-mediated orientation behaviors of vector whiteflies and implied that visual cues could play a more important role than olfactory cues in whiteflies in locating CCYV-infected host plants.
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He J, Verstappen F, Jiao A, Dicke M, Bouwmeester HJ, Kappers IF. Terpene synthases in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and their contribution to herbivore-induced volatile terpenoid emission. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:862-877. [PMID: 34668204 PMCID: PMC9299122 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids play important roles in flavour, pollinator attraction and defence of plants. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus) they are important components of the herbivore-induced plant volatile blend that attracts natural enemies of herbivores. We annotated the cucumber TERPENE SYNTHASE gene (CsTPS) family and characterized their involvement in the response towards herbivores with different feeding guilds using a combined molecular and biochemical approach. Transcripts of multiple CsTPS genes were upregulated in leaves upon herbivory and the products generated by the expressed proteins match the terpenoids recorded in the volatile blend released by herbivore-damaged leaves. Spatial and temporal analysis of the promoter activity of CsTPS genes showed that cell content-feeding spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) and thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) induced promoter activity of CsTPS9 and CsTPS19 within hours after initiation of infestation, while phloem-feeding aphids (Myzus persicae) induced CsTPS2 promoter activity. Our findings offer detailed insights into the involvement of the TPS gene family in the dynamics and fine-tuning of the emission of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in cucumber, and open a new avenue to understand molecular mechanisms that affect plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
- Citrus Research InstituteSouthwest University400712ChongqingChina
| | - Francel Verstappen
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Ao Jiao
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
- Plant Hormone Biology GroupSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam1000BEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Iris F. Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyPlant Sciences GroupWageningen University & Research6700AAWageningenthe Netherlands
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Chen S, Xie P, Li Y, Wang X, Liu H, Wang S, Han W, Wu R, Li X, Guan Y, Yang Z, Yu X. New Insights into Stress-Induced β-Ocimene Biosynthesis in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Leaves during Oolong Tea Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11656-11664. [PMID: 34554738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the major contributors to the floral odors of tea products, terpenoid volatiles play critical roles in the defense response of plants to multiple stresses. Until now, only a few TPS genes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) have been functionally validated. In this study, by comparative studies conducted at gene, protein, and metabolite levels during oolong tea processing, we isolated an ocimene synthase gene, CsOCS, which displays a low similarity to previously characterized tea ocimene synthases. Further prokaryotic expression and subcellular localization analysis showed that it is plastid-located and could produce (E)-β-ocimene and (Z)-β-ocimene using GPP as the substrate. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were 30 °C and 7.5, respectively. Treatment with exogenous methyl jasmonate elevated the transcript level of CsOCS and enhanced the emission of ocimene from tea leaves. Collectively, CsOCS is implicated as a key enzyme for β-ocimene synthesis during oolong tea processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Peifeng Xie
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yeye Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaxia Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenbo Han
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Yang Z, Xie C, Huang Y, An W, Liu S, Huang S, Zheng X. Metabolism and transcriptome profiling provides insight into the genes and transcription factors involved in monoterpene biosynthesis of borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora induced by mechanical damage. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11465. [PMID: 34249483 PMCID: PMC8255067 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora (BCC), a monoterpene-rich woody plant species, is the sole source prescribed by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the production of natural D-borneol, a major monoterpene in BCC used for millennia as a topical analgesic in China. Nevertheless, the possible gene-regulatory roles of transcription factors (TFs) in BCC’s monoterpenoid biosynthesis remained unknown. Here, a joint analysis of the transcriptome and terpenoid metabolome of BCC induced by mechanical damage (MD) was used to comprehensively explore the interaction between TFs and terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes that might participate in monoterpene biosynthesis in BCC. Results Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis detected 14 monoterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes. All but two monoterpenes underwent a significantly increased accumulation after the MD treatment. RNA sequencing data revealed that 10 TPS, 82 MYB, 70 AP2/ERF, 38 BHLH, 31 WRKY, and 29 bZIP unigenes responded to the MD treatment. A correlation analysis revealed that three monoterpene synthase genes (CcTPS1, CcTPS3, CcTPS4) highly correlated with multiple monoterpenes, namely D-borneol, camphor, and bornyl acetate, which could be responsible for monoterpenoid biosynthesis in BCC. Furthermore, five WRKY, 15 MYB, 10 ERF/AP2, five bZIP, and two BHLH genes had strong, positive correlations with CcTPS1 or CcTPS4, judging by their high coefficient values (R2 > 0.8). The bioinformatics results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Conclusion This study provides insight into the genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of monoterpene in BCC and thus provides a pool of candidate genes for future mechanistic analyses of how monoterpenes accumulate in BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunzhu Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli An
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiasheng Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Islam W, Khalid N, Akhtar N, Qasim M, Yasin G, Hashem M, Alamri S, Al-Zoubi OM, Jalees MM, Al-Sadi A. Insects-plants-pathogens: Toxicity, dependence and defense dynamics. Toxicon 2021; 197:87-98. [PMID: 33848517 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In a natural ecosystem, the pathogen-plant-insect relationship has diverse implications for each other. The pathogens as well as insect-pests consume plant tissues as their feed that mostly results in damage. In turn, plant species have evolved specialized defense system to not only protect themselves but reduce the damage also. Such tripartite interactions involve toxicity, metabolic modulations, resistance etc. among all participants of interaction. These attributes result in selection pressure among participants. Coevolution of such traits reveals need to focus and unravel multiple hidden aspects of insect-plant-pathogen interactions. The definite modulations during plant responses to biotic stress and the operating defense network against herbivores are vital to research areas. Different types of plant pathogens and herbivores are tackled with various changes in plants, e.g. changes in genes expression, glucosinolate metabolism detoxification, signal transduction, cell wall modifications, Ca2+dependent signaling. It is essential to clarify which chemical in plants can work as a defense signal or weapon in plant-pathogen-herbivore interactions. In spite of increased knowledge regarding signal transduction pathways regulating growth-defense balance, much more is needed to unveil the coordination of growth rate with metabolic modulations in bi-trophic interactions. Here, we addressed plant-pathogen-insect interaction for toxicity as well as dependnce along with plant defense dynamics against pathogens and insects with broad range effects at the physio-biochemical and molecular level. We have reviewed interfaces in plant-pathogen-insect research to show pulsating regulation of plant immunity for attuning survival and ecological equilibrium. An improved understanding of the systematic foundation of growth-defense stability has vital repercussions for enhancing crop yield, including insights into uncoupling of host-parasite tradeoffs for ecological and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Waqar Islam
- College of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Akhtar
- Department of Botany, Government College for Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahau Din Zakria University Multan Pakistan, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Saad Alamri
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Moazam Jalees
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Al-Sadi
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat. Sultanate of Oman, Oman
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Liu H, Liu Y, Cheng N, Zhang Y. De novo transcriptome assembly of transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum NC89) with early senescence characteristic. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:237-249. [PMID: 33707866 PMCID: PMC7907299 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The enzyme, α-farnesene synthase (AFS), which synthesizes α-farnesene, is the final enzyme in α-farnesene synthesis pathway. We overexpressed the α-farnesene synthase gene (previously cloned in our lab from apple peel) and ectopically expressed it in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89). Then, the transgenic plants showed an accelerated developmental process and bloomed about 7 weeks earlier than the control plants. We anticipate that de novo transcriptomic analyses of N. tabacum may provide useful information on isoprenoid biosynthesis, growth, and development. We generated 318,925,338 bp sequencing data using Illumina paired-end sequencing from the cDNA library of the apical buds of transgenic line and the wild-type line. We annotated and functionally classified the unigenes in a nucleotide and protein database. Differentially expressed unigenes may be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, transporter activity, hormone signal transduction, antioxidant systems and transcription regulator activity particularly related to senescence. Moreover, we analyzed eight genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis using qRT-PCR to study the changes in growth and development patterns in the transgenic plants. Our study shows that transgenic plants show premature senescence. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00953-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Nini Cheng
- Linyi University, Linyi, 276005 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Dai Zong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong People’s Republic of China
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13
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Zhang P, Zhu Y, Zhou S. Comparative analysis of powdery mildew resistant and susceptible cultivated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) varieties to reveal the metabolic responses to Sphaerotheca fuliginea infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:24. [PMID: 33413112 PMCID: PMC7791650 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a widely planted vegetable crop that suffers from various pathogen infections. Powdery mildew (PM) is typical disease caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea infection and destroys the production of cucumber. However, the metabolic responses to S. fuliginea infection are largely unknown. RESULTS In our study, a PM resistant variety 'BK2' and a susceptible variety 'H136' were used to screen differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under S. fuliginea infection. Most of DEGs and DAMs were enriched in several primary and secondary metabolic pathways, including flavonoid, hormone, fatty acid and diterpenoid metabolisms. Our data showed that many flavonoid-related metabolites were significantly accumulated in BK2 rather than H136, suggesting an essential role of flavonoids in formation of resistant quality. Changes in expression of CYP73A, CYP81E1, CHS, F3H, HCT and F3'M genes provided a probable explanation for the differential accumulation of flavonoid-related metabolites. Interestingly, more hormone-related DEGs were detected in BK2 compared to H136, suggesting a violent response of hormone signaling pathways in the PM-resistant variety. The number of fatty acid metabolism-related DAMs in H136 was larger than that in BK2, indicating an active fatty acid metabolism in the PM-susceptible variety. CONCLUSIONS Many differentially expressed transcription factor genes were identified under S. fuliginea infection, providing some potential regulators for the improvement of PM resistance. PM resistance of cucumber was controlled by a complex network consisting of various hormonal and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhu
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Dhandapani S, Tjhang JG, Jang IC. Production of multiple terpenes of different chain lengths by subcellular targeting of multi-substrate terpene synthase in plants. Metab Eng 2020; 61:397-405. [PMID: 32795613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multi-substrate terpene synthases (TPSs) are distinct from typical TPSs that react with a single substrate. Although in vitro activity of few multi-substrate TPSs have been reported, in vivo characterization has not been well investigated for most of them. Here, a new TPS from Cananga odorata, CoTPS5, belonging to TPS-f subfamily was functionally characterized in vitro as well as in vivo. CoTPS5 reacted with multiple prenyl-pyrophosphate substrates of various chain lengths as a multi-substrate TPS. It catalyzed the formation of (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene and α-springene from geranyl pyrophosphate, (E,E)-farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, respectively. Upon transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, CoTPS5 localized to cytosol and produced only (E,E)-α-farnesene. However, expression of plastid-targeted CoTPS5 in N. benthamiana resulted in biosynthesis of all three compounds, (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene and α-springene. Similarly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing plastid-targeted CoTPS5 showed stable and sustainable production of (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene and α-springene. Moreover, their production did not affect the growth and development of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Our results demonstrate that redirecting multi-substrate TPS to a different intracellular compartment could be an effective way to prove in vivo activity of multi-substrate TPSs and thereby allowing for the production of multiple terpenoids simultaneously in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitha Dhandapani
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Jessica Gambino Tjhang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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15
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He J, Bouwmeester HJ, Dicke M, Kappers IF. Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Transcription Factors Regulated by Spider-Mite Feeding in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1014. [PMID: 32796676 PMCID: PMC7465836 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into the regulatory networks that underlie the induced defense in cucumber against spider mites, genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) were identified in the cucumber (Cucumissativus) genome and their regulation by two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychusurticae) herbivory was analyzed using RNA-seq. Of the total 1212 annotated TF genes in the cucumber genome, 119 were differentially regulated upon spider-mite herbivory during a period of 3 days. These TF genes belong to different categories but the MYB, bHLH, AP2/ERF and WRKY families had the highest relative numbers of differentially expressed genes. Correlation analysis of the expression of TF genes with defense-associated genes during herbivory and pathogen infestation, and in different organs resulted in the putative identification of regulators of herbivore-induced terpenoid and green-leaf-volatile biosynthesis. Analysis of the cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) present in the promoter regions of the genes responsive to spider-mite feeding revealed potential TF regulators. This study describes the TF genes in cucumber that are potentially involved in the regulation of induced defense against herbivory by spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1000 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Iris F. Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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16
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He J, Bouwmeester HJ, Dicke M, Kappers IF. Transcriptional and metabolite analysis reveal a shift in direct and indirect defences in response to spider-mite infestation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:489-505. [PMID: 32306368 PMCID: PMC7299927 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Cucumber plants adapt their transcriptome and metabolome as result of spider mite infestation with opposite consequences for direct and indirect defences in two genotypes. Plants respond to arthropod attack with the rearrangement of their transcriptome which lead to subsequent phenotypic changes in the plants' metabolome. Here, we analysed transcriptomic and metabolite responses of two cucumber (Cucumis sativus) genotypes to chelicerate spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) during the first 3 days of infestation. Genes associated with the metabolism of jasmonates, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and L-phenylalanine were most strongly upregulated. Also, genes involved in the biosynthesis of precursors for indirect defence-related terpenoids were upregulated while those involved in the biosynthesis of direct defence-related cucurbitacin C were downregulated. Consistent with the observed transcriptional changes, terpenoid emission increased and cucurbitacin C content decreased during early spider-mite herbivory. To further study the regulatory network that underlies induced defence to spider mites, differentially expressed genes that encode transcription factors (TFs) were analysed. Correlation analysis of the expression of TF genes with metabolism-associated genes resulted in putative identification of regulators of herbivore-induced terpenoid, green-leaf volatiles and cucurbitacin biosynthesis. Our data provide a global image of the transcriptional changes in cucumber leaves in response to spider-mite herbivory and that of metabolites that are potentially involved in the regulation of induced direct and indirect defences against spider-mite herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris F Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang Y, Bouwmeester HJ, Kappers IF. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis identifies defence responses in spider mite-infested pepper (Capsicum annuum). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:330-343. [PMID: 31557301 PMCID: PMC6913709 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants regulate responses towards herbivory through fine-tuning of defence-related hormone production, expression of defence genes, and production of secondary metabolites. Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a key role in plant-herbivorous arthropod interactions. To understand how pepper (Capsicum annuum) responds to herbivory, leaf transcriptomes and metabolomes of two genotypes different in their susceptibility to spider mites were studied. Mites induced both JA and salicylic acid (SA) signalling. However, mite infestation and exogenous JA resulted in distinct transcriptome profiles. Compared with JA, mites induced fewer differentially expressed genes involved in metabolic processes (except for genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway) and lipid metabolic processes. Furthermore, pathogen-related defence responses including WRKY transcription factors were more strongly induced upon mite infestation, probably as a result of induced SA signalling. Untargeted analysis of secondary metabolites confirmed that JA treatment induced larger changes in metabolism than spider mite infestation, resulting in higher terpenoid and flavonoid production. The more resistant genotype exhibited a larger increase in endogenous JA and volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites upon infestation, which could explain its stronger defence. Reasoning that in JA-SA antagonizing crosstalk, SA defences are prioritized over JA defences, we hypothesize that lack of SA-mediated repression of JA-induced defences could result in gain of resistance towards spider mites in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris F Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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18
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Zhang Y, Bouwmeester HJ, Kappers IF. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis identifies defence responses in spider mite-infested pepper (Capsicum annuum). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020. [PMID: 31557301 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n34h180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants regulate responses towards herbivory through fine-tuning of defence-related hormone production, expression of defence genes, and production of secondary metabolites. Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a key role in plant-herbivorous arthropod interactions. To understand how pepper (Capsicum annuum) responds to herbivory, leaf transcriptomes and metabolomes of two genotypes different in their susceptibility to spider mites were studied. Mites induced both JA and salicylic acid (SA) signalling. However, mite infestation and exogenous JA resulted in distinct transcriptome profiles. Compared with JA, mites induced fewer differentially expressed genes involved in metabolic processes (except for genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway) and lipid metabolic processes. Furthermore, pathogen-related defence responses including WRKY transcription factors were more strongly induced upon mite infestation, probably as a result of induced SA signalling. Untargeted analysis of secondary metabolites confirmed that JA treatment induced larger changes in metabolism than spider mite infestation, resulting in higher terpenoid and flavonoid production. The more resistant genotype exhibited a larger increase in endogenous JA and volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites upon infestation, which could explain its stronger defence. Reasoning that in JA-SA antagonizing crosstalk, SA defences are prioritized over JA defences, we hypothesize that lack of SA-mediated repression of JA-induced defences could result in gain of resistance towards spider mites in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris F Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Samad AFA, Rahnamaie-Tajadod R, Sajad M, Jani J, Murad AMA, Noor NM, Ismail I. Regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis by miRNA in Persicaria minor induced by Fusarium oxysporum. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:586. [PMID: 31311515 PMCID: PMC6636069 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persicaria minor (kesum) is an herbaceous plant with a high level of secondary metabolite compounds, particularly terpenoids. These terpenoid compounds have well-established roles in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Although the terpenoids of P. minor have been studied thoroughly, the involvement of microRNA (miRNA) in terpenoid regulation remains poorly understood and needs to be explored. In this study, P. minor plants were inoculated with the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum for terpenoid induction. Result SPME GC-MS analysis showed the highest terpenoid accumulation on the 6th day post-inoculation (dpi) compared to the other treatment time points (0 dpi, 3 dpi, and 9 dpi). Among the increased terpenoid compounds, α-cedrene, valencene and β-bisabolene were prominent. P. minor inoculated for 6 days was selected for miRNA library construction using next generation sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis showed that 58 miRNAs belonging to 30 families had significantly altered regulation. Among these 58 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 33 miRNAs were upregulated, whereas 25 miRNAs were downregulated. Two putative novel pre-miRNAs were identified and validated through reverse transcriptase PCR. Prediction of target transcripts potentially involved in the mevalonate pathway (MVA) was carried out by psRobot software, resulting in four miRNAs: pmi-miR530, pmi-miR6173, pmi-miR6300 and a novel miRNA, pmi-Nov_13. In addition, two miRNAs, miR396a and miR398f/g, were predicted to have their target transcripts in the non-mevalonate pathway (MEP). In addition, a novel miRNA, pmi-Nov_12, was identified to have a target gene involved in green leaf volatile (GLV) biosynthesis. RT-qPCR analysis showed that pmi-miR6173, pmi-miR6300 and pmi-nov_13 were downregulated, while miR396a and miR398f/g were upregulated. Pmi-miR530 showed upregulation at 9 dpi, and dynamic expression was observed for pmi-nov_12. Pmi-6300 and pmi-miR396a cleavage sites were detected through degradome sequence analysis. Furthermore, the relationship between miRNA metabolites and mRNA metabolites was validated using correlation analysis. Conclusion Our findings suggest that six studied miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate terpenoid biosynthesis in P. minor. This regulatory behaviour of miRNAs has potential as a genetic tool to regulate terpenoid biosynthesis in P. minor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5954-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Fatah A Samad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Sajad
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Jaeyres Jani
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normah Mohd Noor
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Vattekkatte A, Garms S, Brandt W, Boland W. Enhanced structural diversity in terpenoid biosynthesis: enzymes, substrates and cofactors. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:348-362. [PMID: 29296983 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The enormous diversity of terpenes found in nature is generated by enzymes known as terpene synthases, or cyclases. Some are also known for their ability to convert a single substrate into multiple products. This review comprises monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases that are multiproduct in nature along with the regulation factors that can alter the product specificity of multiproduct terpene synthases without genetic mutations. Variations in specific assay conditions with focus on shifts in product specificity based on change in metal cofactors, assay pH and substrate geometry are described. Alterations in these simple cellular conditions provide the organism with enhanced chemodiversity without investing into new enzymatic architecture. This versatility to modulate product diversity grants organisms, especially immobile ones like plants with access to an enhanced defensive repertoire by simply altering cofactors, pH level and substrate geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abith Vattekkatte
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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He SM, Wang X, Yang SC, Dong Y, Zhao QM, Yang JL, Cong K, Zhang JJ, Zhang GH, Wang Y, Fan W. De novo Transcriptome Characterization of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaves and Identification of Genes Involved in α/β-Pinene and β-Caryophyllene Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1231. [PMID: 30197651 PMCID: PMC6117411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived terpenes are effective in treating chronic dysentery, rheumatism, hepatitis, and hyperlipemia. Thus, understanding the molecular basis of terpene biosynthesis in some terpene-abundant Chinese medicinal plants is of great importance. Abundant in mono- and sesqui-terpenes, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk, an evergreen shrub belonging to the family Myrtaceae, is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, (+)-α-pinene and β-caryophyllene were detected to be the two major components in the leaves of R. tomentosa, in which (+)-α-pinene is higher in the young leaves than in the mature leaves, whereas the distribution of β-caryophyllene is opposite. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of leaves identified 138 unigenes potentially involved in terpenoid biosynthesis. By integrating known biosynthetic pathways for terpenoids, 7 candidate genes encoding terpene synthase (RtTPS1-7) that potentially catalyze the last step in pinene and caryophyllene biosynthesis were further characterized. Sequence alignment analysis showed that RtTPS1, RtTPS3 and RtTPS4 do not contain typical N-terminal transit peptides (62-64aa), thus probably producing multiple isomers and enantiomers by terpenoid isomerization. Further enzyme activity in vitro confirmed that RtTPS1-4 mainly produce (+)-α-pinene and (+)-β-pinene, as well as small amounts of (-)-α-pinene and (-)-β-pinene with GPP, while RtTPS1 and RtTPS3 are also active with FPP, producing β-caryophyllene, along with a smaller amount of α-humulene. Our results deepen the understanding of molecular mechanisms of terpenes biosynthesis in Myrtaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Province Key Laboratory, Biological Big Data College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jia-Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Zhang S, Zhang L, Tai Y, Wang X, Ho CT, Wan X. Gene Discovery of Characteristic Metabolic Pathways in the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Using 'Omics'-Based Network Approaches: A Future Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:480. [PMID: 29915604 PMCID: PMC5994431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, theanine and caffeine, in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are the primary sources of the rich flavors, fresh taste, and health benefits of tea. The decoding of genes involved in these characteristic components is still significantly lagging, which lays an obstacle for applied genetic improvement and metabolic engineering. With the popularity of high-throughout transcriptomics and metabolomics, 'omics'-based network approaches, such as gene co-expression network and gene-to-metabolite network, have emerged as powerful tools for gene discovery of plant-specialized (secondary) metabolism. Thus, it is pivotal to summarize and introduce such system-based strategies in facilitating gene identification of characteristic metabolic pathways in the tea plant (or other plants). In this review, we describe recent advances in transcriptomics and metabolomics for transcript and metabolite profiling, and highlight 'omics'-based network strategies using successful examples in model and non-model plants. Further, we summarize recent progress in 'omics' analysis for gene identification of characteristic metabolites in the tea plant. Limitations of the current strategies are discussed by comparison with 'omics'-based network approaches. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of introducing such network strategies in the tea plant, with a prospects ending for a promising network discovery of characteristic metabolite genes in the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuling Tai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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23
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Abbas F, Ke Y, Yu R, Yue Y, Amanullah S, Jahangir MM, Fan Y. Volatile terpenoids: multiple functions, biosynthesis, modulation and manipulation by genetic engineering. PLANTA 2017; 246:803-816. [PMID: 28803364 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids play several physiological and ecological functions in plant life through direct and indirect plant defenses and also in human society because of their enormous applications in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Through the aid of genetic engineering its role can by magnified to broad spectrum by improving genetic ability of crop plants, enhancing the aroma quality of fruits and flowers and the production of pharmaceutical terpenoids contents in medicinal plants. Terpenoids are structurally diverse and the most abundant plant secondary metabolites, playing an important role in plant life through direct and indirect plant defenses, by attracting pollinators and through different interactions between the plants and their environment. Terpenoids are also significant because of their enormous applications in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Due to their broad distribution and functional versatility, efforts are being made to decode the biosynthetic pathways and comprehend the regulatory mechanisms of terpenoids. This review summarizes the recent advances in biosynthetic pathways, including the spatiotemporal, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the multiple functions of the terpene synthase genes (TPS), their interaction with the surrounding environment and the use of genetic engineering for terpenoid production in model plants. Here, we also provide an overview of the significance of terpenoid metabolic engineering in crop protection, plant reproduction and plant metabolic engineering approaches for pharmaceutical terpenoids production and future scenarios in agriculture, which call for sustainable production platforms by improving different plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanguo Ke
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rangcai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yuechong Yue
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sikandar Amanullah
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | - Yanping Fan
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Silva AT, Ligterink W, Hilhorst HWM. Metabolite profiling and associated gene expression reveal two metabolic shifts during the seed-to-seedling transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:481-496. [PMID: 29046998 PMCID: PMC5688192 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and transcriptomic correlation analysis identified two distinctive profiles involved in the metabolic preparation for seed germination and seedling establishment, respectively. Transcripts were identified that may control metabolic fluxes. The transition from a quiescent metabolic state (dry seed) to the active state of a vigorous seedling is crucial in the plant's life cycle. We analysed this complex physiological trait by measuring the changes in primary metabolism that occur during the transition in order to determine which metabolic networks are operational. The transition involves several developmental stages from seed germination to seedling establishment, i.e. between imbibition of the mature dry seed and opening of the cotyledons, the final stage of seedling establishment. We hypothesized that the advancement of growth is associated with certain signature metabolite profiles. Metabolite-metabolite correlation analysis underlined two specific profiles which appear to be involved in the metabolic preparation for seed germination and efficient seedling establishment, respectively. Metabolite profiles were also compared to transcript profiles and although transcriptional changes did not always equate to a proportional metabolic response, in depth correlation analysis identified several transcripts that may directly influence the flux through metabolic pathways during the seed-to-seedling transition. This correlation analysis also pinpointed metabolic pathways which are significant for the seed-to-seedling transition, and metabolite contents that appeared to be controlled directly by transcript abundance. This global view of the transcriptional and metabolic changes during the seed-to-seedling transition in Arabidopsis opens up new perspectives for understanding the complex regulatory mechanism underlying this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Tadeu Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Wilco Ligterink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk W M Hilhorst
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Mansfeld BN, Colle M, Kang Y, Jones AD, Grumet R. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of cucumber fruit peels reveal a developmental increase in terpenoid glycosides associated with age-related resistance to Phytophthora capsici. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2017; 4:17022. [PMID: 28580151 PMCID: PMC5442961 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete, Phytophthora capsici, infects cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit. An age-related resistance (ARR) to this pathogen was previously observed in fruit of cultivar 'Vlaspik' and shown to be associated with the peel. Young fruits are highly susceptible, but develop resistance at ~10-12 days post pollination (dpp). Peels from resistant (16 dpp) versus susceptible (8 dpp) age fruit are enriched with genes associated with defense, and methanolic extracts from resistant age peels inhibit pathogen growth. Here we compared developing fruits from 'Vlaspik' with those of 'Gy14', a line that does not exhibit ARR. Transcriptomic analysis of peels of the two lines at 8 and 16 dpp identified 80 genes that were developmentally upregulated in resistant 'Vlaspik' 16 dpp versus 8 dpp, but not in susceptible 'Gy14' at 16 dpp. A large number of these genes are annotated to be associated with defense and/or specialized metabolism, including four putative resistance (R) genes, and numerous genes involved in flavonoid and terpenoid synthesis and decoration. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed on extracts from 8 and 16 dpp 'Vlaspik' and 'Gy14' fruit peels using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Multivariate analysis of the metabolomes identified 113 ions uniquely abundant in resistant 'Vlaspik' 16 dpp peel extracts. The most abundant compounds in this group had relative mass defects consistent with terpenoid glycosides. Two of the three most abundant ions were annotated as glycosylated nor-terpenoid esters. Together, these analyses reveal potential mechanisms by which ARR to P. capsici may be conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben N Mansfeld
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Marivi Colle
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yunyan Kang
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rebecca Grumet
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Simulated herbivory in chickpea causes rapid changes in defense pathways and hormonal transcription networks of JA/ethylene/GA/auxin within minutes of wounding. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44729. [PMID: 28300183 PMCID: PMC5353604 DOI: 10.1038/srep44729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickpea (C. arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop in Asian and African countries that suffers significant yield losses due to attacks by insects like H. armigera. To obtain insights into early responses of chickpea to insect attack, a transcriptomic analysis of chickpea leaves just 20 minutes after simulated herbivory was performed, using oral secretions of H. armigera coupled with mechanical wounding. Expression profiles revealed differential regulation of 8.4% of the total leaf transcriptome with 1334 genes up-regulated and 501 down-regulated upon wounding at log2-fold change (|FC| ≤ −1 and ≥1) and FDR value ≤ 0.05. In silico analysis showed the activation of defenses through up-regulation of genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, pathogenesis, oxidases and CYTP450 besides differential regulation of kinases, phosphatases and transcription factors of the WRKY, MYB, ERFs, bZIP families. A substantial change in the regulation of hormonal networks was observed with up-regulation of JA and ethylene pathways and suppression of growth associated hormone pathways like GA and auxin within 20 minutes of wounding. Secondary qPCR comparison of selected genes showed that oral secretions often increased differential expression relative to mechanical damage alone. The studies provide new insights into early wound responses in chickpea.
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Transcriptomic insight into terpenoid and carbazole alkaloid biosynthesis, and functional characterization of two terpene synthases in curry tree (Murraya koenigii). Sci Rep 2017; 7:44126. [PMID: 28272514 PMCID: PMC5341033 DOI: 10.1038/srep44126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Curry tree (Murraya koenigii L.) is a rich source of aromatic terpenes and pharmacologically important carbazole alkaloids. Here, M. koenigii leaf transcriptome was generated to gain insight into terpenoid and alkaloid biosynthesis. Analysis of de novo assembled contigs yielded genes for terpene backbone biosynthesis and terpene synthases. Also, gene families possibly involved in carbazole alkaloid formation were identified that included polyketide synthases, prenyltransferases, methyltransferases and cytochrome P450s. Further, two genes encoding terpene synthases (MkTPS1 and MkTPS2) with highest in silico transcript abundance were cloned and functionally characterized to determine their involvement in leaf volatile formation. Subcellular localization using GFP fusions revealed the plastidial and cytosolic localization of MkTPS1 and MkTPS2, respectively. Enzymatic characterization demonstrated the monoterpene synthase activity of recombinant MkTPS1, which produced primarily (−)-sabinene from geranyl diphosphate (GPP). Recombinant MkTPS2 exhibited sesquiterpene synthase activity and formed (E,E)-α-farnesene as the major product from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). Moreover, mRNA expression and leaf volatile analyses indicated that MkTPS1 accounts for (−)-sabinene emitted by M. koenigii leaves. Overall, the transcriptome data generated in this study will be a great resource and the start point for characterizing genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of medicinally important carbazole alkaloids.
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Sharma E, Anand G, Kapoor R. Terpenoids in plant and arbuscular mycorrhiza-reinforced defence against herbivorous insects. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:791-801. [PMID: 28087662 PMCID: PMC5378189 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants, though sessile, employ various strategies to defend themselves against herbivorous insects and convey signals of an impending herbivore attack to other plant(s). Strategies include the production of volatiles that include terpenoids and the formation of symbiotic associations with fungi, such as arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). This constitutes a two-pronged above-ground/below-ground attack-defence strategy against insect herbivores. SCOPE Terpenoids represent an important constituent of herbivore-induced plant volatiles that deter herbivores and/or attract their predators. Terpenoids serve as airborne signals that can induce defence responses in systemic undamaged parts of the plant and also prime defence responses in neighbouring plants. Colonization of roots by AM fungi is known to influence secondary metabolism in plants; this includes alteration of the concentration and composition of terpenoids, which can boost both direct and indirect plant defence against herbivorous insects. Enhanced nutrient uptake facilitated by AM, changes in plant morphology and physiology and increased transcription levels of certain genes involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway result in alterations in plant terpenoid profiles. The common mycorrhizal networks of external hyphae have added a dimension to the two-pronged plant defence strategy. These act as conduits to transfer defence signals and terpenoids. CONCLUSION Improved understanding of the roles of terpenoids in plant and AM defences against herbivory and of interplant signalling in natural communities has significant implications for sustainable management of pests in agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Wei G, Tian P, Zhang F, Qin H, Miao H, Chen Q, Hu Z, Cao L, Wang M, Gu X, Huang S, Chen M, Wang G. Integrative Analyses of Nontargeted Volatile Profiling and Transcriptome Data Provide Molecular Insight into VOC Diversity in Cucumber Plants (Cucumis sativus). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:603-18. [PMID: 27457123 PMCID: PMC5074635 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds, which are generated in a tissue-specific manner, play important ecological roles in the interactions between plants and their environments, including the well-known functions of attracting pollinators and protecting plants from herbivores/fungi attacks. However, to date, there have not been reports of holistic volatile profiling of the various tissues of a single plant species, even for the model plant species. In this study, we qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed 85 volatile chemicals, including 36 volatile terpenes, in 23 different tissues of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants using solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Most volatile chemicals were found to occur in a highly tissue-specific manner. The consensus transcriptomes for each of the 23 cucumber tissues were generated with RNA sequencing data and used in volatile organic compound-gene correlation analysis to screen for candidate genes likely to be involved in cucumber volatile biosynthetic pathways. In vitro biochemical characterization of the candidate enzymes demonstrated that TERPENE SYNTHASE11 (TPS11)/TPS14, TPS01, and TPS15 were responsible for volatile terpenoid production in the roots, flowers, and fruit tissues of cucumber plants, respectively. A functional heteromeric geranyl(geranyl) pyrophosphate synthase, composed of an inactive small subunit (type I) and an active large subunit, was demonstrated to play a key role in monoterpene production in cucumber. In addition to establishing a standard workflow for the elucidation of plant volatile biosynthetic pathways, the knowledge generated from this study lays a solid foundation for future investigations of both the physiological functions of cucumber volatiles and aspects of cucumber flavor improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Peng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Han Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Qingwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Zhongyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Meijiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Xingfang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Sanwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Mingsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (G.We., P.T., F.Z., H.Q., Q.C., Z.H., L.C., M.W., M.C., G.Wa.);University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China (G.We., P.T., Q.C., Z.H.); andKey Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (H.M., X.G., S.H.)
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Pazouki L, Niinemets Ü. Multi-Substrate Terpene Synthases: Their Occurrence and Physiological Significance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1019. [PMID: 27462341 PMCID: PMC4940680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Terpene synthases are responsible for synthesis of a large number of terpenes in plants using substrates provided by two distinct metabolic pathways, the mevalonate-dependent pathway that is located in cytosol and has been suggested to be responsible for synthesis of sesquiterpenes (C15), and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway located in plastids and suggested to be responsible for the synthesis of hemi- (C5), mono- (C10), and diterpenes (C20). Recent advances in characterization of genes and enzymes responsible for substrate and end product biosynthesis as well as efforts in metabolic engineering have demonstrated existence of a number of multi-substrate terpene synthases. This review summarizes the progress in the characterization of such multi-substrate terpene synthases and suggests that the presence of multi-substrate use might have been significantly underestimated. Multi-substrate use could lead to important changes in terpene product profiles upon substrate profile changes under perturbation of metabolism in stressed plants as well as under certain developmental stages. We therefore argue that multi-substrate use can be significant under physiological conditions and can result in complicate modifications in terpene profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Pazouki
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of SciencesTallinn, Estonia
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Chung JH, Song GC, Ryu CM. Sweet scents from good bacteria: Case studies on bacterial volatile compounds for plant growth and immunity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:677-87. [PMID: 26177913 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial bacteria produce diverse chemical compounds that affect the behavior of other organisms including plants. Bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) contribute to triggering plant immunity and promoting plant growth. Previous studies investigated changes in plant physiology caused by in vitro application of the identified volatile compounds or the BVC-emitting bacteria. This review collates new information on BVC-mediated plant-bacteria airborne interactions, addresses unresolved questions about the biological relevance of BVCs, and summarizes data on recently identified BVCs that improve plant growth or protection. Recent explorations of bacterial metabolic engineering to alter BVC production using heterologous or endogenous genes are introduced. Molecular genetic approaches can expand the BVC repertoire of beneficial bacteria to target additional beneficial effects, or simply boost the production level of naturally occurring BVCs. The effects of direct BVC application in soil are reviewed and evaluated for potential large-scale field and agricultural applications. Our review of recent BVC data indicates that BVCs have great potential to serve as effective biostimulants and bioprotectants even under open-field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-hui Chung
- Molecular Phytobactriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, South Korea
| | - Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobactriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobactriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea.
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-333, South Korea.
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Nielsen LJ, Møller BL. Scent emission profiles from Darwin's orchid--Angraecum sesquipedale: Investigation of the aldoxime metabolism using clustering analysis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 120:3-18. [PMID: 26603277 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The display of scent is crucial for plants in attracting pollinating insects to flowers and ensuring successful pollination and reproduction. The large number of aldoxime volatile species present in the scent of the Madagascan orchid Angraecum sesquipedale has been suggested to play a primary role in attracting the sphingid moth Xanthopan morgani praedicta. By solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we monitored the scent release from different flowers of a single orchid, day and night throughout the entire flowering period. In separate experiments, the diurnal release was monitored in 3h intervals and the tissue specific release from the different floral parts was tracked. Numerous novel compounds related to the aldoxime metabolism not previously detected in A. sesquipedale were identified and positioned into a proposed pathway for aldoxime metabolism. From the results, we hypothesize that (E/Z)-phenylacetaldoxime and its derivatives could be important attractants for the pollinating moth X. morgani praedicta. By applying an untargeted Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) cluster analysis to the metabolite profiles in the scent, the proposed pathways for the formation of aldoximes were substantiated. With this study, we demonstrate the powerful utility of a bioinformatics tool to aid in the elucidation of the routes of formation for volatiles and provide a benchmark and guidelines for future detailed observations of hawkmoth pollination of Angraecum species, and in particular A. sesquipedale, in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Janniche Nielsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center of Excellence "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center of Excellence "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Rehman R, Hanif MA, Mushtaq Z, Al-Sadi AM. Biosynthesis of essential oils in aromatic plants: A review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1057841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Padovan A, Patel HR, Chuah A, Huttley GA, Krause ST, Degenhardt J, Foley WJ, Külheim C. Transcriptome sequencing of two phenotypic mosaic Eucalyptus trees reveals large scale transcriptome re-modelling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123226. [PMID: 25978451 PMCID: PMC4433141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic mosaic trees offer an ideal system for studying differential gene expression. We have investigated two mosaic eucalypt trees from two closely related species (Eucalyptus melliodora and E. sideroxylon), which each support two types of leaves: one part of the canopy is resistant to insect herbivory and the remaining leaves are susceptible. Driving this ecological distinction are differences in plant secondary metabolites. We used these phenotypic mosaics to investigate genome wide patterns of foliar gene expression with the aim of identifying patterns of differential gene expression and the somatic mutation(s) that lead to this phenotypic mosaicism. We sequenced the mRNA pool from leaves of the resistant and susceptible ecotypes from both mosaic eucalypts using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. We found large differences in pathway regulation and gene expression between the ecotypes of each mosaic. The expression of the genes in the MVA and MEP pathways is reflected by variation in leaf chemistry, however this is not the case for the terpene synthases. Apart from the terpene biosynthetic pathway, there are several other metabolic pathways that are differentially regulated between the two ecotypes, suggesting there is much more phenotypic diversity than has been described. Despite the close relationship between the two species, they show large differences in the global patterns of gene and pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Padovan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Hardip R. Patel
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Gavin A. Huttley
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sandra T. Krause
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Degenhardt
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Singh B, Sharma RA. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:129-151. [PMID: 28324581 PMCID: PMC4362742 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, NH-11C, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur, 303 002, India.
| | - Ram A Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302 055, India
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Zhang Y, Ruyter-Spira C, Bouwmeester HJ. Engineering the plant rhizosphere. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 32:136-142. [PMID: 25555138 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant natural products are low molecular weight compounds playing important roles in plant survival under biotic and abiotic stresses. In the rhizosphere, several groups of plant natural products function as semiochemicals that mediate the interactions of plants with other plants, animals and microorganisms. The knowledge on the biosynthesis and transport of these signaling molecules is increasing fast. This enables us to consider to optimize plant performance by changing the production of these signaling molecules or their exudation into the rhizosphere. Here we discuss recent advances in the understanding and metabolic engineering of these rhizosphere semiochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien Ruyter-Spira
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands; Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Vickers CE, Bongers M, Liu Q, Delatte T, Bouwmeester H. Metabolic engineering of volatile isoprenoids in plants and microbes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1753-75. [PMID: 24588680 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical properties and diversity of volatile isoprenoids lends them to a broad variety of biological roles. It also lends them to a host of biotechnological applications, both by taking advantage of their natural functions and by using them as industrial chemicals/chemical feedstocks. Natural functions include roles as insect attractants and repellents, abiotic stress protectants in pathogen defense, etc. Industrial applications include use as pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, fuels, fuel additives, etc. Here we will examine the ways in which researchers have so far found to exploit volatile isoprenoids using biotechnology. Production and/or modification of volatiles using metabolic engineering in both plants and microorganisms are reviewed, including engineering through both mevalonate and methylerythritol diphosphate pathways. Recent advances are illustrated using several case studies (herbivores and bodyguards, isoprene, and monoterpene production in microbes). Systems and synthetic biology tools with particular utility for metabolic engineering are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the practical realities of various applications in modern biotechnology, explore possible future applications, and examine the challenges of moving these technologies forward so that they can deliver tangible benefits. While this review focuses on volatile isoprenoids, many of the engineering approaches described here are also applicable to non-isoprenoid volatiles and to non-volatile isoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Cloning and characterization of a norbelladine 4'-O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of the Alzheimer's drug galanthamine in Narcissus sp. aff. pseudonarcissus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103223. [PMID: 25061748 PMCID: PMC4111509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Galanthamine is an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid used to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. This compound is primarily isolated from daffodil (Narcissus spp.), snowdrop (Galanthus spp.), and summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum). Despite its importance as a medicine, no genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of galanthamine have been identified. This absence of genetic information on biosynthetic pathways is a limiting factor in the development of synthetic biology platforms for many important botanical medicines. The paucity of information is largely due to the limitations of traditional methods for finding biochemical pathway enzymes and genes in non-model organisms. A new bioinformatic approach using several recent technological improvements was applied to search for genes in the proposed galanthamine biosynthetic pathway, first targeting methyltransferases due to strong signature amino acid sequences in the proteins. Using Illumina sequencing, a de novo transcriptome assembly was constructed for daffodil. BLAST was used to identify sequences that contain signatures for plant O-methyltransferases in this transcriptome. The program HAYSTACK was then used to identify methyltransferases that fit a model for galanthamine biosynthesis in leaf, bulb and inflorescence tissues. One candidate gene for the methylation of norbelladine to 4′-O-methylnorbelladine in the proposed galanthamine biosynthetic pathway was identified. This methyltransferase cDNA was expressed in E. coli and the protein purified by affinity chromatography. The resulting protein was found to be a norbelladine 4′-O-methyltransferase (NpN4OMT) of the proposed galanthamine biosynthetic pathway.
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Yang D, Du X, Yang Z, Liang Z, Guo Z, Liu Y. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to reveal mechanisms underlying plant secondary metabolism. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xuhong Du
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zongqi Yang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
| | | | - Yan Liu
- Tianjin Tasly Modern TCM Resources Co. Ltd; Tianjin China
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40
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Spyropoulou EA, Haring MA, Schuurink RC. Expression of Terpenoids 1, a glandular trichome-specific transcription factor from tomato that activates the terpene synthase 5 promoter. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:345-57. [PMID: 24142382 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Terpene biosynthesis in tomato glandular trichomes has been well studied, with most if not all terpene synthases (TPSs) being identified. However, transcription factors (TFs) that regulate TPSs have not yet been discovered from tomato. In order to unravel the transcriptional regulation of the Solanum lycopersicum linalool synthase (SlMTS1, recently renamed SlTPS5) gene in glandular trichomes, we functionally dissected its promoter. A 207 bp fragment containing the minimal promoter and the 5'UTR appeared to be sufficient for trichome-specific expression in transgenic plants. Yeast-one-hybrid screens with this fragment identified a glandular trichome-specific transcription factor, designated Expression of Terpenoids 1 (SlEOT1). SlEOT1 is a member of a conserved family of TFs that includes the Arabidopsis Stylish 1 (AtSTY1) and Short Internode (AtSHI) genes. The EOT1 protein localized to the nucleus and specifically transactivated the SlTPS5 promoter in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A Spyropoulou
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Two volatile organic compounds trigger plant self-defense against a bacterial pathogen and a sucking insect in cucumber under open field conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9803-19. [PMID: 23698768 PMCID: PMC3676814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant self-defense mechanism against a broad-range of pathogens and insect pests. Among chemical SAR triggers, plant and bacterial volatiles are promising candidates for use in pest management, as these volatiles are highly effective, inexpensive, and can be employed at relatively low concentrations compared with agrochemicals. However, such volatiles have some drawbacks, including the high evaporation rate of these compounds after application in the open field, their negative effects on plant growth, and their inconsistent levels of effectiveness. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of volatile organic compound (VOC)-mediated induced resistance against both the bacterial angular leaf spot pathogen, Pseudononas syringae pv. lachrymans, and the sucking insect aphid, Myzus persicae, in the open field. Using the VOCs 3-pentanol and 2-butanone where fruit yields increased gave unexpectedly, a significant increase in the number of ladybird beetles, Coccinella septempunctata, a natural enemy of aphids. The defense-related gene CsLOX was induced by VOC treatment, indicating that triggering the oxylipin pathway in response to the emission of green leaf volatiles can recruit the natural enemy of aphids. These results demonstrate that VOCs may help prevent plant disease and insect damage by eliciting induced resistance, even in open fields.
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Estrada C, Wcislo WT, Van Bael SA. Symbiotic fungi alter plant chemistry that discourages leaf-cutting ants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:241-251. [PMID: 23406415 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fungal symbionts that live asymptomatically inside plant tissues (endophytes) can influence plant-insect interactions. Recent work has shown that damage by leaf-cutting ants, a major Neotropical defoliator, is reduced to almost half in plants with high densities of endophytes. We investigated changes in the phenotype of leaves that could influence ants' behavior to result in the reduction of foliar damage. We produced cucumber seedlings with high and low densities of one common endophyte species, Colletotrichum tropicale. We used the leaves in bioassays and to compare chemical and physical leaf characteristics important for ants' food selection. Ants cut about one-third more area of cucumber leaves with lower densities of endophytes and removed c. 20% more paper disks impregnated with the extracts of those leaves compared with leaves and disks from plants hosting the fungus. Colletotrichum tropicale colonization did not cause detectable changes in the composition of volatile compounds, cuticular waxes, nutrients or leaf toughness. Our study shows that endophytes changed leaf chemistry and suggests that compounds with relative low volatility released after leaf wounding are a major factor influencing foraging decisions by ants when choosing between plants with low or high endophyte loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Estrada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - William T Wcislo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Sunshine A Van Bael
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 400 Lindy Boggs, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
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Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT. Honing in on phenotypes: comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography of herbivory-induced volatile emissions and novel opportunities for system-level analyses. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:plt002. [PMID: 23444146 PMCID: PMC3581813 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compound (VOC) production requires a complex network of biochemical pathways, which, although well mapped from a biochemical point of view, remains only partly understood with regard to its physiological and genetic regulation. Additionally, although analytical procedures for plant VOC measurement have become increasingly faster and more sensitive in recent years, pinpointing relevant shifts in VOC production from the thousands of molecular fragments that are generated by modern mass spectrometer instruments remains challenging. Here we discuss novel opportunities for system-wide analysis provided by the implementation of non-targeted data processing and multivariate statistics in VOC analysis. We illustrate the value of implementing non-targeted data processing with examples of recent findings from our group on the interactive control exerted by salivary components of a lepidopteran herbivore, Manduca sexta, on herbivory-induced VOC emissions in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. Finally, we briefly discuss the use of multi-platform data integration for probing the nature of metabolic and regulatory systems underlying VOC emissions.
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Transcriptome profiling of genes induced by salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate in Polygonum minus. Mol Biol Rep 2012. [PMID: 23187733 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of plant secondary metabolites for both mankind and the plant itself has long been established. However, despite extensive research on plant secondary metabolites, plant secondary metabolism and its regulation still remained poorly characterized. In this present study, cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) transcript profiling was applied to generate the expression profiles of Polygonum minus in response to salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitations. This study reveals two different sets of genes induced by SA and MeJA, respectively where stress-related genes were proved to lead to the expression of genes involved in plant secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. A total of 98 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were up-regulated, including 46 from SA-treated and 52 from MeJA-treated samples. The cDNA-AFLP transcripts generated using 64 different Mse1/Taq1 primer combinations showed that treatments with SA and MeJA induced genes mostly involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species, including zeaxanthin epoxidase, cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase 1 and peroxidase. Of these stress-related genes, 15 % of other annotated TDFs are involved mainly in secondary metabolic processes where among these, two genes encoding (+)-delta cadinene synthase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase were highlighted.
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Martinelli F, Uratsu SL, Albrecht U, Reagan RL, Phu ML, Britton M, Buffalo V, Fass J, Leicht E, Zhao W, Lin D, D'Souza R, Davis CE, Bowman KD, Dandekar AM. Transcriptome profiling of citrus fruit response to huanglongbing disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38039. [PMID: 22675433 PMCID: PMC3364978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) or “citrus greening” is the most destructive citrus disease worldwide. In this work, we studied host responses of citrus to infection with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CaLas) using next-generation sequencing technologies. A deep mRNA profile was obtained from peel of healthy and HLB-affected fruit. It was followed by pathway and protein-protein network analysis and quantitative real time PCR analysis of highly regulated genes. We identified differentially regulated pathways and constructed networks that provide a deep insight into the metabolism of affected fruit. Data mining revealed that HLB enhanced transcription of genes involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis and in ATP synthesis. Activation of protein degradation and misfolding processes were observed at the transcriptomic level. Transcripts for heat shock proteins were down-regulated at all disease stages, resulting in further protein misfolding. HLB strongly affected pathways involved in source-sink communication, including sucrose and starch metabolism and hormone synthesis and signaling. Transcription of several genes involved in the synthesis and signal transduction of cytokinins and gibberellins was repressed while that of genes involved in ethylene pathways was induced. CaLas infection triggered a response via both the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways and increased the transcript abundance of several members of the WRKY family of transcription factors. Findings focused on the fruit provide valuable insight to understanding the mechanisms of the HLB-induced fruit disorder and eventually developing methods based on small molecule applications to mitigate its devastating effects on fruit production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinelli
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Dipartimento di Sistemi Agro-Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sandra L. Uratsu
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Albrecht
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Russell L. Reagan
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - My L. Phu
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Britton
- Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent Buffalo
- Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Fass
- Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Leicht
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Weixiang Zhao
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dawei Lin
- Bioinformatics Core, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Raissa D'Souza
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kim D. Bowman
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sharma V, Sarkar IN. Bioinformatics opportunities for identification and study of medicinal plants. Brief Bioinform 2012; 14:238-50. [PMID: 22589384 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbs021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been used as a source of medicine since historic times and several commercially important drugs are of plant-based origin. The traditional approach towards discovery of plant-based drugs often times involves significant amount of time and expenditure. These labor-intensive approaches have struggled to keep pace with the rapid development of high-throughput technologies. In the era of high volume, high-throughput data generation across the biosciences, bioinformatics plays a crucial role. This has generally been the case in the context of drug designing and discovery. However, there has been limited attention to date to the potential application of bioinformatics approaches that can leverage plant-based knowledge. Here, we review bioinformatics studies that have contributed to medicinal plants research. In particular, we highlight areas in medicinal plant research where the application of bioinformatics methodologies may result in quicker and potentially cost-effective leads toward finding plant-based remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Given Courtyard N309, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Tholl D, Sohrabi R, Huh JH, Lee S. The biochemistry of homoterpenes--common constituents of floral and herbivore-induced plant volatile bouquets. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1635-46. [PMID: 21334702 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds emitted by plants mediate a variety of interactions between plants and other organisms. The irregular acyclic homoterpenes, 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT) and 4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT), are among the most widespread volatiles produced by angiosperms with emissions from flowers and from vegetative tissues upon herbivore feeding. Special attention has been placed on the role of homoterpenes in attracting parasitoids and predators of herbivores and has sparked interest in engineering homoterpene formation to improve biological pest control. The biosynthesis of DMNT and TMTT proceeds in two enzymatic steps: the formation of the tertiary C₁₅₋, and C₂₀₋ alcohols, (E)-nerolidol and (E,E)-geranyl linalool, respectively, catalyzed by terpene synthases, and the subsequent oxidative degradation of both alcohols by a single cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450). In Arabidopsis thaliana, the herbivore-induced biosynthesis of TMTT is catalyzed by the concerted activities of the (E,E)-geranyllinalool synthase, AtGES, and CYP82G1, a P450 of the so far uncharacterized plant CYP82 family. TMTT formation is in part controlled at the level of AtGES expression. Co-expression of AtGES with CYP82G1 at wound sites allows for an efficient conversion of the alcohol intermediate. The identified homoterpene biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis and related genes from other plant species provide tools to engineer homoterpene formation and to address questions of the regulation and specific activities of homoterpenes in plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, 408 Latham Hall, AgQuad Lane, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Reinsvold RE, Jinkerson RE, Radakovits R, Posewitz MC, Basu C. The production of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene in a transgenic strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:848-52. [PMID: 21185107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant secondary metabolite, β-caryophyllene, is a ubiquitous component of many plant resins that has traditionally been used in the cosmetics industry to provide a woody, spicy aroma to cosmetics and perfumes. Clinical studies have shown it to be potentially effective as an antibiotic, anesthetic, and anti-inflammatory agent. Additionally, there is significant interest in engineering phototrophic microorganisms with sesquiterpene synthase genes for the production of biofuels. Currently, the isolation of β-caryophyllene relies on purification methods from oleoresins extracted from large amounts of plant material. An engineered cyanobacterium platform that produces β-caryophyllene may provide a more sustainable and controllable means of production. To this end, the β-caryophyllene synthase gene (QHS1) from Artemisia annua was stably inserted, via double homologous recombination, into the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. Gene insertion into Synechocystis was confirmed through PCR assays and sequencing reactions. Transcription and expression of QHS1 were confirmed using RT-PCR, and synthesis of β-caryophyllene was confirmed in the transgenic strain using GC-FID and GC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Reinsvold
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Ross Hall, Room 2480, Greeley, CO 80639, United States
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Keurentjes JJB, Angenent GC, Dicke M, Dos Santos VAPM, Molenaar J, van der Putten WH, de Ruiter PC, Struik PC, Thomma BPHJ. Redefining plant systems biology: from cell to ecosystem. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:183-90. [PMID: 21215676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular biologists typically restrict systems biology to cellular levels. By contrast, ecologists define biological systems as communities of interacting individuals at different trophic levels that process energy, nutrient and information flows. Modern plant breeding needs to increase agricultural productivity while decreasing the ecological footprint. This requires a holistic systems biology approach that couples different aggregation levels while considering the variables that affect these biological systems from cell to community. The challenge is to generate accurate experimental data that can be used together with modelling concepts and techniques that allow experimentally verifying in silico predictions. The coupling of aggregation levels in plant sciences, termed Integral Quantification of Biological Organization (IQ(BiO)), might enhance our abilities to generate new desired plant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost J B Keurentjes
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kusano M, Fukushima A, Redestig H, Saito K. Metabolomic approaches toward understanding nitrogen metabolism in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:1439-53. [PMID: 21220784 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants can assimilate inorganic nitrogen (N) sources to organic N such as amino acids. N is the most important of the mineral nutrients required by plants and its metabolism is tightly coordinated with carbon (C) metabolism in the fundamental processes that permit plant growth. Increased understanding of N regulation may provide important insights for plant growth and improvement of quality of crops and vegetables because N as well as C metabolism are fundamental components of plant life. Metabolomics is a global biochemical approach useful to study N metabolism because metabolites not only reflect the ultimate phenotypes (traits), but can mediate transcript levels as well as protein levels directly and/or indirectly under different N conditions. This review outlines analytical and bioinformatic techniques particularly used to perform metabolomics for studying N metabolism in higher plants. Examples are used to illustrate the application of metabolomic techniques to the model plants Arabidopsis and rice, as well as other crops and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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