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Zhang K, Nakamura S, Ohtsubo KI, Mitsui T. Morphological, Molecular Structural and Physicochemical Characterization of Starch Granules Formed in Endosperm of Rice with Ectopic Overexpression of α-Amylase. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2024; 71:23-32. [PMID: 38799415 PMCID: PMC11116087 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2023_0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the endosperm starch in rice that ectopically overexpressed the α-amylase. Transgenic rice plants, transformed with cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter driven AmyI-1 (35S::AmyI-1) and AmyII-4 (35S::AmyII-4), and 10 kDa prolamin promoter driven AmyI-1 (P10::AmyI-1), were cultivated under standard conditions (23 °C, 12 h in the dark/ 26 °C, 12 h in the light), and brown grains were subsequently harvested. Each grain displayed characteristic chalkiness, while electron microanalyzer (EPMA)-SEM images disclosed numerous small pits on the surface of the starch granules, attributable to α-amylase activity. Fluorescence labeling and capillary electrophoresis analysis of starch chain length distribution revealed no significant alterations in the starches of 35S::AmyI-1 and 35S::AmyII-4 transgenic rice compared to the wild-type. Conversely, the extremely short α-glucan chains (DP 2-8) exhibited a dramatic increase in the P10::AmyI-1 starch. Rapid visco-analyzer analysis also identified variations in the chain length distribution of P10::AmyI-1 starch, manifesting as changes in viscosity. Moreover, 1H-NMR analysis uncovered dynamic modifications in the molecular structure of starch in rice grain transformed with P10::AmyI-1, which was found to possess unprecedented structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University
| | - Sumiko Nakamura
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences
| | - Ken-ichi Ohtsubo
- Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University
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Liu Y, Xi W, Wang X, Li H, Liu H, Li T, Hou J, Liu X, Hao C, Zhang X. TabHLH95-TaNF-YB1 module promotes grain starch synthesis in bread wheat. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:883-894. [PMID: 37062449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the most abundant substance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm and provides the major carbohydrate energy for human daily life. Starch synthesis-related (SSR) genes are believed to be spatiotemporally specific, but their transcriptional regulation remains unclear in wheat. Here, we investigate the role of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor TabHLH95 in starch synthesis. TabHLH95 is preferentially expressed in the developing grains in wheat and encodes a nucleus localized protein without autoactivation activity. The Tabhlh95 knockout mutants display smaller grain size and less starch content than wild type, whereas overexpression of TabHLH95 enhances starch accumulation and significantly improves thousand grain weight. Transcriptome analysis reveals that the expression of multiple SSR genes is significantly reduced in the Tabhlh95 mutants. TabHLH95 binds to the promoters of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit 1 (AGPL1-1D/-1B), AGPL2-5D, and isoamylase (ISA1-7D) and enhances their transcription. Intriguingly, TabHLH95 interacts with the nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) family transcription factor TaNF-YB1, thereby synergistically regulating starch synthesis. These results suggest that the TabHLH95-TaNF-YB1 complex positively modulates starch synthesis and grain weight by regulating the expression of a subset of SSR genes, thus providing a good potential approach for genetic improvement of grain productivity in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Xi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science (Gansu Agricultural University)/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tian Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Chenyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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3
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Ying Y, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Tappiban P, Zhang Z, Dai G, Deng G, Bao J, Xu F. Identification of a new allele of soluble starch synthase IIIa involved in the elongation of amylopectin long chains in a chalky rice mutant. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111567. [PMID: 36526029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A chalky endosperm mutant (GM03) induced from an indica rice GLA4 was used to investigate the functional gene in starch biosynthesis. Bulked segregant analysis and sanger sequencing determined that a novel mutation in soluble starch synthase IIIa (SSIIIa) is responsible for the chalky phenotype in GM03. Complementary test by transforming the active SSIIIa gene driven by its native promoter to GM03 recovered the phenotype to its wildtype. The expression of SSIIIa was significantly decreased, while SSIIIa protein was not detected in GM03. The mutation of SSIIIa led to increased expression of most of starch synthesis related genes and elevated the levels of most of proteins in GM03. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used for targeted disruption of SSIIIa, and the mutant lines exhibited chalky endosperm which phenocopied the GM03. Additionally, the starch fine structure in the knockout mutant lines ss3a-1 and ss3a-2 was similar with the GM03, which showed increased amylose content, higher proportions of B1 and B2 chains, much lower proportions of B3 chains and decreased degree of crystallinity, leading to altered thermal properties with lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Collectively, these results suggested that SSIIIa plays an important role in starch synthesis by elongating amylopectin long chains in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gaoxing Dai
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Guofu Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Hashimoto S, Okada S, Araki-Nakamura S, Ohmae-Shinohara K, Miura K, Kawaguchi H, Ogino C, Kasuga S, Sazuka T. An analysis of sugary endosperm in sorghum: Characterization of mutant phenotypes depending on alleles of the corresponding starch debranching enzyme. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114935. [PMID: 36860899 PMCID: PMC9969085 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop. Here we performed molecular genetic analyses of the 'SUGARY FETERITA' (SUF) variety, which shows typical sugary endosperm traits (e.g., wrinkled seeds, accumulation of soluble sugars, and distorted starch). Positional mapping indicated that the corresponding gene was located on the long arm of chromosome 7. Within the candidate region of 3.4 Mb, a sorghum ortholog for maize Su1 (SbSu) encoding a starch debranching enzyme ISA1 was found. Sequencing analysis of SbSu in SUF uncovered nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region, containing substitutions of highly conserved amino acids. Complementation of the rice sugary-1 (osisa1) mutant line with the SbSu gene recovered the sugary endosperm phenotype. Additionally, analyzing mutants obtained from an EMS-induced mutant panel revealed novel alleles with phenotypes showing less severe wrinkles and higher Brix scores. These results suggested that SbSu was the corresponding gene for the sugary endosperm. Expression profiles of starch synthesis genes during the grain-filling stage demonstrated that a loss-of-function of SbSu affects the expression of most starch synthesis genes and revealed the fine-tuned gene regulation in the starch synthetic pathway in sorghum. Haplotype analysis using 187 diverse accessions from a sorghum panel revealed the haplotype of SUF showing severe phenotype had not been used among the landraces and modern varieties. Thus, weak alleles (showing sweet and less severe wrinkles), such as in the abovementioned EMS-induced mutants, are more valuable for grain sorghum breeding. Our study suggests that more moderate alleles (e.g. produced by genome editing) should be beneficial for improving grain sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Hashimoto
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Kotaro Miura
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideo Kawaguchi
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigemitsu Kasuga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Education and Research Center of Alpine Field Science, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Takashi Sazuka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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5
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Zhang Z, Zhao J, Tappiban P, Ying Y, Hu Y, Xu F, Bao J. Diurnal changes in starch molecular structures and expression profiles of starch biosynthesis enzymes in rice developing seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:2165-2174. [PMID: 35500783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The diurnal changes in the expression profiles of starch synthesis related enzymes (SSREs) has been previously studied in transitory starches, while its influences on storage starch molecular structures in the rice endosperm during seed development have not been elucidated. In this study, the changes in the transcript levels of starch synthesis related genes (SSRGs), the protein abundances and enzyme activities of SSREs as well as starch molecular structures in rice endosperm at 10 days after flowering (DAF) over the diurnal cycle were analyzed. It was found that the expression profiles of SSRG and the protein contents of SSREs displayed different diurnal patterns between two indica rice varieties with medium- and high-amylose content (AC), respectively. The expression levels of SSRGs were higher in the light time, and most SSREs also accumulated during this period except debranching enzymes. Amylose synthesis displayed distinct diurnal patterns in two rice varieties, which is attributed to the diurnal changes in the protein content of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), but amylopectin chain-length distributions (CLDs) remained unaltered due to its vast numbers of branches. The results provide the first step to understand the roles of each enzyme isoform involved in starch synthesis in response to diurnal regulation in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China.
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6
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Li C, Ji Y, Zhang S, Yang X, Gilbert RG, Li S, Li E. Amylose Inter-Chain Entanglement and Inter-Chain Overlap Impact Rice Quality. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101516. [PMID: 35627085 PMCID: PMC9141181 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrogradation of cooked rice happens in two ways: one is by the formation of ordered structures, and the other is through intra- and inter-chain entanglement and inter-chain overlap, which in turn are affected by the amylose chain-length distribution. Both entanglement and overlap could affect rice texture. Here, four amylose samples were isolated from starch by precipitation from a dimethyl sulfoxide solution with butan-1-ol and isoamyl alcohol. Following enzymatic debranching, they were then characterized using size-exclusion chromatography. Amylose solutions (10%, m/v) were made by dissolving amylose in 90% (v/v) DMSO. Amylose gels (10%, w/v) were made by dissolving amylose powders into hot water, followed by cooling. The rigidity of the amylose gels and the structural order were measured using a texture analyzer and X-ray diffractometer, respectively. In the amylose solution, for a given mass of polymer in a fixed amount of solvent, the total occupied volume was reduced when the polymer molecular weight was smaller, resulting in less inter-chain overlap and a lower viscosity of the amylose solution. The overall mobility and diffusion of the molecules were inversely related to the square of the molecular weight until the gelation concentration. Thus, amylose gels in which amylose had a lower molecular weight had a greater chance to permeate into other molecules, which counterintuitively led to more inter-chain entanglement and more rigid amylose gels during retrogradation. This information could help rice breeders improve rice quality by using the molecular structure of starch as a guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.L.); (Y.J.); (X.Y.); (R.G.G.); (S.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.L.); (Y.J.); (X.Y.); (R.G.G.); (S.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.L.); (Y.J.); (X.Y.); (R.G.G.); (S.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.L.); (Y.J.); (X.Y.); (R.G.G.); (S.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Songnan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.L.); (Y.J.); (X.Y.); (R.G.G.); (S.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (C.L.); (Y.J.); (X.Y.); (R.G.G.); (S.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Crofts N, Satoh Y, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Abe M, Fujita N. Active-type starch synthase (SS) IIa from indica rice partially complements the sugary-1 phenotype in japonica rice endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:325-342. [PMID: 34287741 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of higher SSIIa activity to mild-type isa1 mutant by crossing results in restoration of crystallinity, starch granule structure, and production of plump seeds. Isoamylase 1 (ISA1) removes improper α-1, 6 glycosidic branches of amylopectin generated by starch branching enzymes and is essential for the formation of proper amylopectin structure. Rice isa1 (sug-1) mutants in japonica cultivar with less-active starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) and low granule-bound SSI (GBSSI) expression display wrinkled seed phenotype by accumulating water-soluble phytoglycogen instead of insoluble amylopectin. Expression of active SSIIa in transgenic rice produced with a severe-type isa1 mutant accumulated some insoluble glucan with weak B-type crystallinity at the periphery of seeds but their seeds remained wrinkled. To see whether introduction of high levels of SSIIa and/or GBSSI can restore the grain filling of the mild-type sug-1 mutant (EM653), new rice lines (SS2a gbss1L isa1, ss2aL GBSS1 isa1, and SS2a GBSS1 isa1) were generated by crossing japonica isa1 mutant (ss2aL gbss1L isa1) with wild type indica rice (SS2a GBSS1 ISA1). The results showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 lines generated chalky plump seeds accumulating insoluble amylopectin-like glucans with an increase in DP 13-35, while ss2aL GBSS1 isa1 generated wrinkly seeds and accumulated soluble glucans enriched with DP < 13. Scanning electron microscopic observation of cross-section of the seeds showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 produced wild type-like polygonal starch granules. These starches showed the A-type crystallinity comparable to the wild type, while the japonica isa1 mutant and the transgenic rice do not show any or little crystallinity, respectively. These results indicate that introduction of higher SSIIa activity can mostly complements the mild-type sug-1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Satoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
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Nagamatsu S, Wada T, Matsushima R, Fujita N, Miura S, Crofts N, Hosaka Y, Yamaguchi O, Kumamaru T. Mutation in BEIIb mitigates the negative effect of the mutation in ISA1 on grain filling and amyloplast formation in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:497-512. [PMID: 35083581 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the BEIIb gene in an isa1 mutant background mitigates the negative effect of the ISA1 mutation on grain filling, and facilitates recovery of amyloplast formation in rice endosperm. In this study, the effect of branching enzyme IIb and isoamylase 1 deficiency on starch properties was demonstrated using high resistant starch rice lines, Chikushi-kona 85 and EM129. Both lines harbored a mutation in the BEIIb and ISA1 genes and showed no BEIIb and ISA1 activity, implying that both lines are beIIb isa1 double mutants. The amylopectin long chain and apparent amylose content of both mutant lines were higher than those of the wild-type. While both mutants contained loosely packed, round starch grains, a trait specific to beIIb mutants, they also showed collapsed starch grains at the center of the endosperm, a property specific to isa1 mutants. Furthermore, beIIb isa1 double mutant F2 lines derived from a cross between Chikushi-kona 85 and Nishihomare (wild-type cultivar) showed significantly heavier seed weight than the beIIb and isa1 single mutant lines. These results suggest that co-occurrence of beIIb and isa1 mutant alleles in a single genetic background mitigates the negative effect of the isa1 allele on grain filling, and contributes to recovery of the amyloplast formation defect in the isa1 single mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Nagamatsu
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan.
| | - Takuya Wada
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Chhabra R, Muthusamy V, Gain N, Katral A, Prakash NR, Zunjare RU, Hossain F. Allelic variation in sugary1 gene affecting kernel sweetness among diverse-mutant and -wild-type maize inbreds. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:1085-1102. [PMID: 34159441 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sweet corn is popular worldwide as vegetable. Though large numbers of sugary1 (su1)-based sweet corn germplasm are available, allelic diversity in su1 gene encoding SU1 isoamylase among diverse maize inbreds has not been analyzed. Here, we characterized the su1 gene in maize and compared with allied species. The entire su1 gene (11,720 bp) was sequenced among six mutant (su1) and five wild (Su1) maize inbreds. Fifteen InDels of 2-45 bp were selected to develop markers for studying allelic diversity in su1 gene among 19 mutant- (su1) and 29 wild-type (Su1) inbreds. PIC ranged from 0.15 (SU-InDel7) to 0.37 (SU-InDel13). Major allele frequency varied from 0.52 to 0.90, while gene diversity ranged from 0.16 to 0.49. Phylogenetic tree categorized 48 maize inbreds in two clusters each for wild- type (Su1) and mutant (su1) types. 44 haplotypes of su1 were observed, with three haplotypes (Hap6, Hap22 and Hap29) sharing more than one genotype. Further, comparisons were made with 23 orthologues of su1 from 16 grasses and Arabidopsis. Maize possessed 15-19 exons in su1, while it was 11-24 exons among orthologues. Introns among the orthologues were longer (77-2206 bp) than maize (859-1718 bp). SU1 protein of maize and orthologues had conserved α-amylase and CBM_48 domains. The study also provided physicochemical properties and secondary structure of SU1 protein in maize and its orthologues. Phylogenetic analysis showed closer relationship of maize SU1 protein with P. hallii, S. bicolor and E. tef than Triticum sp. and Oryza sp. The study showed that presence of high allelic diversity in su1 gene which can be utilized in the sweet corn breeding program. This is the first report of comprehensive characterization of su1 gene and its allelic forms in diverse maize and related orthologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Chhabra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Nisrita Gain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Nitish R Prakash
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Firoz Hossain
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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10
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Sato Y, Tsuda K, Yamagata Y, Matsusaka H, Kajiya-Kanegae H, Yoshida Y, Agata A, Ta KN, Shimizu-Sato S, Suzuki T, Nosaka-Takahashi M, Kubo T, Kawamoto S, Nonomura KI, Yasui H, Kumamaru T. Collection, preservation and distribution of Oryza genetic resources by the National Bioresource Project RICE (NBRP-RICE). BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:291-298. [PMID: 34776736 PMCID: PMC8573556 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biological resources are the basic infrastructure of bioscience research. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a good experimental model for research in cereal crops and monocots and includes important genetic materials used in breeding. The availability of genetic materials, including mutants, is important for rice research. In addition, Oryza species are attractive to researchers for both finding useful genes for breeding and for understanding the mechanism of genome evolution that enables wild plants to adapt to their own habitats. NBRP-RICE contributes to rice research by promoting the usage of genetic materials, especially wild Oryza accessions and mutant lines. Our activity includes collection, preservation and distribution of those materials and the provision of basic information on them, such as morphological and physiological traits and genomic information. In this review paper, we introduce the activities of NBRP-RICE and our database, Oryzabase, which facilitates the access to NBRP-RICE resources and their genomic sequences as well as the current situation of wild Oryza genome sequencing efforts by NBRP-RICE and other institutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tsuda
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamagata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsusaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kajiya-Kanegae
- Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan
| | - Yuri Yoshida
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ayumi Agata
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kim Nhung Ta
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Sae Shimizu-Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Toshiya Suzuki
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Misuzu Nosaka-Takahashi
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kubo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shoko Kawamoto
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nonomura
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yasui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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11
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Xue J, Luo Y. Properties and applications of natural dendritic nanostructures: Phytoglycogen and its derivatives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Krishnan V, Awana M, Samota MK, Warwate SI, Kulshreshtha A, Ray M, Bollinedi H, Singh AK, Thandapilly SJ, Praveen S, Singh A. Pullulanase activity: A novel indicator of inherent resistant starch in rice (Oryza sativa. L). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:1213-1223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Wang H, Ham TH, Im DE, Lar SM, Jang SG, Lee J, Mo Y, Jeung JU, Kim ST, Kwon SW. A New SNP in Rice Gene Encoding Pyruvate Phosphate Dikinase (PPDK) Associated with Floury Endosperm. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040465. [PMID: 32344582 PMCID: PMC7230733 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice varieties with suitable flour-making qualities are required to promote the rice processed-food industry and to boost rice consumption. A rice mutation, Namil(SA)-flo1, produces grains with floury endosperm. Overall, grains with low grain hardness, low starch damage, and fine particle size are more suitable for use in flour processing grains with waxy, dull endosperm with normal grain hardness and a high amylose content. In this study, fine mapping found a C to T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 2 of the gene encoding cytosolic pyruvate phosphate dikinase (cyOsPPDK). The SNP resulted in a change of serine to phenylalanine acid at amino acid position 101. The gene was named FLOURY ENDOSPERM 4-5 (FLO4-5). Co-segregation analysis with the developed cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers revealed co-segregation between the floury phenotype and the flo4-5. This CAPS marker could be applied directly for marker-assisted selection. Real-time RT-PCR experiments revealed that PPDK was expressed at considerably higher levels in the flo4-5 mutant than in the wild type during the grain filling stage. Plastid ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit (AGPS2a and AGPS2b) and soluble starch synthase (SSIIb and SSIIc) also exhibited enhanced expression in the flo4-5 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.W.); (D.-E.I.); (S.M.L.); (S.-G.J.); (S.T.K.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tae-Ho Ham
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-H.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Da-Eun Im
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.W.); (D.-E.I.); (S.M.L.); (S.-G.J.); (S.T.K.)
| | - San Mar Lar
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.W.); (D.-E.I.); (S.M.L.); (S.-G.J.); (S.T.K.)
| | - Seong-Gyu Jang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.W.); (D.-E.I.); (S.M.L.); (S.-G.J.); (S.T.K.)
| | - Joohyun Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-H.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Youngjun Mo
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.-U.J.)
| | - Ji-Ung Jeung
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (Y.M.); (J.-U.J.)
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.W.); (D.-E.I.); (S.M.L.); (S.-G.J.); (S.T.K.)
| | - Soon-Wook Kwon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.W.); (D.-E.I.); (S.M.L.); (S.-G.J.); (S.T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-350-5506
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14
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Teramura H, Kondo K, Suzuki M, Kobayashi H, Furukawa T, Kusano H, Shimada H. Aberrant endosperm formation caused by reduced production of major allergen proteins in a rice flo2 mutant that confers low-protein accumulation in grains. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2019; 36:85-90. [PMID: 31768108 PMCID: PMC6847783 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice flo2 mutation produces grains showing a reduced amount of storage proteins. Using Nipponbare and the flo2 mutant, we created rice transformants that showed defective production of major allergen proteins RA14 and RA33 (14-16 kDa and 33 kDa allergen proteins, respectively) by RNAi introduction. The knock-down transformant generated using Nipponbare showed greatly reduced accumulation of both allergen proteins, normal growth, and production of a sufficient amount of normal-shaped seeds. F1 seeds were obtained by crossing between the transformants containing RNAi genes to RA14 and RA33, and showed decreased accumulation of both proteins. However, a peculiar phenotype was observed in the flo2 transformants that lacked accumulation of RA14 or RA33. They showed significantly reduced fertility. A wrinkled grain feature was found on the transformant lacking accumulation of RA14. F1 seeds obtained by crossing these transformants showed significantly lower fertility. F2 seeds showed decreases in both allergen proteins but morphological abnormality with small and severely wrinkled features. These results indicated that it is hard to obtain any transformant lacking accumulation of these allergen proteins using the flo2 mutant, whereas a knock-down transformant of both allergen protein genes was obtained when a wild-type Nipponbare was used as a host. These facts strongly suggest that RA14 and RA33 have some roles in rice seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Teramura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kondo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Masato Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Furukawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kusano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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15
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Goren A, Ashlock D, Tetlow IJ. Starch formation inside plastids of higher plants. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1855-1876. [PMID: 29774409 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polyglucan synthesized inside the plastid stroma within plant cells, serving a crucial role in the carbon budget of the whole plant by acting as a short-term and long-term store of energy. The highly complex, hierarchical structure of the starch granule arises from the actions of a large suite of enzyme activities, in addition to physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. This review outlines current knowledge of the starch biosynthetic pathway operating in plant cells in relation to the micro- and macro-structures of the starch granule. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge, in particular, the relationship between enzyme function and operation at the molecular level and the formation of the final, macroscopic architecture of the granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asena Goren
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel Ashlock
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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16
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Du L, Xu F, Fang J, Gao S, Tang J, Fang S, Wang H, Tong H, Zhang F, Chu J, Wang G, Chu C. Endosperm sugar accumulation caused by mutation of PHS8/ISA1 leads to pre-harvest sprouting in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:545-556. [PMID: 29775500 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is an unfavorable trait in cereal crops that could seriously decrease grain yield and quality. Although some PHS-associated quantitative trait loci or genes in cereals have been reported, the molecular mechanism underlying PHS remains largely elusive. Here, we characterized a rice mutant, phs8, which exhibits PHS phenotype accompanied by sugary endosperm. Map-based cloning revealed that PHS8 encodes a starch debranching enzyme named isoamylase1. Mutation in PHS8 resulted in the phytoglycogen breakdown and sugar accumulation in the endosperm. Intriguingly, with increase of sugar contents, decreased expression of OsABI3 and OsABI5 as well as reduced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) were found in the phs8 mutant. Using rice suspension cell system, we confirmed that exogenous sugar is sufficient to suppress the expression of both OsABI3 and OsABI5. Furthermore, overexpression of OsABI3 or OsABI5 could partially rescue the PHS phenotype of phs8. Therefore, our study presents important evidence supporting that endosperm sugar not only acts as an essential energy source for seed germination but also determines seed dormancy and germination by affecting ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shaopei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiuyou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongning Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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17
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Lee Y, Choi MS, Lee G, Jang S, Yoon MR, Kim B, Piao R, Woo MO, Chin JH, Koh HJ. Sugary Endosperm is Modulated by Starch Branching Enzyme IIa in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 10:33. [PMID: 28730411 PMCID: PMC5519516 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch biosynthesis is one of the most important pathways that determine both grain quality and yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sugary endosperm, sugary-1 (sug-1), is a mutant trait for starch biosynthesis. Rice plants carrying sug-1 produce grains that accumulate water-soluble carbohydrates instead of starch, even after maturity. Although this trait enhances the diversity of grain quality, sugary endosperm rice has hardly been commercialized due to the severely wrinkled grains and subsequent problems in milling. This study was conducted to identify the genes responsible for the sug-h phenotype through a map-based cloning technology. RESULTS We induced a mild sugary mutant, sugary-h (sug-h) through the chemical mutagenesis on the Korean japonica cultivar Hwacheong. Grains of the sug-h mutant were translucent and amber-colored, and the endosperm appeared less wrinkled than sug-1, whereas the soluble sugar content was fairly high. These characteristics confer greater marketability to the sug-h mutant. Genetic analyses indicated that the sug-h mutant phenotype was controlled by a complementary interaction of two recessive genes, Isoamylase1 (OsISA1), which was reported previously, and Starch branching enzyme IIa (OsBEIIa), which was newly identified in this study. Complementation tests indicated that OsBEIIa regulated the properties of sugary endosperm. CONCLUSIONS Complementary interactions between the starch biosynthesis genes OsISA1 and OsBEIIa determine the mild sugary endosperm mutant, sugary-h, in rice. Our finding may facilitate the breeding of sugaryendosperm rice for commercial benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjoo Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Min-Seon Choi
- Vegetable Crop Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan, 534-833 South Korea
| | - Gileung Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Su Jang
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Yoon
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, 16429 South Korea
| | - Backki Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Rihua Piao
- Rice Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin 136100 China
| | - Mi-Ok Woo
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Joong Hyoun Chin
- Graduate School of Integrated Bioindustry, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
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18
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Abstract
The starch-rich endosperms of the Poaceae, which includes wild grasses and their domesticated descendents the cereals, have provided humankind and their livestock with the bulk of their daily calories since the dawn of civilization up to the present day. There are currently unprecedented pressures on global food supplies, largely resulting from population growth, loss of agricultural land that is linked to increased urbanization, and climate change. Since cereal yields essentially underpin world food and feed supply, it is critical that we understand the biological factors contributing to crop yields. In particular, it is important to understand the biochemical pathway that is involved in starch biosynthesis, since this pathway is the major yield determinant in the seeds of six out of the top seven crops grown worldwide. This review outlines the critical stages of growth and development of the endosperm tissue in the Poaceae, including discussion of carbon provision to the growing sink tissue. The main body of the review presents a current view of our understanding of storage starch biosynthesis, which occurs inside the amyloplasts of developing endosperms.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory; Tennoh, Katagami, Akita Japan
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita Japan
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20
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Chen L, Lu D, Wang T, Li Z, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Cao Q, Fang K, Xing Y, Qin L. Identification and expression analysis of starch branching enzymes involved in starch synthesis during the development of chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) cotyledons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177792. [PMID: 28542293 PMCID: PMC5441625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) is native to China and distributes widely in arid and semi-arid mountain area with barren soil. As a perennial crop, chestnut is an alternative food source and acts as an important commercial nut tree in China. Starch is the major metabolite in nuts, accounting for 46 ~ 64% of the chestnut dry weight. The accumulation of total starch and amylopectin showed a similar increasing trend during the development of nut. Amylopectin contributed up to 76% of the total starch content at 80 days after pollination (DAP). The increase of total starch mainly results from amylopectin synthesis. Among genes associated with starch biosynthesis, CmSBEs (starch branching enzyme) showed significant increase during nut development. Two starch branching enzyme isoforms, CmSBE I and CmSBE II, were identified from chestnut cotyledon using zymogram analysis. CmSBE I and CmSBE II showed similar patterns of expression during nut development. The accumulations of CmSBE transcripts and proteins in developing cotyledons were characterized. The expressions of two CmSBE genes increased from 64 DAP and reached the highest levels at 77 DAP, and SBE activity reached its peak at 74 DAP. These results suggested that the CmSBE enzymes mainly contributed to amylopectin synthesis and influenced the amylopectin content in the developing cotyledon, which would be beneficial to chestnut germplasm selection and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangke Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Lu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Jiang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kefeng Fang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (LQ)
| | - Ling Qin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (LQ)
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21
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Sestili F, Sparla F, Botticella E, Janni M, D'Ovidio R, Falini G, Marri L, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Moscatello S, Battistelli A, Trost P, Lafiandra D. The down-regulation of the genes encoding Isoamylase 1 alters the starch composition of the durum wheat grain. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:230-238. [PMID: 27717459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In rice, maize and barley, the lack of Isoamylase 1 activity materially affects the composition of endosperm starch. Here, the effect of this deficiency in durum wheat has been characterized, using transgenic lines in which Isa1 was knocked down via RNAi. Transcriptional profiling confirmed the partial down-regulation of Isa1 and revealed a pleiotropic effect on the level of transcription of genes encoding other isoamylases, pullulanase and sucrose synthase. The polysaccharide content of the transgenic endosperms was different from that of the wild type in a number of ways, including a reduction in the content of starch and a moderate enhancement of both phytoglycogen and β-glucan. Some alterations were also induced in the distribution of amylopectin chain length and amylopectin fine structure. The amylopectin present in the transgenic endosperms was more readily hydrolyzable after a treatment with hydrochloric acid, which disrupted its semi-crystalline structure. The conclusion was that in durum wheat, Isoamylase 1 is important for both the synthesis of amylopectin and for determining its internal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ermelinda Botticella
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Michela Janni
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Via G. Amendola, 165, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucia Marri
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen, V DK-1799, Denmark.
| | - Jose A Cuesta-Seijo
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen, V DK-1799, Denmark.
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- National Research Council CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FABIT, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, SNC, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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22
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Nakagami T, Yoshihara H, Nakamura T, Utsumi Y, Sawada T, Fujita N, Satoh H, Nakamura Y. Biochemical analysis of new type mutants of japonica rice that accumulate water-soluble α-glucans in the endosperm but retain full starch debranching enzyme activities. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakagami
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshihara
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Genetic Resources; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Takayuki Sawada
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Genetic Resources; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano Akita Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Tennoh; Katagami Akita Japan
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23
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Kobayashi T, Sasaki S, Utsumi Y, Fujita N, Umeda K, Sawada T, Kubo A, Abe JI, Colleoni C, Ball S, Nakamura Y. Comparison of Chain-Length Preferences and Glucan Specificities of Isoamylase-Type α-Glucan Debranching Enzymes from Rice, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157020. [PMID: 27309534 PMCID: PMC4911114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been believed that isoamylase (ISA)-type α-glucan debranching enzymes (DBEs) play crucial roles not only in α-glucan degradation but also in the biosynthesis by affecting the structure of glucans, although molecular basis on distinct roles of the individual DBEs has not fully understood. In an attempt to relate the roles of DBEs to their chain-length specificities, we analyzed the chain-length distribution of DBE enzymatic reaction products by using purified DBEs from various sources including rice, cyanobacteria, and bacteria. When DBEs were incubated with phytoglycogen, their chain-length specificities were divided into three groups. First, rice endosperm ISA3 (OsISA3) and Eschericia coli GlgX (EcoGlgX) almost exclusively debranched chains having degree of polymerization (DP) of 3 and 4. Second, OsISA1, Pseudomonas amyloderamosa ISA (PsaISA), and rice pullulanase (OsPUL) could debranch a wide range of chains of DP≧3. Third, both cyanobacteria ISAs, Cyanothece ATCC 51142 ISA (CytISA) and Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 ISA (ScoISA), showed the intermediate chain-length preference, because they removed chains of mainly DP3-4 and DP3-6, respectively, while they could also react to chains of DP5-10 and 7–13 to some extent, respectively. In contrast, all these ISAs were reactive to various chains when incubated with amylopectin. In addition to a great variation in chain-length preferences among various ISAs, their activities greatly differed depending on a variety of glucans. Most strikingly, cyannobacteria ISAs could attack branch points of pullulan to a lesser extent although no such activity was found in OsISA1, OsISA3, EcoGlgX, and PsaISA. Thus, the present study shows the high possibility that varied chain-length specificities of ISA-type DBEs among sources and isozymes are responsible for their distinct functions in glucan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Kobayashi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeda
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sawada
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Kubo
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Steven Ball
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, Japan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Convergent Evolution of Starch Metabolism in Cyanobacteria and Archaeplastida. Evol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41324-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Sharma AK, Lavania UC. Chromosome identification—evolving technology from elucidating condensed chromatin to DNA molecules. THE NUCLEUS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-016-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Genes involved in the accumulation of starch and lipids in wheat and rice: characterization using molecular and cytogenetic techniques. THE NUCLEUS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-015-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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27
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Crofts N, Abe N, Oitome NF, Matsushima R, Hayashi M, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Amylopectin biosynthetic enzymes from developing rice seed form enzymatically active protein complexes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4469-82. [PMID: 25979995 PMCID: PMC4507757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin is a highly branched, organized cluster of glucose polymers, and the major component of rice starch. Synthesis of amylopectin requires fine co-ordination between elongation of glucose polymers by soluble starch synthases (SSs), generation of branches by branching enzymes (BEs), and removal of misplaced branches by debranching enzymes (DBEs). Among the various isozymes having a role in amylopectin biosynthesis, limited numbers of SS and BE isozymes have been demonstrated to interact via protein-protein interactions in maize and wheat amyloplasts. This study investigated whether protein-protein interactions are also found in rice endosperm, as well as exploring differences between species. Gel permeation chromatography of developing rice endosperm extracts revealed that all 10 starch biosynthetic enzymes analysed were present at larger molecular weights than their respective monomeric sizes. SSIIa, SSIIIa, SSIVb, BEI, BEIIb, and PUL co-eluted at mass sizes >700kDa, and SSI, SSIIa, BEIIb, ISA1, PUL, and Pho1 co-eluted at 200-400kDa. Zymogram analyses showed that SSI, SSIIIa, BEI, BEIIa, BEIIb, ISA1, PUL, and Pho1 eluted in high molecular weight fractions were active. Comprehensive co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed associations of SSs-BEs, and, among BE isozymes, BEIIa-Pho1, and pullulanase-type DBE-BEI interactions. Blue-native-PAGE zymogram analyses confirmed the glucan-synthesizing activity of protein complexes. These results suggest that some rice starch biosynthetic isozymes are physically associated with each other and form active protein complexes. Detailed analyses of these complexes will shed light on the mechanisms controlling the unique branch and cluster structure of amylopectin, and the physicochemical properties of starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki city, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Mari Hayashi
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael J Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
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28
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Chen H, Narsimhan G, Yao Y. Particulate structure of phytoglycogen studied using β-amylolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 132:582-8. [PMID: 26256385 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytoglycogen (PG), a dendrimer-like glucan particulate, has a much higher dispersed molecular density than amylopectin (AP). In this study, β-amylase was used to investigate the effect of high molecular density of PG on its susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis. AP and PG reached the limit of β-amylolysis at 20 and 480 min, respectively, suggesting a much higher resistance of PG to β-amylase. The majority of PG β-amylolysis occurred in the initial 2 min, followed by a slow progression that implied low accessibility of internal particulate portion to enzyme. The chain length profile of PG β-limit dextrin showed only one population of long chains, indicating the absence of branch clusters with PG. At the limit of β-amylolysis, a substantial decrease in the molar mass was observed for both PG and AP, whereas only a slight reduction in the Z-average root mean square radius was observed for PG (from 24.5 to 23.1 nm) compared to that of AP (from 91.1 to 69.6 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, United States
| | - Ganesan Narsimhan
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, United States
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, United States.
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29
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Sun W, Zhou Q, Yao Y, Qiu X, Xie K, Yu S. Identification of genomic regions and the isoamylase gene for reduced grain chalkiness in rice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122013. [PMID: 25790260 PMCID: PMC4366167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain chalkiness is an important grain quality related to starch granules in the endosperm. A high percentage of grain chalkiness is a major problem because it diminishes grain quality in rice. Here, we report quantitative trait loci identification for grain chalkiness using high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of a chromosomal segment substitution line population in which each line carried one or a few introduced japonica cultivar Nipponbare segments in the genetic background of the indica cultivar ZS97. Ten quantitative trait loci regions were commonly identified for the percentage of grain chalkiness and the degree of endosperm chalkiness. The allelic effects at nine of these quantitative trait loci reduced grain chalkiness. Furthermore, a quantitative trait locus (qPGC8-2) on chromosome 8 was validated in a chromosomal segment substitution line-derived segregation population, and had a stable effect on chalkiness in a multiple-environment evaluation of the near-isogenic lines. Residing on the qPGC8-2 region, the isoamylase gene (ISA1) was preferentially expressed in the endosperm and revealed some nucleotide polymorphisms between two varieties, Nipponbare and ZS97. Transgenic lines with suppression of ISA1 by RNA interference produced grains with 20% more chalkiness than the control. The results support that the gene may underlie qPGC8-2 for grain chalkiness. The multiple-environment trials of the near-isogenic lines also show that combination of the favorable alleles such as the ISA1 gene for low chalkiness and the GS3 gene for long grains considerably improved grain quality of ZS97, which proves useful for grain quality improvement in rice breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhou
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Yao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianjin Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Xie
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sibin Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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30
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Schwarte S, Wegner F, Havenstein K, Groth D, Steup M, Tiedemann R. Sequence variation, differential expression, and divergent evolution in starch-related genes among accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:489-519. [PMID: 25663508 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transitory starch metabolism is a nonlinear and highly regulated process. It originated very early in the evolution of chloroplast-containing cells and is largely based on a mosaic of genes derived from either the eukaryotic host cell or the prokaryotic endosymbiont. Initially located in the cytoplasm, starch metabolism was rewired into plastids in Chloroplastida. Relocation was accompanied by gene duplications that occurred in most starch-related gene families and resulted in subfunctionalization of the respective gene products. Starch-related isozymes were then evolutionary conserved by constraints such as internal starch structure, posttranslational protein import into plastids and interactions with other starch-related proteins. 25 starch-related genes in 26 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced to assess intraspecific diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and modes of selection. Furthermore, sequences derived from additional 80 accessions that are publicly available were analyzed. Diversity varies significantly among the starch-related genes. Starch synthases and phosphorylases exhibit highest nucleotide diversities, while pyrophosphatases and debranching enzymes are most conserved. The gene trees are most compatible with a scenario of extensive recombination, perhaps in a Pleistocene refugium. Most genes are under purifying selection, but disruptive selection was inferred for a few genes/substitutiones. To study transcript levels, leaves were harvested throughout the light period. By quantifying the transcript levels and by analyzing the sequence of the respective accessions, we were able to estimate whether transcript levels are mainly determined by genetic (i.e., accession dependent) or physiological (i.e., time dependent) parameters. We also identified polymorphic sites that putatively affect pattern or the level of transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schwarte
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Building 26, 14476, Potsdam, Germany,
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31
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Kang G, Peng X, Wang L, Yang Y, Shao R, Xie Y, Ma D, Wang C, Guo T, Zhu Y. Ultrastructural observation of mesophyll cells and temporal expression profiles of the genes involved in transitory starch metabolism in flag leaves of wheat after anthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:12-29. [PMID: 24853500 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transitory starch in cereal plant leaves is synthesized during the day and remobilized at night to provide a carbon source for growth and grain filling, but its mechanistic basis is still poorly understood. The objective of this study is to explore the regulatory mechanism for starch biosynthesis and degradation in plant source organs. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed that during the day after anthesis, starch granules in mesophyll cells of wheat flag leaves accumulated in chloroplasts and the number of starch granules gradually decreased with wheat leaf growth. During the night, starch granules synthesized in chloroplasts during the day were completely or partially degraded. The transcript levels of 26 starch synthesis-related genes and 16 starch breakdown-related genes were further measured using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression profile analysis revealed that starch metabolism genes were clustered into two groups based on their temporal expression patterns. The genes in the first group were highly expressed and presumed to play crucial roles in starch metabolism. The genes in the other group were not highly expressed in flag leaves and may have minor functions in starch metabolism in leaf tissue. The functions of most of these genes in leaves were further discussed. The starch metabolism-related genes that are predominantly expressed in wheat flag leaves differ from those expressed in wheat grain, indicating that two different pathways for starch metabolism operate in these tissues. This provides specific information on the molecular mechanisms of transitory starch metabolism in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Kang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Food Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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32
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Park YJ, Nishikawa T, Tomooka N, Nemoto K. Molecular characterization of an isoamylase 1-type starch debranching enzyme (DBEI) in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.). Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7857-64. [PMID: 25167854 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the molecular profile of a starch debranching enzyme (DBE) in grain amaranth. A cDNA clone that encodes a putative DBE was isolated from amaranth perisperm and then sequenced. This amaranth DBE appears to be an ISA1-type DBE (DBEI), based on its substrate specificity and the sequence similarity between the 2,391-bp cDNA clone and ISA1 s from potato and Arabidopsis. The mature DBEI of amaranth consists of 796 amino acids (90.5 kDa). We analyzed the transcript levels of the DBEI gene in amaranth seeds during various developmental stages and in plant tissues by qRT-PCR and RT-PCR analyses. The transcript levels of the DBEI gene rapidly increased at the middle stage of seed maturation. This result indicates that the enzyme encoded by the amaranth DBEI gene plays an important role in starch accumulation throughout the seed during the middle stage of seed development. We detected DBEI transcripts in storage and non-storage tissues. At the six-leaf stage, there were high levels of the DBEI transcripts in leaves, petioles, and the stem, and low levels in the root. Therefore, we suggest that the DBEI expression is not specific to non-storage and/or storage tissues. This summary of the basic characteristics of the DBEI gene will contribute to further studies on starch biosynthesis in Amaranthus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Park
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan,
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33
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FASAHAT PARVIZ, RAHMAN SADEQUR, RATNAM WICKNESWARI. Genetic controls on starch amylose content in wheat and rice grains. J Genet 2014; 93:279-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Streb S, Zeeman SC. Replacement of the endogenous starch debranching enzymes ISA1 and ISA2 of Arabidopsis with the rice orthologs reveals a degree of functional conservation during starch synthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92174. [PMID: 24642810 PMCID: PMC3958451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the interchangeability of enzymes in starch metabolism between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant species. Amylopectin - a branched glucose polymer - is the major component of starch and is responsible for its semi-crystalline property. Plants synthesize starch with distinct amylopectin structures, varying between species and tissues. The structure determines starch properties, an important characteristic for cooking and nutrition, and for the industrial uses of starch. Amylopectin synthesis involves at least three enzyme classes: starch synthases, branching enzymes and debranching enzymes. For all three classes, several enzyme isoforms have been identified. However, it is not clear which enzyme(s) are responsible for the large diversity of amylopectin structures. Here, we tested whether the specificities of the debranching enzymes (ISA1 and ISA2) are major determinants of species-dependent differences in amylopectin structure by replacing the dicotyledonous Arabidopsis isoamylases (AtISA1 and AtISA2) with the monocotyledonous rice (Oryza sativa) isoforms. We demonstrate that the ISA1 and ISA2 are sufficiently well conserved between these species to form heteromultimeric chimeric Arabidopsis/rice isoamylase enzymes. Furthermore, we were able to reconstitute the endosperm-specific rice OsISA1 homomultimeric complex in Arabidopsis isa1isa2 mutants. This homomultimer was able to facilitate normal rates of starch synthesis. The resulting amylopectin structure had small but significant differences in comparison to wild-type Arabidopsis amylopectin. This suggests that ISA1 and ISA2 have a conserved function between plant species with a major role in facilitating the crystallization of pre-amylopectin synthesized by starch synthases and branching enzymes, but also influencing the final structure of amylopectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Wang K, Henry RJ, Gilbert RG. Causal Relations Among Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40362-014-0016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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36
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Wang JC, Xu H, Zhu Y, Liu QQ, Cai XL. OsbZIP58, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, regulates starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3453-66. [PMID: 23846875 PMCID: PMC3733163 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch composition and the amount in endosperm, both of which contribute dramatically to seed yield, cooking quality, and taste in cereals, are determined by a series of complex biochemical reactions. However, the mechanism regulating starch biosynthesis in cereal seeds is not well understood. This study showed that OsbZIP58, a bZIP transcription factor, is a key transcriptional regulator controlling starch synthesis in rice endosperm. OsbZIP58 was expressed mainly in endosperm during active starch synthesis. osbzip58 null mutants displayed abnormal seed morphology with altered starch accumulation in the white belly region and decreased amounts of total starch and amylose. Moreover, osbzip58 had a higher proportion of short chains and a lower proportion of intermediate chains of amylopectin. Furthermore, OsbZIP58 was shown to bind directly to the promoters of six starch-synthesizing genes, OsAGPL3, Wx, OsSSIIa, SBE1, OsBEIIb, and ISA2, and to regulate their expression. These findings indicate that OsbZIP58 functions as a key regulator of starch synthesis in rice seeds and provide new insights into seed quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Chen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratories of Crop Genetics and Physiology of the Jiangsu Province and Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xiu-Ling Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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37
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Sun MM, Lee HJ, Abdula SE, Jee MG, Cho YG. Overexpression of starch branching enzyme 1 gene improves eating quality in japonica rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2013.40.2.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Fujita N, Hanashiro I, Suzuki S, Higuchi T, Toyosawa Y, Utsumi Y, Itoh R, Aihara S, Nakamura Y. Elongated phytoglycogen chain length in transgenic rice endosperm expressing active starch synthase IIa affects the altered solubility and crystallinity of the storage α-glucan. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5859-72. [PMID: 23048127 PMCID: PMC3467298 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the solubility, crystallinity, and length of the unit chains of plant storage α-glucan was investigated by manipulating the chain length of α-glucans accumulated in a rice mutant. Transgenic lines were produced by introducing a cDNA for starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) from an indica cultivar (SSIIa (I), coding for active SSIIa) into an isoamylase1 (ISA1)-deficient mutant (isa1) that was derived from a japonica cultivar (bearing inactive SSIIa proteins). The water-soluble fraction accounted for >95% of the total α-glucan in the isa1 mutant, whereas it was only 35-70% in the transgenic SSIIa (I)/isa1 lines. Thus, the α-glucans from the SSIIa (I)/isa1 lines were fractionated into soluble and insoluble fractions prior to the following characterizations. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a weak B-type crystallinity for the α-glucans of the insoluble fraction, while no crystallinity was confirmed for α-glucans in isa1. Concerning the degree of polymerization (DP) ≤30, the chain lengths of these α-glucans differed significantly in the order of SSIIa (I)/isa1 insoluble > SSIIa (I)/isa1 soluble > α-glucans in isa1. The amount of long chains with DP ≥33 was higher in the insoluble fraction α-glucans than in the other two α-glucans. No difference was observed in the chain length distributions of the β-amylase limit dextrins among these α-glucans. These results suggest that in the SSIIa (I)/isa1 transgenic lines, the unit chains of α-glucans were elongated by SSIIa(I), whereas the expression of SSIIa(I) did not affect the branch positions. Thus, the observed insolubility and crystallinity of the insoluble fraction can be attributed to the elongated length of the outer chains due to SSIIa(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195 Japan.
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39
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Abstract
Starch is the major non-structural carbohydrate in plants. It serves as an important store of carbon that fuels plant metabolism and growth when they are unable to photosynthesise. This storage can be in leaves and other green tissues, where it is degraded during the night, or in heterotrophic tissues such as roots, seeds and tubers, where it is stored over longer time periods. Arabidopsis accumulates starch in many of its tissues, but mostly in its leaves during the day. It has proven to be a powerful genetic system for discovering how starch is synthesised and degraded, and new proteins and processes have been discovered. Such work has major significance for our starch crops, whose yield and quality could be improved by the application of this knowledge. Research into Arabidopsis starch metabolism has begun to reveal how its daily turnover is integrated into the rest of metabolism and adapted to the environmental conditions. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutant lines deficient in starch metabolism have been employed as tools to study other biological processes ranging from sugar sensing to gravitropism and flowering time control. This review gives a detailed account of the use of Arabidopsis to study starch metabolism. It describes the major discoveries made and presents an overview of our understanding today, together with some as-yet unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Streb S, Zeeman SC. Starch metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2012; 10:e0160. [PMID: 23393426 DOI: 10.199/tab.e0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the major non-structural carbohydrate in plants. It serves as an important store of carbon that fuels plant metabolism and growth when they are unable to photosynthesise. This storage can be in leaves and other green tissues, where it is degraded during the night, or in heterotrophic tissues such as roots, seeds and tubers, where it is stored over longer time periods. Arabidopsis accumulates starch in many of its tissues, but mostly in its leaves during the day. It has proven to be a powerful genetic system for discovering how starch is synthesised and degraded, and new proteins and processes have been discovered. Such work has major significance for our starch crops, whose yield and quality could be improved by the application of this knowledge. Research into Arabidopsis starch metabolism has begun to reveal how its daily turnover is integrated into the rest of metabolism and adapted to the environmental conditions. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutant lines deficient in starch metabolism have been employed as tools to study other biological processes ranging from sugar sensing to gravitropism and flowering time control. This review gives a detailed account of the use of Arabidopsis to study starch metabolism. It describes the major discoveries made and presents an overview of our understanding today, together with some as-yet unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kim YJ, Yeu SY, Park BS, Koh HJ, Song JT, Seo HS. Protein disulfide isomerase-like protein 1-1 controls endosperm development through regulation of the amount and composition of seed proteins in rice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44493. [PMID: 22970232 PMCID: PMC3435311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a chaperone protein involved in oxidative protein folding by acting as a catalyst and assisting folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A genome database search showed that rice contains 19 PDI-like genes. However, their functions are not clearly identified. This paper shows possible functions of rice PDI-like protein 1-1 (PDIL1-1) during seed development. Seeds of the T-DNA insertion PDIL1-1 mutant, PDIL1-1Δ, identified by genomic DNA PCR and western blot analysis, display a chalky phenotype and a thick aleurone layer. Protein content per seed was significantly lower and free sugar content higher in PDIL1-1Δ mutant seeds than in the wild type. Proteomic analysis of PDIL1-1Δ mutant seeds showed that PDIL1-1 is post-translationally regulated, and its loss causes accumulation of many types of seed proteins including glucose/starch metabolism- and ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging-related proteins. In addition, PDIL1-1 strongly interacts with the cysteine protease OsCP1. Our data indicate that the opaque phenotype of PDIL1-1Δ mutant seeds results from production of irregular starch granules and protein body through loss of regulatory activity for various proteins involved in the synthesis of seed components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Jeong Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Yion Yeu
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong Soo Park
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Koh
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Han X, Wang Y, Liu X, Jiang L, Ren Y, Liu F, Peng C, Li J, Jin X, Wu F, Wang J, Guo X, Zhang X, Cheng Z, Wan J. The failure to express a protein disulphide isomerase-like protein results in a floury endosperm and an endoplasmic reticulum stress response in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:121-30. [PMID: 21984651 PMCID: PMC3245461 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The rice somaclonal mutant T3612 produces small grains with a floury endosperm, caused by the loose packing of starch granules. The positional cloning of the mutation revealed a deletion in a gene encoding a protein disulphide isomerase-like enzyme (PDIL1-1). In the wild type, PDIL1-1 was expressed throughout the plant, but most intensely in the developing grain. In T3612, its expression was abolished, resulting in a decrease in the activity of plastidial phosphorylase and pullulanase, and an increase in that of soluble starch synthase I and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. The amylopectin in the T3612 endosperm showed an increase in chains with a degree of polymerization 8-13 compared with the wild type. The expression in the mutant's endosperm of certain endoplasmic reticulum stress-responsive genes was noticeably elevated. PDIL1-1 appears to play an important role in starch synthesis. Its absence is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in the endosperm, which is likely to underlie the formation of the floury endosperm in the T3612 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Han
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ximing Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Yun MS, Umemoto T, Kawagoe Y. Rice debranching enzyme isoamylase3 facilitates starch metabolism and affects plastid morphogenesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:1068-82. [PMID: 21551159 PMCID: PMC3110883 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Debranching enzymes, which hydrolyze α-1 and 6-glucosidic linkages in α-polyglucans, play a dual role in the synthesis and degradation of starch in plants. A transposon-inserted rice mutant of isoamylase3 (isa3) contained an increased amount of starch in the leaf blade at the end of the night, indicating that ISA3 plays a role in the degradation of transitory starch during the night. An epitope-tagged ISA3 expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited hydrolytic activity on β-limit dextrin and amylopectin. We investigated whether ISA3 plays a role in amyloplast development and starch metabolism in the developing endosperm. ISA3-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein expressed under the control of the rice ISA3 promoter was targeted to the amyloplast stroma in the endosperm. Overexpression of ISA3 in the sugary1 mutant, which is deficient in ISA1 activity, did not convert water-soluble phytoglycogen to starch granules, indicating that ISA1 and ISA3 are not functionally redundant. Both overexpression and loss of function of ISA3 in the endosperm generated pleomorphic amyloplasts and starch granules. Furthermore, chloroplasts in the leaf blade of isa3 seedlings were large and pleomorphic. These results suggest that ISA3 facilitates starch metabolism and affects morphological characteristics of plastids in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Yun
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
- Present address: Food Resource Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8642 Japan
| | - Takayuki Umemoto
- Rice Quality Research Team, National Institute of Crop Science, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8518, Japan
- Present address: National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, 062-8555 Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawagoe
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan
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Utsumi Y, Utsumi C, Sawada T, Fujita N, Nakamura Y. Functional diversity of isoamylase oligomers: the ISA1 homo-oligomer is essential for amylopectin biosynthesis in rice endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:61-77. [PMID: 21436381 PMCID: PMC3091037 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.173435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm has two isoamylase (ISA) oligomers, ISA1 homo-oligomer and ISA1-ISA2 hetero-oligomer. To examine their contribution to starch synthesis, expression of the ISA1 or ISA2 gene was differently regulated in various transgenic plants. Although suppression of ISA2 gene expression caused the endosperm to have only the homo-oligomer, no significant effects were detected on the starch phenotypes. In contrast, ISA2 overexpression led to endosperm having only the hetero-oligomer, and starch synthesis in the endosperm was drastically impaired, both quantitatively and qualitatively, because the starch was devoid of typical starch features, such as thermal and x-ray diffraction properties, and water-soluble highly branched maltodextrins were accumulated. In the ISA2 overexpressed line, about 60% to 70% of the ISA1-ISA2 hetero-oligomer was bound to starch, while the ISA homo- and hetero-oligomers from the wild type were mostly present in the soluble form at the early milking stage of the endosperm. Detailed analysis of the relative amounts of homo- and hetero-oligomers in various lines also led us to the conclusion that the ISA1 homo-oligomer is essential, but not the ISA1-ISA2 oligomer, for starch production in rice endosperm. The relative amounts of ISA1 and ISA2 proteins were shown to determine the ratio of both oligomers and the stoichiometry of both ISAs in the hetero-oligomer. It was noted when compared with the homo-oligomer that all the hetero-oligomers from rice endosperm and leaf and potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber were much more stable at 40°C. This study provides substantial data on the structural and functional diversity of ISA oligomers between plant tissues and species.
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45
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Peterhansel C. Best practice procedures for the establishment of a C(4) cycle in transgenic C(3) plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3011-3019. [PMID: 21335437 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
C(4) plants established a mechanism for the concentration of CO(2) in the vicinity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in order to saturate the enzyme with substrate and substantially to reduce the alternative fixation of O(2) that results in energy losses. Transfer of the C(4) mechanism to C(3) plants has been repeatedly tested, but none of the approaches so far resulted in transgenic plants with enhanced photosynthesis or growth. Instead, often deleterious effects were observed. A true C(4) cycle requires the co-ordinated activity of multiple enzymes in different cell types and in response to diverse environmental and metabolic stimuli. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the most appropriate regulatory elements and coding sequences for the establishment of C(4) protein activities in C(3) plants. In addition, technological breakthroughs for the efficient transfer of the numerous genes probably required to transform a C(3) plant into a C(4) plant will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Peterhansel
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany.
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46
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Qiao Y, Lee SI, Piao R, Jiang W, Ham TH, Chin JH, Piao Z, Han L, Kang SY, Koh HJ. Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of the floury endosperm gene, FLO(a), in rice. Mol Cells 2010; 29:167-74. [PMID: 20016946 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its role as an energy source for plants, animals and humans, starch is also an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. In rice, the eating and cooking quality of the grain is determined by its starch properties. The floury endosperm of rice has been explored as an agronomical trait in breeding and genetics studies. In the present study, we characterized a floury endosperm mutant, flo(a), derived from treatment of Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cultivar Hwacheong with MNU. The innermost endosperm of the flo(a) mutant exhibited floury characteristics while the outer layer of the endosperm appeared normal. Starch granules in the flo(a) mutant formed a loosely-packed crystalline structure and X-ray diffraction revealed that the overall crystallinity of the starch was decreased compared to wild-type. The FLO(a) gene was isolated via a map-based cloning approach and predicted to encode the tetratricopeptide repeat domain-containing protein, OsTPR. Three mutant alleles contain a nucleotide substitution that generated one stop codon or one splice site, respectively, which presumably disrupts the interaction of the functionally conserved TPR motifs. Taken together, our map-based cloning approach pinpointed an OsTPR as a strong candidate of FLO(a), and the proteins that contain TPR motifs might play a significant role in rice starch biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Qiao
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea
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47
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Li QF, Zhang GY, Dong ZW, Yu HX, Gu MH, Sun SSM, Liu QQ. Characterization of expression of the OsPUL gene encoding a pullulanase-type debranching enzyme during seed development and germination in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:351-8. [PMID: 19251430 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Starch-debranching enzymes (DBEs) are key enzymes involved in starch metabolism in cereals, having a dual function, in both starch synthesis and degradation. However, their precise roles in this pathway, particularly their expression profiles, remain unclear. In the present study, we performed a quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) analysis of the expression pattern of the OsPUL gene encoding a pullulanase-type DBE in different tissues as well as in seeds at different developmental stages. The results showed that this gene was expressed only in seeds. In addition, the 1177-bp OsPUL promoter sequence was cloned, and some endosperm-specific motifs such as the GCN4 and AACA motifs were observed to exist in this region. The promoter was then fused with the GUS reporter gene and its expression was carefully investigated in transgenic rice. The data from both histochemical and fluorometric analyses showed that the OsPUL promoter was capable of driving the target gene to have a high level of endosperm-specific expression. The OsPUL gene maintained a relatively high expression level during the entire period of seed development, and peaked in the middle and late stages. This observation was very consistent with that of the endogenous transcription analysis by Q-PCR. Furthermore, the seed germination experiment showed that the OsPUL promoter actively functions in the late stage of seed germination. The expression of the OsPUL gene was maintained at a significant level during the entire grain filling period and in the late stage of seed germination, which coincided with its involvement in starch anabolism and catabolism.
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48
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Wada N, Kajiyama S, Akiyama Y, Kawakami S, No D, Uchiyama S, Otani M, Shimada T, Nose N, Suzuki G, Mukai Y, Fukui K. Bioactive beads-mediated transformation of rice with large DNA fragments containing Aegilops tauschii genes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:759-768. [PMID: 19214515 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transformation with large DNA molecules enables multiple genes to be introduced into plants simultaneously to produce transgenic plants with complex phenotypes. In this study, a large DNA fragment (ca. 100 kb) containing a set of Aegilops tauschii hardness genes was introduced into rice plants using a novel transformation method, called bioactive beads-mediated transformation. Nine transgenic rice plants were obtained and the presence of transgenes in the rice genome was confirmed by PCR and FISH analyses. The results suggested that multiple transgenes were successfully integrated in all transgenic plants. The expression of one of the transgenes, puroindoline b, was confirmed at the mRNA and protein levels in the T(2) generation. Our study clearly demonstrates that the bioactive bead method is capable of producing transgenic rice plants carrying large DNA fragments. This method will facilitate the production of useful transgenic plants by introducing multiple genes simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Wada
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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49
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Zeng D, Hu J, Dong G, Liu J, Zeng L, Zhang G, Guo L, Zhou Y, Qian Q. Quantitative trait loci mapping of flag-leaf ligule length in rice and alignment with ZmLG1 gene. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:360-6. [PMID: 21452587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A doubled haploid (DH) population, which consists of 120 lines derived from anther culture of a typical indica and japonica hybrid ‘CJ06’/‘TN1’, was used in this study. Ligule lengths of flag leaf were investigated for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping using the DH population. Five QTLs (qLL-2, qLL-4, qLL-6, qLL-10 and qLL-12) controlling the ligule length (LL) were detected on chromosomes 2, 4, 6, 10 and 12, with the variances explained 11.4%, 13.6%, 27.8%, 22.1% and 11.0%, respectively. Using four known genes of ZmGL1, ZmGL2, ZmGL3 and ZmGL4 in maize from the MaizeGDB, their homologs in rice were aligned and integrated into the existing simple sequence repeats linkage map by in silico mapping. A ZmLG1 homolog gene, OsLG1 encoding a squamosa promoter binding protein, was located between the markers RM255 and RM280, which is just identical to the interval of qLL-4 on the long arm of chromosome 4. The results are beneficial to dissection of the ligule molecular mechanism and the study of cereal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
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Fujita N, Toyosawa Y, Utsumi Y, Higuchi T, Hanashiro I, Ikegami A, Akuzawa S, Yoshida M, Mori A, Inomata K, Itoh R, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Satoh H, Nakamura Y. Characterization of pullulanase (PUL)-deficient mutants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the function of PUL on starch biosynthesis in the developing rice endosperm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:1009-23. [PMID: 19190097 PMCID: PMC2652056 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) allelic sugary1 (sug1) mutants defective in isoamylase 1 (ISA1) accumulate varying levels of starch and phytoglycogen in their endosperm, and the activity of a pullulanase-type of a debranching enzyme (PUL) was found to correlate closely with the severity of the sug1 phenotype. Thus, three PUL-deficient mutants were generated to investigate the function of PUL in starch biosynthesis. The reduction of PUL activity had no pleiotropic effects on the other enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis. The short chains (DP < or = 13) of amylopectin in PUL mutants were increased compared with that of the wild type, but the extent of the changes was much smaller than that of sug1 mutants. The alpha-glucan composition [amylose, amylopectin, water-soluble polysaccharide (WSP)] and the structure of the starch components (amylose and amylopectin) of the PUL mutants were essentially the same, although the average chain length of the B(2-3) chains of amylopectin in the PUL mutant was approximately 3 residues longer than that of the wild type. The double mutants between the PUL-null and mild sug1 mutants still retained starch in the outer layer of endosperm tissue, while the amounts of WSP and short chains (DP < or = 7) of amylopectin were higher than those of the sug1 mutant; this indicates that the PUL function partially overlaps with that of ISA1 and its deficiency has a much smaller effect on the synthesis of amylopectin than ISA1 deficiency and the variation of the sug1 phenotype is not significantly dependent on the PUL activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195 Japan.
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