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Respiratory and Photosynthetic Responses of Antarctic Vascular Plants Are Differentially Affected by CO2 Enrichment and Nocturnal Warming. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111520. [PMID: 35684292 PMCID: PMC9182836 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Projected rises in atmospheric CO2 concentration and minimum night-time temperatures may have important effects on plant carbon metabolism altering the carbon balance of the only two vascular plant species in the Antarctic Peninsula. We assessed the effect of nocturnal warming (8/5 °C vs. 8/8 °C day/night) and CO2 concentrations (400 ppm and 750 ppm) on gas exchange, non-structural carbohydrates, two respiratory-related enzymes, and mitochondrial size and number in two species of vascular plants. In Colobanthus quitensis, light-saturated photosynthesis measured at 400 ppm was reduced when plants were grown in the elevated CO2 or in the nocturnal warming treatments. Growth in elevated CO2 reduced stomatal conductance but nocturnal warming did not. The short-term sensitivity of respiration, relative protein abundance, and mitochondrial traits were not responsive to either treatment in this species. Moreover, some acclimation to nocturnal warming at ambient CO2 was observed. Altogether, these responses in C. quitensis led to an increase in the respiration-assimilation ratio in plants grown in elevated CO2. The response of Deschampsia antarctica to the experimental treatments was quite distinct. Photosynthesis was not affected by either treatment; however, respiration acclimated to temperature in the elevated CO2 treatment. The observed short-term changes in thermal sensitivity indicate type I acclimation of respiration. Growth in elevated CO2 and nocturnal warming resulted in a reduction in mitochondrial numbers and an increase in mitochondrial size in D. antarctica. Overall, our results suggest that with climate change D. antarctica could be more successful than C. quitensis, due to its ability to make metabolic adjustments to maintain its carbon balance.
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Ruiz-Vera UM, Siebers MH, Jaiswal D, Ort DR, Bernacchi CJ. Canopy warming accelerates development in soybean and maize, offsetting the delay in soybean reproductive development by elevated CO 2 concentrations. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2806-2820. [PMID: 30055106 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2 ]) and surface temperature are known to individually have effects on crop development and yield, but their interactive effects have not been adequately investigated under field conditions. We evaluated the impacts of elevated [CO2 ] with and without canopy warming as a function of development in soybean and maize using infrared heating arrays nested within free air CO2 enrichment plots over three growing seasons. Vegetative development accelerated in soybean with temperature plus elevated [CO2 ] resulting in higher node number. Reproductive development was delayed in soybean under elevated [CO2 ], but warming mitigated this delay. In maize, both vegetative and reproductive developments were accelerated by warming, whereas elevated [CO2 ] had no apparent effect on development. Treatment-induced changes in the leaf carbohydrates, dark respiration rate, morphological parameters, and environmental conditions accompanied the changes in plant development. We used two thermal models to investigate their ability to predict the observed development under warming and elevated [CO2 ]. Whereas the growing degree day model underestimated the thermal threshold to reach each developmental stage, the alternative process-based model used (β function) was able to predict crop development under climate change conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Ruiz-Vera
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew H Siebers
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Deepak Jaiswal
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Aspinwall MJ, Jacob VK, Blackman CJ, Smith RA, Tjoelker MG, Tissue DT. The temperature response of leaf dark respiration in 15 provenances of Eucalyptus grandis grown in ambient and elevated CO 2. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:1075-1086. [PMID: 32480634 DOI: 10.1071/fp17110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of elevated CO2 on the short-term temperature response of leaf dark respiration (R) remain uncertain for many forest tree species. Likewise, variation in leaf R among populations within tree species and potential interactive effects of elevated CO2 are poorly understood. We addressed these uncertainties by measuring the short-term temperature response of leaf R in 15 provenances of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden from contrasting thermal environments grown under ambient [CO2] (aCO2; 400µmolmol-1) and elevated [CO2] (640µmolmol-1; eCO2). Leaf R per unit area (Rarea) measured across a range of temperatures was higher in trees grown in eCO2 and varied up to 104% among provenances. However, eCO2 increased leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) by 21%, and when R was expressed on a mass basis (i.e. Rmass), it did not differ between CO2 treatments. Likewise, accounting for differences in LMA among provenances, Rmass did not differ among provenances. The temperature sensitivity of R (i.e. Q10) did not differ between CO2 treatments or among provenances. We conclude that eCO2 had no direct effect on the temperature response of R in E. grandis, and respiratory physiology was similar among provenances of E. grandis regardless of home-climate temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Vinod K Jacob
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Renee A Smith
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Atkin OK, Bahar NHA, Bloomfield KJ, Griffin KL, Heskel MA, Huntingford C, de la Torre AM, Turnbull MH. Leaf Respiration in Terrestrial Biosphere Models. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68703-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Amthor JS. Plant Respiratory Responses to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure. ADVANCES IN CARBON DIOXIDE EFFECTS RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/asaspecpub61.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Markelz RJC, Vosseller LN, Leakey ADB. Developmental stage specificity of transcriptional, biochemical and CO2 efflux responses of leaf dark respiration to growth of Arabidopsis thaliana at elevated [CO2]. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2542-52. [PMID: 24635671 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant respiration responses to elevated growth [CO(2)] are key uncertainties in predicting future crop and ecosystem function. In particular, the effects of elevated growth [CO(2)] on respiration over leaf development are poorly understood. This study tested the prediction that, due to greater whole plant photoassimilate availability and growth, elevated [CO(2)] induces transcriptional reprogramming and a stimulation of nighttime respiration in leaf primordia, expanding leaves and mature leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. In primordia, elevated [CO(2)] altered transcript abundance, but not for genes encoding respiratory proteins. In expanding leaves, elevated [CO(2)] induced greater glucose content and transcript abundance for some respiratory genes, but did not alter respiratory CO(2) efflux. In mature leaves, elevated [CO(2)] led to greater glucose, sucrose and starch content, plus greater transcript abundance for many components of the respiratory pathway, and greater respiratory CO(2) efflux. Therefore, growth at elevated [CO(2)] stimulated dark respiration only after leaves transitioned from carbon sinks into carbon sources. This coincided with greater photoassimilate production by mature leaves under elevated [CO(2)] and peak respiratory transcriptional responses. It remains to be determined if biochemical and transcriptional responses to elevated [CO(2)] in primordial and expanding leaves are essential prerequisites for subsequent alterations of respiratory metabolism in mature leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cody Markelz
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Tan K, Zhou G, Ren S. Response of leaf dark respiration of winter wheat to changes in CO2 concentration and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Turgeon R. The role of phloem loading reconsidered. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1817-23. [PMID: 20200065 PMCID: PMC2850027 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.153023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Turgeon
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Pärnik T, Ivanova H, Keerberg O. Photorespiratory and respiratory decarboxylations in leaves of C3 plants under different CO2 concentrations and irradiances. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:1535-1544. [PMID: 17986155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We used an advanced radiogasometric method to study the effects of short-term changes in CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on the rates and substrates of photorespiratory and respiratory decarboxylations under steady-state photosynthesis and in the dark. Experiments were carried out on Plantago lanceolata, Poa trivialis, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum, Helianthus annuus and Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Rates of photorespiration and respiration measured at a low [CO2] (40 micromol mol(-1)) were equal to those at normal [CO2] (360 micromol mol(-1)). Under low [CO2], the substrates of decarboxylation reactions were derived mainly from stored photosynthates, while under normal [CO2] primary photosynthates were preferentially consumed. An increase in [CO2] from 320 to 2300 micromol mol(-1) brought about a fourfold decrease in the rate of photorespiration with a concomitant 50% increase in the rate of respiration in the light. Respiration in the dark did not depend on [CO2] up to 30 mmol mol(-1). A positive correlation was found between the rate of respiration in the dark and the rate of photosynthesis during the preceding light period. The respiratory decarboxylation of stored photosynthates was suppressed by light. The extent of light inhibition decreased with increasing [CO2]; no inhibition was detected at 30 mmol mol(-1) CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pärnik
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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Response of needle dark respiration of Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis to elevated CO2 concentrations for four growing seasons’ exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-007-2045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Bunce JA. Response of respiration of soybean leaves grown at ambient and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations to day-to-day variation in light and temperature under field conditions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2005; 95:1059-66. [PMID: 15781437 PMCID: PMC4246764 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Respiration is an important component of plant carbon balance, but it remains uncertain how respiration will respond to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and there are few measurements of respiration for crop plants grown at elevated [CO(2)] under field conditions. The hypothesis that respiration of leaves of soybeans grown at elevated [CO(2)] is increased is tested; and the effects of photosynthesis and acclimation to temperature examined. METHODS Net rates of carbon dioxide exchange were recorded every 10 min, 24 h per day for mature upper canopy leaves of soybeans grown in field plots at the current ambient [CO(2)] and at ambient plus 350 micromol mol(-1) [CO(2)] in open top chambers. Measurements were made on pairs of leaves from both [CO(2)] treatments on a total of 16 d during the middle of the growing seasons of two years. KEY RESULTS Elevated [CO(2)] increased daytime net carbon dioxide fixation rates per unit of leaf area by an average of 48 %, but had no effect on night-time respiration expressed per unit of area, which averaged 53 mmol m(-2) d(-1) (1.4 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) for both the ambient and elevated [CO(2)] treatments. Leaf dry mass per unit of area was increased on average by 23 % by elevated [CO(2)], and respiration per unit of mass was significantly lower at elevated [CO(2)]. Respiration increased by a factor of 2.5 between 18 and 26 degrees C average night temperature, for both [CO(2)] treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results do not support predictions that elevated [CO(2)] would increase respiration per unit of area by increasing photosynthesis or by increasing leaf mass per unit of area, nor the idea that acclimation of respiration to temperature would be rapid enough to make dark respiration insensitive to variation in temperature between nights.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bunce
- Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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12
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Spanarkel R, Drew MC. Germination and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) at low atmospheric pressure. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 116:468-77. [PMID: 12583399 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1160405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Waldmann's Green) to low atmospheric pressure was examined during the initial 5 days of germination and emergence, and also during subsequent growth to vegetative maturity at 30 days. Growth took place inside a 66-l-volume low pressure chamber maintained at 70 kPa, and plant response was compared to that of plants in a second, matching chamber that was at ambient pressure (approximately 101 kPa) as a control. In other experiments, to determine short-term effects of low pressure transients, plants were grown at ambient pressure until maturity and then subjected to alternating periods of 24 h of low and ambient atmospheric pressures. In all treatments the partial pressure of O2 was maintained at 21 kPa (approximately the partial pressure in air at normal pressure), and the partial pressure of CO2 was in the range 66.5-73.5 Pa (about twice that in normal air) in both chambers, with the addition of CO2 during the light phase. With continuous exposure to low pressure, shoot and root growth was at least as rapid as at ambient pressure, with an overall trend towards slightly greater performance at the lower pressure. Dark respiration rates were greater at low pressure. Transient periods at low pressure decreased transpiration and increased dark respiration but only during the period of exposure to low pressure. We conclude that long-term or short-term exposure to subambient pressure (70 kPa) was without detectable detriment to vegetative growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Spanarkel
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA
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13
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Griffin KL, Tissue DT, Turnbull MH, Schuster W, Whitehead D. Leaf dark respiration as a function of canopy position in Nothofagus fusca
trees grown at ambient and elevated CO2
partial pressures for 5 years. Funct Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Constable JV, Friend AL. Suitability of process-based tree growth models for addressing tree response to climate change. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2000; 110:47-59. [PMID: 15092855 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/1999] [Accepted: 10/25/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Empirical models of tree growth have been used for many years to predict timber yields and other properties of trees. However, such models rely on measured relationships between tree growth and historic environmental conditions. As anthropogenic actions alter the environment, especially atmospheric composition, empirical models become less reliable and process-based models become more useful. Process-based models are challenged to simulate growth of structurally and physiologically complex organisms using explicit mathematical expressions to capture growth response to environmental conditions. In this review we summarize the physiological requirements of process-based models and examine the capabilities of six published models (CARBON, ECOPHYS, PGSM, TREE-BGC, TREGRO, W91) for simulating tree response to changes in environmental conditions (elevated temperature, increased CO(2) concentration, and enhanced concentrations of tropospheric ozone). These analyses indicate that current models are reliable integrators of environmental effects on individual processes (e.g. photosynthesis), but may be less reliable where physiological acclimation occurs or when extrapolated to growth of specific tree compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Constable
- Department of EPO Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA.
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15
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Loats KV, Rebbeck J. Interactive effects of ozone and elevated carbon dioxide on the growth and physiology of black cherry, green ash, and yellow-poplar seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1999; 106:237-248. [PMID: 15093051 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/1998] [Accepted: 03/04/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potted seedlings of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) (BC), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) (GA), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) (YP) were exposed to one of the four treatments: (1) charcoal-filtered air (CF) at ambient CO(2) (control); (2) twice ambient O(3) (2 x O(3)); (3) twice ambient CO(2) (650 microl l(-1)) plus CF air (2 x CO(2)); or (4) twice ambient CO(2) (650 microl l(-1)) plus twice ambient O(3) (2 x CO(2) + 2 x O(3)). The treatments were duplicated in eight continuously stirred tank reactors for 10 weeks. Gas exchange was measured during the last 3 weeks of treatment and all seedlings were destructively harvested after 10 weeks. Significant interactive effects of O(3) and CO(2) on the gas exchange of all three species were limited. The effects of elevated CO(2) and O(3), singly and combined, on light-saturated net photosynthesis (A(max)) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) were inconsistent across species. In all three species, elevated O(3) had no effect on g(s). Elevated CO(2) significantly increased A(max) in GA and YP foliage, and decreased g(s) in YP foliage. Maximum carbon exchange rates and quantum efficiencies derived from light-response curves increased, while compensation irradiance and dark respiration decreased in all three species when exposed to 2 x CO(2). Elevated O(3) affected few of these parameters but any change that was observed was opposite to that from exposure to 2 x CO(2)-air. Interactive effects of CO(2) and O(3) on light-response parameters were limited. Carboxylation efficiencies, derived from CO(2)-response curves (A/C(i) curves) decreased only in YP foliage exposed to 2 x CO(2)-air. In general, growth was significantly stimulated by 2 x CO(2) in all three species; though there were few significant growth responses following exposure to 2 x O(3) or the combination of 2 x CO(2) plus 2 x O(3). Results indicate that responses to interacting stressors such as O(3) and CO(2) are species specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Loats
- Biology Department, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023, USA
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Grodzinski B, Schmidt JM, Watts B, Taylor J, Bates S, Dixon MA, Staines H. Regulating plant/insect interactions using CO2 enrichment in model ecosystems. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 1999; 24:281-291. [PMID: 11542535 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(99)00315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The greenhouse environment is a challenging artificial ecosystem in which it is possible to study selected plant/insect interaction in a controlled environment. Due to a combination of "direct" and "indirect" effects of CO2 enrichment on plant photosynthesis and plant development, canopy productivity is generally increased. In this paper, we discuss the effects of daytime and nighttime CO2 enrichment protocols on gas exchange of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L, cv Cubico) grown in controlled environments. In addition, we present the effects of thrips, a common Insect pest, on the photosynthetic and respiratory activity of these plant canopies. Carbon dioxide has diverse effects on the physiology and mortality of insects. However, our data indicate that thrips and whiteflies, at least, are not killed "directly" by CO2 levels used to enhance photosynthesis and plant growth. Together the data suggest that the insect population is affected "indirectly" by CO2 and that the primary effect of CO2 is via its effects on plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grodzinski
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Guelph, Canada
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Kellomäki S, Wang KY. Growth, respiration and nitrogen content in needles of Scots pine exposed to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide in the field. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1998; 101:263-274. [PMID: 15093088 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/1997] [Accepted: 01/28/1998] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees, aged 30 years, were grown in open-top chambers and exposed to two atmospheric concentrations of ozone (O3; ambient and elevation) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as single variables or in combination for 3 years (1994-1996). Needle growth, respiration and nitrogen content were measured simultaneously over the period of needle expansion. Compared to ambient treatment (33 nmol mol(-1) O3 and 350 micromol mol(-1) CO2) doubled ambient O3 (69 nmol mol(-1)) significantly reduced the specific growth rates (SGRs) of the needles in the early stage of needle expansion and needle nitrogen concentration (N1) in the late stage, but increased apparent respiration rates (ARRs) in the late stage. Doubled ambient CO2 (about 650 micromol mol(-1)) significantly increased maximum SGR but reduced ARR and N1 in the late stage of needle expansion. The changes in ARR induced by the different treatments may be associated with treatment-induced changes in needle growth, metabolic activities and turnover of nitrogenous compounds. When ARR was partitioned into its two functional components, growth and maintenance respiration, the results showed that neither doubled ambient O3 nor doubled ambient CO2 influenced the growth respiration coefficients (Rg). However, doubled ambient O3 significantly increased the maintenance respiration coefficients (Rm) regardless of the needle development stage, while doubled ambient CO2 significantly reduced Rm only in the late stage of needle expansion. The increase in Rm under doubled ambient O3 conditions appeared to be related to an increase in metabolic activities, whereas the decrease in Rm under doubled ambient CO2 conditions may be attributed to the reduced N1 and turnover rate of nitrogenous compounds per unit. The combination of elevated O3 and CO2 had very similar effects on growth, respiration and N1 to doubled ambient O3 alone, but the interactive mechanism of the two gases is still not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kellomäki
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
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Drake BG, Gonzalez-Meler MA, Long SP. MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO2? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997; 48:609-639. [PMID: 15012276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primary effect of the response of plants to rising atmospheric CO2 (Ca) is to increase resource use efficiency. Elevated Ca reduces stomatal conductance and transpiration and improves water use efficiency, and at the same time it stimulates higher rates of photosynthesis and increases light-use efficiency. Acclimation of photosynthesis during long-term exposure to elevated Ca reduces key enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, and this increases nutrient use efficiency. Improved soil-water balance, increased carbon uptake in the shade, greater carbon to nitrogen ratio, and reduced nutrient quality for insect and animal grazers are all possibilities that have been observed in field studies of the effects of elevated Ca. These effects have major consequences for agriculture and native ecosystems in a world of rising atmospheric Ca and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert G. Drake
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, John Tabor Laboratories, The Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
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Gonzalez-Meler MA, Ribas-Carbo M, Siedow JN, Drake BG. Direct Inhibition of Plant Mitochondrial Respiration by Elevated CO2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 112:1349-1355. [PMID: 12226450 PMCID: PMC158063 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.3.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 often inhibits plant respiration, but the mechanistic basis of this effect is unknown. We investigated the direct effects of increasing the concentration of CO2 by 360 [mu]L L-1 above ambient on O2 uptake in isolated mitochondria from soybean (Glycine max L. cv Ransom) cotyledons. Increasing the CO2 concentration inhibited the oxidation of succinate, external NADH, and succinate and external NADH combined. The inhibition was greater when mitochondria were preincubated for 10 min in the presence of the elevated CO2 concentration prior to the measurement of O2 uptake. Elevated CO2 concentration inhibited the salicylhydroxamic acid-resistant cytochrome pathway, but had no direct effect on the cyanide-resistant alternative pathway. We also investigated the direct effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and found that the activity of both enzymes was inhibited. The kinetics of inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase were time-dependent. The level of SDH inhibition depended on the concentration of succinate in the reaction mixture. Direct inhibition of respiration by elevated CO2 in plants and intact tissues may be due at least in part to the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase and SDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Gonzalez-Meler
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland 21037 (M.A.G.-M., B.G.D.)
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Villar R, Held AA, Merino J. Dark Leaf Respiration in Light and Darkness of an Evergreen and a Deciduous Plant Species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 107:421-427. [PMID: 12228368 PMCID: PMC157143 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.2.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dark respiration in light as well as in dark was estimated for attached leaves of an evergreen (Heteromeles arbutifolia Ait.) and a deciduous (Lepechinia fragans Greene) shrub species using an open gas-exchange system. Dark respiration in light was estimated by the Laisk method. Respiration rates in the dark were always higher than in the light, indicating that light inhibited respiration in both species. The rates of respiration in the dark were higher in the leaves of the deciduous species than in the evergreen species. However, there were no significant differences in respiration rates in light between the species. Thus, the degree of inhibition of respiration by light was greater in the deciduous species (62%) than in the evergreen species (51%). Respiration in both the light and darkness decreased with increasing leaf age. However, because respiration in the light decreased faster with leaf age than respiration in darkness, the degree of inhibition of respiration by light increased with leaf age (from 36% in the youngest leaves to 81% in the mature leaves). This suggests that the rate of dark respiration in the light is related to the rate of biosynthetic processes. Dark respiration in the light decreased with increasing light intensity. Respiration both in the light and in the dark was dependent on leaf temperature. We concluded that respiration in light and respiration in darkness are tightly coupled, with variation in respiration in darkness accounting for more than 60% of the variation in respiration in light. Care must be taken when the relation between respiration in light and respiration in darkness is studied, because the relation varies with species, leaf age, and light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Villar
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain (R.V., J.M.)
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