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Abdul-Rahman T, Ghosh S, Kalmanovich JB, Awuah AW, Zivcevska M, Khalifa S, Bassey EE, Ali NA, Ferreira MMDS, Umar TP, Garg N, Nweze VN, Inturu VSS, Abdelwahab MM, Kurian S, Alexiou A, Alfaleh M, Alqurashi TMA, Ashraf GM. The role of membrane trafficking and retromer complex in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25261. [PMID: 38284858 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a physiological process encompassing different pathways involved in transporting cellular products across cell membranes to specific cell locations via encapsulated vesicles. This process is required for cells to mature and function properly, allowing them to adapt to their surroundings. The retromer complex is a complex composed of nexin proteins and peptides that play a vital role in the endosomal pathway of membrane trafficking. In humans, any interference in normal membrane trafficking or retromer complex can cause profound changes such as those seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Several studies have explored the potential causative mechanisms in developing both disease processes; however, the role of retromer trafficking in their pathogenesis is becoming increasingly significant with promising therapeutic applications. This manuscript describes the processes involved in membrane transport and the roles of the retromer in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Moreover, we will also explore how these aberrant mechanisms may serve as possible avenues for treatment development in both diseases and the prospect of its future application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Marija Zivcevska
- Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Samar Khalifa
- Clinical Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Garg
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, One Medical Center Drive Stratford, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Mohammed Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer M A Alqurashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Kim D, Kim S, Park G, Choi H, Ryu JH. Spatiotemporal Self-Assembly of Peptide Amphiphiles by Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeting Induces Cancer-Lysosomal Membrane Disruption. JACS AU 2022; 2:2539-2547. [PMID: 36465549 PMCID: PMC9709935 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To achieve spatiotemporal control, an enzyme-instructed self-assembly system is widely used, but this approach typically has a small effect on cellular fate. In this study, we show that the intralysosomal assembly by a carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeting peptide amphiphile (Pep-AT) can control cellular fate with a low therapeutic dose by tuning the surface charge based on pH change. Pep-AT self-assembles into a fibrous aggregate with a negative surface charge in an extracellular environment near CAIX. During endocytosis, it changes into a nanofiber with a positive surface charge at the lysosome. Then, it can disrupt the lysosomal membrane and induce cellular apoptosis. This study demonstrates that a spatiotemporal assembly induced by a cancer enzyme and specific organelle can control the cellular fate of cancer.
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3
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Li S, Ghosh C, Xing Y, Sun Y. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Control of Membrane Trafficking. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2761-2774. [PMID: 33061794 PMCID: PMC7545710 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.49665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are membrane lipids generated by phosphorylation on the inositol head group of phosphatidylinositol. By specifically distributed to distinct subcellular membrane locations, different phosphoinositide species play diverse roles in modulating membrane trafficking. Among the seven known phosphoinositide species, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P2) is the one species most abundant at the plasma membrane. Thus, the PI4,5P2 function in membrane trafficking is first identified in controlling plasma membrane dynamic-related events including endocytosis and exocytosis. However, recent studies indicate that PI4,5P2 is also critical in many other membrane trafficking events such as endosomal trafficking, hydrolases sorting to lysosomes, autophagy initiation, and autophagic lysosome reformation. These findings suggest that the role of PI4,5P2 in membrane trafficking is far beyond just plasma membrane. This review will provide a concise synopsis of how PI4,5P2 functions in multiple membrane trafficking events. PI4,5P2, the enzymes responsible for PI4,5P2 production at specific subcellular locations, and distinct PI4,5P2 effector proteins compose a regulation network to control the specific membrane trafficking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Li
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Chinmoy Ghosh
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yanli Xing
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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4
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Kumar A, Ahmad A, Vyawahare A, Khan R. Membrane Trafficking and Subcellular Drug Targeting Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:629. [PMID: 32536862 PMCID: PMC7267071 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The movement of micro and macro molecules into and within a cell significantly governs several of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, thus regulating the cellular response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. Trafficking of various pharmacological agents and other bioactive molecules throughout and within the cell is necessary for the fidelity of the cells but has been poorly investigated. Novel strategies against cancer and microbial infections need a deeper understanding of membrane as well as subcellular trafficking pathways and essentially regulate several aspects of the initiation and spread of anti-microbial and anti-cancer drug resistance. Furthermore, in order to avail the maximum possible bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy and to restrict the unwanted toxicity of pharmacological bioactives, these sometimes need to be functionalized with targeting ligands to regulate the subcellular trafficking and to enhance the localization. In the recent past the scenario drug targeting has primarily focused on targeting tissue components and cell vicinities, however, it is the membranous and subcellular trafficking system that directs the molecules to plausible locations. The effectiveness of the delivery platforms largely depends on their physicochemical nature, intracellular barriers, and biodistribution of the drugs, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic paradigms. Most subcellular organelles possess some peculiar characteristics by which membranous and subcellular targeting can be manipulated, such as negative transmembrane potential in mitochondria, intraluminal delta pH in a lysosome, and many others. Many specialized methods, which positively promote the subcellular targeting and restrict the off-targeting of the bioactive molecules, exist. Recent advancements in designing the carrier molecules enable the handling of membrane trafficking to facilitate the delivery of active compounds to subcellular localizations. This review aims to cover membrane trafficking pathways which promote the delivery of the active molecule in to the subcellular locations, the associated pathways of the subcellular drug delivery system, and the role of the carrier system in drug delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Akshay Vyawahare
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
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Rodriguez-Furlan C, Minina EA, Hicks GR. Remove, Recycle, Degrade: Regulating Plasma Membrane Protein Accumulation. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2833-2854. [PMID: 31628169 PMCID: PMC6925004 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plant cells and the environment rely on modulation of protein receptors, transporters, channels, and lipids at the plasma membrane (PM) to facilitate intercellular communication, nutrient uptake, environmental sensing, and directional growth. These functions are fine-tuned by cellular pathways maintaining or reducing particular proteins at the PM. Proteins are endocytosed, and their fate is decided between recycling and degradation to modulate localization, abundance, and activity. Selective autophagy is another pathway regulating PM protein accumulation in response to specific conditions or developmental signals. The mechanisms regulating recycling, degradation, and autophagy have been studied extensively, yet we are just now addressing their regulation and coordination. Here, we (1) provide context concerning regulation of protein accumulation, recycling, or degradation by overviewing endomembrane trafficking; (2) discuss pathways regulating recycling and degradation in terms of cellular roles and cargoes; (3) review plant selective autophagy and its physiological significance; (4) focus on two decision-making mechanisms: regulation of recycling versus degradation of PM proteins and coordination between autophagy and vacuolar degradation; and (5) identify future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92506
| | - Elena A Minina
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92506
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
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6
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Kamies R, Farrant JM, Tadele Z, Cannarozzi G, Rafudeen MS. A Proteomic Approach to Investigate the Drought Response in the Orphan Crop Eragrostis tef. Proteomes 2017; 5:E32. [PMID: 29140297 PMCID: PMC5748567 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan crop, Eragrostis tef, was subjected to controlled drought conditions to observe the physiological parameters and proteins changing in response to dehydration stress. Physiological measurements involving electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultra-structural analysis showed tef plants tolerated water loss to 50% relative water content (RWC) before adverse effects in leaf tissues were observed. Proteomic analysis using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) mass spectrometry and appropriate database searching enabled the detection of 5727 proteins, of which 211 proteins, including a number of spliced variants, were found to be differentially regulated with the imposed stress conditions. Validation of the iTRAQ dataset was done with selected stress-related proteins, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) and the protective antioxidant proteins, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and peroxidase (POX). Western blot analyses confirmed protein presence and showed increased protein abundance levels during water deficit while enzymatic activity for FBA, MDHAR and POX increased at selected RWC points. Gene ontology (GO)-term enrichment and analysis revealed terms involved in biotic and abiotic stress response, signaling, transport, cellular homeostasis and pentose metabolic processes, to be enriched in tef upregulated proteins, while terms linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing processes under water-deficit, such as photosynthesis and associated light harvesting reactions, manganese transport and homeostasis, the synthesis of sugars and cell wall catabolism and modification, to be enriched in tef downregulated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizqah Kamies
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Jill M Farrant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Zerihun Tadele
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gina Cannarozzi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Mohammed Suhail Rafudeen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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7
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Breuer D, Nowak J, Ivakov A, Somssich M, Persson S, Nikoloski Z. System-wide organization of actin cytoskeleton determines organelle transport in hypocotyl plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5741-E5749. [PMID: 28655850 PMCID: PMC5514762 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706711114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is an essential intracellular filamentous structure that underpins cellular transport and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. However, the system-level properties of actin-based cellular trafficking remain tenuous, largely due to the inability to quantify key features of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we developed an automated image-based, network-driven framework to accurately segment and quantify actin cytoskeletal structures and Golgi transport. We show that the actin cytoskeleton in both growing and elongated hypocotyl cells has structural properties facilitating efficient transport. Our findings suggest that the erratic movement of Golgi is a stable cellular phenomenon that might optimize distribution efficiency of cell material. Moreover, we demonstrate that Golgi transport in hypocotyl cells can be accurately predicted from the actin network topology alone. Thus, our framework provides quantitative evidence for system-wide coordination of cellular transport in plant cells and can be readily applied to investigate cytoskeletal organization and transport in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Breuer
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Nowak
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Marc Somssich
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Plant Cell Walls, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Cheng CP. Host Factors Involved in the Intracellular Movement of Bamboo mosaic virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:759. [PMID: 28487692 PMCID: PMC5403954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses move intracellularly to their replication compartments, and the newly synthesized viral complexes are transported to neighboring cells through hijacking of the host endomembrane systems. During these processes, numerous interactions occur among viral proteins, host proteins, and the cytoskeleton system. This review mainly focuses on the plant endomembrane network, which may be utilized by Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) to move to its replication compartment, and summarizes the host factors that may be directly involved in delivering BaMV cargoes during intracellular movement. Accumulating evidence indicates that plant endomembrane systems are highly similar but exhibit significant variations from those of other eukaryotic cells. Several Nicotiana benthamiana host proteins have recently been identified to participate in the intracellular movement of BaMV. Chloroplast phosphoglycerate kinase, a host protein transported to chloroplasts, binds to BaMV RNAs and facilitates BaMV replication. NbRABG3f is a small GTPase that plays an essential role in vesicle transportation and is also involved in BaMV replication. These two host proteins may deliver BaMV to the replication compartment. Rab GTPase activation protein 1, which switches Rab GTPase to the inactive conformation, participates in the cell-to-cell movement of BaMV, possibly by trafficking BaMV cargo to neighboring cells after replication. By analyzing the host factors involved in the intracellular movement of BaMV and the current knowledge of plant endomembrane systems, a tentative model for BaMV transport to its replication site within plant cells is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi UniversityHualien, Taiwan
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9
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Tripathy MK, Tiwari BS, Reddy MK, Deswal R, Sopory SK. Ectopic expression of PgRab7 in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) results in differential tolerance at the vegetative and seed setting stage during salinity and drought stress. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:109-124. [PMID: 26666551 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have overexpressed a vesicle trafficking protein, Rab7, from a stress-tolerant plant, Pennisetum glaucum, in a high-yielding but stress-sensitive rice variety Pusa Basmati-1 (PB-1). The transgenic rice plants were tested for tolerance against salinity and drought stress. The transgenic plants showed considerable tolerance at the vegetative stage against both salinity (200 mM NaCl) and drought stress (up to 12 days after withdrawing water). The protection against salt and drought stress may be by regulating Na+ ion homeostasis, as the transgenic plants showed altered expression of multiple transporter genes, including OsNHX1, OsNHX2, OsSOS1, OsVHA, and OsGLRs. In addition, decreased generation and maintenance of lesser reactive oxygen species (ROS), with maintenance of chloroplast grana and photosynthetic machinery was observed. When evaluated for reproductive growth, 89-96 % of seed setting was maintained in transgenic plants during drought stress; however, under salt stress, a 33-53 % decrease in seed setting was observed. These results indicate that PgRab7 overexpression in rice confers differential tolerance at the seed setting stage during salinity and drought stress and could be a favored target for raising drought-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Tripathy
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Budhi Sagar Tiwari
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malireddy K Reddy
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Renu Deswal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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10
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Analysis of Three-Dimensional Structures of Exocyst Components. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1369:191-204. [PMID: 26519314 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3145-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The exocyst is an octameric protein complex implicated in tethering secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. To provide a mechanistic understanding of how it functions, it is of critical importance to elucidate its three-dimensional structure. This chapter briefly describes the protocols used in our structure determination of Exo70p and Exo84p, two subunits of the exocyst from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Folding and domain arrangements of both proteins are predicted using bioinformatics tools. Limited proteolysis is carried out to define the boundaries of folded structures, which guides the design of suitable constructs for protein crystallization. The solved structures of both proteins validate the strategy and suggest it might be also used for structural studies of other proteins alike.
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11
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Mechanisms of alpha-synuclein action on neurotransmission: cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous role. Biomolecules 2015; 5:865-92. [PMID: 25985082 PMCID: PMC4496700 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations and duplication/triplication of the alpha-synuclein (αSyn)-coding gene have been found to cause familial Parkinson’s disease (PD), while genetic polymorphisms in the region controlling the expression level and stability of αSyn have been identified as risk factors for idiopathic PD, pointing to the importance of wild-type (wt) αSyn dosage in the disease. Evidence that αSyn is present in the cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial brain tissue and that healthy neuronal grafts transplanted into PD patients often degenerate suggests that extracellularly-released αSyn plays a role in triggering the neurodegenerative process. αSyn’s role in neurotransmission has been shown in various cell culture models in which the protein was upregulated or deleted and in knock out and transgenic animal, with different results on αSyn’s effect on synaptic vesicle pool size and mobilization, αSyn being proposed as a negative or positive regulator of neurotransmitter release. In this review, we discuss the effect of αSyn on pre- and post-synaptic compartments in terms of synaptic vesicle trafficking, calcium entry and channel activity, and we focus on the process of exocytosis and internalization of αSyn and on the spreading of αSyn-driven effects due to the presence of the protein in the extracellular milieu.
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12
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Geng C, Cong QQ, Li XD, Mou AL, Gao R, Liu JL, Tian YP. DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEIN of Nicotiana benthamiana contributes to potyvirus movement and transports to plasmodesmata via the early secretory pathway and the actomyosin system. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:394-410. [PMID: 25540331 PMCID: PMC4326756 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular movement of plant viruses requires both viral and host proteins. Previous studies have demonstrated that the frame-shift protein P3N-PIPO (for the protein encoded by the open reading frame [ORF] containing 5'-terminus of P3 and a +2 frame-shift ORF called Pretty Interesting Potyviridae ORF and embedded in the P3) and CYLINDRICAL INCLUSION (CI) proteins were required for potyvirus cell-to-cell movement. Here, we provide genetic evidence showing that a Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV; genus Potyvirus) mutant carrying a truncated PIPO domain of 58 amino acid residues could move between cells and induce systemic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana plants; mutants carrying a PIPO domain of seven, 20, or 43 amino acid residues failed to move between cells and cause systemic infection in this host plant. Interestingly, the movement-defective mutants produced progeny that eliminated the previously introduced stop codons and thus restored their systemic movement ability. We also present evidence showing that a developmentally regulated plasma membrane protein of N. benthamiana (referred to as NbDREPP) interacted with both P3N-PIPO and CI of the movement-competent TVBMV. The knockdown of NbDREPP gene expression in N. benthamiana impeded the cell-to-cell movement of TVBMV. NbDREPP was shown to colocalize with TVBMV P3N-PIPO and CI at plasmodesmata (PD) and traffic to PD via the early secretory pathway and the actomyosin motility system. We also show that myosin XI-2 is specially required for transporting NbDREPP to PD. In conclusion, NbDREPP is a key host protein within the early secretory pathway and the actomyosin motility system that interacts with two movement proteins and influences virus movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Geng
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Qian-Qian Cong
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - An-Li Mou
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Rui Gao
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Jin-Liang Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection (C.G., Q.-Q.C., X.-D.L., A.-L.M., R.G., J.-L.L., Y.-P.T.), and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Annually High Yield and High Efficiency Production of Wheat and Corn (C.G., X.-D.L.), Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; andCollege of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China (J.-L.L.)
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Teh OK, Hofius D. Membrane trafficking and autophagy in pathogen-triggered cell death and immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1297-312. [PMID: 24420567 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogen attack with dynamic rearrangements of the endomembrane system and rapid redirection of membrane traffic to facilitate effective host defence. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of endocytic, secretory, and vacuolar trafficking pathways in immune receptor activation, signal transduction, and execution of multiple defence responses including programmed cell death (PCD). Autophagy is a conserved intracellular trafficking and degradation process and has been implicated in basal immunity as well as in some forms of immune receptor-mediated vacuolar cell death. However, the regulatory interplay of autophagy and other membrane trafficking pathways in PCD and defence responses remains obscure. This review therefore highlights recent advances in the understanding of autophagic and membrane trafficking during plant immunity, and discusses emerging molecular links and functional interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ooi-Kock Teh
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Chai YJ, Kim D, Park J, Zhao H, Lee SJ, Chang S. The secreted oligomeric form of α-synuclein affects multiple steps of membrane trafficking. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:452-9. [PMID: 23333298 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) can be secreted from neurons into the extracellular space, affecting the homeostasis of neighboring cells, but the pathophysiology of secreted α-syn remains largely unknown. We found that when exogenously applied to COS-7 cells, α-syn secreted from differentiated SH-SY5Y cells was taken up by dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Upon internalization, α-syn significantly increased the rate of transferrin receptor (TfR) internalization and recycling, and subsequently the surface levels of TfR. The effects are attributable to the oligomeric form, but not monomeric or fibrillar form, of extracellular α-syn. Together, multiple alterations in membrane trafficking by secreted oligomeric α-syn may contribute to the early stages of pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Chai
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Wang P, Shen G. The endocytic adaptor proteins of pathogenic fungi: charting new and familiar pathways. Med Mycol 2011; 49:449-57. [PMID: 21254965 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.553246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport is an essential biological process that is highly conserved throughout the eukaryotic organisms. In fungi, adaptor proteins implicated in the endocytic cycle of endocytosis and exocytosis were found to be important for growth, differentiation, and/or virulence. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pan1 is an endocytic protein that regulates membrane trafficking, the actin cytoskeleton, and signaling. In Cryptococcus neoformans, a multi-modular endocytic protein, Cin1, was recently found to have pleiotropic functions in morphogenesis, endocytosis, exocytosis, and virulence. Interestingly, Cin1 is homologous to human intersectin ITSN1, but homologs of Cin1/ITSN1 were not found in ascomycetous S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans, or zygomycetous fungi. Moreover, an Eps15 protein homologous to S. cerevisiae Pan1/Ede1 and additional relevant protein homologs were identified in C. neoformans, suggesting the existence of either a distinct endocytic pathway mediated by Cin1 or pathways by either Cin1 or/and Pan1/Ede1 homologs. Whether and how the Cin1-mediated endocytic pathway represents a unique role in pathogenesis or reflects a redundancy of a transport apparatus remains an open and challenging question. This review discusses recent findings of endocytic adaptor proteins from pathogenic fungi and provides a perspective for novel endocytic machinery operating in C. neoformans. An understanding of intracellular trafficking mechanisms as they relate to pathogenesis will likely reveal the identity of novel antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- The Research Institute for Children, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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17
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Pantaleo V. Plant RNA silencing in viral defence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 722:39-58. [PMID: 21915781 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0332-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is described in plants and insects as a defence mechanism against foreign nucleic acids, such as invading viruses. The RNA silencing-based antiviral defence involves the production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs and their association to effector proteins, which together drive the sequence specific inactivation of viruses. The entire process of antiviral defence 'borrows' several plant factors involved in other specialized RNA silencing endogenous pathways. Different viruses use variable strategies to infect different host plants, which render the antiviral RNA silencing a complex phenomenon far to be completely clarified. This chapter reports current advances in understanding the main steps of the plant's RNA-silencing response to viral invasion and discusses some of the key questions still to be answered.
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18
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Berghöfer T, Eing C, Flickinger B, Hohenberger P, Wegner LH, Frey W, Nick P. Nanosecond electric pulses trigger actin responses in plant cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:590-5. [PMID: 19619510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the cellular effects of nanosecond pulsed electrical fields on plant cells using fluorescently tagged marker lines in the tobacco cell line BY-2 and confocal laser scanning microscopy. We observe a disintegration of the cytoskeleton in the cell cortex, followed by contraction of actin filaments towards the nucleus, and disintegration of the nuclear envelope. These responses are accompanied by irreversible permeabilization of the plasma membrane manifest as uptake of Trypan Blue. By pretreatment with the actin-stabilizing drug phalloidin, the detachment of transvacuolar actin from the cell periphery can be suppressed, and this treatment can also suppress the irreversible perforation of the plasma membrane. We discuss these findings in terms of a model, where nanosecond pulsed electric fields trigger actin responses that are key events in the plant-specific form of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berghöfer
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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19
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Speth EB, Imboden L, Hauck P, He SY. Subcellular localization and functional analysis of the Arabidopsis GTPase RabE. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1824-37. [PMID: 19233904 PMCID: PMC2663744 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.132092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking plays a fundamental role in eukaryotic cell biology. Of the numerous known or predicted protein components of the plant cell trafficking system, only a relatively small subset have been characterized with respect to their biological roles in plant growth, development, and response to stresses. In this study, we investigated the subcellular localization and function of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) small GTPase belonging to the RabE family. RabE proteins are phylogenetically related to well-characterized regulators of polarized vesicle transport from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane in animal and yeast cells. The RabE family of GTPases has also been proposed to be a putative host target of AvrPto, an effector protein produced by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, based on yeast two-hybrid analysis. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants that constitutively expressed one of the five RabE proteins (RabE1d) fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP-RabE1d and endogenous RabE proteins were found to be associated with the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis leaf cells. RabE down-regulation, due to cosuppression in transgenic plants, resulted in drastically altered leaf morphology and reduced plant size, providing experimental evidence for an important role of RabE GTPases in regulating plant growth. RabE down-regulation did not affect plant susceptibility to pathogenic P. syringae bacteria; conversely, expression of the constitutively active RabE1d-Q74L enhanced plant defenses, conferring resistance to P. syringae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bray Speth
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Wei T, Wang A. Biogenesis of cytoplasmic membranous vesicles for plant potyvirus replication occurs at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites in a COPI- and COPII-dependent manner. J Virol 2008; 82:12252-64. [PMID: 18842721 PMCID: PMC2593340 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01329-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses induce the biogenesis of cytoplasmic membranous vesicles, where viral replication takes place. However, the mechanism underlying this characteristic vesicular proliferation remains poorly understood. Previously, a 6-kDa potyvirus membrane protein (6K) was shown to interact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and to induce the formation of the membranous vesicles. In this study, the involvement of the early secretory pathway in the formation of the 6K-induced vesicles was investigated in planta. By means of live-cell imaging, it was found that the 6K protein was predominantly colocalized with Sar1, Sec23, and Sec24, which are known markers of ER exit sites (ERES). The localization of 6K at ERES was prevented by the coexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of Sar1 that disables the COPII activity or by the coexpression of a mutant of Arf1 that disrupts the COPI complex. The secretion of a soluble secretory marker targeting the apoplast was arrested at the level of the ER in cells overexpressing 6K or infected by a potyvirus. This blockage of protein trafficking out of the ER by 6K and the distribution of 6K toward the ERES may account for the aggregation of the 6K-bound vesicles. Finally, virus infection was reduced when the accumulation of 6K at ERES was inhibited by impairing either the COPI or COPII complex. Taken together, these results imply that the cellular COPI and COPII coating machineries are involved in the biogenesis of the potyvirus 6K vesicles at the ERES for viral-genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyun Wei
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, AAFC, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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