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Grandis A, Santos HP, Tonini PP, Salles IS, Peres ASC, Carpita NC, Buckeridge MS. Role of cell wall polysaccharides in water distribution during seed imbibition of Hymenaea courbaril L. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 38967306 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Seed water imbibition is critical to seedling establishment in tropical forests. The seeds of the neotropical tree Hymenaea courbaril have no oil reserves and have been used as a model to study storage cell wall polysaccharide (xyloglucan - XyG) mobilization. We studied pathways of water imbibition in Hymenaea seeds. To understand seed features, we performed carbohydrate analysis and scanning electron microscopy. We found that the seed coat comprises a palisade of lignified cells, below which are several cell layers with cell walls rich in pectin. The cotyledons are composed mainly of storage XyG. From a single point of scarification on the seed surface, we followed water imbibition pathways in the entire seed using fluorescent dye and NMRi spectroscopy. We constructed composites of cellulose with Hymenaea pectin or XyG. In vitro experiments demonstrated cell wall polymer capacity to imbibe water, with XyG imbibition much slower than the pectin-rich layer of the seed coat. We found that water rapidly crosses the lignified layer and reaches the pectin-rich palisade layer so that water rapidly surrounds the whole seed. Water travels very slowly in cotyledons (most of the seed mass) because it is imbibed in the XyG-rich storage walls. However, there are channels among the cotyledon cells through which water travels rapidly, so the primary cell walls containing pectins will retain water around each storage cell. The different seed tissue dynamic interactions between water and wall polysaccharides (pectins and XyG) are essential to determining water distribution and preparing the seed for germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grandis
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas, Lafieco -Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H P Santos
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Uva e Vinho, Bento Goncalves, Brazil
| | - P P Tonini
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas, Lafieco -Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I S Salles
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas, Lafieco -Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A S C Peres
- Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Av. Nascimento de Castro, Natal, Brazil
| | - N C Carpita
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - M S Buckeridge
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas, Lafieco -Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sanhueza D, Sepúlveda-Orellana P, Salazar-Carrasco A, Zúñiga S, Herrera R, Moya-León MA, Saez-Aguayo S. Mucilage extracted from Chilean papaya seeds is enriched with homogalacturonan domains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1380533. [PMID: 38872878 PMCID: PMC11169631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1380533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Chilean papaya, also known as mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens), is a fruit valued for its nutritional value and pleasant fragrance. The oblong fruit, featuring five ridges and a seed-filled mucilage cavity, is typically consumed cooked due to its high protease content. The mucilage and the seeds are usually discarded as byproducts. This study analyzed the biochemical composition of mountain papaya seed mucilage using methods such as HPAEC and immunolabeling. Results revealed that papaya seeds yield nearly 20% of their weight in mucilage polysaccharides, which can be separated into soluble and adherent layers. The mucilage exhibited a high proportion of acidic sugars, indicating that homogalacturonan (HG) is the predominant domain. It also contained other domains like rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and hemicelluloses, predominantly xyloglucan. The HG-rich mucilage, currently considered waste, emerges as a promising source of polysaccharides, indicating its multifaceted utility in various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
| | - Pablo Sepúlveda-Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
| | - Alejandra Salazar-Carrasco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
| | - Sebastian Zúñiga
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
| | - Raúl Herrera
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Moya-León
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Laboratorio Mucilab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Anillo de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología - Chilean Fruits Cell Wall Components as Biotechnological Resources (CHICOBIO) ACT210025, Talca, Chile
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo (ANID) - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile
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Chand M, Chopra R, Talwar B, Homroy S, Singh PK, Dhiman A, Payyunni AW. Unveiling the potential of linseed mucilage, its health benefits, and applications in food packaging. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1334247. [PMID: 38385008 PMCID: PMC10879465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1334247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Industrial waste products derived from the oil industry often contain valuable substances and elements with great potential. These by-products can be used for various purposes, including as nutrients, bioactive compounds, fuels, and polymers. Linseed mucilage (LM) is one such example of a beneficial by-product obtained from linseed. It possesses favorable chemical and functional properties, depending on its method of extraction. Different pretreatments, such as enzymatic extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pulse electric field, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, have been explored by various researchers to enhance both the yield and quality of mucilage. Furthermore, LM has exhibited therapeutic effects in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, constipation, hyperlipidemia, cancer, and other lifestyle diseases. Additionally, it demonstrates favorable functional characteristics that make it suitable to be used in bioplastic production. These properties preserve food quality, prolong shelf life, and confer antimicrobial activity. It also has the potential to be used as a packaging material, especially considering the increasing demand for sustainable and biodegradable alternatives to plastics because of their detrimental impact on environmental health. This review primarily focuses on different extraction techniques used for linseed mucilage, its mechanism of action in terms of health benefits, and potential applications in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Chand
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni Chopra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Binanshu Talwar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Snigdha Homroy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Singh
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Food Technology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aishwarya Dhiman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Abdul Wahid Payyunni
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
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El-Nashar HAS, Taleb M, El-Shazly M, Zhao C, Farag MA. Polysaccharides (pectin, mucilage, and fructan inulin) and their fermented products: A critical analysis of their biochemical, gut interactions, and biological functions as antidiabetic agents. Phytother Res 2024; 38:662-693. [PMID: 37966040 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a globally metabolic endocrine syndrome marked by a deficiency of insulin secretion (type-1 DM) or glucose intolerance arising from insulin response impairment (type-2 DM) leading to abnormal glucose metabolism. With an increasing interest in natural dietary components for diabetes management, the identification of novel agents witnessed major discoveries. Plant-derived mucilage, pectin, and inulin are important non-starch polysaccharides that exhibit effective antidiabetic properties often termed soluble dietary fiber (SDF). SDF affects sugar metabolism through multiple mechanisms affecting glucose absorption and diffusion, modulation of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), ameliorating β-pancreatic cell dysfunction, and improving insulin release or sensitivity. Certain SDFs inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and influence the expression levels of genes related to glucose metabolism. This review is designed to discuss holistically and critically the antidiabetic effects of major SDF and their underlying mechanisms of action. This review should aid drug discovery approaches in developing novel natural antidiabetic drugs from SDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Taleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Gaza, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Hellebois T, Addiego F, Gaiani C, Shaplov AS, Soukoulis C. Unravelling the functionality of anionic and non-ionic plant seed gums on milk protein cryogels conveying Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121376. [PMID: 37940272 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryogels offer a promising macroporous platform that can be employed as either a functional ingredient in food composites or a colloidal template for incorporating bioactives, including probiotic living cells. The aim of the present work is to explore the functionality of two plant seed polysaccharides, flaxseed gum (FG) and alfalfa galactomannan (AAG), in individual and combined (1:1 ratio) milk protein-based cryogels, namely sodium caseinate (NaCas) and whey protein isolate (WPI). These cryogels were created by freeze-drying hydrogels formed via L.rhamnosus GG - a human gut-relevant probiotic strain - fermentation. Our findings showed that including gum in the composition limited volume contraction during lyophilisation, reduced macropore size and thickened cryogel skeleton vessels. Furthermore, gum-containing cryogels displayed improved thermal stability and slower water disintegration rates. The AAG-stabilised cryogels specifically showed a notable reduction in monolayer water content compared to FG. From a mechanistic viewpoint, AAG influenced the physicochemical and microstructural properties of the cryogels, most probably via its self-association during cryogenic processing, promoting the development of intertwined protein-gum networks. FG, on the other hand, enhanced these properties through electrostatic complexation with proteins. Cryogels made from protein-polysaccharide blends exhibited promising techno-functional properties for enhancing and diversifying food product innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Hellebois
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg; Université de Lorraine, LIBio, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Addiego
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claire Gaiani
- Université de Lorraine, LIBio, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Alexander S Shaplov
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Christos Soukoulis
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg.
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6
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Machado GTP, Ferreira RG, Veleirinho MB, Honorato LA, Ramos RDO, Silva MAS, Kuhnen S. In vitro evaluation of nanocomposites of linseed mucilage and k-carrageenan loaded with Achyrocline satureioides nanoemulsion: a gradual-release candidate of antimicrobials for the treatment of bovine mastitis. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:376-381. [PMID: 38186216 DOI: 10.1017/s002202992300064x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This research paper presents the development and evaluation of pioneering nanocomposites (NCs) based on the combination of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage. When loaded with macela extract nanoemulsion they present an innovative approach for the sustained release of antimicrobial herbal constituents, specifically tailored for bovine mastitis treatment. The NCs, encompassing various ratios of k-carrageenan and linseed mucilage polymers (8:2, 7:3, and 5:5 w/w) with 1.25 mg of macela extract/g of gel, underwent in vitro assessment, emphasizing viscosity, degradation speed, release of herbal actives from macela nanoemulsion and antimicrobial activity. The NCs exhibited thermoreversible characteristics, transitioning from liquid at 60°C to a gel at 25°C. NCs allowed a gradual release of phenolic compounds, reaching approximately 80% of total phenolics release (w/v) within 72 h. NCs inhibited the growth of MRSA (ATCC 33592) until 8 h of incubation. No toxic effect in vitro of NCs was found on MAC-T cells. Thus, the developed materials are relevant for the treatment of bovine mastitis, especially in the dry period, and the data support future evaluations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tasso Pinheiro Machado
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gabriel Ferreira
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatriz Veleirinho
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Luciana Aparecida Honorato
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Roberta de Oliveira Ramos
- Quality Control Laboratory- LABCQ, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Shirley Kuhnen
- Biochemical and Natural Products Laboratory - LABINAT, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-001, Brazil
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Yan S, Liu X, Wang Y, Yang X, Bai L, Sun L, Zhou Y, Cui S. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of pectic polysaccharides from Veronica peregrina L. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1217862. [PMID: 37457979 PMCID: PMC10345500 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1217862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pectins are a class of acidic polysaccharides with complex structures. Different pectin molecules are composed of different domains, which have an important impact on their biological activity. Objective This study aimed to determine the structural features and the antioxidant activities of the pectic polysaccharides isolated from Veronica peregrina L. Methods The polysaccharide was isolated from Veronica peregrina L by water extraction and fractionated by ion exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. The structure features of the pectic polysaccharides were determined by Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antioxidant activities was evaluated by the DPPH, OH and ABTS radical scavenging ability. Results WVPP-A2b and WVPP-A3b, with molecular weights of 48.7 × 104 and 77.6 × 104 kDa, respectively, contained homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) domains with a mass ratio of 2.08:2.64:1.00 and 3.87:4.65:1:00, respectively. The RG-I domain contained an arabinogalactan II backbone and arabinans consisting of t-Araf, (1→5)-α-Araf, and (1→3,5)-α-Araf. WVPP-A3b also contained short chains consisting of the [t-Araf-(1→5)-α-Araf-(1→] structural unit. WVPP-A3b showed stronger ability to scavenge DPPH, hydroxyl, and ABTS radicals, which was potentially associated with its high content of galacturonic acid and presence of the HG domain. Conclusion The results provide information for enhancing knowledge of the structureactivity relationship of pectic polysaccharides from V. peregrina and their potential application in the healthcare food field.
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Raghav N, Vashisth C, Mor N, Arya P, Sharma MR, Kaur R, Bhatti SP, Kennedy JF. Recent advances in cellulose, pectin, carrageenan and alginate-based oral drug delivery systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125357. [PMID: 37327920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymers-based drug delivery systems constitute one of the highly explored thrust areas in the field of the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. In the past years, the properties of polymers have been modified in context to their solubility, release kinetics, targeted action site, absorption, and therapeutic efficacy. Despite the availability of diverse synthetic polymers for the bioavailability enhancement of drugs, the use of natural polymers is still highly recommended due to their easy availability, accessibility, and non-toxicity. The aim of the review is to provide the available literature of the last five years on oral drug delivery systems based on four natural polymers i.e., cellulose, pectin, carrageenan, and alginate in a concise and tabulated manner. In this review, most of the information is in tabulated form to provide easy accessibility to the reader. The data related to active pharmaceutical ingredients and supported components in different formulations of the mentioned polymers have been made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Raghav
- Chemistry Department, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India.
| | - Chanchal Vashisth
- Chemistry Department, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Nitika Mor
- Chemistry Department, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Priyanka Arya
- Chemistry Department, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Manishita R Sharma
- Chemistry Department, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Chemistry Department, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | | | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech laboratories Ltd, Tenbury Wells, WR15 8FF, United Kingdom.
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Hasanin M, Abdel Kader AH, Abd El‐Sayed ES, Kamel S. Green Chitosan‐Flaxseed Gum Film Loaded with ZnO for Packaging Applications. STARCH-STARKE 2023; 75. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe possibility of manufacturing edible packaging materials with tailored properties and low cost has attracted much interest. This work presents a new material for edible packaging made from flaxseed gum (FSG) and chitosan (Ch) loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs). ZnO‐NPs are synthesized in situ during the preparation of the edible film. The Ch/FSG/ZnO‐NPs films are prepared by casting Ch in different ratios of FSG (12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, and 50%). The resulting films are evaluated for their physicochemical, mechanical, and barrier properties to determine their suitability for coating or packaging food or bioproducts. By studying the antimicrobial activities of the ZnO‐NPs loaded films, we can see that ZnO‐NP's concentration highly affects these activities. In addition, the FSG improves mechanical properties. Films developed by incorporating ZnO‐NPs are proposed to be appropriate for low‐moisture food and pharmaceutical products, which can reduce environmental problems associated with synthetic packaging. Consequently, Ch/FSG composite films have the potential to replace conventional packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hasanin
- Cellulose and Paper Department National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | | | | | - Samir Kamel
- Cellulose and Paper Department National Research Centre Cairo 12622 Egypt
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10
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Busont O, Durambur G, Bernard S, Plasson C, Joudiou C, Baude L, Chefdor F, Depierreux C, Héricourt F, Larcher M, Malik S, Boulogne I, Driouich A, Carpin S, Lamblin F. Black Poplar (Populus nigra L.) Root Extracellular Trap, Structural and Molecular Remodeling in Response to Osmotic Stress. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060858. [PMID: 36980198 PMCID: PMC10047092 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The root extracellular trap (RET) consists of root-associated, cap-derived cells (root AC-DCs) and their mucilaginous secretions, and forms a structure around the root tip that protects against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there is little information concerning the changes undergone by the RET during droughts, especially for tree species. Morphological and immunocytochemical approaches were used to study the RET of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) seedlings grown in vitro under optimal conditions (on agar-gelled medium) or when polyethylene glycol-mediated (PEG6000—infused agar-gelled medium) was used to mimic drought conditions through osmotic stress. Under optimal conditions, the root cap released three populations of individual AC-DC morphotypes, with a very low proportion of spherical morphotypes, and equivalent proportions of intermediate and elongated morphotypes. Immunolabeling experiments using anti-glycan antibodies specific to cell wall polysaccharide and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) epitopes revealed the presence of homogalacturonan (HG), galactan chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), and AGPs in root AC-DC cell walls. The data also showed the presence of xylogalacturonan (XGA), xylan, AGPs, and low levels of arabinans in the mucilage. The findings also showed that under osmotic stress conditions, both the number of AC-DCs (spherical and intermediate morphotypes) and the total quantity of mucilage per root tip increased, whereas the mucilage was devoid of the epitopes associated with the polysaccharides RG-I, XGA, xylan, and AGPs. Osmotic stress also led to reduced root growth and increased root expression of the P5CS2 gene, which is involved in proline biosynthesis and cellular osmolarity maintenance (or preservation) in aerial parts. Together, our findings show that the RET is a dynamic structure that undergoes pronounced structural and molecular remodeling, which might contribute to the survival of the root tip under osmotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Busont
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Gaëlle Durambur
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
- INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, University of Rouen Normandie, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Carole Plasson
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Camille Joudiou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Laura Baude
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Chefdor
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Christiane Depierreux
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - François Héricourt
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Mélanie Larcher
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Sonia Malik
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sabine Carpin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, INRAE, USC 1328, CEDEX 2, F-45067 Orléans, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-3841-7127
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11
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Alhssan E, Ercan SŞ, Bozkurt H. Effect of Flaxseed Mucilage and Gum Arabic on Probiotic Survival and Quality of Kefir during Cold Storage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030662. [PMID: 36766188 PMCID: PMC9914877 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the survival of probiotic cultures in kefir. Kefir is a fermented dairy product, and in this study we incorporated nutritionally rich flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic as a prebiotic, then monitored for improvement in the the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis. In addition, some physicochemical variables of kefir were investigated. The addition of flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic significantly (p ˂ 0.05) increased the growth of both Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis compared to the control. Samples enriched with flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic had significantly (p ˂ 0.05) reduced pH and increased viscosity. Flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic significantly (p ˂ 0.05) changed the color parameters L*, a*, and b*. However, as the concentration of flaxseed mucilage increased, the L* value decreased. Moreover, adding flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic into kefir increased (p ˂ 0.05) the protein content. These results showed that flaxseed mucilage and gum arabic could be used to increase the survival of probiotic cultures in kefir without changing its physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Alhssan
- Institute of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry Science and Technology, University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Songül Şahin Ercan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Bozkurt
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
- Correspondence:
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12
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Oota M, Toyoda S, Kotake T, Wada N, Hashiguchi M, Akashi R, Ishikawa H, Favery B, Tsai AYL, Sawa S. Rhamnogalacturonan-I as a nematode chemoattractant from Lotus corniculatus L. super-growing root culture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1008725. [PMID: 36777533 PMCID: PMC9908596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1008725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The soil houses a tremendous amount of micro-organisms, many of which are plant parasites and pathogens by feeding off plant roots for sustenance. Such root pathogens and parasites often rely on plant-secreted signaling molecules in the rhizosphere as host guidance cues. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a chemoattractant of plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita, RKN). METHODS The Super-growing Root (SR) culture, consisting of excised roots from the legume species Lotus corniculatus L., was found to strongly attract infective RKN juveniles and actively secrete chemoattractants into the liquid culture media. The chemo-attractant in the culture media supernatant was purified using hydrophobicity and anion exchange chromatography, and found to be enriched in carbohydrates. RESULTS Monosaccharide analyses suggest the chemo-attractant contains a wide array of sugars, but is enriched in arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid. This purified chemoattractant was shown to contain pectin, specifically anti-rhamnogalacturonan-I and anti-arabinogalactan protein epitopes but not anti-homogalacturonan epitopes. More importantly, the arabinose and galactose sidechain groups were found to be essential for RKN-attracting activities. This chemo-attractant appears to be specific to M. incognita, as it wasn't effective in attracting other Meloidogyne species nor Caenorhabditis elegans. DISCUSSION This is the first report to identify the nematode attractant purified from root exudate of L corniculatus L. Our findings re-enforce pectic carbohydrates as important chemicals mediating micro-organism chemotaxis in the soil, and also highlight the unexpected utilities of the SR culture system in root pathogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Oota
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Syuuto Toyoda
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Akashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bruno Favery
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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13
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Review: Tertiary cell wall of plant fibers as a source of inspiration in material design. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Pan VS, Girvin C, LoPresti EF. Anchorage by seed mucilage prevents seed dislodgement in high surface flow: a mechanistic investigation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:817-830. [PMID: 35325924 PMCID: PMC9292590 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Seed mucilage is a common and highly diverse trait shared among thousands of angiosperm species. While it has long been recognized that mucilage allows seeds to anchor to substrates (antitelechory), resisting abiotic and biotic dislodgement, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of this process. METHODS We propose a mechanistic model of how mucilage affects substrate anchorage and fluid resistance, ultimately contributing to dislodgement resistance. To test this model, we subjected mucilaginous seeds of 52 species, varying in eight measured seed traits, to 7 d of continuous water flow at a range of dislodgement potentials. KEY RESULTS Supporting our model, mucilage mass increased the force necessary to dislodge both dry and wet seeds; our measurement of the dislodgement force of dry mucilage explained time to dislodgement well. The effect size was remarkably large; increasing the standardized mucilage mass by 1 s.d. resulted in a 280-fold increase in the time to dislodgement. Fluid resistance was largely dependent on the speed of water flow and the seed's modified drag coefficient, but not seed traits. Neither mucilage expansion speed nor mucilage decay rate explained dislodgement potential well. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the degree of anchorage to a substrate, measured with a simple dislodgement force assay, is highly predictive of mucilaginous seed retention in highly erosive environments. In contrast, we found that other seed and mucilage traits are of lesser importance to anchorage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S Pan
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, 421 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Cecilia Girvin
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, 421 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Eric F LoPresti
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, 421 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, OK, USA
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15
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Feeding Fiber-Bound Polyphenol Ingredients at Different Levels Modulates Colonic Postbiotics to Improve Gut Health in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131654. [PMID: 35804553 PMCID: PMC9265048 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Food eaten by humans or companion animals is broken down by enzymes produced by the host and also by bacteria present in the large intestine of the host. Many of the compounds produced can have beneficial effects on the host’s health. Previous studies in dogs evaluated changes after they ate food containing a fiber bundle made of pecan shells, flax seed, and powders from cranberry, citrus, and beet. These studies showed that bacteria in the large intestine switched from digesting mainly protein to digesting mainly carbohydrates resulting in production of compounds with beneficial properties. The study presented here tested this fiber bundle in cats to see which compounds and/or bacteria in the feces changed. After cats consumed food containing the fiber bundle, several compounds associated with beneficial health effects increased, and some compounds that indicate the breakdown of protein decreased. In contrast, little change in fecal bacteria was observed following consumption of food with the fiber bundle. Overall, these findings indicate that, similar to the dog studies, bacteria in the large intestine of cats were able to digest the fiber bundle to make compounds that may contribute to host health and also shifted to digestion of carbohydrates instead of protein. Abstract Consumption of fiber in its different forms can result in positive health effects. Prior studies in dogs found that addition of a fiber bundle (composed of pecan shells, flax seed, and powders of cranberry, citrus, and beet) to food resulted in a shift in fecal bacterial metabolism from proteolysis to saccharolysis. The present study evaluated the changes in fecal metabolites and microbiota in healthy cats following the consumption of this fiber bundle. Following a 28-day pre-feed period, 56 healthy adult cats received food with none or one of three concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, and 4%) of the fiber bundle for a 31-day period. In cats that consumed the 4% fiber bundle, levels of ammonium and fecal branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) decreased from baseline and compared with the other groups. Addition of any level of the fiber bundle resulted in increases in beneficial metabolites: polyphenols hesperidin, hesperetin, ponciretin, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, secoisolariciresinol, and enterodiol. Little change in fecal microbiota was observed. Since higher levels of ammonia and BCFAs indicate putrefactive metabolism, the decreases in these with the 4% fiber bundle indicate a shift toward saccharolytic metabolism despite little change in the microbiota composition.
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16
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Chemical Composition and Rheological Properties of Seed Mucilages of Various Yellow- and Brown-Seeded Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivars. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102040. [PMID: 35631922 PMCID: PMC9145172 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
When seeds sown in the soil become wet, their hulls secrete viscous matter that can retain water and thus support germination. Flaxseed mucilage (FSM) is an example of such a material and is attractive for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications due to its suitable rheological properties. FSM consists mainly of two polysaccharides, namely, arabinoxylan and rhamnogalacturonan I, and it also contains some proteins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. The genotype and the year of the flax harvest can significantly affect the composition and functional properties of FSM. In this work, FSM samples were isolated from flax seeds of different cultivars and harvest years, and their structural and rheological properties were compared using statistical methods. The samples showed significant variability in composition and rheological properties depending on the cultivar and storage time. It was found that the ratio of two polysaccharide fractions and the contribution of less-prevalent proteins are important factors determining the rheological parameters of FSM, characterizing the shear-thinning, thixotropic, and dynamic viscoelastic behavior of this material in aqueous solutions. The yield strength and the hysteresis loop were found to be associated with the contribution of the pectin fraction, which included homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan I. In contrast, the shear-thinning and especially the dynamic viscoelastic properties depended on the arabinoxylan content. Proteins also affected the viscoelastic properties and maintained the elastic component of FSM in the solution. The above structural and rheological characteristics should be taken into account when considering effective applications for this material.
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17
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Porokhovinova EA, Shelenga TV, Kerv YA, Khoreva VI, Konarev AV, Yakusheva TV, Pavlov AV, Slobodkina AA, Brutch NB. Features of Profiles of Biologically Active Compounds of Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Lines from VIR Flax Genetic Collection, Contrasting in Size and Color of Seeds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:750. [PMID: 35336633 PMCID: PMC8953942 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flax is one of the oldest oil crops, but only since the end of the twentieth century nutritional use of its whole seeds and flour has been resumed. This crop has been evaluated for its oil fatty acid composition, content of sterols and tocopherols, carbohydrate composition of mucilage, but a comprehensive study has never been carried out, so the aim of the work was to identify differences in the metabolomic profiles of flax lines contrasting in color and size of seeds. The biochemical composition of seeds from 16 lines of the sixth generation of inbreeding was tested using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In total, more than 90 compounds related to sugars (78% of the identified substances), free fatty acids (13%), polyatomic alcohols (5%), heterocyclic compounds, free amino acids, phytosterols and organic acids (no more than 2.5% in total) were identified. Statistical analyses revealed six main factors. The first is a factor of sugar content; the second one affects most of organic acids, as well as some free fatty acids, not related to reserve ones, the third factor is related to compounds that play a certain role in the formation of "storage" substances and resistance to stress, the fourth factor is influencing free polar amino acids, some organic and free fatty acids, the fifth one is a factor of phenolic compounds, the sixth factor combined substances not included in the first five groups. Factor analysis made it possible to differentiate all 16 lines, 10 of which occupied a separate position by one or two factors. Interestingly, the first two factors with the highest loads (20 and 15% of the total variability, respectively) showed a separate position of the gc-432 line, which differed from the others, not only by chemical composition, but also by the phenotype of the seeds, while gc-159 differed from the rest ones by the complex of organic acids and other substances taking about 1% of the extracted substances of the seed. Thus, the analysis of metabolomic profiles is promising for a comprehensive assessment of the VIR flax genetic collection, which has wide biochemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nina B. Brutch
- N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), B. Morskaya Str. 42–44, 19000 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.A.P.); (T.V.S.); (Y.A.K.); (V.I.K.); (A.V.K.); (T.V.Y.); (A.V.P.); (A.A.S.)
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18
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Liu Y, Liu J, Liu G, Duan R, Sun Y, Li J, Yan S, Li B. Sodium bicarbonate reduces the cooked hardness of lotus rhizome via side chain rearrangement and pectin degradation. Food Chem 2022; 370:130962. [PMID: 34555774 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 0.1% (W/V) sodium bicarbonate (SB) solution was used to soften lotus rhizome, and the mechanism was characterized by monoclonal antibodies labeling (mAbs) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the cell wall of lotus rhizome was disintegrated under SB treatment. In addition, the mAbs results revealed that low-esterified homogalacturonan (HG) at the tricellular junction was degraded, the rearrangement of Ara and the interaction between Gal and cellulose may be related to the texture changes. Compared with distilled water treatment, SB treatment reduced the relative content of pectin from 34.1% to 19.1% while increased that of cellulose from 65.9% to 80.9%. AFM results revealed that the height of CSF skeleton decreased from about 32 nm to 1.5 nm. These results clearly demonstrate that cooking with 0.1% SB can soften lotus rhizome through degradation of pectin and arrangement of side chains of rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ (RG-Ⅰ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Gongji Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ruibing Duan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Yangtze River Economic Belt Engineering Research Center for Green Development of Bulk Aquatic Bioproducts Industry of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shoulei Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Huagui Food Co. Ltd, Honghu, Hubei 433207, China; Yangtze River Economic Belt Engineering Research Center for Green Development of Bulk Aquatic Bioproducts Industry of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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19
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Abdelmonem AM, Zámbó D, Rusch P, Schlosser A, Klepzig LF, Bigall NC. Versatile Route for Multifunctional Aerogels Including Flaxseed Mucilage and Nanocrystals. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100794. [PMID: 35085414 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of low density monolithic and free-standing organic-inorganic hybrid aerogels of various properties is demonstrated using green chemistry from a biosafe natural source (flaxseed mucilage) and freeze-casting and subsequent freeze drying. Bio-aerogels, luminescent aerogels and magneto-responsive aerogels were obtained by combination of the flaxseed mucilage with different types of nanoparticles. Moreover, the aerogels are investigated as possible drug release system using curcumin as a model. Various characterization techniques like thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen physisorption, electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, bulk density and mechanical measurements as well as in vitro release profile measurements are employed to investigate the obtained materials. The flaxseed-inspired organic-inorganic hybrid aerogels exhibit ultra-low densities of as low as 5.6 mg/cm3 for 0.5% (w/v) mucilage polymer, a specific surface area of 4 to 20 m2 /g, high oil absorption capacity (23 g/g) and prominent compressibility. The natural biopolymer technique leads to low cost and biocompatible functional lightweight materials with tunable properties (physicochemical and mechanical) and significant potential for applications as supporting or stimuli responsive materials, carriers, reactors, microwave, and electromagnetic radiation protective (absorbing) material as well as in drug delivery and oil absorption. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abuelmagd M Abdelmonem
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 9 Cairo University St., Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Dániel Zámbó
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege M. str. 29-33, Budapest, H-1121, Hungary
| | - Pascal Rusch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Anja Schlosser
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Lars F Klepzig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Nadja C Bigall
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3a, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Laboratory of Nano and Quantum Engineering, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 39, Hannover, 30167, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30167, Germany
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20
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Shakhmatov EG, Makarova EN. Structure of KOH-extractable polysaccharides of tree greenery of from Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118794. [PMID: 34823801 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide ASK was extracted with aqueous KOH from the Abies sibirica foliage. Pectin, xylan, AGPs and xyloglucan were isolated from ASK by anion-exchange chromatography and Smith degradation, combined with enzymatic cleavage. Potential interactions between those polymers were examined. Since xylan, AGPs, RG-I and glucan were co-fractionated following complete removal of galacturonan (HG) with polygalacturonase, it can be inferred that the enzymatic cleavage of HG did not affect co-fractionation of cross-linking glycans, RG-I and AGPs. These were hypothesized to be bound via a covalent cross-link, as the removal of HG regions did not affect this complex. Given that pectin was represented solely by RG-I regions, it can be assumed that some of glucan, xylan and AGPs were associated directly with RG-I. Besides, the enzymatic hydrolysis eliminated most of xylose and rhamnose. This suggests implicitly that some of xylan was linked to RG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny G Shakhmatov
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pervomaiskaya St. 48, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
| | - Elena N Makarova
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pervomaiskaya St. 48, Syktyvkar 167982, Russia.
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21
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Barsby JP, Cowley JM, Leemaqz SY, Grieger JA, McKeating DR, Perkins AV, Bastian SEP, Burton RA, Bianco-Miotto T. Nutritional properties of selected superfood extracts and their potential health benefits. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12525. [PMID: 34900436 PMCID: PMC8628624 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The term 'superfoods' is used to market foods considered to have significant health benefits. 'Superfoods' are claimed to prevent diseases as well as improving overall health, though the lack of explicit criteria means that any food can be labelled 'super' without support from scientific research. Typically, these 'superfoods' are rich in a particular nutrient for example antioxidants or omega-3 fatty acids. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional properties of a selection of superfood seeds: flax, chia, hulled sunflower and two types of processed hemp seeds and determine whether they may have potential health benefits. Methods We developed a simple aqueous extraction method for ground seeds and analysed their composition by mineral, protein and monosaccharide analyses. Cell viability assays were performed on Caco-2 and IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells using increasing doses of the prepared extracts. Results Increased cell viability was observed in both cell lines with increasing concentrations of the flax seed, chia seed or hulled sunflower extracts (P < 0.05). Compositional analyses revealed the presence of polysaccharides, proteins and essential minerals in the aqueous extracts and in vitro assays showed sunflower had the highest antioxidant activity. However, differences in extract composition and antioxidant properties could not be directly related to the observed increase in cell viability suggesting that other components in the extracts may be responsible. Future studies will further characterize these extracts and investigate whether they are beneficial for gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Barsby
- Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - James M Cowley
- Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shalem Y Leemaqz
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica A Grieger
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel R McKeating
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Susan E P Bastian
- Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- Waite Research Institute and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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22
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Hellebois T, Fortuin J, Xu X, Shaplov AS, Gaiani C, Soukoulis C. Structure conformation, physicochemical and rheological properties of flaxseed gums extracted under alkaline and acidic conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1217-1230. [PMID: 34666134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed at investigating an extraction protocol based on consecutive steps of isoelectric point (pH ~ 4.25) mediated gum swelling and deproteinisation as an alternative method to produce flaxseed gum extracts of enhanced techno-functional characteristics. The osidic and proximate composition, structure conformation, flow behaviour, dynamic rheological and thermal properties of gums isolated from brown and golden flaxseeds were assessed. Gum extraction under near-to-isoelectric point conditions did not impair the extraction yield, residual protein and ash content, whilst it resulted in minor changes in the sugar composition of the flaxseed gum extracts. The deconvolution of the GPC/SEC chromatographs revealed the presence of four major polysaccharidic populations corresponding to arabinoxylans, rhamnogalacturonan-I and two AX-RG-I composite fractions. The latter appeared to minimise the intra- and interchain polymer non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonding) leading to a better solvation affinity in water and lyotropic solvents. Golden flaxseed gums exerted higher molecular weight (Mw = 1.34-1.15 × 106 Da) and intrinsic viscosities (6.63-5.13 dL g-1) as well as better thickening and viscoelastic performance than the brown flaxseed gum exemplars. Golden flaxseed gums exhibited a better thermal stability compared to the brown flaxseed counterparts and therefore, they are suitable for product applications involving severe heat treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Hellebois
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L4362, Luxembourg; Université de Lorraine, LIBio, Nancy, France
| | - Jennyfer Fortuin
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L4362, Luxembourg; Trier University of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Schneidershof, 54293 Trier, Germany
| | - Xuan Xu
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L4362, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander S Shaplov
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claire Gaiani
- Université de Lorraine, LIBio, Nancy, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Christos Soukoulis
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L4362, Luxembourg.
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23
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Nishigaki N, Yoshimi Y, Kuki H, Kunieda T, Hara-Nishimura I, Tsumuraya Y, Takahashi D, Dupree P, Kotake T. Galactoglucomannan structure of Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage in GDP-mannose synthesis impaired mutants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1244-1252. [PMID: 34380178 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell-wall polysaccharides are synthesized from nucleotide sugars by glycosyltransferases. However, in what way the level of nucleotide sugars affects the structure of the polysaccharides is not entirely clear. guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-mannose (GDP-Man) is one of the major nucleotide sugars in plants and serves as a substrate in the synthesis of mannan polysaccharides. GDP-Man is synthesized from mannose 1-phosphate and GTP by a GDP-Man pyrophosphorylase, VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE1 (VTC1), which is positively regulated by the interacting protein KONJAC1 (KJC1) in Arabidopsis. Since seed-coat mucilage can serve as a model of the plant cell wall, we examined the influence of vtc1 and kjc1 mutations on the synthesis of mucilage galactoglucomannan. Sugar composition analysis showed that mannose content in adherent mucilage of kjc1 and vtc1 mutants was only 42% and 11% of the wild-type, respectively, indicating a drastic decrease of galactoglucomannan. On the other hand, structural analysis based on specific oligosaccharides released by endo-β-1,4-mannanase indicated that galactoglucomannan had a patterned glucomannan backbone consisting of alternating residues of glucose and mannose and the frequency of α-galactosyl branches was also similar to the wild type structure. These results suggest that the structure of mucilage galactoglucomannan is mainly determined by properties of glycosyltransferases rather than the availability of nucleotide sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Nishigaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Kuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan
- Green Biology Research Center, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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24
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Integument-Specific Transcriptional Regulation in the Mid-Stage of Flax Seed Development Influences the Release of Mucilage and the Seed Oil Content. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102677. [PMID: 34685657 PMCID: PMC8534900 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed oil, which accumulates in the embryo, and mucilage, which is synthesized in the seed coat, are of great economic importance for food, pharmaceutical as well as chemical industries. Theories on the link between oil and mucilage production in seeds consist in the spatio-temporal competition of both compounds for photosynthates during the very early stages of seed development. In this study, we demonstrate a positive relationship between seed oil production and seed coat mucilage extrusion in the agronomic model, flax. Three recombinant inbred lines were selected for low, medium and high mucilage and seed oil contents. Metabolite and transcript profiling (1H NMR and DNA oligo-microarrays) was performed on the seeds during seed development. These analyses showed main changes in the seed coat transcriptome during the mid-phase of seed development (25 Days Post-Anthesis), once the mucilage biosynthesis and modification processes are thought to be finished. These transcriptome changes comprised genes that are putatively involved in mucilage chemical modification and oil synthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA) metabolism. The results of this integrative biology approach suggest that transcriptional regulations of seed oil and fatty acid (FA) metabolism could occur in the seed coat during the mid-stage of seed development, once the seed coat carbon supplies have been used for mucilage biosynthesis and mechanochemical properties of the mucilage secretory cells.
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25
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Yang J, Kim J, Choi YJ, Hahn J. Elastic gels based on flaxseed gum with konjac glucomannan and agar. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1331-1338. [PMID: 34721928 PMCID: PMC8519975 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we prepared hydrocolloid gels in which flaxseed gum (FSG), konjac glucomannan (KGM), and agar (AG) were blended in different ratios for use as a viscoelastic food. The prepared hydrogels' physicochemical properties were analyzed concerning their water solubility index (WSI), swelling power (SL), frequency sweep results, and microstructures. As the FSG ratio decreased, the WSI value of the compound gel tended to increase. However, it showed a tendency to have a relatively high SP value and a low tan δ value according to a specific KGM/FSG/AG mixing ratios (8:2:1.5 and 6:4:1.5). Through microstructure analysis, the FKA821.5 sample showed a relatively small, monodispersed gel building structure, correlated with the rheological results. In conclusion, the FKA821.5 gel was determined to have good water retention capacity and high structural strength. These results are expected to increase the applicability of FSG-based gelling agents in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Yang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Junghoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006 Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Jungwoo Hahn
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
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26
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Davachi SM, Pottackal N, Torabi H, Abbaspourrad A. Development and characterization of probiotic mucilage based edible films for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16608. [PMID: 34400694 PMCID: PMC8368057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest among the public and scientific community toward the use of probiotics to potentially restore the composition of the gut microbiome. With the aim of preparing eco-friendly probiotic edible films, we explored the addition of probiotics to the seed mucilage films of quince, flax, and basil. These mucilages are natural and compatible blends of different polysaccharides that have demonstrated medical benefits. All three seed mucilage films exhibited high moisture retention regardless of the presence of probiotics, which is needed to help preserve the moisture/freshness of food. Films from flax and quince mucilage were found to be more thermally stable and mechanically robust with higher elastic moduli and elongation at break than basil mucilage films. These films effectively protected fruits against UV light, maintaining the probiotics viability and inactivation rate during storage. Coated fruits and vegetables retained their freshness longer than uncoated produce, while quince-based probiotic films showed the best mechanical, physical, morphological and bacterial viability. This is the first report of the development, characterization and production of 100% natural mucilage-based probiotic edible coatings with enhanced barrier properties for food preservation applications containing probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Davachi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Neethu Pottackal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hooman Torabi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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27
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Tsai AYL, Iwamoto Y, Tsumuraya Y, Oota M, Konishi T, Ito S, Kotake T, Ishikawa H, Sawa S. Root-knot nematode chemotaxis is positively regulated by l-galactose sidechains of mucilage carbohydrate rhamnogalacturonan-I. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh4182. [PMID: 34215589 PMCID: PMC11060035 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are plant parasites and major agricultural pests. RKNs are thought to locate hosts through chemotaxis by sensing host-secreted chemoattractants; however, the structures and properties of these attractants are not well understood. Here, we describe a previously unknown RKN attractant from flaxseed mucilage that enhances infection of Arabidopsis and tomato, which resembles the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I). Fucose and galactose sidechains of the purified attractant were found to be required for attractant activity. Furthermore, the disaccharide α-l-galactosyl-1,3-l-rhamnose, which forms the linkage between the RG-I backbone and galactose sidechains of the purified attractant, was sufficient to attract RKN. These results show that the α-l-galactosyl-1,3-l-rhamnose linkage in the purified attractant from flaxseed mucilage is essential for RKN attraction. The present work also suggests that nematodes can detect environmental chemicals with high specificity, such as the presence of chiral centers and hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yuka Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Morihiro Oota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Teruko Konishi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Ito
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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28
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Kreitschitz A, Kovalev A, Gorb SN. Plant Seed Mucilage as a Glue: Adhesive Properties of Hydrated and Dried-in-Contact Seed Mucilage of Five Plant Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031443. [PMID: 33535533 PMCID: PMC7867067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed and fruit mucilage is composed of three types of polysaccharides—pectins, cellulose, and hemicelluloses—and demonstrates adhesive properties after hydration. One of the important functions of the mucilage is to enable seeds to attach to diverse natural surfaces. Due to its adhesive properties, which increase during dehydration, the diaspore can be anchored to the substrate (soil) or attached to an animal’s body and dispersed over varied distances. After complete desiccation, the mucilage envelope forms a thin transparent layer around the diaspore creating a strong bond to the substrate. In the present study, we examined the mucilaginous seeds of six different plant taxa (from genera Linum, Lepidium, Ocimum, Salvia and Plantago) and addressed two main questions: (1) How strong is the adhesive bond of the dried mucilage envelope? and (2) What are the differences in adhesion between different mucilage types? Generally, the dried mucilage envelope revealed strong adhesive properties. Some differences between mucilage types were observed, particularly in relation to adhesive force (Fad) whose maximal values varied from 0.58 to 6.22 N. The highest adhesion force was revealed in the cellulose mucilage of Ocimum basilicum. However, mucilage lacking cellulose fibrils, such as that of Plantago ovata, also demonstrated high values of adhesion force with a maximum close to 5.74 N. The adhesion strength, calculated as force per unit contact area (Fad/A0), was comparable between studied taxa. Obtained results demonstrated (1) that the strength of mucilage adhesive bonds strongly surpasses the requirements necessary for epizoochory and (2) that seed mucilage has a high potential as a nontoxic, natural substance that can be used in water-based glues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kreitschitz
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (A.K.); (S.N.G.)
- Department of Plant Morphology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia Street 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (A.K.); (S.N.G.)
| | - Stanislav N. Gorb
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (A.K.); (S.N.G.)
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29
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Developing and Featuring Matrix Tablets by Using Gross Linseed Mucilage as a Retardant Polymer. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Kassem IAA, Joshua Ashaolu T, Kamel R, Elkasabgy NA, Afifi SM, Farag MA. Mucilage as a functional food hydrocolloid: ongoing and potential applications in prebiotics and nutraceuticals. Food Funct 2021; 12:4738-4748. [PMID: 34100507 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucilage is a soluble dietary fiber used as a food additive to give foods a firmer texture, aside from its many health benefits and pharmacological properties. It is a polysaccharide in nature, composed of large molecules of sugars and uronic acid moieties. The extraction of mucilage is achieved from a wide variety of plant parts, including rhizomes, roots, and seeds, and it has also been reported from microorganisms. In this review, the nutritional and medicinal applications of mucilage are described in the context of the different mucilage types. The current article highlights state-of-the-art valorization practices relating to mucilage and its potential novel usages in the food industry and nutraceuticals, and as a prebiotic, in addition to its nutritional and anti-nutritional values. Analysis of the prebiotic action of mucilage with respect to its structure activity relationship, as well as how it modulates gut bacteria, is presented for the first time and in the context of its known health benefits inside the colon. It is recommended that more investigations are carried out to maximize the health benefits of mucilage and ensure its safety, especially upon long-term usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman A A Kassem
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam and Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Rabab Kamel
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nermeen A Elkasabgy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Sherif M Afifi
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt. and Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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31
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Kreitschitz A, Haase E, Gorb SN. The role of mucilage envelope in the endozoochory of selected plant taxa. Naturwissenschaften 2020; 108:2. [PMID: 33306163 PMCID: PMC7732809 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-020-01709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myxodiaspory (formation of mucilage envelope around seeds and fruits) is a common adaptation to dry habitats known in many families of Angiosperms. The mucilage envelope of some seeds seems to be also a unique morphological adaptation which protects myxospermatic diaspores while passing through the bird’s digestive system. To evaluate the protective potential of mucilage, we fed the diaspores of seven plant species (representing three different mucilage types and three species of non-mucilaginous plants) to pigeons, Columba livia domestica. Twenty-four hours later, we collected the droppings of pigeons and examined a total of 18,900 non-destroyed diaspores to check for mucilage presence and germination ability. Out of all the examined diaspores, 4.5% were mucilaginous seeds. Among them, the highest number (12.2–13.5%) of viable diaspores belonged to the hemicellulosic type of mucilage (from Plantago species). Only 3.7% of germinating diaspores with pectic mucilage (Linum usitatissimum) were collected, and no seeds representing cellulosic mucilage (e.g., Ocimum basilicum). For non-mucilaginous plants, we collected only a few individual seeds (0.1% out of 8100 seeds used). We noted that the mucilaginous seeds found in the droppings were able to germinate; however, the germination ability was generally smaller in comparison to the control (i.e., not digested) seeds. Our results revealed that the presence of mucilage envelope has an impact on diaspore dispersal and survivability. With our experiments, we demonstrated for the first time that the mucilage envelope, especially of the non-cellulosic type, supports endozoochory. We also showed that non-mucilaginous seeds can be occasionally dispersed via endozoochory and are able to germinate. The results of our studies can explain the ways of plants distribution at a small, local scale as well as in long-distance dispersal, e.g., between islands or even continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kreitschitz
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24098, Kiel, Germany. .,Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - E Haase
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - S N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24098, Kiel, Germany
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32
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Arabinoxylan and rhamnogalacturonan mucilage: Outgoing and potential trends of pharmaceutical, environmental, and medicinal merits. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2550-2564. [PMID: 33115647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Demand for safe, environmentally friendly and minimally processed food additives with intrinsic technological (stabilizing, texturizing, structuring) and functional potential is already on the rise. There are actually several natural excipients eligible for pharmaceutical formulation. Mucilage, as a class constitutes arabinoxylan and rhamnogalacturonan-based biomolecules used in the pharmaceutical, environmental as well as phytoremediation industries owing to its particular structure and properties. These compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics, as well as, in agriculture, paper industries. This review emphasizes mucilage valuable applications in the pharmaceutical and industrial fields. In this context, much focus has recently been given to the valorization of mucilage as an ingredient for food or nutraceutical applications. Furthermore, different optimization and extraction techniques are presented to develop better utilization and/or enhanced yield of mucilage. The highlighted mucilage extraction methods warrant assessing up-scale processes to encourage for its industrial applications. The current article capitalizes on cutting-edge characteristics of mucilage and posing for other possible innovative applications in non-food industries. Here, the first holistic overview of mucilage with regards to its physicochemical properties and potential novel usages is presented.
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33
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Mélida H, Bacete L, Ruprecht C, Rebaque D, del Hierro I, López G, Brunner F, Pfrengle F, Molina A. Arabinoxylan-Oligosaccharides Act as Damage Associated Molecular Patterns in Plants Regulating Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1210. [PMID: 32849751 PMCID: PMC7427311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses in plants can be triggered by damage/microbe-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/MAMPs) upon recognition by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). DAMPs are signaling molecules synthesized by plants or released from host cellular structures (e.g., plant cell walls) upon pathogen infection or wounding. Despite the hypothesized important role of plant cell wall-derived DAMPs in plant-pathogen interactions, a very limited number of these DAMPs are well characterized. Recent work demonstrated that pectin-enriched cell wall fractions extracted from the cell wall mutant impaired in Arabidopsis Response Regulator 6 (arr6), that showed altered disease resistance to several pathogens, triggered more intense immune responses than those activated by similar cell wall fractions from wild-type plants. It was hypothesized that arr6 cell wall fractions could be differentially enriched in DAMPs. In this work, we describe the characterization of the previous immune-active fractions of arr6 showing the highest triggering capacities upon further fractionation by chromatographic means. These analyses pointed to a role of pentose-based oligosaccharides triggering plant immune responses. The characterization of several pentose-based oligosaccharide structures revealed that β-1,4-xylooligosaccharides of specific degrees of polymerization and carrying arabinose decorations are sensed as DAMPs by plants. Moreover, the pentasaccharide 33-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-xylotetraose (XA3XX) was found as a highly active DAMP structure triggering strong immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana and enhancing crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Diego Rebaque
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
- PlantResponse Biotech S.L., Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Irene del Hierro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- PlantResponse Biotech S.L., Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Effect of Three Polysaccharides (Inulin, and Mucilage from Chia and Flax Seeds) on the Survival of Probiotic Bacteria Encapsulated by Spray Drying. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chia seed mucilage (CM), flaxseed mucilage (FM), and inulin (INL) were used as encapsulating agents to evaluate the possibility of increasing the survival of Lactobacillus casei var. rhamnosus, renamed recently to Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, after spray drying. Moreover, the viability of encapsulated L. rhamnosus was determined during the 250 day storage period at 4 °C. In a second stage, the conditions that maximized the survival of L. rhamnosus were evaluated on other probiotic bacteria (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium longum). Additionally, the viability of encapsulated probiotics during the 60 day storage period at 4 and 25 °C was evaluated. The conditions that maximize the survival of L. rhamnosus (90%) predicted by a face-centered central composite design were 14.4% w/v of maltodextrin, 0.6% w/v of CM, and 90 °C of inlet air temperature. Additionally, under these encapsulating conditions, the survival of L. plantarum, B. infantis, and B. longum was 95%, 97%, and 96%, respectively. The probiotic viability improved during storage at 4 °C but decreased at 25 °C. The highest viability values obtained for probiotics during spray drying and during storage suggest a thermoprotector effect of CM, which would ensure an optimal probiotic efficacy in the product, thus promoting its utilization in the food industry.
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Wernimont SM, Radosevich J, Jackson MI, Ephraim E, Badri DV, MacLeay JM, Jewell DE, Suchodolski JS. The Effects of Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Cats and Dogs: Impact on Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1266. [PMID: 32670224 PMCID: PMC7329990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome of cats and dogs is increasingly recognized as a metabolically active organ inextricably linked to pet health. Food serves as a substrate for the GI microbiome of cats and dogs and plays a significant role in defining the composition and metabolism of the GI microbiome. The microbiome, in turn, facilitates the host's nutrient digestion and the production of postbiotics, which are bacterially derived compounds that can influence pet health. Consequently, pet owners have a role in shaping the microbiome of cats and dogs through the food they choose to provide. Yet, a clear understanding of the impact these food choices have on the microbiome, and thus on the overall health of the pet, is lacking. Pet foods are formulated to contain the typical nutritional building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, but increasingly include microbiome-targeted ingredients, such as prebiotics and probiotics. Each of these categories, as well as their relative proportions in food, can affect the composition and/or function of the microbiome. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary components may impact not only GI disease, but also allergies, oral health, weight management, diabetes, and kidney disease through changes in the GI microbiome. Until recently, the focus of microbiome research was to characterize alterations in microbiome composition in disease states, while less research effort has been devoted to understanding how changes in nutrition can influence pet health by modifying the microbiome function. This review summarizes the impact of pet food nutritional components on the composition and function of the microbiome and examines evidence for the role of nutrition in impacting host health through the microbiome in a variety of disease states. Understanding how nutrition can modulate GI microbiome composition and function may reveal new avenues for enhancing the health and resilience of cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eden Ephraim
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | | | | | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
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Zhang H, Zhao T, Wang J, Xia Y, Song Z, Ai L. An amendment to the fine structure of galactoxyloglucan from Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:1189-1197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Encapsulation of Lactobacillus casei in alginate microcapsules: improvement of the bacterial viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions using flaxseed mucilage. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cowley JM, Herliana L, Neumann KA, Ciani S, Cerne V, Burton RA. A small-scale fractionation pipeline for rapid analysis of seed mucilage characteristics. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:20. [PMID: 32123537 PMCID: PMC7038624 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxospermy is a process by which the external surfaces of seeds of many plant species produce mucilage-a polysaccharide-rich gel with numerous fundamental research and industrial applications. Due to its functional properties the mucilage can be difficult to remove from the seed and established methods for mucilage extraction are often incomplete, time-consuming and unnecessarily wasteful of precious seed stocks. RESULTS Here we tested the efficacy of several established protocols for seed mucilage extraction and then downsized and adapted the most effective elements into a rapid, small-scale extraction and analysis pipeline. Within 4 h, three chemically- and functionally-distinct mucilage fractions were obtained from myxospermous seeds. These fractions were used to study natural variation and demonstrate structure-function links, to screen for known mucilage quality markers in a field trial, and to identify research and industry-relevant lines from a large mutant population. CONCLUSION The use of this pipeline allows rapid analysis of mucilage characteristics from diverse myxospermous germplasm which can contribute to fundamental research into mucilage production and properties, quality testing for industrial manufacturing, and progressing breeding efforts in myxospermous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Cowley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA Australia
| | - Lina Herliana
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA Australia
| | - Kylie A. Neumann
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA Australia
| | - Silvano Ciani
- Dr. Schär R&D Centre, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Virna Cerne
- Dr. Schär R&D Centre, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA Australia
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Lohaus RH, Zager JJ, Kosma DK, Cushman JC. Characterization of Seed, Oil, and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of an Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutant of
Camelina sativa
with Reduced Seed‐Coat Mucilage. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard H. Lohaus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Nevada 1664 N. Virginia Street Reno NV 89557‐0330 USA
| | - Jordan J. Zager
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological ChemistryWashington State University Pullman WA 99164‐6340 USA
| | - Dylan K. Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Nevada 1664 N. Virginia Street Reno NV 89557‐0330 USA
| | - John C. Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Nevada 1664 N. Virginia Street Reno NV 89557‐0330 USA
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Dietary fibre profiles of Turkish Tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and hazelnut skin. Food Chem 2020; 316:126338. [PMID: 32036182 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibre (DF) profiles of natural hazelnut, roasted hazelnut and hazelnut skin were analyzed. Insoluble (IDF) and soluble (SDF) DFs were examined for monosaccharide and glycosyl-linkage compositions using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total DF contents of natural hazelnut, roasted hazelnut, and hazelnut skin were 17.8, 15.4, and 69.8%, respectively; majority of which (>96%) were water-insoluble. IDFs of natural and roasted hazelnuts were composed of cellulose (~49%), pectic polysaccharides (~30%), and xyloglucans (~15%), whereas that of hazelnut skin made up lignin (~55%) and fibre polysaccharides (cellulose, pectic polysaccharides, and xyloglucans, ~45%). Unlike the ones from other sources, pectic polysaccharides in IDFs had lower proportion of smooth region and higher proportion of hairy region that is heavily branched with arabinan and galactan side chains. Xyloglucans were also densely branched with monomeric and/or dimeric side chains. SDFs of the samples were composed of heavily branched heteromannans (~60%), slightly branched pectic polysaccharides (~25%), and xyloglucans possessing monomeric side chains (~5%). These results suggest that hazelnut is rich in DFs that have potential to improve large bowel function and hazelnut skin, a byproduct of hazelnut roasting process, could be utilized for the production of functional carbohydrates having prebiotic capacities.
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Holck J, Fredslund F, Møller MS, Brask J, Krogh KBRM, Lange L, Welner DH, Svensson B, Meyer AS, Wilkens C. A carbohydrate-binding family 48 module enables feruloyl esterase action on polymeric arabinoxylan. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17339-17353. [PMID: 31558605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.73), belonging to carbohydrate esterase family 1 (CE1), hydrolyze ester bonds between ferulic acid (FA) and arabinose moieties in arabinoxylans. Recently, some CE1 enzymes identified in metagenomics studies have been predicted to contain a family 48 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM48), a CBM family associated with starch binding. Two of these CE1s, wastewater treatment sludge (wts) Fae1A and wtsFae1B isolated from wastewater treatment surplus sludge, have a cognate CBM48 domain and are feruloyl esterases, and wtsFae1A binds arabinoxylan. Here, we show that wtsFae1B also binds to arabinoxylan and that neither binds starch. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that wtsFae1B's Kd for xylohexaose is 14.8 μm and that it does not bind to starch mimics, β-cyclodextrin, or maltohexaose. Interestingly, in the absence of CBM48 domains, the CE1 regions from wtsFae1A and wtsFae1B did not bind arabinoxylan and were also unable to catalyze FA release from arabinoxylan. Pretreatment with a β-d-1,4-xylanase did enable CE1 domain-mediated FA release from arabinoxylan in the absence of CBM48, indicating that CBM48 is essential for the CE1 activity on the polysaccharide. Crystal structures of wtsFae1A (at 1.63 Å resolution) and wtsFae1B (1.98 Å) revealed that both are folded proteins comprising structurally-conserved hydrogen bonds that lock the CBM48 position relative to that of the CE1 domain. wtsFae1A docking indicated that both enzymes accommodate the arabinoxylan backbone in a cleft at the CE1-CBM48 domain interface. Binding at this cleft appears to enable CE1 activities on polymeric arabinoxylan, illustrating an unexpected and crucial role of CBM48 domains for accommodating arabinoxylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Holck
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Folmer Fredslund
- Enzyme Engineering and Structural Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie S Møller
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Brask
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Lange
- LLa-Bioeconomy, Research and Advisory, Karensgade 5, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Ditte H Welner
- Enzyme Engineering and Structural Biology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Casper Wilkens
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Rashid F, Ahmed Z, Hussain S, Huang JY, Ahmad A. Linum usitatissimum L. seeds: Flax gum extraction, physicochemical and functional characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 215:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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43
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Petrova AA, Kozlova LV, Gaifullina IZ, Ananchenko BA, Martinson EA, Mikshina PV, Gorshkova TA. AFM analysis reveals polymorphism of purified flax rhamnogalacturonans I of distinct functional types. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 216:238-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Mukherjee T, Lerma-Reyes R, Thompson KA, Schrick K. Making glue from seeds and gums: Working with plant-based polymers to introduce students to plant biochemistry. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 47:468-475. [PMID: 31074938 PMCID: PMC6707524 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants and plant products are key to the survival of life on earth. Despite this fact, the significance of plant biochemistry is often underrepresented in science curricula. We designed an innovative laboratory activity to engage students in learning about the biochemical properties of natural polymers produced by plants. The focus of the hands-on activity is on mucilages and gums, which contain complex polysaccharides that have applications in industry. The 1.5-h activity is organized into three laboratory exercises. It begins with a demonstration of the water absorption property of seed coat mucilage upon hydration of seeds from psyllium, a plant that is grown commercially for mucilage production. The second exercise involves microscopy of a variety of plant seeds stained with ruthenium red dye to visualize pectin polysaccharides of the seed mucilage. Students learn about phenotypic variation among plant species and how the seed coat mucilage is beneficial to keep seeds hydrated during germination. The third exercise highlights an industrial application of plant gums as adhesives. The students prepare edible glue made with gum arabic, a type of plant polymer from the dried exudate of the Acacia plant. This three-part activity has been implemented in conjunction with a Girls Researching Our World (GROW) summer workshop for sixth to eighth graders over a 4-year period. It may be adapted as a laboratory activity for students of all ages, for example, to enhance biochemistry education for high-school students or undergraduate non-majors. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(4):468-475, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiya Mukherjee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Ruben Lerma-Reyes
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Kyle A. Thompson
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Kathrin Schrick
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Miart F, Fournet F, Dubrulle N, Petit E, Demailly H, Dupont L, Zabijak L, Marcelo P, Boudaoud A, Pineau C, Guénin S, Van Wuytswinkel O, Mesnard F, Pageau K. Cytological Approaches Combined With Chemical Analysis Reveals the Layered Nature of Flax Mucilage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:684. [PMID: 31293601 PMCID: PMC6598216 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The external seed coat cell layer of certain species is specialized in the production and extrusion of a polysaccharide matrix called mucilage. Variations in the content of the released mucilage have been mainly associated with genetically regulated physiological modifications. Understanding the mucilage extrusion process in crop species is of importance to gain deeper insight into the complex cell wall biosynthesis and dynamics. In this study, we took advantage of the varying polysaccharide composition and the size of the flax mucilage secretory cells (MSCs) to study mucilage composition and extrusion in this species of agricultural interest. We demonstrate herein that flax MSCs are structured in four superimposed layers and that rhamnogalacturonans I (RG I) are firstly synthesized, in the upper face, preceding arabinoxylan and glucan synthesis in MSC lower layers. Our results also reveal that the flax mucilage release originates from inside MSC, between the upper and deeper layers, the latter collaborating to trigger polysaccharide expansion, radial cell wall breaking and mucilage extrusion in a peeling fashion. Here, we provide evidence that the layer organization and polysaccharide composition of the MSCs regulate the mucilage release efficiency like a peeling mechanism. Finally, we propose that flax MSCs may represent an excellent model for further investigations of mucilage biosynthesis and its release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Miart
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, EA-3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Françoise Fournet
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, EA-3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Nelly Dubrulle
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Petit
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, EA-3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Hervé Demailly
- Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Loic Dupont
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des Solides, CNRS UMR 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Luciane Zabijak
- Plateforme d’Ingénierie Cellulaire et d’Analyses des Protéines, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Amiens, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- Plateforme d’Ingénierie Cellulaire et d’Analyses des Protéines, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Amiens, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Pineau
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, EA-3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Stéphanie Guénin
- Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Van Wuytswinkel
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, EA-3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - François Mesnard
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, EA-3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Karine Pageau
- Unité Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, EA-3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, Amiens, France
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Vieira J, Mantovani R, Raposo M, Coimbra M, Vicente A, Cunha R. Effect of extraction temperature on rheological behavior and antioxidant capacity of flaxseed gum. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 213:217-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Wang X, Zhao X, Lv Y, Hu M, Fan L, Li Q, Cai C, Li G, Yu G. Extraction, isolation and structural characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:864-870. [PMID: 30914369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A water soluble polysaccharide CP-III was extracted and purified from Cyclocarya paliurus. CP-III is identified as a novel pectin-like polysaccharide with molecular weight (Mw) of 72.7 kDa. The structural features of CP-III were characterized by methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Its depolymerized fragments were analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (HILIC-FTMS). The main chain of CP-III is composed of →4)GalAp(α1 → and →2)Rhap(α1 → 4)GalAp(α1→, repeatedly. The residue of →4)Galp(β1 → and →5)Araf(α1 → alternately exists on the O-4 of partial →2)Rhap(α1 → residues as side chains. On the O-3 of sectional →5)Araf(α1 → residues is a secondary branch assembled by →3)Araf(α1→. Moreover, on the non-reducing terminus of →4)Galp(β1 → occasionally have an →5)Araf(α1 → chain. Surprisingly, a sub-branch constructed by →6)Hexp(β1 → with a galacturonate or methyl galacturonate exists on the O-3 of certain →4)Galp(β1 → residues in the non-reducing terminus. In addition, a terminal Xyl is located on the O-3 of fractional →4)GalAp(β1 → residue. The highly branched polysaccharide CP-III with high water solubility can be used as food supplement and medicinal carrier in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Youjing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Minghua Hu
- Infinitus Chinese Herbal Immunity Research Centre, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Luodi Fan
- Infinitus Chinese Herbal Immunity Research Centre, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Qinying Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Haseeb MT, Khaliq NU, Yuk SH, Hussain MA, Bashir S. Linseed polysaccharides based nanoparticles for controlled delivery of docetaxel: Design, in vitro drug release and cellular uptake. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Effect of flaxseed or psyllium vs. placebo on management of constipation, weight, glycemia, and lipids: A randomized trial in constipated patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 29:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bethke G, Glazebrook J. Measuring Pectin Properties to Track Cell Wall Alterations During Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1991:55-60. [PMID: 31041762 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9458-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls act both as a barrier to pathogen entry and as a source of signaling molecules that can modulate plant immunity. Cell walls consist mainly of three polymeric sugars: cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose (Mohnen et al., Biomass Recalcitrance: deconstructing the plant cell wall for bioenergy, 2008). In Arabidopsis more than 50% of the primary cell wall is pectin (Zablackis et al., Plant Physiol 107:1129-1138, 1995). There are various types of pectin, but all pectins contain galacturonic acid subunits in their backbone (Harholt et al., Plant Physiol 153:384-395, 2010; Mohnen, Curr Opin Plant Biol 11:266-277, 2008). Many pathogens secrete pectin-degrading enzymes as part of their infection strategy (Espino et al., Proteomics 10:3020-3034, 2010; ten Have et al., Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 11:1009-1016, 1998). Pectin is synthesized in a highly esterified fashion and is de-esterified in the cell wall by pectin methylesterases (Harholt et al., Plant Physiol 153:384-395, 2010; Mohnen, Curr Opin Plant Biol 11:266-277, 2008). During plant-pathogen interactions, both the amount and the patterns of pectin methylesterification in the wall can be altered (Bethke et al., Plant Physiol 164:1093-1107, 2014; Lionetti et al., J Plant Physiol 169:1623-1630, 2012). Pectin methylesterifications influence mechanical properties of pectin, and pectins must be at least partially de-methylesterified to be substrates for pectin-degrading enzymes (Levesque-Tremblay et al., Planta 242:791-811, 2015). Additionally, alterations of pectin methylesterification or pectin content affect pathogen growth (Bethke et al., Plant Physiol 164:1093-1107, 2014; Lionetti et al., J Plant Physiol 169:1623-1630, 2012; Bethke et al., Plant Cell 28:537-556, 2016; Raiola et al., Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 24:432-440, 2011; Vogel et al., Plant Cell 14:2095-2106, 2002; Vogel et al., Plant J 40:968-978, 2004; Wietholter et al., Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 16:945-952, 2003). This chapter explains a simple protocol that can be used in any molecular biology laboratory to estimate total pectin content using a colorimetric assay and pectin composition using antibodies raised against specific pectin components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerit Bethke
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Jane Glazebrook
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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