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de Lima TM, Silva SF, Ribeiro RV, Sánchez-Vilas J, Pinheiro F. Salt tolerance in a neotropical orchid in the absence of local adaptation to salt spray. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024:e16373. [PMID: 39010314 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Salt tolerance has rarely been investigated regionally in the neotropics and even more rarely in Orchidaceae, one of the largest families. Therefore, investigating local adaptation to salt spray and its physiological basis in Epidendrum fulgens, a neotropical orchid species, brings important new insights. METHODS We assessed the degree of salt tolerance in E. fulgens by testing whether coastal populations are more tolerant to salt, which could point to local adaptation. To understand the physiological basis of such salt tolerance, we exposed wild-collected individuals to salt spray for 60 days, then measured leaf expansion, osmotic potential, sodium leaf concentration, chlorophyll leaf index, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative growth rate, and pressure-volume curves. RESULTS There is no local adaptation to salt spray since both inland and coastal plants have a high tolerance to salt stress. This tolerance is explained by the ability to tolerate high concentrations of salt in leaf tissues, which is related to the high succulence displayed by this species. CONCLUSIONS We showed an unprecedented salt tolerance level for an orchid species, highlighting our limited knowledge of that trait beyond the traditional studied groups. Another interesting finding is that salt tolerance in E. fulgens is linked to succulence, is widespread, and is not the result of local adaptation. We suggest that E. fulgens and its allied species could be an interesting group to explore the evolution of important traits related to tolerance to salt stress, like succulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales M de Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva e Genômica de Plantas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone F Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratory of Crop Physiology (LCroP), Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratory of Crop Physiology (LCroP), Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Sánchez-Vilas
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lope Gomez de Marzoa s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Fabio Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva e Genômica de Plantas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
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Chen JC, Lin HY, Novák O, Strnad M, Lee YI, Fang SC. Diverse geotropic responses in the orchid family. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38809156 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In epiphytes, aerial roots are important to combat water-deficient, nutrient-poor, and high-irradiance microhabitats. However, whether aerial roots can respond to gravity and whether auxin plays a role in regulating aerial root development remain open-ended questions. Here, we investigated the gravitropic response of the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite. Our data showed that aerial roots of P. aphrodite failed to respond to gravity, and this was correlated with a lack of starch granules/statolith sedimentation in the roots and the absence of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2 gene. Using an established auxin reporter, we discovered that auxin maximum was absent in the quiescent center of aerial roots of P. aphrodite. Also, gravity failed to trigger auxin redistribution in the root caps. Hence, loss of gravity sensing and gravity-dependent auxin redistribution may be the genetic factors contributing to aerial root development. Moreover, the architectural and functional innovations that achieve fast gravitropism in the flowering plants appear to be lost in both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids, but are present in the early diverged orchid subfamilies. Taken together, our findings provide physiological and molecular evidence to support the notion that epiphytic orchids lack gravitropism and suggest diverse geotropic responses in the orchid family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Brunello L, Polverini E, Lauria G, Landi M, Guidi L, Loreti E, Perata P. Root photosynthesis prevents hypoxia in the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23227. [PMID: 38442921 DOI: 10.1071/fp23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Orchids (Phalaenopsis spp.) growing in tropical and subtropical regions are epiphytes. As such, they grow on trees with the root system utilised to anchor themselves to tree branches. These roots are highly specialised, display a large diameter and are often green, suggesting the ability to carry out photosynthesis. However, the role of photosynthesis in orchid roots is controversial. Orchids that are leafless can photosynthesise in their roots, thus indicating that some orchid roots carry out photosynthesis in a similar manner to leaves. However, the primary site of photosynthesis in orchids are in their leaves, and the roots of epiphytic orchids may mostly conduct internal refixation of respiratory CO2 . Besides contributing to the overall carbon metabolism of orchid plants, oxygen produced through root photosynthesis may also be important by alleviating potential root hypoxia. The bulky tissue of most epiphytic orchid roots suggests that oxygen diffusion in these roots can be limited. Here, we demonstrate that the bulky roots of a widely commercially cultivated orchid belonging to the genus Phalaenopsis are hypoxic in the dark. These roots are photosynthetically active and produce oxygen when exposed to light, thus mitigating root hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Brunello
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Guidiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme 56010, Italy
| | - Ester Polverini
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Guidiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme 56010, Italy
| | - Giulia Lauria
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Guidiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme 56010, Italy
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4
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Li R, Gao X, Wu Y, Wei C, Li MH, Liu DK, Liu ZJ. Identification and Analysis of PEPC Gene Family Reveals Functional Diversification in Orchidaceae and the Regulation of Bacterial-Type PEPC. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2055. [PMID: 38396732 PMCID: PMC10888551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene family plays a crucial role in both plant growth and response to abiotic stress. Approximately half of the Orchidaceae species are estimated to perform CAM pathway, and the availability of sequenced orchid genomes makes them ideal subjects for investigating the PEPC gene family in CAM plants. In this study, a total of 33 PEPC genes were identified across 15 orchids. Specifically, one PEPC gene was found in Cymbidium goeringii and Platanthera guangdongensis; two in Apostasia shenzhenica, Dendrobium chrysotoxum, D. huoshanense, Gastrodia elata, G. menghaiensis, Phalaenopsis aphrodite, Ph. equestris, and Pl. zijinensis; three in C. ensifolium, C. sinense, D. catenatum, D. nobile, and Vanilla planifolia. These PEPC genes were categorized into four subgroups, namely PEPC-i, PEPC-ii, and PEPC-iii (PTPC), and PEPC-iv (BTPC), supported by the comprehensive analyses of their physicochemical properties, motif, and gene structures. Remarkably, PEPC-iv contained a heretofore unreported orchid PEPC gene, identified as VpPEPC4. Differences in the number of PEPC homolog genes among these species were attributed to segmental duplication, whole-genome duplication (WGD), or gene loss events. Cis-elements identified in promoter regions were predominantly associated with light responsiveness, and circadian-related elements were observed in each PEPC-i and PEPC-ii gene. The expression levels of recruited BTPC, VpPEPC4, exhibited a lower expression level than other VpPEPCs in the tested tissues. The expression analyses and RT-qPCR results revealed diverse expression patterns in orchid PEPC genes. Duplicated genes exhibited distinct expression patterns, suggesting functional divergence. This study offered a comprehensive analysis to unveil the evolution and function of PEPC genes in Orchidaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Xuyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Yuwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Chunyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Ming-He Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (M.-H.L.)
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ding-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (M.-H.L.)
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (M.-H.L.)
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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5
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Gilman IS, Smith JAC, Holtum JAM, Sage RF, Silvera K, Winter K, Edwards EJ. The CAM lineages of planet Earth. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:627-654. [PMID: 37698538 PMCID: PMC10799995 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE The growth of experimental studies of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in diverse plant clades, coupled with recent advances in molecular systematics, presents an opportunity to re-assess the phylogenetic distribution and diversity of species capable of CAM. It has been more than two decades since the last comprehensive lists of CAM taxa were published, and an updated survey of the occurrence and distribution of CAM taxa is needed to facilitate and guide future CAM research. We aimed to survey the phylogenetic distribution of these taxa, their diverse morphology, physiology and ecology, and the likely number of evolutionary origins of CAM based on currently known lineages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found direct evidence (in the form of experimental or field observations of gas exchange, day-night fluctuations in organic acids, carbon isotope ratios and enzymatic activity) for CAM in 370 genera of vascular plants, representing 38 families. Further assumptions about the frequency of CAM species in CAM clades and the distribution of CAM in the Cactaceae and Crassulaceae bring the currently estimated number of CAM-capable species to nearly 7 % of all vascular plants. The phylogenetic distribution of these taxa suggests a minimum of 66 independent origins of CAM in vascular plants, possibly with dozens more. To achieve further insight into CAM origins, there is a need for more extensive and systematic surveys of previously unstudied lineages, particularly in living material to identify low-level CAM activity, and for denser sampling to increase phylogenetic resolution in CAM-evolving clades. This should allow further progress in understanding the functional significance of this pathway by integration with studies on the evolution and genomics of CAM in its many forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Gilman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katia Silvera
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Zotz G, Andrade JL, Einzmann HJR. CAM plants: their importance in epiphyte communities and prospects with global change. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:685-698. [PMID: 36617243 PMCID: PMC10799991 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE The epiphytic life form characterizes almost 10 % of all vascular plants. Defined by structural dependence throughout their life and their non-parasitic relationship with the host, the term epiphyte describes a heterogeneous and taxonomically diverse group of plants. This article reviews the importance of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) among epiphytes in current climatic conditions and explores the prospects under global change. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We question the view of a disproportionate importance of CAM among epiphytes and its role as a 'key innovation' for epiphytism but do identify ecological conditions in which epiphytic existence seems to be contingent on the presence of this photosynthetic pathway. Possibly divergent responses of CAM and C3 epiphytes to future changes in climate and land use are discussed with the help of experimental evidence, current distributional patterns and the results of several long-term descriptive community studies. The results and their interpretation aim to stimulate a fruitful discussion on the role of CAM in epiphytes in current climatic conditions and in altered climatic conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Zotz
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 5634, D-26046 Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - José Luis Andrade
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Helena J R Einzmann
- Functional Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 5634, D-26046 Oldenburg, Germany
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Davis SC, Ortiz-Cano HG. Lessons from the history of Agave: ecological and cultural context for valuation of CAM. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:819-833. [PMID: 37279950 PMCID: PMC10799984 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is an intriguing physiological adaptation in plants that are widespread throughout many ecosystems. Despite the relatively recent mechanistic understanding of CAM in plant physiology, evidence from historical records suggests that ancient cultures in the Americas also recognized the value of CAM plants. Agave species, in particular, have a rich cultural legacy that provides a foundation for commercially valued products. Here, we review that legacy and potential relationships between ancient values and the needs of modern-day climate adaptation strategies. CONCLUSIONS There are many products that can be produced from Agave species, including food, sugar, fibre and medicines. Traditional knowledge about agricultural management and preparation of plant products can be combined with new ecophysiological knowledge and agronomic techniques to develop these resources in the borderland region of the southwestern USA and Mexico. Historical records of pre-Columbian practices in the Sonoran desert and remnants of centuries-old agriculture in Baja California and Sonora demonstrate the climate resilience of Agave agriculture. Commercial growth of both tequila and bacanora indicates the potential for large-scale production today, but also underscores the importance of adopting regenerative agricultural practices to accomplish environmentally sustainable production. Recent international recognition of the Appellation of Origin for several Agave species produced for spirits in Mexico might provide opportunities for agricultural diversification. In contrast, fibre is currently produced from several Agave species on many continents. Projections of growth with future climate change suggest that Agave spp. will be viable alternatives for commodity crops that suffer declines during drought and increased temperatures. Historical cultivation of Agave affirms that these CAM plants can supply sugar, soft and hard fibres, medicines and food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Davis
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Service, Ohio University, Building 22 The Ridges, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Holtum JAM. The diverse diaspora of CAM: a pole-to-pole sketch. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:597-625. [PMID: 37303205 PMCID: PMC10800000 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is a successful adaptation that has evolved often in angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns and lycophytes. Present in ~5 % of vascular plants, the CAM diaspora includes all continents apart from Antarctica. Species with CAM inhabit most landscapes colonized by vascular plants, from the Arctic Circle to Tierra del Fuego, from below sea level to 4800 m a.s.l., from rainforests to deserts. They have colonized terrestrial, epiphytic, lithophytic, palustrine and aquatic systems, developing perennial, annual or geophyte strategies that can be structurally arborescent, shrub, forb, cladode, epiphyte, vine or leafless with photosynthetic roots. CAM can enhance survival by conserving water, trapping carbon, reducing carbon loss and/or via photoprotection. SCOPE This review assesses the phylogenetic diversity and historical biogeography of selected lineages with CAM, i.e. ferns, gymnosperms and eumagnoliids, Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Aizoaceae, Portulacineae (Montiaceae, Basellaceae, Halophytaceae, Didiereaceae, Talinaceae, Portulacaceae, Anacampserotaceae and Cactaceae) and aquatics. CONCLUSIONS Most extant CAM lineages diversified after the Oligocene/Miocene, as the planet dried and CO2 concentrations dropped. Radiations exploited changing ecological landscapes, including Andean emergence, Panamanian Isthmus closure, Sundaland emergence and submergence, changing climates and desertification. Evidence remains sparse for or against theories that CAM biochemistry tends to evolve before pronounced changes in anatomy and that CAM tends to be a culminating xerophytic trait. In perennial taxa, any form of CAM can occur depending upon the lineage and the habitat, although facultative CAM appears uncommon in epiphytes. CAM annuals lack strong CAM. In CAM annuals, C3 + CAM predominates, and inducible or facultative CAM is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD4811, Australia
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Chomthong M, Griffiths H. Prospects and perspectives: inferring physiological and regulatory targets for CAM from molecular and modelling approaches. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:583-596. [PMID: 37742290 PMCID: PMC10799989 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) by integrating evolutionary, ecological, physiological, metabolic and molecular perspectives. A number of key control loops which moderate the expression of CAM phases, and their metabolic and molecular control, are explored. These include nocturnal stomatal opening, activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by a specific protein kinase, interactions with circadian clock control, as well as daytime decarboxylation and activation of Rubisco. The vacuolar storage and release of malic acid and the interplay between the supply and demand for carbohydrate reserves are also key metabolic control points. FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES We identify open questions and opportunities, with experimentation informed by top-down molecular modelling approaches allied with bottom-up mechanistic modelling systems. For example, mining transcriptomic datasets using high-speed systems approaches will help to identify targets for future genetic manipulation experiments to define the regulation of CAM (whether circadian or metabolic control). We emphasize that inferences arising from computational approaches or advanced nuclear sequencing techniques can identify potential genes and transcription factors as regulatory targets. However, these outputs then require systematic evaluation, using genetic manipulation in key model organisms over a developmental progression, combining gene silencing and metabolic flux analysis and modelling to define functionality across the CAM day-night cycle. From an evolutionary perspective, the origins and function of CAM succulents and responses to water deficits are set against the mesophyll and hydraulic limitations imposed by cell and tissue succulence in contrasting morphological lineages. We highlight the interplay between traits across shoots (3D vein density, mesophyll conductance and cell shrinkage) and roots (xylem embolism and segmentation). Thus, molecular, biophysical and biochemical processes help to curtail water losses and exploit rapid rehydration during restorative rain events. In the face of a changing climate, we hope such approaches will stimulate opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Methawi Chomthong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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10
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Sage RF, Gilman IS, Smith JAC, Silvera K, Edwards EJ. Atmospheric CO2 decline and the timing of CAM plant evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:753-770. [PMID: 37642245 PMCID: PMC10799994 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CAM photosynthesis is hypothesized to have evolved in atmospheres of low CO2 concentration in recent geological time because of its ability to concentrate CO2 around Rubisco and boost water use efficiency relative to C3 photosynthesis. We assess this hypothesis by compiling estimates of when CAM clades arose using phylogenetic chronograms for 73 CAM clades. We further consider evidence of how atmospheric CO2 affects CAM relative to C3 photosynthesis. RESULTS Where CAM origins can be inferred, strong CAM is estimated to have appeared in the past 30 million years in 46 of 48 examined clades, after atmospheric CO2 had declined from high (near 800 ppm) to lower (<450 ppm) values. In turn, 21 of 25 clades containing CAM species (but where CAM origins are less certain) also arose in the past 30 million years. In these clades, CAM is probably younger than the clade origin. We found evidence for repeated weak CAM evolution during the higher CO2 conditions before 30 million years ago, and possible strong CAM origins in the Crassulaceae during the Cretaceous period prior to atmospheric CO2 decline. Most CAM-specific clades arose in the past 15 million years, in a similar pattern observed for origins of C4 clades. CONCLUSIONS The evidence indicates strong CAM repeatedly evolved in reduced CO2 conditions of the past 30 million years. Weaker CAM can pre-date low CO2 and, in the Crassulaceae, strong CAM may also have arisen in water-limited microsites under relatively high CO2. Experimental evidence from extant CAM species demonstrates that elevated CO2 reduces the importance of nocturnal CO2 fixation by increasing the contribution of C3 photosynthesis to daily carbon gain. Thus, the advantage of strong CAM would be reduced in high CO2, such that its evolution appears less likely and restricted to more extreme environments than possible in low CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Ian S Gilman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Katia Silvera
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Collobert G, Perez-Lamarque B, Dubuisson JY, Martos F. Gains and losses of the epiphytic lifestyle in epidendroid orchids: review and new analyses of succulence traits. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:787-800. [PMID: 37777476 PMCID: PMC10799982 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epiphytism has evolved repeatedly in plants and has resulted in a considerable number of species with original characteristics. Because water supply is generally erratic compared to that in soils, succulent forms in particular are widespread in epiphytic species. However, succulent organs also exist in terrestrial plants, and the question of the concomitant evolution of epiphytism and succulence has received little attention, not even in the epidendroid orchids, which account for 67.6 % of vascular epiphytes. METHODS We built a new time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of Epidendroideae with 203 genera treated in genus Orchidacearum, from which we reconstructed the evolution of epiphytism as well as traits related to water scarcity (stem and leaf succulence and the number of velamen layers), while testing for the correlated evolution between the two. Furthermore, we estimated the ancestral geographical ranges to evaluate the palaeoclimatic context in which epiphytism evolved. KEY RESULTS Epiphytism evolved at least three times: 39.0 million years ago (Mya) in the common ancestor of the Malaxideae and Cymbidieae that probably ranged from the Neotropics to Southeast Asia and Australia, 11.5 Mya in the Arethuseae in Southeast Asia and Australia, and 7.1 Mya in the neotropical Sobralieae, and it was notably lost in the Malaxidiinae, Collabieae, Calypsoeae, Bletiinae and Eulophiinae. Stem succulence is inferred to have evolved once, in a terrestrial ancestor at least 4.1 Mya before the emergence of epiphytic lineages. If lost, stem succulence was almost systematically replaced by leaf succulence in epiphytic lineages. CONCLUSIONS Epiphytism may have evolved in seasonally dry forests during the Eocene climatic cooling, among stem-succulent terrestrial orchids. Our results suggest that the emergence of stem succulence in early epidendroids was a key innovation in the evolution of epiphytism, facilitating the colonization of epiphytic environments that later led to the greatest diversification of epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géromine Collobert
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Perez-Lamarque
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Dubuisson
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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12
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Eskov AK, Elumeeva TG, Leonov VD, Tsurikov SM, Viktorova VA, Prilepsky NG, Abakumov EV. The Carbon Isotope Composition of Epiphytes Depends Not Only on Their Layers, Life Forms, and Taxonomical Groups but Also on the Carbon and Nitrogen Indicators of Host Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3500. [PMID: 37836240 PMCID: PMC10575002 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The carbon isotopic composition of plant tissues is a diagnostic feature of a number of physiological and ecological processes. The most important of which is the type of photosynthesis. In epiphytes, two peaks of δ13C values are known to correspond to C3 and CAM photosynthesis and some variants of transitional forms between them. But the diagnosis of δ13C may not be limited to the type of photosynthesis. This makes it necessary to study trends in the distribution of δ13C in a broader ecological context. In this study, we present trends in the distribution of δ13C epiphytes and other structurally dependent plants and their relationship with other isotopic and elemental parameters (δ15N, C%, N%, and C/N) and with life forms of epiphytes, taxonomic or vertical groups in crowns (synusia), and the parameters of the trees themselves. In all communities except for the moss forest, δ13C in epiphyte leaves was significantly higher (less negative) than in phorophyte leaves. In general, δ13C in epiphytes in mountain communities (pine forest and moss forest) was more negative than in other communities due to the absence of succulents with CAM. δ13C in the leaves of all epiphytes was negatively related to the percentage of carbon and δ15N in the leaves of the phorophyte. When considering the Gaussian distributions of δ13C with the method of modeling mixtures, we observe the unimodal, bimodal, and trimodal nature of the distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen K. Eskov
- Department of Plant Ecology and Geography, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana G. Elumeeva
- Department of Plant Ecology and Geography, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vlad. D. Leonov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij Prosp., 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey M. Tsurikov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskij Prosp., 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nikolay G. Prilepsky
- Department of Plant Ecology and Geography, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny V. Abakumov
- Department of Applied Ecology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 16 Line of VO 29, 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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13
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Pérez-López AV, Lim SD, Cushman JC. Tissue succulence in plants: Carrying water for climate change. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 289:154081. [PMID: 37703768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Tissue succulence in plants involves the storage of water in one or more organs or tissues to assist in maintaining water potentials on daily or seasonal time scales. This drought-avoidance or drought-resistance strategy allows plants to occupy diverse environments including arid regions, regions with rocky soils, epiphytic habitats, and saline soils. Climate-resilient strategies are of increasing interest in the context of the global climate crisis, which is leading to hotter and drier conditions in many regions throughout the globe. Here, we describe a short history of succulent plants, the basic concepts of tissue succulence, the anatomical diversity of succulent morphologies and associated adaptive traits, the evolutionary, phylogenetic, and biogeographical diversity of succulent plants, extinction risks to succulents due to poaching from their natural environments, and the myriad uses and applications of economically important succulent species and the products derived from them. Lastly, we discuss current prospects for engineering tissue succulence to improve salinity and drought tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arely V Pérez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA.
| | - Sung Don Lim
- Department of Plant Life and Resource Science, Sangji University, Gangwon-do, 26339, South Korea.
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA.
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14
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Fan W, He ZS, Zhe M, Feng JQ, Zhang L, Huang Y, Liu F, Huang JL, Ya JD, Zhang SB, Yang JB, Zhu A, Li DZ. High-quality Cymbidium mannii genome and multifaceted regulation of crassulacean acid metabolism in epiphytes. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100564. [PMID: 36809882 PMCID: PMC10504564 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Epiphytes with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis are widespread among vascular plants, and repeated evolution of CAM photosynthesis is a key innovation for micro-ecosystem adaptation. However, we lack a complete understanding of the molecular regulation of CAM photosynthesis in epiphytes. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of a CAM epiphyte, Cymbidium mannii (Orchidaceae). The 2.88-Gb orchid genome with a contig N50 of 22.7 Mb and 27 192 annotated genes was organized into 20 pseudochromosomes, 82.8% of which consisted of repetitive elements. Recent expansions of long terminal repeat retrotransposon families have made a major contribution to the evolution of genome size in Cymbidium orchids. We reveal a holistic scenario of molecular regulation of metabolic physiology using high-resolution transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data collected across a CAM diel cycle. Patterns of rhythmically oscillating metabolites, especially CAM-related products, reveal circadian rhythmicity in metabolite accumulation in epiphytes. Genome-wide analysis of transcript and protein level regulation revealed phase shifts during the multifaceted regulation of circadian metabolism. Notably, we observed diurnal expression of several core CAM genes (especially βCA and PPC) that may be involved in temporal fixation of carbon sources. Our study provides a valuable resource for investigating post-transcription and translation scenarios in C. mannii, an Orchidaceae model for understanding the evolution of innovative traits in epiphytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishu Fan
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Zheng-Shan He
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Mengqing Zhe
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Jing-Qiu Feng
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | | | - Ji-Dong Ya
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| | - Andan Zhu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
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15
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Suetsugu K, Sugita R, Yoshihara A, Okada H, Akita K, Nagata N, Tanoi K, Kobayashi K. Aerial roots of the leafless epiphytic orchid Taeniophyllum are specialized for performing crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:932-937. [PMID: 36788446 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- The Institute for Advanced Research, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sugita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Radioisotope Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshihara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hidehito Okada
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanoi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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16
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Pittermann J, Baer A, Campany C, Jansen S, Holmlund H, Schuettpelz E, Mehltreter K, Watkins JE. A reduced role for water transport during the Cenozoic evolution of epiphytic Eupolypod ferns. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1745-1758. [PMID: 36484140 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Cretaceous-Cenozoic expansion of tropical forests created canopy space that was subsequently occupied by diverse epiphytic communities including Eupolypod ferns. Eupolypods proliferated in this more stressful niche, where lower competition enabled the adaptive radiation of thousands of species. Here, we examine whether xylem traits helped shape the Cenozoic radiation of Eupolypod ferns. We characterized the petiole xylem anatomy of 39 species belonging to the Eupolypod I and Eupolypod II clades occupying the epiphytic, hemiepiphytic, and terrestrial niche, and we assessed vulnerability to embolism in a subset of species. The transition to the canopy was associated with reduced xylem content and smaller tracheid diameters, but no differences were found in species vulnerability to embolism and pit membrane thickness. Phylogenetic analyses support selection for traits associated with reduced water transport in Eupolypod 1 species. We posit that in Eupolypod epiphytes, selection favored water retention via thicker leaves and lower stomatal density over higher rates of water transport. Consequently, lower leaf water loss was coupled with smaller quantities of xylem and narrower tracheid diameters. Traits associated with water conservation were evident in terrestrial Eupolypod 1 ferns and may have predisposed this clade toward radiation in the canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Alex Baer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Courtney Campany
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25443, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Helen Holmlund
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Eric Schuettpelz
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Klaus Mehltreter
- Red de Ecologia Funcíonal, Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91073, Mexico
| | - James E Watkins
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA
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17
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Moreno-Villena JJ, Zhou H, Gilman IS, Tausta SL, Cheung CYM, Edwards EJ. Spatial resolution of an integrated C 4+CAM photosynthetic metabolism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn2349. [PMID: 35930634 PMCID: PMC9355352 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
C4 and CAM photosynthesis have repeatedly evolved in plants over the past 30 million years. Because both repurpose the same set of enzymes but differ in their spatial and temporal deployment, they have long been considered as distinct and incompatible adaptations. Portulaca contains multiple C4 species that perform CAM when droughted. Spatially explicit analyses of gene expression reveal that C4 and CAM systems are completely integrated in Portulaca oleracea, with CAM and C4 carbon fixation occurring in the same cells and CAM-generated metabolites likely incorporated directly into the C4 cycle. Flux balance analysis corroborates the gene expression findings and predicts an integrated C4+CAM system under drought. This first spatially explicit description of a C4+CAM photosynthetic metabolism presents a potential new blueprint for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J. Moreno-Villena
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Haoran Zhou
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ian S. Gilman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - S. Lori Tausta
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 600 West Campus, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | | | - Erika J. Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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18
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Burgos A, Miranda E, Vilaprinyo E, Meza-Canales ID, Alves R. CAM Models: Lessons and Implications for CAM Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893095. [PMID: 35812979 PMCID: PMC9260309 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) by plants has been one of the most successful strategies in response to aridity. On the onset of climate change, expanding the use of water efficient crops and engineering higher water use efficiency into C3 and C4 crops constitute a plausible solution for the problems of agriculture in hotter and drier environments. A firm understanding of CAM is thus crucial for the development of agricultural responses to climate change. Computational models on CAM can contribute significantly to this understanding. Two types of models have been used so far. Early CAM models based on ordinary differential equations (ODE) reproduced the typical diel CAM features with a minimal set of components and investigated endogenous day/night rhythmicity. This line of research brought to light the preponderant role of vacuolar malate accumulation in diel rhythms. A second wave of CAM models used flux balance analysis (FBA) to better understand the role of CO2 uptake in flux distribution. They showed that flux distributions resembling CAM metabolism emerge upon constraining CO2 uptake by the system. We discuss the evolutionary implications of this and also how CAM components from unrelated pathways could have integrated along evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asdrubal Burgos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Enoc Miranda
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ester Vilaprinyo
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Iván David Meza-Canales
- Departamento de Ecología Aplicada, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica, ITRANS-CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Rui Alves
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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19
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Tsavkelova EA, Glukhareva ID, Volynchikova EA, Egorova MA, Leontieva MR, Malakhova DV, Kolomeitseva GL, Netrusov AI. Cyanobacterial Root Associations of Leafless Epiphytic Orchids. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051006. [PMID: 35630449 PMCID: PMC9144888 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The leafless orchids are rare epiphytic plants with extremely reduced leaves, and their aerial roots adopted for photosynthesis. The beneficial plant–microbial interactions contribute significantly to host nutrition, fitness, and growth. However, there are no data available on the bacterial associations, inhabiting leafless orchids. Here, we describe the diversity of cyanobacteria, which colonize the roots of greenhouse Microcoelia moreauae and Chiloschista parishii. The biodiversity and structure of the cyanobacterial community were analyzed using a complex approach, comprising traditional cultivable techniques, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and phylogenetic analysis, as well as the light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A wide diversity of associated bacteria colonize the root surface, forming massive biofilms on the aerial roots. The dominant populations of filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria belonged to the orders Oscillatoriales, Synechococcales, and Nostocales. The composition of the cyanobacterial community varied, depending on the nitrogen supply. Two major groups prevailed under nitrogen-limiting conditions, belonging to Leptolyngbya sp. and Komarekiella sp. The latter was characterized by DGGE profiling and sequencing, as well as by its distinctive features of morphological plasticity. The leading role of these phototrophophic and diazotrophic cyanobacteria is discussed in terms of the epiphytic lifestyle of the leafless orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Tsavkelova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Lenin’s Hills, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.G.); (E.A.V.); (M.A.E.); (M.R.L.); (D.V.M.); (A.I.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-939-4545
| | - Irina D. Glukhareva
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Lenin’s Hills, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.G.); (E.A.V.); (M.A.E.); (M.R.L.); (D.V.M.); (A.I.N.)
| | - Elena A. Volynchikova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Lenin’s Hills, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.G.); (E.A.V.); (M.A.E.); (M.R.L.); (D.V.M.); (A.I.N.)
| | - Maria A. Egorova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Lenin’s Hills, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.G.); (E.A.V.); (M.A.E.); (M.R.L.); (D.V.M.); (A.I.N.)
| | - Maria R. Leontieva
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Lenin’s Hills, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.G.); (E.A.V.); (M.A.E.); (M.R.L.); (D.V.M.); (A.I.N.)
| | - Dina V. Malakhova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Lenin’s Hills, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.G.); (E.A.V.); (M.A.E.); (M.R.L.); (D.V.M.); (A.I.N.)
| | - Galina L. Kolomeitseva
- The Stock Greenhouse, N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden RAS, Botanicheskaya Street 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander I. Netrusov
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Lenin’s Hills, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (I.D.G.); (E.A.V.); (M.A.E.); (M.R.L.); (D.V.M.); (A.I.N.)
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20
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Yang J, Zhang F, Ge Y, Yu W, Xue Q, Wang M, Wang H, Xue Q, Liu W, Niu Z, Ding X. Effects of geographic isolation on the Bulbophyllum chloroplast genomes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:201. [PMID: 35439926 PMCID: PMC9016995 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because chloroplast (cp) genome has more conserved structures than nuclear genome and mitochondrial genome, it is a useful tool in estimating the phylogenetic relationships of plants. With a series of researches for cp genomes, there have been comprehensive understandings about the cp genome features. The genus Bulbophyllum widely distributed in Asia, South America, Australia and other places. Therefore, it is an excellent type genus for studying the effects of geographic isolation. RESULTS In this study, the cp genomes of nine Bulbophyllum orchids were newly sequenced and assembled using the next-generation sequencing technology. Based on 19 Asian (AN) and eight South American (SA) Bulbophyllum orchids, the cp genome features of AN clade and SA clade were compared. Comparative analysis showed that there were considerable differences in overall cp genome features between two clades in three aspects, including basic cp genome features, SSC/IRB junctions (JSBs) and mutational hotspots. The phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimation results showed that the AN clade has diverged from the SA clade in the late Oligocene (21.50-30.12 mya). After estimating the occurrence rates of the insertions and deletions (InDels), we found that the change trends of cp genome structures between two clades were different under geographic isolation. Finally, we compared selective pressures on cp genes and found that long-term geographic isolation made AN and SA Bulbophyllum cp genes evolved variably. CONCLUSION The results revealed that the overall structural characteristics of Bulbophyllum cp genomes diverged during the long-term geographic isolation, and the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway may play an important role in the Bulbophyllum species evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fuwei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yajie Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenhui Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiqian Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongman Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qingyun Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhitao Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobiums, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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21
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Hu AQ, Gale SW, Liu ZJ, Fischer GA, Saunders RMK. Diversification Slowdown in the Cirrhopetalum Alliance ( Bulbophyllum, Orchidaceae): Insights From the Evolutionary Dynamics of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:794171. [PMID: 35185977 PMCID: PMC8851032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.794171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary slowdowns in diversification have been inferred in various plant and animal lineages. Investigation based on diversification models integrated with environmental factors and key characters could provide critical insights into this diversification trend. We evaluate diversification rates in the Cirrhopetalum alliance (Bulbophyllum, Orchidaceae subfam. Epidendroideae) using a time-calibrated phylogeny and assess the role of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as a hypothesised key innovation promoting the spectacular diversity of orchids, especially those with an epiphytic habit. An explosive early speciation in the Cirrhopetalum alliance is evident, with the origin of CAM providing a short-term advantage under the low atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2) associated with cooling and aridification in the late Miocene. A subsequent slowdown of diversification in the Cirrhopetalum alliance is possibly explained by a failure to keep pace with pCO2 dynamics. We further demonstrate that extinction rates in strong CAM lineages are ten times higher than those of C3 lineages, with CAM not as evolutionarily labile as previously assumed. These results challenge the role of CAM as a "key innovation" in the diversification of epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qun Hu
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephan W. Gale
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Richard M. K. Saunders
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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22
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Winter K, Smith JAC. CAM photosynthesis: the acid test. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:599-609. [PMID: 34637529 PMCID: PMC9298356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is currently considerable interest in the prospects for bioengineering crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis - or key elements associated with it, such as increased water-use efficiency - into C3 plants. Resolving how CAM photosynthesis evolved from the ancestral C3 pathway could provide valuable insights into the targets for such bioengineering efforts. It has been proposed that the ability to accumulate organic acids at night may be common among C3 plants, and that the transition to CAM might simply require enhancement of pre-existing fluxes, without the need for changes in circadian or diurnal regulation. We show, in a survey encompassing 40 families of vascular plants, that nocturnal acidification is a feature entirely restricted to CAM species. Although many C3 species can synthesize malate during the light period, we argue that the switch to night-time malic acid accumulation requires a fundamental metabolic reprogramming that couples glycolytic breakdown of storage carbohydrate to the process of net dark CO2 fixation. This central element of the CAM pathway, even when expressed at a low level, represents a biochemical capability not seen in C3 plants, and so is better regarded as a discrete evolutionary innovation than as part of a metabolic continuum between C3 and CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 0843‐03092BalboaAncónRepublic of Panama
| | - J. Andrew C. Smith
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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23
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Klepikova AV, Kasianov AS, Ezhova MA, Penin AA, Logacheva MD. Transcriptome atlas of Phalaenopsis equestris. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12600. [PMID: 34966594 PMCID: PMC8667740 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast diversity of Orchidaceae together with sophisticated adaptations to pollinators and other unique features make this family an attractive model for evolutionary and functional studies. The sequenced genome of Phalaenopsis equestris facilitates Orchidaceae research. Here, we present an RNA-seq-based transcriptome map of P. equestris that covers 19 organs of the plant, including leaves, roots, floral organs and the shoot apical meristem. We demonstrated the high quality of the data and showed the similarity of the P. equestris transcriptome map with the gene expression atlases of other plants. The transcriptome map can be easily accessed through our database Transcriptome Variation Analysis (TraVA) for visualizing gene expression profiles. As an example of the application, we analyzed the expression of Phalaenopsis “orphan” genes–those that do not have recognizable similarity with the genes of other plants. We found that approximately half of these genes were not expressed; the ones that were expressed were predominantly expressed in reproductive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Klepikova
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem S Kasianov
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita A Ezhova
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Penin
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria D Logacheva
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Zoghbi-Rodríguez NM, Gamboa-Tuz SD, Pereira-Santana A, Rodríguez-Zapata LC, Sánchez-Teyer LF, Echevarría-Machado I. Phylogenomic and Microsynteny Analysis Provides Evidence of Genome Arrangements of High-Affinity Nitrate Transporter Gene Families of Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13036. [PMID: 34884876 PMCID: PMC8658032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2) and NRT3 or nitrate-assimilation-related 2 (NAR2) proteins families form a two-component, high-affinity nitrate transport system, which is essential for the acquisition of nitrate from soils with low N availability. An extensive phylogenomic analysis across land plants for these families has not been performed. In this study, we performed a microsynteny and orthology analysis on the NRT2 and NRT3 genes families across 132 plants (Sensu lato) to decipher their evolutionary history. We identified significant differences in the number of sequences per taxonomic group and different genomic contexts within the NRT2 family that might have contributed to N acquisition by the plants. We hypothesized that the greater losses of NRT2 sequences correlate with specialized ecological adaptations, such as aquatic, epiphytic, and carnivory lifestyles. We also detected expansion on the NRT2 family in specific lineages that could be a source of key innovations for colonizing contrasting niches in N availability. Microsyntenic analysis on NRT3 family showed a deep conservation on land plants, suggesting a high evolutionary constraint to preserve their function. Our study provides novel information that could be used as guide for functional characterization of these gene families across plant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Normig M. Zoghbi-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida 97205, Mexico;
| | - Samuel David Gamboa-Tuz
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida 97205, Mexico; (S.D.G.-T.); (L.C.R.-Z.)
| | - Alejandro Pereira-Santana
- Conacyt-Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico;
| | - Luis C. Rodríguez-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida 97205, Mexico; (S.D.G.-T.); (L.C.R.-Z.)
| | - Lorenzo Felipe Sánchez-Teyer
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida 97205, Mexico; (S.D.G.-T.); (L.C.R.-Z.)
| | - Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida 97205, Mexico;
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25
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Hsiao YY, Fu CH, Ho SY, Li CI, Chen YY, Wu WL, Wang JS, Zhang DY, Hu WQ, Yu X, Sun WH, Zhou Z, Liu KW, Huang L, Lan SR, Chen HH, Wu WS, Liu ZJ, Tsai WC. OrchidBase 4.0: a database for orchid genomics and molecular biology. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:371. [PMID: 34384382 PMCID: PMC8359044 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Orchid family is the largest families of the monocotyledons and an economically important ornamental plant worldwide. Given the pivotal role of this plant to humans, botanical researchers and breeding communities should have access to valuable genomic and transcriptomic information of this plant. Previously, we established OrchidBase, which contains expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from different tissues and developmental stages of Phalaenopsis as well as biotic and abiotic stress-treated Phalaenopsis. The database includes floral transcriptomic sequences from 10 orchid species across all the five subfamilies of Orchidaceae. DESCRIPTION Recently, the whole-genome sequences of Apostasia shenzhenica, Dendrobium catenatum, and Phalaenopsis equestris were de novo assembled and analyzed. These datasets were used to develop OrchidBase 4.0, including genomic and transcriptomic data for these three orchid species. OrchidBase 4.0 offers information for gene annotation, gene expression with fragments per kilobase of transcript per millions mapped reads (FPKM), KEGG pathways and BLAST search. In addition, assembled genome sequences and location of genes and miRNAs could be visualized by the genome browser. The online resources in OrchidBase 4.0 can be accessed by browsing or using BLAST. Users can also download the assembled scaffold sequences and the predicted gene and protein sequences of these three orchid species. CONCLUSIONS OrchidBase 4.0 is the first database that contain the whole-genome sequences and annotations of multiple orchid species. OrchidBase 4.0 is available at http://orchidbase.itps.ncku.edu.tw/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Fu
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Sau-Yee Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Chung-I Li
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Wu
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Jeen-Shing Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Di-Yang Zhang
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Wen-Qi Hu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xia Yu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Wei-Hong Sun
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Zhuang Zhou
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005 China
| | - Ke-Wei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Laiqiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005 China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
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26
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Gamisch A, Winter K, Fischer GA, Comes HP. Evolution of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as an escape from ecological niche conservatism in Malagasy Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1236-1248. [PMID: 33960438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence that niche shifts are more common in flowering plants than previously thought, little is known of whether such shifts are promoted by changes in photosynthetic pathways. Here we combine the most complete phylogeny for epiphytic Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids (c. 210 spp.) with climatic niche and carbon isotope ratios to infer the group's spatial-temporal history, and the role of strongly expressed crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in facilitating niche shifts and diversification. We find that most extant species still retain niche (Central Highland) and photosynthesis (C3 ) states as present in the single mid-Miocene (c. 12.70 million yr ago (Ma)) ancestor colonizing Madagascar. However, we also infer a major transition to CAM, linked to a late Miocene (c. 7.36 Ma) invasion of species from the sub-humid highland first into the island's humid eastern coastal, and then into the seasonally dry 'Northwest Sambirano' rainforests, yet without significant effect on diversification rates. These findings indicate that CAM in tropical epiphytes may be selectively advantageous even in high rainfall habitats, rather than presenting a mere adaptation to dry environments or epiphytism per se. Overall, our study qualifies CAM as an evolutionary 'gateway' trait that considerably widened the spatial-ecological amplitude of Madagascar's most species-rich orchid genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gamisch
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, Ancón, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Gunter A Fischer
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Corporation, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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27
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Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) has evolved from a C3 ground state to increase water use efficiency of photosynthesis. During CAM evolution, selective pressures altered the abundance and expression patterns of C3 genes and their regulators to enable the trait. The circadian pattern of CO2 fixation and the stomatal opening pattern observed in CAM can be explained largely with a regulatory architecture already present in C3 plants. The metabolic CAM cycle relies on enzymes and transporters that exist in C3 plants and requires tight regulatory control to avoid futile cycles between carboxylation and decarboxylation. Ecological observations and modeling point to mesophyll conductance as a major factor during CAM evolution. The present state of knowledge enables suggestions for genes for a minimal CAM cycle for proof-of-concept engineering, assuming altered regulation of starch synthesis and degradation are not critical elements of CAM photosynthesis and sufficient malic acid export from the vacuole is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schiller
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; ,
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; ,
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28
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Leverett A, Hurtado Castaño N, Ferguson K, Winter K, Borland AM. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) supersedes the turgor loss point (TLP) as an important adaptation across a precipitation gradient, in the genus Clusia. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:703-716. [PMID: 33663679 DOI: 10.1071/fp20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As future climates continue to change, precipitation deficits are expected to become more severe across tropical ecosystems. As a result, it is important that we identify plant physiological traits that act as adaptations to drought, and determine whether these traits act synergistically or independently of each other. In this study, we assessed the role of three leaf-level putative adaptations to drought: crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), the turgor loss point (TLPΨ) and water storage hydrenchyma tissue. Using the genus Clusia as a model, we were able to explore the extent to which these leaf physiological traits co-vary, and also how they contribute to species' distributions across a precipitation gradient in Central and South America. We found that CAM is independent of the TLPΨ and hydrenchyma depth in Clusia. In addition, we provide evidence that constitutive CAM is an adaptation to year-long water deficits, whereas facultative CAM appears to be more important for surviving acute dry seasons. Finally, we find that the other leaf traits tested did not correlate with environmental precipitation, suggesting that the reduced transpirational rates associated with CAM obviate the need to adapt the TLPΨ and hydrenchyma depth in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Leverett
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK; and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 West Gregory Drive, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; and Corresponding author.
| | - Natalia Hurtado Castaño
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK; and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kate Ferguson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Anne M Borland
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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29
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Hughes NM, Connors MK, Grace MH, Lila MA, Willans BN, Wommack AJ. The same anthocyanins served four different ways: Insights into anthocyanin structure-function relationships from the wintergreen orchid, Tipularia discolor. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110793. [PMID: 33487366 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 500 unique anthocyanins have been described to date, which vary in color, antioxidant, light-attenuating, and antimicrobial properties. Identification of anthocyanin chemical structure may therefore serve as an important clue to their in situ function in plants. We characterized the histological and chemical structures of anthocyanins associated with diverse leaf color patterns in the terrestrial orchid, Tipularia discolor, as a step towards understanding their ultimate function. Tipularia discolor produces a single wintergreen leaf in autumn, which is drab brown in color during expansion. Upper (adaxial) surfaces of fully-expanded leaves may be green, purple-spotted, or solid purple, while lower (abaxial) surfaces are bright magenta. Our results showed that the same three cyanidin 3,7,3'-triglucosides, in similar concentrations and proportions, accounted for coloration in each of these cases, and that different colors result from differences in histological location of anthocyanins (i.e. abaxial/adaxial epidermis, mesophyll). Anthocyanins with 3,7,3' linkage positions are rare in plants, occurring only within the orchid subfamily Epidendroideae, to which Tipularia belongs. These results are important to the discussion of anthocyanin structure-function because they serve as a reminder that 1) plants may employ the same anthocyanins in different anatomical locations to achieve a broad range of colors (and potentially adaptive functions), and 2) anthocyanin chemical structure and anatomical location are influenced by phylogenetic inertia, as well as natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.
| | | | - Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Brooke N Willans
- Department of Biology, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J Wommack
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
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30
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Göttlinger T, Lohaus G. Influence of light, dark, temperature and drought on metabolite and ion composition in nectar and nectaries of an epiphytic bromeliad species (Aechmea fasciata). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:781-793. [PMID: 32558085 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Research into the influence of stress factors, such as drought, different temperatures and/or varied light conditions, on plants due to climate changes is becoming increasingly important. Epiphytes, like many species of the Bromeliaceae, are particularly affected by this, but little is known about impacts on nectar composition and nectary metabolism. We investigated the influence of drought, different temperatures and light-dark regimes on nectar and nectaries of the epiphytic bromeliad species, Aechmea fasciata, and also the influence of drought with the terrestrial bromeliad, Billbergia nutans. The content of sugars, amino acids and ions in nectar and nectaries was analysed using HPLC. In addition, the starch content and the activities of different invertases in nectaries were determined. Compositions of nectar and nectaries were hardly influenced, neither by light nor dark, nor by different temperatures. In contrast, drought revealed changes in nectar volumes and nectar sugar compositions in the epiphytic bromeliad as well as in the terrestrial bromeliad. In both species, the sucrose-to-hexose ratio in nectar decreased considerably during the drought period. These changes in nectar sugar composition do not correlate with changes in the nectaries. The total sugar, amino acid and ion concentrations remained constant in nectar as well as in nectaries during the drought period. Changes in nectar composition or in the production of floral pollinator rewards are likely to affect plant-pollinator interactions. It remains questionable how far the adaptations of the bromeliads to drought and diverse light or temperature conditions are still sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Göttlinger
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Ferrari RC, Cruz BC, Gastaldi VD, Storl T, Ferrari EC, Boxall SF, Hartwell J, Freschi L. Exploring C 4-CAM plasticity within the Portulaca oleracea complex. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14237. [PMID: 32859905 PMCID: PMC7455729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Portulaca oleracea is a C4 herb capable of performing CAM under drought stress. It is distributed worldwide and is either considered a polymorphic species or a complex of subspecies, due to its numerous morphological variations. We evaluated CAM plasticity within P. oleracea genotypes since the complexity surrounding this species may be reflected in intraspecific variations in photosynthetic behavior. Eleven subspecies of P. oleracea from distant geographical locations and one cultivar were morphologically and physiologically characterized. C4 and CAM photosynthesis were monitored in plants exposed to well-watered, droughted and rewatered treatments, and data obtained were compared among individual genotypes. All subspecies expressed CAM in a fully-reversible manner. Transcript abundance of C4–CAM signature genes was shown to be a useful indicator of the C4–CAM–C4 switches in all genotypes. C4-related genes were down-regulated and subsequently fully expressed upon drought and rewatering, respectively. CAM-marker genes followed the opposite pattern. A gradient of morphological traits and drought-induced nighttime malate accumulation was observed across genotypes. Therefore, different combinations of CAM expression levels, plant sizes and shapes are available within the P. oleracea complex, which can be a valuable tool in the context of C4/CAM photosynthesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Callegari Ferrari
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Bruna Coelho Cruz
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Thalyson Storl
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elisa Callegari Ferrari
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Susanna F Boxall
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James Hartwell
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
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The plastid NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complex: structure, function and evolutionary dynamics. Biochem J 2020; 476:2743-2756. [PMID: 31654059 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The thylakoid NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex is a large protein complex that reduces plastoquinone and pumps protons into the lumen generating protonmotive force. In plants, the complex consists of both nuclear and chloroplast-encoded subunits. Despite its perceived importance for stress tolerance and ATP generation, chloroplast-encoded NDH subunits have been lost numerous times during evolution in species occupying seemingly unrelated environmental niches. We have generated a phylogenetic tree that reveals independent losses in multiple phylogenetic lineages, and we use this tree as a reference to discuss possible evolutionary contexts that may have relaxed selective pressure for retention of ndh genes. While we are still yet unable to pinpoint a singular specific lifestyle that negates the need for NDH, we are able to rule out several long-standing explanations. In light of this, we discuss the biochemical changes that would be required for the chloroplast to dispense with NDH functionality with regards to known and proposed NDH-related reactions.
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Niu Z, Hou Z, Wang M, Ye M, Zhang B, Xue Q, Liu W, Ding X. A comparative plastomics approach reveals available molecular markers for the phylogeographic study of Dendrobium huoshanense, an endangered orchid with extremely small populations. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5332-5342. [PMID: 32607156 PMCID: PMC7319108 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative plastomics approaches have been used to identify available molecular markers for different taxonomic level studies of orchid species. However, the adoption of such methods has been largely limited in phylogeographic studies. Therefore, in this study, Dendrobium huoshanense, an endangered species with extremely small populations, was used as a model system to test whether the comparative plastomic approaches could screen available molecular markers for the phylogeographic study. We sequenced two more plastomes of D. huoshanense and compared them with our previously published one. A total of 27 mutational hotspot regions and six polymorphic cpSSRs have been screened for the phylogeographic studies of D. huoshanense. The cpDNA haplotype data revealed that the existence of haplotype distribution center was located in Dabieshan Mts. (Huoshan). The genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses showed that the populations of D. huoshanense have been isolated and evolved independently for long period. On the contrary, based on cpSSR data, the genetic structure analysis revealed a mixed structure among the populations in Anhui and Jiangxi province, which suggested that the hybridization or introgression events have occurred among the populations of D. huoshanense. These results indicated that human activities have played key roles in shaping the genetic diversity and distributional patterns of D. huoshanense. According to our results, both two markers showed a high resolution for the phylogeographic studies of D. huoshanense. Therefore, we put forth that comparative plastomic approaches could revealed available molecular markers for phylogeographic study, especially for the species with extremely small populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Niu
- College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for DendrobiumNanjingChina
| | - Zhenyu Hou
- College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for DendrobiumNanjingChina
| | - Mengting Wang
- College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for DendrobiumNanjingChina
| | - Meirong Ye
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for DendrobiumNanjingChina
| | - Benhou Zhang
- College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for DendrobiumNanjingChina
| | - Qingyun Xue
- College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for DendrobiumNanjingChina
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for DendrobiumNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for DendrobiumNanjingChina
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Sun M, Feng CH, Liu ZY, Tian K. Evolutionary correlation of water-related traits between different structures of Dendrobium plants. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2020; 61:16. [PMID: 32417994 PMCID: PMC7230118 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-020-00292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf water conservation and pseudobulb water storage are two of the strategies commonly employed by epiphytic plants to adapt to dry environments. During the flowering period, a great deal of water transpires through the flowers, which then influences water-related processes. However, there is little research on the coordinated relationship between the different structures of epiphytes. Our study explored the phylogenetic conservation and evolutionary correlations between structural traits of 8 species in the genus Dendrobium by using phylogenetic independent contrast (PIC) analysis. RESULTS Leaf dry mass, leaf water content, leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area, stomatal density, stomatal area index, pseudobulb length, pseudobulb width, and flower dry mass show strong phylogenetic signals. Pseudobulb length is significantly positively correlated with stomatal volume but significantly negatively correlated with mesophyll thickness according to both species mean values and PIC values. Pseudobulb internode length is also positively correlated with stomatal volume but negatively correlated with stomatal density according to PIC values. Pseudobulb width is significantly positively correlated with leaf dry mass, stomatal density, stomatal area index, flower petal vein number and flower dry mass but negatively correlated with specific leaf area according to species mean values. However, these correlations are insignificant when PIC values are analyzed. Stomatal volume is positively correlated with flower dry mass, and after phylogeny is considered, this correlation is still significant. Leaf dry mass is positively correlated with flower petal vein number according to species values. Flower number per pseudobulb is negatively correlated with upper epidermal cell size according to species values but negatively correlated with stomatal area index according to PIC values. There are no correlations between pseudobulb and flower water-related traits according to PIC values. CONCLUSIONS A trade-off should exist in epiphytic plants between the two drought-tolerant strategies of pseudobulb storage and leaf water retention. Plants possessing thick blades with a few large stomata tend to use the pseudobulb water storage strategy to adapt to drought. Small flowers and low flower dry mass should be associated with the leaf water retention strategy. In addition, flowers and leaves exhibit an obvious water balance and should share common selection pressures. The present study provides a case with which to understand the coordinated adaptation of different structures in epiphytic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
- Ecological Research Station of Dianchi in Yunnan, Jinning, 650600, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Hui Feng
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Liu
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China
- Ecological Research Station of Dianchi in Yunnan, Jinning, 650600, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun Tian
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, China.
- Ecological Research Station of Dianchi in Yunnan, Jinning, 650600, Yunnan, China.
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Hermida-Carrera C, Fares MA, Font-Carrascosa M, Kapralov MV, Koch MA, Mir A, Molins A, Ribas-Carbó M, Rocha J, Galmés J. Exploring molecular evolution of Rubisco in C 3 and CAM Orchidaceae and Bromeliaceae. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:11. [PMID: 31969115 PMCID: PMC6977233 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CO2-concentrating mechanism associated to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) alters the catalytic context for Rubisco by increasing CO2 availability and provides an advantage in particular ecological conditions. We hypothesized about the existence of molecular changes linked to these particular adaptations in CAM Rubisco. We investigated molecular evolution of the Rubisco large (L-) subunit in 78 orchids and 144 bromeliads with C3 and CAM photosynthetic pathways. The sequence analyses were complemented with measurements of Rubisco kinetics in some species with contrasting photosynthetic mechanism and differing in the L-subunit sequence. RESULTS We identified potential positively selected sites and residues with signatures of co-adaptation. The implementation of a decision tree model related Rubisco specific variable sites to the leaf carbon isotopic composition of the species. Differences in the Rubisco catalytic traits found among C3 orchids and between strong CAM and C3 bromeliads suggested Rubisco had evolved in response to differing CO2 concentration. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that the variability in the Rubisco L-subunit sequence in orchids and bromeliads is composed of coevolving sites under potential positive adaptive signal. The sequence variability was related to δ13C in orchids and bromeliads, however it could not be linked to the variability found in the kinetic properties of the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hermida-Carrera
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Mario A. Fares
- Integrative and Systems Biology Group, Department of Abiotic Stress, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC–UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marcel Font-Carrascosa
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Maxim V. Kapralov
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Marcus A. Koch
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 9120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnau Mir
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Arántzazu Molins
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbó
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Jairo Rocha
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Ctra. Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears Spain
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Niechayev NA, Jones AM, Rosenthal DM, Davis SC. A model of environmental limitations on production of Agave americana L. grown as a biofuel crop in semi-arid regions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6549-6559. [PMID: 30597061 PMCID: PMC6883261 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants that use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have the potential to meet growing agricultural resource demands using land that is considered unsuitable for many common crop species. Agave americana L., an obligate CAM plant, has potential as an advanced biofuel crop in water-limited regions, and has greater cold tolerance than other high-yielding CAM species, but physiological tolerances have not been completely resolved. We developed a model to estimate the growth responses of A. americana to water input, temperature, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The photosynthetic response to PAR was determined experimentally by measuring the integrated leaf gas exchange over 24 h after acclimation to six light levels. Maximum CO2 fixation rates were observed at a PAR intensity of 1250 µmol photons m-2 s-1. Growth responses of A. americana to water and temperature were also determined, and a monthly environmental productivity index (EPI) was derived that can be used to predict biomass growth. The EPI was calculated as the product of water, temperature, and light indices estimated for conditions at a site in Maricopa (Arizona), and compared with measured biomass at the same site (where the first field trial of A. americana as a crop was completed). The monthly EPI summed over the lifetime of multi-year crops was highly correlated with the average measured biomass of healthy 2- and 3-year-old plants grown in the field. The resulting relationship between EPI and biomass provides a simple model for estimating the production of A. americana at a monthly time step according to light, temperature, and precipitation inputs, and is a useful tool for projecting the potential geographic range of this obligate CAM species in future climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Niechayev
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alexander M Jones
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - David M Rosenthal
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Sarah C Davis
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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Davis SC, Simpson J, Gil-Vega KDC, Niechayev NA, van Tongerlo E, Castano NH, Dever LV, Búrquez A. Undervalued potential of crassulacean acid metabolism for current and future agricultural production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6521-6537. [PMID: 31087091 PMCID: PMC6883259 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential for crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to support resilient crops that meet demands for food, fiber, fuel, and pharmaceutical products far exceeds current production levels. This review provides background on five families of plants that express CAM, including examples of many species within these families that have potential agricultural uses. We summarize traditional uses, current developments, management practices, environmental tolerance ranges, and economic values of CAM species with potential commercial applications. The primary benefit of CAM in agriculture is high water use efficiency that allows for reliable crop yields even in drought conditions. Agave species, for example, grow in arid conditions and have been exploited for agricultural products in North and South America for centuries. Yet, there has been very little investment in agricultural improvement for most useful Agave varieties. Other CAM species that are already traded globally include Ananas comosus (pineapple), Aloe spp., Vanilla spp., and Opuntia spp., but there are far more with agronomic uses that are less well known and not yet developed commercially. Recent advances in technology and genomic resources provide tools to understand and realize the tremendous potential for using CAM crops to produce climate-resilient agricultural commodities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Davis
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - June Simpson
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Nicholas A Niechayev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Evelien van Tongerlo
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Louisa V Dever
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alberto Búrquez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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Li MH, Liu DK, Zhang GQ, Deng H, Tu XD, Wang Y, Lan SR, Liu ZJ. A perspective on crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis evolution of orchids on different continents: Dendrobium as a case study. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6611-6619. [PMID: 31625570 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Orchidaceae, one of the largest families of flowering plants, evolved the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis strategy. It is thought that CAM triggers adaptive radiation into new niche spaces, yet very little is known about its origin and diversification on different continents. Here, we assess the prevalence of CAM in Dendrobium, which is one of the largest genera of flowering plants and found in a wide range of environments, from the high altitudes of the Himalayas to relatively arid habitats in Australia. Based on phylogenetic time trees, we estimated that CAM, as determined by δ 13C values less negative than -20.0‰, evolved independently at least eight times in Dendrobium. The oldest lineage appeared in the Asian clade during the middle Miocene, indicating the origin of CAM was associated with a pronounced climatic cooling that followed a period of aridity. Divergence of the four CAM lineages in the Asian clade appeared to be earlier than divergence of those in the Australasian clade. However, CAM species in the Asian clade are much less diverse (25.6%) than those in the Australasian clade (57.9%). These findings shed new light on CAM evolutionary history and the aridity levels of the paleoclimate on different continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-He Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ding-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong-De Tu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Institute of Conservation and Utilization of Natural Bioresources, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Edwards EJ. Evolutionary trajectories, accessibility and other metaphors: the case of C 4 and CAM photosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1742-1755. [PMID: 30993711 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Are evolutionary outcomes predictable? Adaptations that show repeated evolutionary convergence across the Tree of Life provide a special opportunity to dissect the context surrounding their origins, and identify any commonalities that may predict why certain traits evolved many times in particular clades and yet never evolved in others. The remarkable convergence of C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis in vascular plants makes them exceptional model systems for understanding the repeated evolution of complex phenotypes. This review highlights what we have learned about the recurring assembly of C4 and CAM, focusing on the increasingly predictable stepwise evolutionary integration of anatomy and biochemistry. With the caveat that we currently understand C4 evolution better than we do CAM, I propose a general model that explains and unites C4 and CAM evolutionary trajectories. Available data suggest that anatomical modifications are the 'rate-limiting step' in each trajectory, which in large part determines the evolutionary accessibility of both syndromes. The idea that organismal structure exerts a primary influence on innovation is discussed in the context of other systems. Whether the rate-limiting step occurs early or late in the evolutionary assembly of a new phenotype may have profound implications for its distribution across the Tree of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8105, USA
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40
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Hancock LP, Holtum JAM, Edwards EJ. The Evolution of CAM Photosynthesis in Australian Calandrinia Reveals Lability in C3+CAM Phenotypes and a Possible Constraint to the Evolution of Strong CAM. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:517-534. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Australian Calandrinia has radiated across the Australian continent during the last 30 Ma, and today inhabits most Australian ecosystems. Given its biogeographic range and reports of facultative Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis in multiple species, we hypothesized (1) that CAM would be widespread across Australian Calandrinia and that species, especially those that live in arid regions, would engage in strong CAM, and (2) that Australian Calandrinia would be an important lineage for informing on the CAM evolutionary trajectory. We cultivated 22 Australian Calandrinia species for a drought experiment. Using physiological measurements and δ13C values we characterized photosynthetic mode across these species, mapped the resulting character states onto a phylogeny, and characterized the climatic envelopes of species in their native ranges. Most species primarily utilize C3 photosynthesis, with CAM operating secondarily, often upregulated following drought. Several phylogenetically nested species are C3, indicating evolutionary losses of CAM. No strong CAM was detected in any of the species. Results highlight the limitations of δ13C surveys in detecting C3+CAM phenotypes, and the evolutionary lability of C3+CAM phenotypes. We propose a model of CAM evolution that allows for lability and reversibility among C3+CAM phenotypes and C3 and suggest that an annual life-cycle may preclude the evolution of strong CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian P Hancock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Terrestrial Ecosystems and Climate Change, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph A M Holtum
- Terrestrial Ecosystems and Climate Change, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT PO Box 208105, 06520, USA
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Niechayev NA, Pereira PN, Cushman JC. Understanding trait diversity associated with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 49:74-85. [PMID: 31284077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialized mode of photosynthesis that exploits a temporal CO2 pump with nocturnal CO2 uptake and concentration to reduce photorespiration, improve water-use efficiency (WUE), and optimize the adaptability of plants to climates with seasonal or intermittent water limitations. CAM plants display a plastic continuum in the extent to which species engage in net nocturnal CO2 uptake that ranges from 0 to 100%. CAM plants also display diverse enzyme and organic acid and carbohydrate storage systems, which likely reflect the multiple, independent evolutionary origins of CAM. CAM is often accompanied by a diverse set of anatomical traits, such as tissue succulence and water-storage and water-capture strategies to attenuate drought. Other co-adaptive traits, such as thick cuticles, epicuticular wax, low stomatal density, high stomatal responsiveness, and shallow rectifier-like roots limit water loss under conditions of water deficit. Recommendations for future research efforts to better explore and understand the diversity of traits associated with CAM and CAM Biodesign efforts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Niechayev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0330, United States
| | - Paula N Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0330, United States
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0330, United States.
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Tay S, He J, Yam TW. CAM plasticity in epiphytic tropical orchid species responding to environmental stress. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2019; 60:7. [PMID: 31087187 PMCID: PMC6513927 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-019-0255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To counteract its dramatic species endangerment caused by extensive loss of habitat, Singapore is currently re-introducing into nature some of the native orchids to conserve and improve their germplasm. A main challenge of re-introduction is growing and establishing these plants under natural conditions, which are semi-arid with periodic drought. In this study, six native species were examined, of which three, Bulbophyllum vaginatum, Dendrobium leonis and Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi, are viewed as CAM species while the other three, Coelogyne rochussenii, Coelogyne mayeriana, and Bulbophyllum membranaceum are usually characterized as C3 species. We aimed to compare their physiological responses to drought under two different light conditions: (1) moderate light (photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD of 900 μmol m-2 s-1) and (2) low light (PPFD < 100 μmol m-2 s-1). RESULTS After 7 weeks of drought under moderate light (DRML), photosynthetic light utilization was reduced in all six species, and relative water content (RWC) in leaves decreased to < 50% in CAM orchids, compared to > 50% in C3 species, while RWC in pseudobulbs (produced by 4 of the species) fell to < 50%. Both effects were reversed after 14 weeks of re-watering. Proline concentration in leaves increased in the CAM orchids and B. membranaceum (60-130 µmol g-1 FW), and CAM acidity increased (0.2 to 0.8 mmol H+/g fresh weight) in leaves and pseudobulbs of most species including C3 orchids after 7 weeks of DRML, but to lesser extent in B. membranaceum. CONCLUSION In the six native orchid species tested, osmoregulation by proline and CAM expression were adaptive responses to maintain photosynthesis under drought stress. Expression of CAM is a significant adaptive mechanism to drought in both C3 and CAM orchids. For C3 B. membranaceum, this CAM activity is best described as 'CAM-idling'. We propose that any future work in understanding adaptive responses in Singapore's native epiphytic orchids to periodic water deficit should also analyse the significance of CAM plasticity on water conservation within the plant and the regulation of CAM by prevailing water status and light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Tay
- Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637 616, Singapore
| | - Jie He
- Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637 616, Singapore.
| | - Tim Wing Yam
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore, 259 569, Singapore
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Heyduk K, Hwang M, Albert V, Silvera K, Lan T, Farr K, Chang TH, Chan MT, Winter K, Leebens-Mack J. Altered Gene Regulatory Networks Are Associated With the Transition From C 3 to Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Erycina (Oncidiinae: Orchidaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:2000. [PMID: 30745906 PMCID: PMC6360190 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is a modification of the core C3 photosynthetic pathway that improves the ability of plants to assimilate carbon in water-limited environments. CAM plants fix CO2 mostly at night, when transpiration rates are low. All of the CAM pathway genes exist in ancestral C3 species, but the timing and magnitude of expression are greatly altered between C3 and CAM species. Understanding these regulatory changes is key to elucidating the mechanism by which CAM evolved from C3. Here, we use two closely related species in the Orchidaceae, Erycina pusilla (CAM) and Erycina crista-galli (C3), to conduct comparative transcriptomic analyses across multiple time points. Clustering of genes with expression variation across the diel cycle revealed some canonical CAM pathway genes similarly expressed in both species, regardless of photosynthetic pathway. However, gene network construction indicated that 149 gene families had significant differences in network connectivity and were further explored for these functional enrichments. Genes involved in light sensing and ABA signaling were some of the most differently connected genes between the C3 and CAM Erycina species, in agreement with the contrasting diel patterns of stomatal conductance in C3 and CAM plants. Our results suggest changes to transcriptional cascades are important for the transition from C3 to CAM photosynthesis in Erycina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Heyduk
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michelle Hwang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Victor Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katia Silvera
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Tianying Lan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kimberly Farr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Tien-Hao Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ming-Tsair Chan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Wang SL, Viswanath KK, Tong CG, An HR, Jang S, Chen FC. Floral Induction and Flower Development of Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1258. [PMID: 31649713 PMCID: PMC6795766 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Orchids comprise one of the largest, most highly evolved angiosperm families, and form an extremely peculiar group of plants. Various orchids are available through traditional breeding and micro-propagation since they are valuable as potted plants and/or cut flowers in horticultural markets. The flowering of orchids is generally influenced by environmental signals such as temperature and endogenous developmental programs controlled by genetic factors as is usual in many flowering plant species. The process of floral transition is connected to the flower developmental programs that include floral meristem maintenance and floral organ specification. Thanks to advances in molecular and genetic technologies, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying orchid floral transition and flower developmental processes have been widened, especially in several commercially important orchids such as Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium and Oncidium. In this review, we consolidate recent progress in research on the floral transition and flower development of orchids emphasizing representative genes and genetic networks, and also introduce a few successful cases of manipulation of orchid flowering/flower development through the application of molecular breeding or biotechnology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Li Wang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan (BCST) of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center (ABRC), Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kotapati Kasi Viswanath
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Gong Tong
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan (BCST) of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center (ABRC), Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hye Ryun An
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Seonghoe Jang
- World Vegetable Center Korea Office (WKO), Wanju-gun, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seonghoe Jang, ; Fure-Chyi Chen,
| | - Fure-Chyi Chen
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Seonghoe Jang, ; Fure-Chyi Chen,
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Batke S, Holohan A, Hayden R, Fricke W, Porter AS, Evans-Fitz.Gerald CM. The Pressure Is On - Epiphyte Water-Relations Altered Under Elevated CO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1758. [PMID: 30538718 PMCID: PMC6277575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular epiphytes are a major biomass component of forests across the globe and they contribute to 9% of global vascular plant diversity. To improve our understanding of the whole-plant response of epiphytes to future climate change, we investigated for the first time both individual and combined effects of elevated CO2 (560 ppm) and light on the physiology and growth of two epiphyte species [Tillandsia brachycaulos (CAM) and Phlebodium aureum (C3)] grown for 272 days under controlled conditions. We found that under elevated CO2 the difference in water loss between the light (650 μmol m-2s-1) and shade (130 μmol m-2s-1) treatment was strongly reduced. Stomatal conductance (g s) decreased under elevated CO2, resulting in an approximate 40-45% reduction in water loss over a 24 h day/night period under high light and high CO2 conditions. Under lower light conditions water loss was reduced by approximately 20% for the CAM bromeliad under elevated CO2 and increased by approximately 126% for the C3 fern. Diurnal changes in leaf turgor and water loss rates correlated strong positively under ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and high light conditions. Future predicted increases in atmospheric CO2 are likely to alter plant water-relations in epiphytes, thus reducing the canopy cooling potential of epiphytes to future increases in temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Batke
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aidan Holohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roisin Hayden
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amanda Sara Porter
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ping CY, Chen FC, Cheng TC, Lin HL, Lin TS, Yang WJ, Lee YI. Expression Profiles of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Kinase Genes in Phalaenopsis, Implications for Regulating the Performance of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1587. [PMID: 30425727 PMCID: PMC6218735 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis is one of the most important potted plants in the ornamental market of the world. Previous reports implied that crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) orchids at their young seedling stages might perform C3 or weak CAM photosynthetic pathways, but the detailed molecular evidence is still lacking. In this study, we used a key species in white Phalaenopsis breeding line, Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana, to study the ontogenetical changes of CAM performance in Phalaenopsis. Based on the investigations of rhythms of day/night CO2 exchange, malate contents and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activities, it is suggested that a progressive shift from C3 to CAM occurred as the protocorms differentiated the first leaf. To understand the role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPC kinase) in relation to its target PEPC in CAM performance in Phalaenopsis, the expression profiles of the genes encoding PEPC (PPC) and PEPC kinase (PPCK) were measured in different developmental stages. In Phalaenopsis, two PPC isogenes were constitutively expressed over a 24-h cycle similar to the housekeeping genes in all stages, whereas the significant day/night difference in PaPPCK expression corresponds to the day/night fluctuations in PEPC activity and malate level. These results suggest that the PaPPCK gene product is most likely involved in regulation of CAM performance in different developmental stages of Phalaenopsis seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yun Ping
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fure-Chyi Chen
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Teen-Chi Cheng
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling Lin
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyan Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ju Yang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhang S, Yang Y, Li J, Qin J, Zhang W, Huang W, Hu H. Physiological diversity of orchids. PLANT DIVERSITY 2018; 40:196-208. [PMID: 30740565 PMCID: PMC6137271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Orchidaceae is a diverse and wide spread family of flowering plants that are of great value in ornamental, medical, conservation, and evolutionary research. The broad diversity in morphology, growth form, life history, and habitat mean that the members of Orchidaceae exhibit various physiological properties. Epiphytic orchids are often characterized by succulent leaves with thick cell walls, cuticles, and sunken stomata, whereas terrestrial orchids possess rhizomes, corms, or tubers. Most orchids have a long juvenile period, slow growth rate, and low photosynthetic capacity. This reduced photosynthetic potential can be largely explained by CO2 diffusional conductance and leaf internal structure. The amount of light required for plant survival depends upon nutritional mode, growth form, and habitat. Most orchids can adapt to their light environments through morphological and physiological adjustments but are sensitive to sudden changes in irradiance. Orchids that originate from warm regions are susceptible to chilling temperatures, whereas alpine members are vulnerable to high temperatures. For epiphytic orchids, rapid water uptake by the velamen radicum, water storage in their pseudobulbs and leaves, slow water loss, and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism contribute to plant-water balance and tolerance to drought stress. The presence of the velamen radicum and mycorrhizal fungi may compensate for the lack of root hairs, helping with quick absorbance of nutrients from the atmosphere. Under cultivation conditions, the form and concentration of nitrogen affect orchid growth and flowering. However, the limitations of nitrogen and phosphorous on epiphytic orchids in the wild, which require these plants to depend on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrients throughout the entire life cycle, are not clearly understood. Because they lack endosperm, seed germination depends upon obtaining nutrients via mycorrhizal fungi. Adult plants of some autotrophic orchids also gain carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements from their mycorrhizal partners. Future studies should examine the mechanisms that determine slow growth and flower induction, the physiological causes of variations in flowering behavior and floral lifespan, the effects of nutrients and atmospheric-nitrogen deposition, and practical applications of mycorrhizal fungi in orchid cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yingjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Segovia-Rivas A, Meave JA, González EJ, Pérez-García EA. Experimental reintroduction and host preference of the microendemic and endangered orchid Barkeria whartoniana in a Mexican Tropical Dry Forest. J Nat Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Fog Water Is Important in Maintaining the Water Budgets of Vascular Epiphytes in an Asian Tropical Karst Forests during the Dry Season. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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