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Zhao B, Wang JW. Perenniality: From model plants to applications in agriculture. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:141-157. [PMID: 38115580 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
To compensate for their sessile nature, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms enabling them to adapt to ever-changing environments. One such prominent feature is the evolution of diverse life history strategies, particularly such that annuals reproduce once followed by seasonal death, while perennials live longer by cycling growth seasonally. This intrinsic phenology is primarily genetic and can be altered by environmental factors. Although evolutionary transitions between annual and perennial life history strategies are common, perennials account for most species in nature because they survive well under year-round stresses. This proportion, however, is reversed in agriculture. Hence, perennial crops promise to likewise protect and enhance the resilience of agricultural ecosystems in response to climate change. Despite significant endeavors that have been made to generate perennial crops, progress is slow because of barriers in studying perennials, and many developed species await further improvement. Recent findings in model species have illustrated that simply rewiring existing genetic networks can lead to lifestyle variation. This implies that engineering plant life history strategy can be achieved by manipulating only a few key genes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of genetic basis of perenniality and discuss major questions and challenges that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Small fluctuations in cell wall thickness in pine and spruce xylem: Signal from cambium? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233106. [PMID: 32437374 PMCID: PMC7241711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the conifer tree rings, each tracheid goes through three phases of differentiation before becoming an element of the stem water-conducting structure: division, extension, and cell wall thickening. These phases are long-lasting and separated temporally, especially cell wall thickening. Despite the numerous lines of evidence that external conditions affect the rate of growth processes and the final anatomical dimensions during the respective phases of tracheid differentiation, the influence of the environment on anatomical dimensions during the cell division phase (cambial activity) has not yet been experimentally confirmed. In this communication, we provide indirect evidence of such an effect through observations of the small fluctuations in the latewood cell wall thickness of rapidly growing tree rings, which exhibit a high cell production rate (more than 0.4 cells per day on average). Such small fluctuations in the cell wall thickness cannot be driven by variations in external factors during the secondary wall deposition phase, since this phase overlaps for several tens of latewood cells in the rings of fast-growing trees due to its long duration.
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Grimberg Å, Lager I, Street NR, Robinson KM, Marttila S, Mähler N, Ingvarsson PK, Bhalerao RP. Storage lipid accumulation is controlled by photoperiodic signal acting via regulators of growth cessation and dormancy in hybrid aspen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:619-630. [PMID: 29761498 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The signalling pathways that control seasonal modulation of carbon metabolism in perennial plants are poorly understood. Using genetic, metabolic and natural variation approaches, we identify factors mediating photoperiodic control of storage lipid accumulation in the model tree hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides). We characterized lipid accumulation in transgenic hybrid aspen with impaired photoperiodic and hormonal responses. Genome-wide association mapping was performed in Swedish aspen (P. tremula) genotypes to determine genetic loci associated with genotype variation in lipid content. Our data show that the storage lipid triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulates in cambial meristem and pith rays of aspen in response to photoperiodic signal controlling growth cessation and dormancy induction. We show that photoperiodic control of TAG accumulation is mediated by the FLOWERING LOCUS T/CONSTANS module, which also controls the induction of growth cessation. Hormonal and chromatin remodelling pathways also contribute to TAG accumulation by photoperiodic signal. Natural variation exists in lipid accumulation that is controlled by input from multiple loci. Our data shed light on how the control of storage metabolism is temporally coordinated with growth cessation and dormancy by photoperiodic signal, and reveals that storage lipid accumulation between seeds and perennating organs of trees may involve distinct regulatory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Grimberg
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Växtskyddsvägen 1, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Växtskyddsvägen 1, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Artedigränd 7, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kathryn M Robinson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Artedigränd 7, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Salla Marttila
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Växtskyddsvägen 1, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mähler
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Artedigränd 7, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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Michelson IH, Ingvarsson PK, Robinson KM, Edlund E, Eriksson ME, Nilsson O, Jansson S. Autumn senescence in aspen is not triggered by day length. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:123-134. [PMID: 28591431 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Autumn senescence in mature aspens, grown under natural conditions, is initiated at almost the same date every year. The mechanism of such precise timing is not understood but we have previously shown that the signal must be derived from light. We studied variation in bud set and autumn senescence in a collection of 116 natural Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula) genotypes, from 12 populations in Sweden and planted in one northern and one southern common garden, to test the hypothesis that onset of autumn senescence is triggered by day length. We confirmed that, although bud set seemed to be triggered by a critical photoperiod/day length, other factors may influence it. The data on initiation of autumn senescence, on the other hand, were incompatible with the trigger being the day length per se, hence the trigger must be some other light-dependent factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid H Michelson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kathryn M Robinson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Edlund
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria E Eriksson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Triozzi PM, Ramos-Sánchez JM, Hernández-Verdeja T, Moreno-Cortés A, Allona I, Perales M. Photoperiodic Regulation of Shoot Apical Growth in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1030. [PMID: 30057588 PMCID: PMC6053638 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Woody perennials adapt their genetic traits to local climate conditions. Day length plays an essential role in the seasonal growth of poplar trees. When photoperiod falls below a given critical day length, poplars undergo growth cessation and bud set. A leaf-localized mechanism of photoperiod measurement triggers the transcriptional modulation of a long distance signaling molecule, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). This molecule targets meristem function giving rise to these seasonal responses. Studies over the past decade have identified conserved orthologous genes involved in photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis that regulate poplar vegetative growth. However, phenological and molecular examination of key photoperiod signaling molecules reveals functional differences between these two plant model systems suggesting alternative components and/or regulatory mechanisms operating during poplar vegetative growth. Here, we review current knowledge and provide new data regarding the molecular components of the photoperiod measuring mechanism that regulates annual growth in poplar focusing on main achievements and new perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo M. Triozzi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramos-Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Hernández-Verdeja
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Moreno-Cortés
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Allona
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Isabel Allona
| | - Mariano Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- Mariano Perales
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Maurya JP, Triozzi PM, Bhalerao RP, Perales M. Environmentally Sensitive Molecular Switches Drive Poplar Phenology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1873. [PMID: 30619428 PMCID: PMC6304729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Boreal and temperate woody perennials are highly adapted to their local climate, which delimits the length of the growing period. Moreover, seasonal control of growth-dormancy cycles impacts tree productivity and geographical distribution. Therefore, traits related to phenology are of great interest to tree breeders and particularly relevant in the context of global warming. The recent application of transcriptional profiling and genetic association studies to poplar species has provided a robust molecular framework for investigating molecules with potential links to phenology. The environment dictates phenology by modulating the expression of endogenous molecular switches, the identities of which are currently under investigation. This review outlines the current knowledge of these molecular switches in poplar and covers several perspectives concerning the environmental control of growth-dormancy cycles. In the process, we highlight certain genetic pathways which are affected by short days, low temperatures and cold-induced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P. Maurya
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paolo M. Triozzi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rishikesh P. Bhalerao, Mariano Perales,
| | - Mariano Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rishikesh P. Bhalerao, Mariano Perales,
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Maurya JP, Bhalerao RP. Photoperiod- and temperature-mediated control of growth cessation and dormancy in trees: a molecular perspective. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:351-360. [PMID: 28605491 PMCID: PMC5591416 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How plants adapt their developmental patterns to regular seasonal changes is an important question in biology. The annual growth cycle in perennial long-lived trees is yet another example of how plants can adapt to seasonal changes. The two main signals that plants rely on to respond to seasonal changes are photoperiod and temperature, and these signals have critical roles in the temporal regulation of the annual growth cycle of trees. SCOPE This review presents the latest findings to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie how photoperiodic and temperature signals regulate seasonal growth in trees. CONCLUSION The results point to a high level of conservation in the signalling pathways that mediate photoperiodic control of seasonal growth in trees and flowering in annual plants such as arabidopsis. Furthermore, the data indicate that symplastic communication may mediate certain aspects of seasonal growth. Although considerable insight into the control of phenology in model plants such as poplar and spruce has been obtained, the future challenge is extending these studies to other, non-model trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Maurya
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Singh RK, Svystun T, AlDahmash B, Jönsson AM, Bhalerao RP. Photoperiod- and temperature-mediated control of phenology in trees - a molecular perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:511-524. [PMID: 27901272 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Contents 511 I. 511 II. 512 III. 513 IV. 513 V. 517 VI. 517 VII. 521 VIII. 521 Acknowledgements 521 References 521 SUMMARY: Trees growing in boreal and temperate regions synchronize their growth with seasonal climatic changes in adaptive responses that are essential for their survival. These trees cease growth before the winter and establish a dormant state during which growth cessation is maintained by repression of responses to growth-promotive signals. Reactivation of growth in the spring follows the release from dormancy promoted by prolonged exposure to low temperature during the winter. The timing of the key events and regulation of the molecular programs associated with the key stages of the annual growth cycle are controlled by two main environmental cues: photoperiod and temperature. Recently, key components mediating photoperiodic control of growth cessation and bud set have been identified, and striking similarities have been observed in signaling pathways controlling growth cessation in trees and floral transition in Arabidopsis. Although less well understood, the regulation of bud dormancy and bud burst may involve cell-cell communication and chromatin remodeling. Here, we discuss current knowledge of the molecular-level regulation of the annual growth cycle of woody trees in temperate and boreal regions, and identify key questions that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, S-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tetiana Svystun
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Badr AlDahmash
- College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Maria Jönsson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, S-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hao X, Yang Y, Yue C, Wang L, Horvath DP, Wang X. Comprehensive Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Differential Gene Expression Profiles of Camellia sinensis Axillary Buds at Para-, Endo-, Ecodormancy, and Bud Flush Stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:553. [PMID: 28458678 PMCID: PMC5394108 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Winter dormancy is an important biological feature for tea plant to survive cold winters, and it also affects the economic output of tea plant, one of the few woody plants in the world whose leaves are harvested and one of the few non-conifer evergreen species with characterized dormancies. To discover the bud dormancy regulation mechanism of tea plant in winter, we analyzed the global gene expression profiles of axillary buds at the paradormancy, endodormancy, ecodormancy, and bud flush stages by RNA-Seq analysis. In total, 16,125 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the different measured conditions. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed on the DEGs identified from each dormancy transition. Enriched gene ontology terms, gene sets and transcription factors were mainly associated with epigenetic mechanisms, phytohormone signaling pathways, and callose-related cellular communication regulation. Furthermore, differentially expressed transcription factors as well as chromatin- and phytohormone-associated genes were identified. GI-, CAL-, SVP-, PHYB-, SFR6-, LHY-, ZTL-, PIF4/6-, ABI4-, EIN3-, ETR1-, CCA1-, PIN3-, CDK-, and CO-related gene sets were enriched. Based on sequence homology analysis, we summarized the key genes with significant expression differences in poplar and tea plant. The major molecular pathways involved in tea plant dormancy regulation are consistent with those of poplar to a certain extent; however, the gene expression patterns varied. This study provides the global transcriptome profiles of overwintering buds at different dormancy stages and is meaningful for improving the understanding of bud dormancy in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Yue
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
| | - David P. Horvath
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, FargoND, USA
- *Correspondence: David P. Horvath, Xinchao Wang,
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of AgricultureHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: David P. Horvath, Xinchao Wang,
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Brunner AM, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Jones RC. Phase Change and Phenology in Trees. COMPARATIVE AND EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS OF ANGIOSPERM TREES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7397_2016_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Vergara R, Noriega X, Parada F, Dantas D, Pérez FJ. Relationship between endodormancy, FLOWERING LOCUS T and cell cycle genes in Vitis vinifera. PLANTA 2016; 243:411-419. [PMID: 26438218 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In grapevines, the increased expression of VvFT , genes involved in the photoperiodic control of seasonal growth ( VvAP1, VvAIL2 ) and cell cycle genes ( VvCDKA, VvCDKB2, VvCYCA1, VvCYCB, VvCYCD3.2 ) in the shoot apex relative to the latent bud, suggests a high mitotic activity of the apex which could prevent them to enter into endodormancy. Additionally, the up-regulation of these genes by the dormancy-breaking compound hydrogen cyanamide (H 2 CN 2 ) strongly suggests that VvFT plays a key role in regulating transcriptionally cell cycle genes. At the end of the growing season, short-day (SD) photoperiod induces the transition of latent grapevine buds (Vitis vinifera L) from paradormancy (PD) to endodormancy (ED), which allows them to survive the cold temperatures of winter. Meanwhile, the shoot apex gradually decreases its growth without entering into ED, and as a result of the fall of temperatures at the beginning of autumn, dies. To understand developmental differences and contrasting responses to environmental cues between both organs, the expression of cell cycle genes, and of genes involved in photoperiodic control of seasonal growth in trees, such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), APETALA1 (AP1) and AINTEGUMENTA-like (AIL) was analyzed at the shoot apex and latent buds of vines during the transition from PD to ED. After shift to SD photoperiod, increased expression of cell cycle genes in the shoot apex suggests a high mitotic activity in this organ which could prevent them from entering into ED. Additionally, the increased expression of VvFT, VvAP1and VvAIL2 in the shoot apex, and the up-regulation of VvFT, VvAP1and cell cycle genes VvCDKA, VvCDKB2, VvCYCA.1, by the dormancy-breaking compound hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2), strongly suggests that VvFT plays a key role in regulating transcriptionally cell cycle genes, giving thus, more support to the model for photoperiodic control of seasonal growth in trees. Furthermore, downregulation of VvFT by the SD photoperiod detected in leaves and buds of grapevines highlights the importance of VvFT in the induction of growth cessation and in ED development, probably by regulating the expression of cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vergara
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Noriega
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Parada
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Débora Dantas
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologías Agropecuarias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avda Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos Dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
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Fennell AY, Schlauch KA, Gouthu S, Deluc LG, Khadka V, Sreekantan L, Grimplet J, Cramer GR, Mathiason KL. Short day transcriptomic programming during induction of dormancy in grapevine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:834. [PMID: 26582400 PMCID: PMC4632279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bud dormancy in grapevine is an adaptive strategy for the survival of drought, high and low temperatures and freeze dehydration stress that limit the range of cultivar adaptation. Therefore, development of a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in bud dormancy is needed to promote advances in selection and breeding, and to develop improved cultural practices for existing grape cultivars. The seasonally indeterminate grapevine, which continuously develops compound axillary buds during the growing season, provides an excellent system for dissecting dormancy, because the grapevine does not transition through terminal bud development prior to dormancy. This study used gene expression patterns and targeted metabolite analysis of two grapevine genotypes that are short photoperiod responsive (Vitis riparia) and non-responsive (V. hybrid, Seyval) for dormancy development to determine differences between bud maturation and dormancy commitment. Grapevine gene expression and metabolites were monitored at seven time points under long (LD, 15 h) and short (SD, 13 h) day treatments. The use of age-matched buds and a small (2 h) photoperiod difference minimized developmental differences and allowed us to separate general photoperiod from dormancy specific gene responses. Gene expression profiles indicated three distinct phases (perception, induction and dormancy) in SD-induced dormancy development in V. riparia. Different genes from the NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 19 and WRKY families of transcription factors were differentially expressed in each phase of dormancy. Metabolite and transcriptome analyses indicated ABA, trehalose, raffinose and resveratrol compounds have a potential role in dormancy commitment. Finally, a comparison between V. riparia compound axillary bud dormancy and dormancy responses in other species emphasized the relationship between dormancy and the expression of RESVERATROL SYNTHASE and genes associated with C3HC4-TYPE RING FINGER and NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 19 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y. Fennell
- Northern Plains BioStress Laboratory, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings, SD, USA
| | - Karen A. Schlauch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, RenoReno, NV, USA
| | | | - Laurent G. Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Vedbar Khadka
- Northern Plains BioStress Laboratory, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings, SD, USA
| | - Lekha Sreekantan
- Northern Plains BioStress Laboratory, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings, SD, USA
| | - Jerome Grimplet
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja)Logroño, Spain
| | - Grant R. Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, RenoReno, NV, USA
| | - Katherine L. Mathiason
- Northern Plains BioStress Laboratory, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State UniversityBrookings, SD, USA
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Estiarte M, Peñuelas J. Alteration of the phenology of leaf senescence and fall in winter deciduous species by climate change: effects on nutrient proficiency. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1005-17. [PMID: 25384459 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence in winter deciduous species signals the transition from the active to the dormant stage. The purpose of leaf senescence is the recovery of nutrients before the leaves fall. Photoperiod and temperature are the main cues controlling leaf senescence in winter deciduous species, with water stress imposing an additional influence. Photoperiod exerts a strict control on leaf senescence at latitudes where winters are severe and temperature gains importance in the regulation as winters become less severe. On average, climatic warming will delay and drought will advance leaf senescence, but at varying degrees depending on the species. Warming and drought thus have opposite effects on the phenology of leaf senescence, and the impact of climate change will therefore depend on the relative importance of each factor in specific regions. Warming is not expected to have a strong impact on nutrient proficiency although a slower speed of leaf senescence induced by warming could facilitate a more efficient nutrient resorption. Nutrient resorption is less efficient when the leaves senesce prematurely as a consequence of water stress. The overall effects of climate change on nutrient resorption will depend on the contrasting effects of warming and drought. Changes in nutrient resorption and proficiency will impact production in the following year, at least in early spring, because the construction of new foliage relies almost exclusively on nutrients resorbed from foliage during the preceding leaf fall. Changes in the phenology of leaf senescence will thus impact carbon uptake, but also ecosystem nutrient cycling, especially if the changes are consequence of water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Dual role of tree florigen activation complex component FD in photoperiodic growth control and adaptive response pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3140-5. [PMID: 25713384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423440112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex consisting of evolutionarily conserved FD, flowering locus T (FT) proteins is a regulator of floral transition. Intriguingly, FT orthologs are also implicated in developmental transitions distinct from flowering, such as photoperiodic control of bulbing in onions, potato tuberization, and growth cessation in trees. However, whether an FT-FD complex participates in these transitions and, if so, its mode of action, are unknown. We identified two closely related FD homologs, FD-like 1 (FDL1) and FD-like 2 (FDL2), in the model tree hybrid aspen. Using gain of function and RNAi-suppressed FDL1 and FDL2 transgenic plants, we show that FDL1 and FDL2 have distinct functions and a complex consisting of FT and FDL1 mediates in photoperiodic control of seasonal growth. The downstream target of the FT-FD complex in photoperiodic control of growth is Like AP1 (LAP1), a tree ortholog of the floral meristem identity gene APETALA1. Intriguingly, FDL1 also participates in the transcriptional control of adaptive response and bud maturation pathways, independent of its interaction with FT, presumably via interaction with abscisic acid insensitive 3 (ABI3) transcription factor, a component of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Our data reveal that in contrast to its primary role in flowering, FD has dual roles in the photoperiodic control of seasonal growth and stress tolerance in trees. Thus, the functions of FT and FD have diversified during evolution, and FD homologs have acquired roles that are independent of their interaction with FT.
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Howe GT, Horvath DP, Dharmawardhana P, Priest HD, Mockler TC, Strauss SH. Extensive Transcriptome Changes During Natural Onset and Release of Vegetative Bud Dormancy in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:989. [PMID: 26734012 PMCID: PMC4681841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To survive winter, many perennial plants become endodormant, a state of suspended growth maintained even in favorable growing environments. To understand vegetative bud endodormancy, we collected paradormant, endodormant, and ecodormant axillary buds from Populus trees growing under natural conditions. Of 44,441 Populus gene models analyzed using NimbleGen microarrays, we found that 1,362 (3.1%) were differentially expressed among the three dormancy states, and 429 (1.0%) were differentially expressed during only one of the two dormancy transitions (FDR p-value < 0.05). Of all differentially expressed genes, 69% were down-regulated from paradormancy to endodormancy, which was expected given the lower metabolic activity associated with endodormancy. Dormancy transitions were accompanied by changes in genes associated with DNA methylation (via RNA-directed DNA methylation) and histone modifications (via Polycomb Repressive Complex 2), confirming and extending knowledge of chromatin modifications as major features of dormancy transitions. Among the chromatin-associated genes, two genes similar to SPT (SUPPRESSOR OF TY) were strongly up-regulated during endodormancy. Transcription factor genes and gene sets that were atypically up-regulated during endodormancy include a gene that seems to encode a trihelix transcription factor and genes associated with proteins involved in responses to ethylene, cold, and other abiotic stresses. These latter transcription factors include ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3), ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (EBP), ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF), ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 10 (ZAT10), ZAT12, and WRKY DNA-binding domain proteins. Analyses of phytohormone-associated genes suggest important changes in responses to ethylene, auxin, and brassinosteroids occur during endodormancy. We found weaker evidence for changes in genes associated with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, and little evidence for important changes in genes associated with gibberellins, abscisic acid, and cytokinin. We identified 315 upstream sequence motifs associated with eight patterns of gene expression, including novel motifs and motifs associated with the circadian clock and responses to photoperiod, cold, dehydration, and ABA. Analogies between flowering and endodormancy suggest important roles for genes similar to SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL), DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM), and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T. Howe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - David P. Horvath
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research ServiceFargo, ND, USA
| | - Palitha Dharmawardhana
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Henry D. Priest
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSaint Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint LouisSaint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Todd C. Mockler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSaint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- *Correspondence: Steven H. Strauss,
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Abstract
Plants have to cope with changing seasons and adverse environmental conditions. Being sessile, plants have developed elaborate mechanisms for their survival that allow them to sense and adapt to the environment and reproduce successfully. A major adaptive trait for the survival of trees of temperate and boreal forests is the induction of growth cessation in anticipation of winters. In the last few years enormous progress has been made to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SDs induced growth cessation in model perennial tree hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides). In this review we discuss the molecular mechanism underlying photoperiodic control of growth cessation and adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Azeez
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory; Jain R&D Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd; Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence to: Abdul Azeez;
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17
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Azeez A, Miskolczi P, Tylewicz S, Bhalerao RP. A tree ortholog of APETALA1 mediates photoperiodic control of seasonal growth. Curr Biol 2014; 24:717-24. [PMID: 24656832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoperiodic control of development plays a key role in adaptation of plants to seasonal changes. A signaling module consisting of CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) mediates in photoperiodic control of a variety of developmental transitions (e.g., flowering, tuberization, and seasonal growth cessation in trees). How this conserved CO/FT module can mediate in the photoperiodic control of diverse unrelated developmental programs is poorly understood. RESULTS We show that Like-AP1 (LAP1), a tree ortholog of Arabidopsis floral meristem identity gene APETALA1 (AP1), mediates in photoperiodic control of seasonal growth cessation downstream of the CO/FT module in hybrid aspen. Using LAP1 overexpressors and RNAi-suppressed transgenic trees, we demonstrate that short day (SD)-mediated downregulation of LAP1 expression is required for growth cessation. In contrast with AP1 targets in flowering, LAP1 acts on AINTEGUMENTA-like 1 transcription factor, which is implicated in SD-mediated growth cessation. Intriguingly, unlike AP1 in Arabidopsis, ectopic expression of LAP1 fails to induce early flowering in hybrid aspen trees. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that AP1 ortholog in trees has acquired a novel function in photoperiodic regulation of seasonal growth. Thus, photoperiodic signaling pathway may have diverged downstream of AP1/LAP1 rather than the CO/FT module during evolution. Moreover, control of flowering by the CO/FT module can be uncoupled from its role in photoperiodic control of seasonal growth in trees. Thus, our findings can explain mechanistically how a conserved signaling module can mediate in the control of a highly diverse set of developmental transitions by a similar input signal, namely photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Azeez
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pál Miskolczi
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Szymon Tylewicz
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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Shim D, Ko JH, Kim WC, Wang Q, Keathley DE, Han KH. A molecular framework for seasonal growth-dormancy regulation in perennial plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2014; 1:14059. [PMID: 26504555 PMCID: PMC4591672 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The timing of the onset and release of dormancy impacts the survival, productivity and spatial distribution of temperate horticultural and forestry perennials and is mediated by at least three main regulatory programs involving signal perception and processing by phytochromes (PHYs) and PHY-interacting transcription factors (PIFs). PIF4 functions as a key regulator of plant growth in response to both external and internal signals. In poplar, the expression of PIF4 and PIF3-LIKE1 is upregulated in response to short days, while PHYA and PHYB are not regulated at the transcriptional level. Integration of light and environmental signals is achieved by gating the expression and transcriptional activity of PIF4. During this annual cycle, auxin promotes the degradation of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors through the SKP-Cullin-F-boxTIR1 complex, relieving the repression of auxin-responsive genes by allowing auxin response factors (ARFs) to activate the transcription of auxin-responsive genes involved in growth responses. Analyses of transcriptome changes during dormancy transitions have identified MADS-box transcription factors associated with endodormancy induction. Previous studies show that poplar dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM) genes PtMADS7 and PtMADS21 are differentially regulated during the growth-dormancy cycle. Endodormancy may be regulated by internal factors, which are specifically localized in buds. PtMADS7/PtMADS21 may function as an internal regulator in poplar. The control of flowering time shares certain regulatory hierarchies with control of the dormancy/growth cycle. However, the particularities of different stages of the dormancy/growth cycle warrant comprehensive approaches to identify the causative genes for the entire cycle. A growing body of knowledge also indicates epigenetic regulation plays a role in these processes in perennial horticultural and forestry plants. The increased knowledge contributes to better understanding of the dormancy process and consequently to precise manipulation of dormancy-related horticultural traits, such as flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Shim
- Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Qijun Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Konjac Research Center, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Daniel E Keathley
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Petterle A, Karlberg A, Bhalerao RP. Daylength mediated control of seasonal growth patterns in perennial trees. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:301-6. [PMID: 23473967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Daylength is a key regulator of seasonal growth patterns in perennial trees in temperate regions. Cessation of growth is induced by short day signal in these trees before the advent of winter and constitutes a major adaptive developmental program. In this review, we report on the recent progress made in identifying the molecular mechanisms that underlie the daylength mediated control of seasonal growth in perennial trees. A major finding that has emerged from the analysis of this process is that the regulation of growth cessation in perennial trees and flowering time by daylength in annuals such as Arabidopsis thaliana involves identical signalling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petterle
- Umea Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden
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20
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Wildhagen H, Bilela S, Rennenberg H. Low temperatures counteract short-day induced nitrogen storage, but not accumulation of bark storage protein transcripts in bark of grey poplar (Populus × canescens) trees. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15 Suppl 1:44-56. [PMID: 23279294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
According to climate change scenarios, the seasonal course of temperature will change in most regions of the world, raising the question of how this will influence seasonal nitrogen (N) storage in deciduous trees. The key to this question is a detailed understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms, which was addressed in this study by analysing (i) the effects of low temperatures (13-1 °C) on bark storage protein (BSP) transcription, BSP and total protein accumulation and amino acid metabolism; (ii) the effects of interactions between low temperatures and photoperiod on these processes; and (iii) the regulatory role of amino acids in the bark. For this purpose, we exposed grey poplar trees (Populus × canescens) to three different treatments of changing photoperiod at constant temperature, changing temperature at constant photoperiod, and both changing photoperiod and temperature. Under a shortened photoperiod, a substantial increase of BSP transcripts was observed that was correlated with the accumulation of bark proteins, indicating a metabolic shift to promote long-term N storage. Irrespective of the applied photoperiod, exposure to low temperatures (5 or 1 °C) caused a strong increase of BSP transcripts, which was not paralled by significant increases of BSP and total bark proteins. We conclude that the interaction between effects of photoperiod and temperature is dependent on the carbon status of the trees, and reflects a metabolic adjustment of reduced carbon consumption for BSP synthesis. These results demonstrate the differential temperature sensitivity of processes involved in seasonal N storage, implying vulnerability to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wildhagen
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Fromm J. Xylem Development in Trees: From Cambial Divisions to Mature Wood Cells. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36491-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Cooke JEK, Eriksson ME, Junttila O. The dynamic nature of bud dormancy in trees: environmental control and molecular mechanisms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1707-28. [PMID: 22670814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In tree species native to temperate and boreal regions, the activity-dormancy cycle is an important adaptive trait both for survival and growth. We discuss recent research on mechanisms controlling the overlapping developmental processes that define the activity-dormancy cycle, including cessation of apical growth, bud development, induction, maintenance and release of dormancy, and bud burst. The cycle involves an extensive reconfiguration of metabolism. Environmental control of the activity-dormancy cycle is based on perception of photoperiodic and temperature signals, reflecting adaptation to prevailing climatic conditions. Several molecular actors for control of growth cessation have been identified, with the CO/FT regulatory network and circadian clock having important coordinating roles in control of growth and dormancy. Other candidate regulators of bud set, dormancy and bud burst have been identified, such as dormancy-associated MADS-box factors, but their exact roles remain to be discovered. Epigenetic mechanisms also appear to factor in control of the activity-dormancy cycle. Despite evidence for gibberellins as negative regulators in growth cessation, and ABA and ethylene in bud formation, understanding of the roles that plant growth regulators play in controlling the activity-dormancy cycle is still very fragmentary. Finally, some of the challenges for further research in bud dormancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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23
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Pettengill EA, Parmentier-Line C, Coleman GD. Evaluation of qPCR reference genes in two genotypes of Populus for use in photoperiod and low-temperature studies. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:366. [PMID: 22824181 PMCID: PMC3479007 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a widely used technique for gene expression analysis. A common normalization method for accurate qPCR data analysis involves stable reference genes to determine relative gene expression. Despite extensive research in the forest tree species Populus, there is not a resource for reference genes that meet the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) standards for qPCR techniques and analysis. Since Populus is a woody perennial species, studies of seasonal changes in gene expression are important towards advancing knowledge of this important developmental and physiological trait. The objective of this study was to evaluate reference gene expression stability in various tissues and growth conditions in two important Populus genotypes (P. trichocarpa “Nisqually 1” and P. tremula x P. alba 717 1-B4) following MIQE guidelines. Results We evaluated gene expression stability in shoot tips, young leaves, mature leaves and bark tissues from P. trichocarpa and P. tremula. x P. alba grown under long-day (LD), short-day (SD) or SD plus low-temperatures conditions. Gene expression data were analyzed for stable reference genes among 18S rRNA, ACT2, CDC2, CYC063, TIP4-like, UBQ7, PT1 and ANT using two software packages, geNormPLUS and BestKeeper. GeNormPLUS ranked TIP4-like and PT1 among the most stable genes in most genotype/tissue combinations while BestKeeper ranked CDC2 and ACT2 among the most stable genes. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive evaluation of reference genes in two important Populus genotypes and the only study in Populus that meets MIQE standards. Both analysis programs identified stable reference genes in both genotypes and all tissues grown under different photoperiods. This set of reference genes was found to be suitable for either genotype considered here and may potentially be suitable for other Populus species and genotypes. These results provide a valuable resource for the Populus research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Pettengill
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4452, USA
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24
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Stitt M, Zeeman SC. Starch turnover: pathways, regulation and role in growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:282-92. [PMID: 22541711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plants store part of their photosynthate as starch during the day and remobilise it to support metabolism and growth at night. Mutants unable to synthesize or degrade starch show strongly impaired growth except in long day conditions. In rapidly growing plants, starch turnover is regulated such that it is almost, but not completely, exhausted at dawn. There is increasing evidence that premature or incomplete exhaustion of starch turnover results in lower rates of plant growth. This review provides an update on the pathways for starch synthesis and degradation. We discuss recent advances in understanding how starch turnover and the use of carbon for growth is regulated during diurnal cycles, with special emphasis on the role of the biological clock. Much of the molecular and genetic research on starch turnover has been performed in the reference system Arabidopsis. This review considers to what extent information gained in this weed species maybe applicable to annual crops and perennial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Karlberg A, Bako L, Bhalerao RP. Short day-mediated cessation of growth requires the downregulation of AINTEGUMENTALIKE1 transcription factor in hybrid aspen. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002361. [PMID: 22072988 PMCID: PMC3207903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Day length is a key environmental cue regulating the timing of major developmental transitions in plants. For example, in perennial plants such as the long-lived trees of the boreal forest, exposure to short days (SD) leads to the termination of meristem activity and bud set (referred to as growth cessation). The mechanism underlying SD-mediated induction of growth cessation is poorly understood. Here we show that the AIL1-AIL4 (AINTEGUMENTALIKE) transcription factors of the AP2 family are the downstream targets of the SD signal in the regulation of growth cessation response in hybrid aspen trees. AIL1 is expressed in the shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia, and exposure to SD signal downregulates AIL1 expression. Downregulation of AIL gene expression by SDs is altered in transgenic hybrid aspen plants that are defective in SD perception and/or response, e.g. PHYA or FT overexpressors. Importantly, SD-mediated regulation of growth cessation response is also affected by overexpression or downregulation of AIL gene expression. AIL1 protein can interact with the promoter of the key cell cycle genes, e.g. CYCD3.2, and downregulation of the expression of D-type cyclins after SD treatment is prevented by AIL1 overexpression. These data reveal that execution of SD-mediated growth cessation response requires the downregulation of AIL gene expression. Thus, while early acting components like PHYA and the CO/FT regulon are conserved in day-length regulation of flowering time and growth cessation between annual and perennial plants, signaling pathways downstream of SD perception diverge, with AIL transcription factors being novel targets of the CO/FT regulon connecting the perception of SD signal to the regulation of meristem activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karlberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Laszlo Bako
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Way DA. Tree phenology responses to warming: spring forward, fall back? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:469-471. [PMID: 21636688 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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27
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Activity-dormancy transition in the cambial meristem involves stage-specific modulation of auxin response in hybrid aspen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3418-23. [PMID: 21289280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011506108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of short-day-induced growth cessation and dormancy in the meristems of perennial plants (e.g., forest trees growing in temperate and high-latitude regions) is poorly understood. Using global transcript profiling, we show distinct stage-specific alterations in auxin responsiveness of the transcriptome in the stem tissues during short-day-induced growth cessation and both the transition to and establishment of dormancy in the cambial meristem of hybrid aspen trees. This stage-specific modulation of auxin signaling appears to be controlled via distinct mechanisms. Whereas the induction of growth cessation in the cambium could involve induction of repressor auxin response factors (ARFs) and down-regulation of activator ARFs, dormancy is associated with perturbation of the activity of the SKP-Cullin-F-box(TIR) (SCF(TIR)) complex, leading to potential stabilization of repressor auxin (AUX)/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) proteins. Although the role of hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA), in growth cessation and dormancy is well established, our data now implicate auxin in this process. Importantly, in contrast to most developmental processes in which regulation by auxin involves changes in cellular auxin contents, day-length-regulated induction of cambial growth cessation and dormancy involves changes in auxin responses rather than auxin content.
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