1
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Kamarova KA, Ershova NM, Sheshukova EV, Arifulin EA, Ovsiannikova NL, Antimonova AA, Kudriashov AA, Komarova TV. Nicotiana benthamiana Class 1 Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptides Suppress Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12843. [PMID: 37629021 PMCID: PMC10454303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) have been identified in many plant species and play an important role in cell wall formation, intercellular transport regulation, and plant-virus interactions. Most plants have several RGP genes with different expression patterns depending on the organ and developmental stage. Here, we report on four members of the RGP family in N. benthamiana. Based on a homology search, NbRGP1-3 and NbRGP5 were assigned to the class 1 and class 2 RGPs, respectively. We demonstrated that NbRGP1-3 and 5 mRNA accumulation increases significantly in response to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Moreover, all identified class 1 NbRGPs (as distinct from NbRGP5) suppress TMV intercellular transport and replication in N. benthamiana. Elevated expression of NbRGP1-2 led to the stimulation of callose deposition at plasmodesmata, indicating that RGP-mediated TMV local spread could be affected via a callose-dependent mechanism. It was also demonstrated that NbRGP1 interacts with TMV movement protein (MP) in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, class 1 NbRGP1-2 play an antiviral role by impeding intercellular transport of the virus by affecting plasmodesmata callose and directly interacting with TMV MP, resulting in the reduced viral spread and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila A. Kamarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Natalia M. Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Eugene A. Arifulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L. Ovsiannikova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A. Antimonova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Andrei A. Kudriashov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Transcriptome Analysis of Air Space-Type Variegation Formation in Trifolium pratense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147794. [PMID: 35887138 PMCID: PMC9322087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Air space-type variegation is the most diverse among the species of known variegated leaf plants and is caused by conspicuous intercellular spaces between the epidermal and palisade cells and among the palisade cells at non-green areas. Trifolium pratense, a species in Fabaceae with V-shaped air space-type variegation, was selected to explore the application potential of variegated leaf plants and accumulate basic data on the molecular regulatory mechanism and evolutionary history of leaf variegation. We performed comparative transcriptome analysis on young and adult leaflets of variegated and green plants and identified 43 candidate genes related to air space-type variegation formation. Most of the genes were related to cell-wall structure modification (CESA, CSL, EXP, FLA, PG, PGIP, PLL, PME, RGP, SKS, and XTH family genes), followed by photosynthesis (LHCB subfamily, RBCS, GOX, and AGT family genes), redox (2OG and GSH family genes), and nitrogen metabolism (NodGS family genes). Other genes were related to photooxidation, protein interaction, and protease degradation systems. The downregulated expression of light-responsive LHCB subfamily genes and the upregulated expression of the genes involved in cell-wall structure modification were important conditions for air space-type variegation formation in T. pratense. The upregulated expression of the ubiquitin-protein ligase enzyme (E3)-related genes in the protease degradation systems were conducive to air space-type variegation formation. Because these family genes are necessary for plant growth and development, the mechanism of the leaf variegation formation in T. pratense might be a widely existing regulation in air space-type variegation in nature.
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Mariette A, Kang HS, Heazlewood JL, Persson S, Ebert B, Lampugnani ER. Not Just a Simple Sugar: Arabinose Metabolism and Function in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1791-1812. [PMID: 34129041 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth, development, structure as well as dynamic adaptations and remodeling processes in plants are largely controlled by properties of their cell walls. These intricate wall structures are mostly made up of different sugars connected through specific glycosidic linkages but also contain many glycosylated proteins. A key plant sugar that is present throughout the plantae, even before the divergence of the land plant lineage, but is not found in animals, is l-arabinose (l-Ara). Here, we summarize and discuss the processes and proteins involved in l-Ara de novo synthesis, l-Ara interconversion, and the assembly and recycling of l-Ara-containing cell wall polymers and proteins. We also discuss the biological function of l-Ara in a context-focused manner, mainly addressing cell wall-related functions that are conferred by the basic physical properties of arabinose-containing polymers/compounds. In this article we explore these processes with the goal of directing future research efforts to the many exciting yet unanswered questions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Mariette
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Hee Sung Kang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
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4
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Zhang Q, Sun T, Tuo X, Li Y, Yang H, Deng J. A Novel Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide-2 of Bee Pollen from Rape ( Brassica napus L.): Purification and Characterization. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:543-553. [PMID: 33143610 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666201103161302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversibly glycosylated polypeptide (RGP), a kind of hydrosoluble and plasmodesmal-associated protein found in plants, plays a crucial role in the development of pollen. OBJECTIVE A novel RGP 2 was isolated and identified from rape (Brassica napus L.) bee pollen. METHODS RGP2 was isolated and purified by ion-exchange column and gel filtration chromatography, and characterized by MALDI-TOF-MS, LC-MS, immunological histological chemistry, and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS Our results indicated that the RGP2 is an acidic protein (pI=5.46) with the molecular weight 42388 Da. It contained 17 kinds of amino acids, among which aspartic acid had the highest amount (71.56 mg/g). Homologous alignment of amino acid sequence results showed that RGP2 was 80.33%, 85.02%, 86.06%, and 88.93% identical to Arabidopsis thaliana RGP2 (AtRGP2), Oryza sativa RGP (OsRGP), Triticum aestivum RGP (TaRGP), and Zea maize RGP (ZmRGP), respectively. The localization results showed that RGP2 in rape anther existed in exine and intine of anther cells of rape flower by immunological histological chemistry and the subcellular localization identified that RGP2 appeared around the Golgi apparatus in cytoplasm by transmission electron microscope. CONCLUSION RGP2 has a highly conserved sequence of amino acid residues and potential glycosylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingxia Tuo
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haixia Yang
- College of Public Health, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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5
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Sun X, Cao L, Zhang S, Yu J, Xu X, Xu C, Xu Z, Qu C, Liu G. Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. Gene Expr Patterns 2020; 38:119142. [PMID: 32898702 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2020.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RGP genes all belong to Class I in P. trichocarpa. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that PtRGP1 and PtRGP2 were highly expressed in the stems, PtRGP4 and PtRGP5 were highly expressed in the upper leaves, PtRGR3 and PtRGR6 were expressed in stems and internodes, but the relative expression is not high. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Lina Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Jiajie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Xiuyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Caifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Zhiru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Chunpu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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6
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Plasmodesmata Conductivity Regulation: A Mechanistic Model. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120595. [PMID: 31842374 PMCID: PMC6963776 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells form a multicellular symplast via cytoplasmic bridges called plasmodesmata (Pd) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that crosses almost all plant tissues. The Pd proteome is mainly represented by secreted Pd-associated proteins (PdAPs), the repertoire of which quickly adapts to environmental conditions and responds to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the important role of Pd in stress-induced reactions is universally recognized, the mechanisms of Pd control are still not fully understood. The negative role of callose in Pd permeability has been convincingly confirmed experimentally, yet the roles of cytoskeletal elements and many PdAPs remain unclear. Here, we discuss the contribution of each protein component to Pd control. Based on known data, we offer mechanistic models of mature leaf Pd regulation in response to stressful effects.
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7
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Saqib A, Scheller HV, Fredslund F, Welner DH. Molecular characteristics of plant UDP-arabinopyranose mutases. Glycobiology 2019; 29:839-846. [PMID: 31679023 PMCID: PMC6861824 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
l-arabinofuranose is a ubiquitous component of the cell wall and various natural products in plants, where it is synthesized from cytosolic UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap). The biosynthetic machinery long remained enigmatic in terms of responsible enzymes and subcellular localization. With the discovery of UDP-Arap mutase in plant cytosol, the demonstration of its role in cell-wall arabinose incorporation and the identification of UDP-arabinofuranose transporters in the Golgi membrane, it is clear that the cytosolic UDP-Arap mutases are the key enzymes converting UDP-Arap to UDP-arabinofuranose for cell wall and natural product biosynthesis. This has recently been confirmed by several genotype/phenotype studies. In contrast to the solid evidence pertaining to UDP-Arap mutase function in vivo, the molecular features, including enzymatic mechanism and oligomeric state, remain unknown. However, these enzymes belong to the small family of proteins originally identified as reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs), which has been studied for >20 years. Here, we review the UDP-Arap mutase and RGP literature together, to summarize and systemize reported molecular characteristics and relations to other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Saqib
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
- Industrial Enzymes and Biofuels Group, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, 44000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Environmental Engineering and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Folmer Fredslund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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DeBlasio SL, Rebelo AR, Parks K, Gray SM, Heck MC. Disruption of Chloroplast Function Through Downregulation of Phytoene Desaturase Enhances the Systemic Accumulation of an Aphid-Borne, Phloem-Restricted Virus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1095-1110. [PMID: 29767548 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-18-0057-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play a central role in pathogen defense in plants. However, most studies explaining the relationship between pathogens and chloroplasts have focused on pathogens that infect mesophyll cells. In contrast, the family Luteoviridae includes RNA viruses that replicate and traffic exclusively in the phloem. Recently, our lab has shown that Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), the type species in the genus Polerovirus, forms an extensive interaction network with chloroplast-localized proteins that is partially dependent on the PLRV capsid readthrough domain (RTD). In this study, we used virus-induced gene silencing to disrupt chloroplast function and assess the effects on PLRV accumulation in two host species. Silencing of phytoene desaturase (PDS), a key enzyme in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis, resulted in a substantial increase in the systemic accumulation of PLRV. This increased accumulation was attenuated when plants were infected with a viral mutant that does not express the RTD. Application of GA partially suppressed the increase in virus accumulation in PDS-silenced plants, suggesting that GA signaling also plays a role in limiting PLRV infection. In addition, the fecundity of the aphid vector of PLRV was increased when fed on PDS-silenced plants relative to PLRV-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L DeBlasio
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Ana Rita Rebelo
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Katherine Parks
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Stewart M Gray
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Michelle C Heck
- 1 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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9
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Honta H, Inamura T, Konishi T, Satoh S, Iwai H. UDP-arabinopyranose mutase gene expressions are required for the biosynthesis of the arabinose side chain of both pectin and arabinoxyloglucan, and normal leaf expansion in Nicotiana tabacum. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:307-317. [PMID: 29052022 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composed of polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins, whose location and function differ depending on plant type. Arabinose is a constituent of many different cell wall components, including pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and II (RG-II), glucuronoarabinoxylans (GAX), and arabinoxyloglucan (AXG). Arabinose is found predominantly in the furanose rather than in the thermodynamically more stable pyranose form. The UDP-arabinopyranose mutases (UAMs) have been demonstrated to convert UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) to UDP-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The UAMs have been implicated in polysaccharide biosynthesis and developmental processes. Arabinose residues could be a component of many polysaccharides, including branched (1→5)-α-arabinans, arabinogalactans in pectic polysaccharides, and arabinoxyloglucans, which are abundant in the cell walls of solanaceous plants. Therefore, to elucidate the role of UAMs and arabinan side chains, we analyzed the UAM RNA interference transformants in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The tobacco UAM gene family consists of four members. We generated RNAi transformants (NtUAM-KD) to down-regulate all four of the UAM members. The NtUAM-KD showed abnormal leaf development in the form of a callus-like structure and many holes in the leaf epidermis. A clear reduction in the pectic arabinan content was observed in the tissue of the NtUAM-KD leaf. The arabinose/xylose ratio in the xyloglucan-rich cell wall fraction was drastically reduced in NtUAM-KD. These results suggest that UAMs are required for Ara side chain biosynthesis in both RG-I and AXG in Solanaceae plants, and that arabinan-mediated cell wall networks might be important for normal leaf expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Honta
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takuya Inamura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Teruko Konishi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shinobu Satoh
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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10
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Fedosejevs ET, Liu LNC, Abergel M, She YM, Plaxton WC. Coimmunoprecipitation of reversibly glycosylated polypeptide with sucrose synthase from developing castor oilseeds. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3872-3880. [PMID: 29110302 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The sucrose synthase (SUS) interactome of developing castor oilseeds (COS; Ricinus communis) was assessed using coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) with anti-(COS RcSUS1)-IgG followed by proteomic analysis. A 41-kDa polypeptide (p41) that coimmunoprecipitated with RcSUS1 from COS extracts was identified as reversibly glycosylated polypeptide-1 (RcRGP1) by LC-MS/MS and anti-RcRGP1 immunoblotting. Reciprocal Far-western immunodot blotting corroborated the specific interaction between RcSUS1 and RcRGP1. Co-IP using anti-(COS RcSUS1)-IgG and clarified extracts from other developing seeds as well as cluster (proteoid) roots of white lupin and Harsh Hakea consistently recovered 90 kDa SUS polypeptides along with p41/RGP as a SUS interactor. The results suggest that SUS interacts with RGP in diverse sink tissues to channel UDP-glucose derived from imported sucrose into hemicellulose and/or glycoprotein/glycolipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Fedosejevs
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leo N C Liu
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan Abergel
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi-Min She
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William C Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Welner DH, Shin D, Tomaleri GP, DeGiovanni AM, Tsai AYL, Tran HM, Hansen SF, Green DT, Scheller HV, Adams PD. Plant cell wall glycosyltransferases: High-throughput recombinant expression screening and general requirements for these challenging enzymes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177591. [PMID: 28598995 PMCID: PMC5466300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of plant cell wall glycosyltransferases is a critical step towards understanding the biosynthesis of the complex plant cell wall, and ultimately for efficient engineering of biofuel and agricultural crops. The majority of these enzymes have proven very difficult to obtain in the needed amount and purity for such molecular studies, and recombinant cell wall glycosyltransferase production efforts have largely failed. A daunting number of strategies can be employed to overcome this challenge, including optimization of DNA and protein sequences, choice of expression organism, expression conditions, co-expression partners, purification methods, and optimization of protein solubility and stability. Hence researchers are presented with thousands of potential conditions to test. Ultimately, the subset of conditions that will be sampled depends on practical considerations and prior knowledge of the enzyme(s) being studied. We have developed a rational approach to this process. We devise a pipeline comprising in silico selection of targets and construct design, and high-throughput expression screening, target enrichment, and hit identification. We have applied this pipeline to a test set of Arabidopsis thaliana cell wall glycosyltransferases known to be challenging to obtain in soluble form, as well as to a library of cell wall glycosyltransferases from other plants including agricultural and biofuel crops. The screening results suggest that recombinant cell wall glycosyltransferases in general have a very low soluble:insoluble ratio in lysates from heterologous expression cultures, and that co-expression of chaperones as well as lysis buffer optimization can increase this ratio. We have applied the identified preferred conditions to Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, and processed this enzyme to near-purity in unprecedented milligram amounts. The obtained preparation of Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide 1 has the expected arabinopyranose mutase and autoglycosylation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Hededam Welner
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David Shin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Giovani P. Tomaleri
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andy M. DeGiovanni
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Yi-Lin Tsai
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Huu M. Tran
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Sara Fasmer Hansen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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12
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Wang S, Corcilius L, Sharp PP, Payne RJ. Synthesis of a GlcNAcylated arginine building block for the solid phase synthesis of death domain glycopeptide fragments. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2895-2900. [PMID: 28320614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the synthesis of glycopeptide fragments from the death domains of TRADD and FADD bearing the recently discovered Nω-GlcNAc-β-arginine post-translational modification. TRADD and FADD glycopeptides were accessed through the use of a suitably protected synthetic glycosylamino acid 'cassette' that could be directly incorporated into conventional solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Wang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Phillip P Sharp
- ACRF Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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13
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Welner DH, Tsai AYL, DeGiovanni AM, Scheller HV, Adams PD. X-ray diffraction analysis and in vitro characterization of the UAM2 protein from Oryza sativa. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:241-245. [PMID: 28368284 PMCID: PMC5379175 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17004587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of seemingly non-enzymatic proteins in complexes interconverting UDP-arabinopyranose and UDP-arabinofuranose (UDP-arabinosemutases; UAMs) in the plant cytosol remains unknown. To shed light on their function, crystallographic and functional studies of the seemingly non-enzymatic UAM2 protein from Oryza sativa (OsUAM2) were undertaken. Here, X-ray diffraction data are reported, as well as analysis of the oligomeric state in the crystal and in solution. OsUAM2 crystallizes readily but forms highly radiation-sensitive crystals with limited diffraction power, requiring careful low-dose vector data acquisition. Using size-exclusion chromatography, it is shown that the protein is monomeric in solution. Finally, limited proteolysis was employed to demonstrate DTT-enhanced proteolytic digestion, indicating the existence of at least one intramolecular disulfide bridge or, alternatively, a requirement for a structural metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Hededam Welner
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej, Building 375, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alex Yi-Lin Tsai
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andy M. DeGiovanni
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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14
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Kuttiyatveetil JRA, Sanders DAR. Analysis of plant UDP-arabinopyranose mutase (UAM): Role of divalent metals and structure prediction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:510-519. [PMID: 28192204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UDP-arabinopyranose mutase (UAM) is a plant enzyme which interconverts UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap; a six-membered sugar) to UDP-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf; a five-membered sugar). Plant mutases belong to a small gene family called Reversibly Glycosylated Proteins (RGPs). So far, UAM has been identified in Oryza sativa (Rice), Arabidopsis thaliana and Hordeum vulgare (Barley). The enzyme requires divalent metal ions for catalytic activity. Here, the divalent metal ion dependency of UAMs from O. sativa (rice) and A. thaliana have been studied using HPLC-based kinetic assays. It was determined that UAM from these species had the highest relative activity in a range of 40-80μM Mn2+. Excess Mn2+ ion concentration decreased the enzyme activity. This trend was observed when other divalent metal ions were used to test activity. To gain a perspective of the role played by the metal ion in activity, an ab initio structural model was generated based on the UAM amino acid sequence and a potential metal binding region was identified. Based on our results, we propose that the probable role of the metal in UAM is stabilizing the diphosphate of the substrate, UDP-Arap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijin R A Kuttiyatveetil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David A R Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada.
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15
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Sumiyoshi M, Inamura T, Nakamura A, Aohara T, Ishii T, Satoh S, Iwai H. UDP-arabinopyranose mutase 3 is required for pollen wall morphogenesis in rice (Oryza sativa). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:232-41. [PMID: 25261533 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
l-Arabinose is one of the main constituents of cell wall polysaccharides such as pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), glucuronoarabinoxylans and other glycoproteins. It is found predominantly in the furanose form rather than in the thermodynamically more stable pyranose form. UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf), rather than UDP-L-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap), is a sugar donor for the biosynthesis of arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues. UDP-arabinopyranose mutases (UAMs) have been shown to interconvert UDP-Araf and UDP-Arap and are involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides including Araf. The UAM gene family has three members in Oryza sativa. Co-expression network in silico analysis showed that OsUAM3 expression was independent from OsUAM1 and OsUAM2 co-expression networks. OsUAM1 and OsUAM2 were expressed ubiquitously throughout plant development, but OsUAM3 was expressed primarily in reproductive tissue, particularly at the pollen cell wall formation developmental stage. OsUAM3 co-expression networks include pectin catabolic enzymes. To determine the function of OsUAMs in reproductive tissues, we analyzed RNA interference (RNAi)-knockdown transformants (OsUAM3-KD) specific for OsUAM3. OsUAM3-KD plants grew normally and showed abnormal phenotypes in reproductive tissues, especially in terms of the pollen cell wall and exine. In addition, we examined modifications of cell wall polysaccharides at the cellular level using antibodies against polysaccharides including Araf. Immunolocalization of arabinan using the LM6 antibody showed low levels of arabinan in OsUAM3-KD pollen grains. Our results suggest that the function of OsUAM3 is important for synthesis of arabinan side chains of RG-I and is required for reproductive developmental processes, especially the formation of the cell wall in pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Sumiyoshi
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Takuya Inamura
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakamura
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Aohara
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Shinobu Satoh
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572 Japan
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16
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Rancour DM, Hatfield RD, Marita JM, Rohr NA, Schmitz RJ. Cell wall composition and digestibility alterations in Brachypodium distachyon achieved through reduced expression of the UDP-arabinopyranose mutase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:446. [PMID: 26136761 PMCID: PMC4470266 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-activated sugars are essential substrates for plant cell-wall carbohydrate-polymer biosynthesis. The most prevalent grass cell wall (CW) sugars are glucose (Glc), xylose (Xyl), and arabinose (Ara). These sugars are biosynthetically related via the UDP-sugar interconversion pathway. We sought to target and generate UDP-sugar interconversion pathway transgenic Brachypodium distachyon lines resulting in CW carbohydrate composition changes with improved digestibility and normal plant stature. Both RNAi-mediated gene-suppression and constitutive gene-expression approaches were performed. CWs from 336 T0 transgenic plants with normal appearance were screened for complete carbohydrate composition. RNAi mutants of BdRGP1, a UDP-arabinopyranose mutase, resulted in large alterations in CW carbohydrate composition with significant decreases in CW Ara content but with minimal change in plant stature. Five independent RNAi-RGP1 T1 plant lines were used for in-depth analysis of plant CWs. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that gene expression levels for BdRGP1, BdRGP2, and BdRGP3 were reduced in RNAi-RGP1 plants to 15-20% of controls. CW Ara content was reduced by 23-51% of control levels. No alterations in CW Xyl and Glc content were observed. Corresponding decreases in CW ferulic acid (FA) and ferulic acid-dimers (FA-dimers) were observed. Additionally, CW p-coumarates (pCA) were decreased. We demonstrate the CW pCA decrease corresponds to Ara-coupled pCA. Xylanase-mediated digestibility of RNAi-RGP1 Brachypodium CWs resulted in a near twofold increase of released total carbohydrate. However, cellulolytic hydrolysis of CW material was inhibited in leaves of RNAi-RGP1 mutants. Our results indicate that targeted manipulation of UDP-sugar biosynthesis can result in biomass with substantially altered compositions and highlights the complex effect CW composition has on digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Rancour
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Ronald D. Hatfield
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, MadisonWI, USA
- *Correspondence: Ronald D. Hatfield, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA,
| | - Jane M. Marita
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, MadisonWI, USA
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17
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Callose homeostasis at plasmodesmata: molecular regulators and developmental relevance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:138. [PMID: 24795733 PMCID: PMC4001042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined channels that are located in the plant cell wall and that physically interconnect the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of adjacent cells. Operating as controllable gates, plasmodesmata regulate the symplastic trafficking of micro- and macromolecules, such as endogenous proteins [transcription factors (TFs)] and RNA-based signals (mRNA, siRNA, etc.), hence mediating direct cell-to-cell communication and long distance signaling. Besides this physiological role, plasmodesmata also form gateways through which viral genomes can pass, largely facilitating the pernicious spread of viral infections. Plasmodesmatal trafficking is either passive (e.g., diffusion) or active and responses both to developmental and environmental stimuli. In general, plasmodesmatal conductivity is regulated by the controlled build-up of callose at the plasmodesmatal neck, largely mediated by the antagonistic action of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases. Here, in this theory and hypothesis paper, we outline the importance of callose metabolism in PD SEL control, and highlight the main molecular factors involved. In addition, we also review other proteins that regulate symplastic PD transport, both in a developmental and stress-responsive framework, and discuss on their putative role in the modulation of PD callose turn-over. Finally, we hypothesize on the role of structural sterols in the regulation of (PD) callose deposition and outline putative mechanisms by which this regulation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Geelen
- *Correspondence: Danny Geelen, Laboratory for In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:
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18
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McMichael CM, Reynolds GD, Koch LM, Wang C, Jiang N, Nadeau J, Sack FD, Gelderman MB, Pan J, Bednarek SY. Mediation of clathrin-dependent trafficking during cytokinesis and cell expansion by Arabidopsis stomatal cytokinesis defective proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:3910-25. [PMID: 24179130 PMCID: PMC3877817 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.115162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal cytokinesis defective1 (SCD1) encodes a putative Rab guanine nucleotide exchange factor that functions in membrane trafficking and is required for cytokinesis and cell expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that the loss of SCD2 function disrupts cytokinesis and cell expansion and impairs fertility, phenotypes similar to those observed for scd1 mutants. Genetic and biochemical analyses showed that SCD1 function is dependent upon SCD2 and that together these proteins are required for plasma membrane internalization. Further specifying the role of these proteins in membrane trafficking, SCD1 and SCD2 proteins were found to be associated with isolated clathrin-coated vesicles and to colocalize with clathrin light chain at putative sites of endocytosis at the plasma membrane. Together, these data suggest that SCD1 and SCD2 function in clathrin-mediated membrane transport, including plasma membrane endocytosis, required for cytokinesis and cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. McMichael
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Gregory D. Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lisa M. Koch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Jeanette Nadeau
- Department of Plant Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Fred D. Sack
- Department of Plant Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Max B. Gelderman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Sebastian Y. Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Address correspondence to
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19
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Li J, Dickerson TJ, Hoffmann-Benning S. Contribution of proteomics in the identification of novel proteins associated with plant growth. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4882-91. [PMID: 24028706 DOI: 10.1021/pr400608d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is not only the interphase between the plant and the environment but also a growth-limiting tissue. Understanding the initiation and regulation of its expansion growth is essential for addressing the need for more food and fuel. We used mass spectrometry to identify proteins from auxin (indole-3-acetic acid; IAA)-induced rapidly growing corn (Zea mays) coleoptiles to find possible candidates controlling this growth as well as the underlying cell wall and cuticle biosynthesis. Excised sections were incubated for 4 h in the absence or presence of IAA, protein extracted, and analyzed using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Of 86 proteins identified, 15 showed a predicted association with cell wall/cuticle biosynthesis or trafficking machinery; four identifications revealed novel proteins of unknown function. In parallel, real-time PCR indicated that the steady-state mRNA levels of genes with a known or predicted role in cell-wall biosynthesis increase upon treatment with auxin. Importantly, genes encoding two of the hypothetical proteins also show higher levels of mRNA; additionally, their gene expression is down-regulated as coleoptile growth ceases and up-regulated in expanding leaves. This suggests a major role of those novel proteins in the regulation of processes related to cell and organ expansion and thus plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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20
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Sauer M, Delgadillo MO, Zouhar J, Reynolds GD, Pennington JG, Jiang L, Liljegren SJ, Stierhof YD, De Jaeger G, Otegui MS, Bednarek SY, Rojo E. MTV1 and MTV4 encode plant-specific ENTH and ARF GAP proteins that mediate clathrin-dependent trafficking of vacuolar cargo from the trans-Golgi network. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2217-35. [PMID: 23771894 PMCID: PMC3723622 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many soluble proteins transit through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) en route to the vacuole, but our mechanistic understanding of this vectorial trafficking step in plants is limited. In particular, it is unknown whether clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) participate in this transport step. Through a screen for modified transport to the vacuole (mtv) mutants that secrete the vacuolar protein VAC2, we identified MTV1, which encodes an epsin N-terminal homology protein, and MTV4, which encodes the ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein nevershed/AGD5. MTV1 and NEV/AGD5 have overlapping expression patterns and interact genetically to transport vacuolar cargo and promote plant growth, but they have no apparent roles in protein secretion or endocytosis. MTV1 and NEV/AGD5 colocalize with clathrin at the TGN and are incorporated into CCVs. Importantly, mtv1 nev/agd5 double mutants show altered subcellular distribution of CCV cargo exported from the TGN. Moreover, MTV1 binds clathrin in vitro, and NEV/AGD5 associates in vivo with clathrin, directly linking these proteins to CCV formation. These results indicate that MTV1 and NEV/AGD5 are key effectors for CCV-mediated trafficking of vacuolar proteins from the TGN to the PVC in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sauer
- Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Otilia Delgadillo
- Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah J. Liljegren
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677-1848
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marisa S. Otegui
- Department of Botany, University of Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Enrique Rojo
- Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Address correspondence to
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21
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De Pino V, Marino Busjle C, Moreno S. Oligomerization of the reversibly glycosylated polypeptide: its role during rice plant development and in the regulation of self-glycosylation. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:111-119. [PMID: 22367534 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A multigenic family of self-glycosylating proteins named reversibly glycosylated polypeptides, designated as RGPs, have been usually associated with carbohydrate metabolism, although they are an enigma both at the functional, as well as at the structural level. In this work, we used biochemical approaches to demonstrate that complex formation is linked to rice plant development, in which class 1 Oryza sativa RGP (OsRGP) would be involved in an early stage of growing plants, while class 2 OsRGP would be associated with a late stage linked to an active polysaccharide synthesis that occurs during the elongation of plant. Here, a further investigation of the complex formation of the Solanum tuberosum RGP (StRGP) was performed. Results showed that disulfide bonds are at least partially responsible for maintaining the oligomeric protein structure, so that the nonreduced StRGP protein showed an apparent higher molecular weight and a lower radioglycosylation of the monomer with respect to its reduced form. Hydrophobic cluster analysis and secondary structure prediction revealed that class 2 RGPs no longer maintained the Rossman fold described for class 1 RGP. A 3D structure of the StRGP protein resolved by homology modeling supports the possibility of intercatenary disulfide bridges formed by exposed cysteines residues C79, C303 and C251 and they are most probably involved in complex formation occurring into the cell cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica De Pino
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, INQUIMEFA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 954, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (1113), Argentina
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22
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Parsons HT, Drakakaki G, Heazlewood JL. Proteomic dissection of the Arabidopsis Golgi and trans-Golgi network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 3:298. [PMID: 23316206 PMCID: PMC3539648 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant Golgi apparatus and trans-Golgi network are major endomembrane trafficking hubs within the plant cell and are involved in a diverse and vital series of functions to maintain plant growth and development. Recently, a series of disparate technical approaches have been used to isolate and characterize components of these complex organelles by mass spectrometry in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Collectively, these studies have increased the number of Golgi and vesicular localized proteins identified by mass spectrometry to nearly 500 proteins. We have sought to provide a brief overview of these technical approaches and bring the datasets together to examine how they can reveal insights into the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet T. Parsons
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
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23
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D'Ambrosio C, Arena S, Rocco M, Verrillo F, Novi G, Viscosi V, Marra M, Scaloni A. Proteomic analysis of apricot fruit during ripening. J Proteomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Ibrahim A, Hutchens HM, Berg RH, Loesch-Fries LS. Alfalfa mosaic virus replicase proteins, P1 and P2, localize to the tonoplast in the presence of virus RNA. Virology 2012; 433:449-61. [PMID: 22999257 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To identify the virus components important for assembly of the Alfalfa mosaic virus replicase complex, we used live cell imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts that expressed various virus cDNAs encoding native and GFP-fusion proteins of P1 and P2 replicase proteins and full-length virus RNAs. Expression of P1-GFP alone resulted in fluorescent vesicle-like bodies in the cytoplasm that colocalized with FM4-64, an endocytic marker, and RFP-AtVSR2, RabF2a/Rha1-mCherry, and RabF2b/Ara7-mCherry, all of which localize to multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which are also called prevacuolar compartments, that mediate traffic to the lytic vacuole. GFP-P2 was driven from the cytosol to MVBs when expressed with P1 indicating that P1 recruited GFP-P2. P1-GFP localized on the tonoplast, which surrounds the vacuole, in the presence of infectious virus RNA, replication competent RNA2, or P2 and replication competent RNA1 or RNA3. This suggests that a functional replication complex containing P1, P2, and a full-length AMV RNA assembles on MVBs to traffic to the tonoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ibrahim
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Dziedzic JA, McDonald AG. A comparative survey of proteins from recalcitrant tissues of a non-model gymnosperm, Douglas-fir. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1102-12. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Glycosylation represents the most complex co- and post-translational modification of proteins. In addition to N- and O-glycans, almost all combinations, including the nature of the carbohydrate moiety and the amino-acid involved, but also the type of the chemical linkage, can be isolated from natural glycoconjugates. This diversity correlates with the importance and the variety of the biological processes (and consequently the diseases) glycosides are involved in. This review focuses on rare and unusual glycosylation of peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lafite
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique-ICOA, Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Dhugga KS. Biosynthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell walls. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 74:8-19. [PMID: 22137036 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes that make the polymer backbones of plant cell wall polysaccharides have proven to be recalcitrant to biochemical purification. Availability of mutational genetics and genomic tools paved the way for rapid progress in identifying genes encoding various cell wall glycan synthases. Mutational genetics, the primary tool used in unraveling cellulose biosynthesis, was ineffective in assigning function to any of the hemicellulosic, polymerizing glycan synthases. A combination of comparative genomics and functional expression in a heterologous system allowed identification of various cellulose synthase-like (Csl) sequences as being involved in the formation of β-1,4-mannan, β-1,4-glucan, and mixed-linked glucan. A number of xylose-deficient mutants have led to a variety of genes, none of which thus far possesses the motifs known to be conserved among polymerizing β-glycan synthases. Except for xylan synthase, which appears to be an agglomerate of proteins just like cellulose synthase, Golgi glycan synthases already identified suggest that the catalytic polypeptide by itself is sufficient for enzyme activity, most likely as a homodimer. Several of the Csl genes remain to be assigned a function. The possibility of the involvement of various Csl genes in making more than one product remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Johnston, IA 50131, United States.
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Schlögl PS, Dos Santos ALW, Vieira LDN, Floh EIS, Guerra MP. Cloning and expression of embryogenesis-regulating genes in Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (Brazilian Pine). Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:172-81. [PMID: 22481892 PMCID: PMC3313508 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperm and gymnosperm plants evolved from a common ancestor about 300 million years ago. Apart from morphological and structural differences in embryogenesis and seed origin, a set of embryogenesis-regulating genes and the molecular mechanisms involved in embryo development seem to have been conserved alike in both taxa. Few studies have covered molecular aspects of embryogenesis in the Brazilian pine, the only economically important native conifer in Brazil. Thus eight embryogenesis-regulating genes, viz., ARGONAUTE 1, CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 1, WUSCHEL-related WOX, S-LOCUS LECTIN PROTEIN KINASE, SCARECROW-like, VICILIN 7S, LEAFY COTYLEDON 1, and REVERSIBLE GLYCOSYLATED POLYPEPTIDE 1, were analyzed through semi-quantitative RT-PCR during embryo development and germination. All the eight were found to be differentially expressed in the various developmental stages of zygotic embryos, seeds and seedling tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report on embryogenesis-regulating gene expression in members of the Araucariaceae family, as well as in plants with recalcitrant seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sérgio Schlögl
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Burch-Smith TM, Cui Y, Zambryski PC. Reduced levels of class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptide increase intercellular transport via plasmodesmata. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:62-7. [PMID: 22274744 PMCID: PMC3357371 DOI: 10.4161/psb.7.1.18636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize and Arabidopsis thaliana class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (C1RGPs) are plasmodesmata-associated proteins. Previously, over-expression of Arabidopsis C1RGP AtRGP2 in Nicotiana tabacum was shown to reduce intercellular transport of photoassimilate, resulting in stunted, chlorotic plants, and inhibition of local cell-to-cell spread of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Here, we used virus induced gene silencing to examine the effects of reduced levels of C1RGPs in Nicotiana benthamiana. Silenced plants show wild-type growth and development. Intercellular transport in silenced plants was probed using fluorescently labeled TMV and its movement protein, P30. P30 shows increased cell-to-cell movement and TMV exhibited accelerated systemic spread compared to control plants. These results support the hypothesis that C1RGPs act to regulate intercellular transport via plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia C. Zambryski
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; Koshland Hall; University of California; Berkeley, CA USA
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Driouich A, Follet-Gueye ML, Bernard S, Kousar S, Chevalier L, Vicré-Gibouin M, Lerouxel O. Golgi-mediated synthesis and secretion of matrix polysaccharides of the primary cell wall of higher plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:79. [PMID: 22639665 PMCID: PMC3355623 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus of eukaryotic cells is known for its central role in the processing, sorting, and transport of proteins to intra- and extra-cellular compartments. In plants, it has the additional task of assembling and exporting the non-cellulosic polysaccharides of the cell wall matrix including pectin and hemicelluloses, which are important for plant development and protection. In this review, we focus on the biosynthesis of complex polysaccharides of the primary cell wall of eudicotyledonous plants. We present and discuss the compartmental organization of the Golgi stacks with regards to complex polysaccharide assembly and secretion using immuno-electron microscopy and specific antibodies recognizing various sugar epitopes. We also discuss the significance of the recently identified Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of xyloglucan (XyG) and pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire ‶Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale″, UPRES EA 4358, Institut Federatif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, Plate-forme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute Normandie, Université de RouenMont Saint Aignan, France
- *Correspondence: Azeddine Driouich, Laboratoire “Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale” UPRES EA 4358, Institut Federatif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, Plate-forme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute Normandie, Université de Rouen, Rue Tesnière, Bâtiment Henri Gadeau de Kerville, 76821. Mont Saint Aignan, Cedex, France. e-mail:
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Laboratoire ‶Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale″, UPRES EA 4358, Institut Federatif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, Plate-forme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute Normandie, Université de RouenMont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Laboratoire ‶Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale″, UPRES EA 4358, Institut Federatif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, Plate-forme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute Normandie, Université de RouenMont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Sumaira Kousar
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules végétales–CNRS, Université Joseph FourierGrenoble, France
| | - Laurence Chevalier
- Institut des Matériaux/UMR6634/CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de RouenSt. Etienne du Rouvray Cedex, France
| | - Maïté Vicré-Gibouin
- Laboratoire ‶Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale″, UPRES EA 4358, Institut Federatif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, Plate-forme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute Normandie, Université de RouenMont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Olivier Lerouxel
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules végétales–CNRS, Université Joseph FourierGrenoble, France
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Yang X, Ye CY, Bisaria A, Tuskan GA, Kalluri UC. Identification of candidate genes in Arabidopsis and Populus cell wall biosynthesis using text-mining, co-expression network analysis and comparative genomics. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:675-87. [PMID: 21958710 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Populus is an important bioenergy crop for bioethanol production. A greater understanding of cell wall biosynthesis processes is critical in reducing biomass recalcitrance, a major hindrance in efficient generation of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Here, we report the identification of candidate cell wall biosynthesis genes through the development and application of a novel bioinformatics pipeline. As a first step, via text-mining of PubMed publications, we obtained 121 Arabidopsis genes that had the experimental evidence supporting their involvement in cell wall biosynthesis or remodeling. The 121 genes were then used as bait genes to query an Arabidopsis co-expression database, and additional genes were identified as neighbors of the bait genes in the network, increasing the number of genes to 548. The 548 Arabidopsis genes were then used to re-query the Arabidopsis co-expression database and re-construct a network that captured additional network neighbors, expanding to a total of 694 genes. The 694 Arabidopsis genes were computationally divided into 22 clusters. Queries of the Populus genome using the Arabidopsis genes revealed 817 Populus orthologs. Functional analysis of gene ontology and tissue-specific gene expression indicated that these Arabidopsis and Populus genes are high likelihood candidates for functional characterization in relation to cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division and BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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Lee JY, Lu H. Plasmodesmata: the battleground against intruders. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:201-10. [PMID: 21334962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are intercellular channels that establish a symplastic communication pathway between neighboring cells in plants. Owing to this role, opportunistic microbial pathogens have evolved to exploit plasmodesmata as gateways to spread infection from cell to cell within the plant. However, although these pathogens have acquired the capacity to breach the plasmodesmal trafficking pathway, plants are unlikely to relinquish control over a structure essential for their survival so easily. In this review, we examine evidence that suggests plasmodesmata play an active role in plant immunity against viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens. We discuss how these pathogens differ in their lifestyles and infection modes, and present the defense strategies that plants have adopted to prevent the intercellular spread of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Rautengarten C, Ebert B, Herter T, Petzold CJ, Ishii T, Mukhopadhyay A, Usadel B, Scheller HV. The interconversion of UDP-arabinopyranose and UDP-arabinofuranose is indispensable for plant development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1373-90. [PMID: 21478444 PMCID: PMC3101560 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
L-Ara, an important constituent of plant cell walls, is found predominantly in the furanose rather than in the thermodynamically more stable pyranose form. Nucleotide sugar mutases have been demonstrated to interconvert UDP-Larabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) and UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) in rice (Oryza sativa). These enzymes belong to a small gene family encoding the previously named Reversibly Glycosylated Proteins (RGPs). RGPs are plant-specific cytosolic proteins that tend to associate with the endomembrane system. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the RGP protein family consists of five closely related members. We characterized all five RGPs regarding their expression pattern and subcellular localizations in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Enzymatic activity assays of recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli identified three of the Arabidopsis RGP protein family members as UDP-L-Ara mutases that catalyze the formation of UDP-Araf from UDP-Arap. Coimmunoprecipitation and subsequent liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed a distinct interaction network between RGPs in different Arabidopsis organs. Examination of cell wall polysaccharide preparations from RGP1 and RGP2 knockout mutants showed a significant reduction in total L-Ara content (12–31%) compared with wild-type plants. Concomitant downregulation of RGP1 and RGP2 expression results in plants almost completely deficient in cell wall–derived L-Ara and exhibiting severe developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Rautengarten
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Feedstocks Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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Bar-Peled M, O'Neill MA. Plant nucleotide sugar formation, interconversion, and salvage by sugar recycling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:127-55. [PMID: 21370975 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are the universal sugar donors for the formation of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids, and glycosylated secondary metabolites. At least 100 genes encode proteins involved in the formation of nucleotide sugars. These nucleotide sugars are formed using the carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis, the sugar generated by hydrolyzing translocated sucrose, the sugars released from storage carbohydrates, the salvage of sugars from glycoproteins and glycolipids, the recycling of sugars released during primary and secondary cell wall restructuring, and the sugar generated during plant-microbe interactions. Here we emphasize the importance of the salvage of sugars released from glycans for the formation of nucleotide sugars. We also outline how recent studies combining biochemical, genetic, molecular and cellular approaches have led to an increased appreciation of the role nucleotide sugars in all aspects of plant growth and development. Nevertheless, our understanding of these pathways at the single cell level is far from complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Bar-Peled
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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35
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Segami S, Nakanishi Y, Sato MH, Maeshima M. Quantification, organ-specific accumulation and intracellular localization of type II H(+)-pyrophosphatase in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1350-60. [PMID: 20605924 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most plants have two types of H(+)-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatases (H(+)-PPases), I and II, which differ in primary sequence and K(+) dependence of enzyme function. Arabidopsis thaliana has three genes for H(+)-PPases: one for type I and two for type II. The type I H(+)-PPase requires K(+) for maximal enzyme activity and functions together with H(+)-ATPase in vacuolar membranes. The physiological role of the type II enzyme, which does not require K(+), is not clear. We focused on the type II enzymes (AtVHP2;1 and AtVHP2;2) of A. thaliana. Total amounts of AtVHP2s were quantified immunochemically using a specific antibody and determined to be 22 and 12 ng mg(-1) of total protein in the microsomal fractions of suspension-cultured cells and young roots, respectively, and the values are approximately 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively, of the vacuolar H(+)-PPase. In plants, AtVHP2s were detected immunochemically in all tissues except mature leaves, and were abundant in roots and flowers. The intracellular localization of AtVHP2s in suspension cells was determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and immunoblotting. Comparison with a number of marker proteins revealed localization in the Golgi apparatus and the trans-Golgi network. These results suggest that the type II H(+)-PPase functions as a proton pump in the Golgi and related vesicles in young tissues, although its content is very low compared with the type I enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Segami
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Konishi T, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Funane K, Miyazaki Y, Konishi T, Ishii T. An arginyl residue in rice UDP-arabinopyranose mutase is required for catalytic activity and autoglycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:787-91. [PMID: 20149347 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants use UDP-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) to donate Araf residues in the biosynthesis of Araf-containing complex carbohydrates. UDP-Araf itself is formed from UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) by UDP-arabinopyranose mutase (UAM). However, the mechanism by which this enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-Arap and UDP-Araf has not been determined. To gain insight into this reaction, functionally recombinant rUAMs were reacted with UDP-Glc or UDP-Araf. The glycosylated recombinant UAMs were fragmented with trypsin, and the glycopeptides formed were then identified and sequenced by LC-MS/MS. The results of these experiments, together with site-directed mutagenesis studies, suggest that in functional UAMs an arginyl residue is reversibly glycosylated with a single glycosyl residue, and that this residue is required for mutase activity. We also provide evidence that a DXD motif is required for catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Konishi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Zavaliev R, Sagi G, Gera A, Epel BL. The constitutive expression of Arabidopsis plasmodesmal-associated class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptide impairs plant development and virus spread. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:131-42. [PMID: 19887501 PMCID: PMC2791124 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis class 1 reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (C1RGPs) were shown to be plasmodesmal-associated proteins. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants constitutively expressing GFP tagged AtRGP2 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter are stunted, have a rosette-like growth pattern, and in source leaves exhibit strong chlorosis, increased photoassimilate retention and starch accumulation that results in elevated leaf specific fresh and dry weights. Basal callose levels around plasmodesmata (Pd) of leaf epidermal cells in transgenic plants are higher than in WT. Such a phenotype is characteristic of virus-infected plants and some transgenic plants expressing Pd-associated viral movement proteins (MP). The local spread of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is inhibited in AtRGP2:GFP transgenics compared to WT. Taken together these observations suggest that overexpression of the AtRGP2:GFP leads to a reduction in Pd permeability to photoassimilate, thus lowering the normal rate of translocation from source leaves to sink organs. Such a reduction may also inhibit the local cell-to-cell spread of viruses in transgenic plants. The observed reduction in Pd permeability could be due to a partial Pd occlusion caused either by the accumulation of AtRGP2:GFP fusion in Pd, and/or by constriction of Pd by the excessive callose accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Department of Plant Sciences, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Guy Sagi
- Department of Plant Sciences, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Abed Gera
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Bernard L. Epel
- Department of Plant Sciences, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Sandhu APS, Randhawa GS, Dhugga KS. Plant cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:840-50. [PMID: 19825661 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The wall of an expanding plant cell consists primarily of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix of hemicellulosic and pectic polysaccharides along with small amounts of structural and enzymatic proteins. Matrix polysaccharides are synthesized in the Golgi and exported to the cell wall by exocytosis, where they intercalate among cellulose microfibrils, which are made at the plasma membrane and directly deposited into the cell wall. Involvement of Golgi glucan synthesis in auxin-induced cell expansion has long been recognized; however, only recently have the genes corresponding to glucan synthases been identified. Biochemical purification was unsuccessful because of the labile nature and very low abundance of these enzymes. Mutational genetics also proved fruitless. Expression of candidate genes identified through gene expression profiling or comparative genomics in heterologous systems followed by functional characterization has been relatively successful. Several genes from the cellulose synthase-like (Csl) family have been found to be involved in the synthesis of various hemicellulosic glycans. The usefulness of this approach, however, is limited to those enzymes that probably do not form complexes consisting of unrelated proteins. Nonconventional approaches will continue to incrementally unravel the mechanisms of Golgi polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Pal S Sandhu
- Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., A DuPont Company, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131, USA
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Viswanathan R, Ramesh Sundar A, Malathi P, Rahul PR, Ganesh Kumar V, Banumathy R, Prathima PT, Raveendran M, Kumar KK, Balasubramanian P. Interaction between sugarcane and Colletotrichum falcatum causing red rot: Understanding disease resistance at transcription level. SUGAR TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12355-009-0008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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40
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Barjaktarović Ž, Schütz W, Madlung J, Fladerer C, Nordheim A, Hampp R. Changes in the effective gravitational field strength affect the state of phosphorylation of stress-related proteins in callus cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:779-89. [PMID: 19129159 PMCID: PMC2652066 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study it was shown that callus cell cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana respond to changes in gravitational field strengths by changes in protein expression. Using ESI-MS/MS for proteins with differential abundance after separation by 2D-PAGE, 28 spots which changed reproducibly and significantly in amount (P <0.05) after 2 h of hypergravity (18 up-regulated, 10 down-regulated) could be identified. The corresponding proteins were largely involved in stress responses, including the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, these investigations are extended to phosphorylated proteins. For this purpose, callus cell cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana were exposed to hypergravity (8 g) and simulated weightlessness (random positioning; RP) for up to 30 min, a period of time which yielded the most reliable data. The first changes, however, were visible as early as 10 min after the start of treatment. In comparison to 1 g controls, exposure to hypergravity resulted in 18 protein spots, and random positioning in 25, respectively, with increased/decreased signal intensity by at least 2-fold (P <0.05). Only one spot (alanine aminotransferase) responded the same way under both treatments. After 30 min of RP, four spots appeared, which could not be detected in control samples. Among the protein spots altered in phosphorylation, it was possible to identify 24 from those responding to random positioning and 12 which responded to 8 g. These 12 proteins (8 g) are partly (5 out of 12) the same as those changed in expression after exposure to 2 h of hypergravity. The respective proteins are involved in scavenging and detoxification of ROS (32%), primary metabolism (20.5%), general signalling (14.7%), protein translation and proteolysis (14.7%), and ion homeostasis (8.8%). Together with our recent data on protein expression, it is assumed that changes in gravitational fields induce the production of ROS. Our data further indicate that responses toward RP are more by post-translational protein modulation (most changes in the degree of phosphorylation occur under RP-treatment) than by protein expression (hypergravity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Žarko Barjaktarović
- University of Tübingen, Botany Institute, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schütz
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Proteom Centrum Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Madlung
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Proteom Centrum Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Fladerer
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Proteom Centrum Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Nordheim
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Proteom Centrum Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hampp
- University of Tübingen, Botany Institute, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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41
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Konishi T, Ishii T. Plant UDP-Arabinopyranose Mutase. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2009. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.56.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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42
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Tran HT, Plaxton WC. Proteomic analysis of alterations in the secretome of
Arabidopsis thaliana
suspension cells subjected to nutritional phosphate deficiency. Proteomics 2008; 8:4317-26. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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43
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Shoresh M, Harman GE. The molecular basis of shoot responses of maize seedlings to Trichoderma harzianum T22 inoculation of the root: a proteomic approach. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:2147-63. [PMID: 18562766 PMCID: PMC2492612 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.123810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are effective biocontrol agents for several soil-borne plant pathogens, and some are also known for their abilities to enhance systemic resistance to plant diseases and overall plant growth. Root colonization with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain 22 (T22) induces large changes in the proteome of shoots of maize (Zea mays) seedlings, even though T22 is present only on roots. We chose a proteomic approach to analyze those changes and identify pathways and genes that are involved in these processes. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in response to colonization of maize plants with T22. Up- or down-regulated spots were subjected to tryptic digestion followed by identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nanospray ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 91 out of 114 up-regulated and 30 out of 50 down-regulated proteins in the shoots. Classification of these revealed that a large portion of the up-regulated proteins are involved in carbohydrate metabolism and some were photosynthesis or stress related. Increased photosynthesis should have resulted in increased starch accumulation in seedlings and did indeed occur. In addition, numerous proteins induced in response to Trichoderma were those involved in stress and defense responses. Other processes that were up-regulated were amino acid metabolism, cell wall metabolism, and genetic information processing. Conversely, while the proteins involved in the pathways noted above were generally up-regulated, proteins involved in other processes such as secondary metabolism and protein biosynthesis were generally not affected. Up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and resistance responses may correspond to the enhanced growth response and induced resistance, respectively, conferred by the Trichoderma inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Shoresh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA.
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44
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Tang W, Deng Z, Oses-Prieto JA, Suzuki N, Zhu S, Zhang X, Burlingame AL, Wang ZY. Proteomics studies of brassinosteroid signal transduction using prefractionation and two-dimensional DIGE. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:728-38. [PMID: 18182375 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700358-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction involves posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions, which can be studied by proteomics. In Arabidopsis, the steroid hormone (brassinosteroid (BR)) binds to the extracellular domain of a receptor kinase (BRI1) to initiate a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascade that controls gene expression and plant growth. Here we detected early BR signaling events and identified early response proteins using prefractionation and two-dimensional (2-D) DIGE. Proteomic changes induced rapidly by BR treatments were detected in phosphoprotein and plasma membrane (PM) fractions by 2-D DIGE but not in total protein extracts. LC-MS/MS analysis of gel spots identified 19 BR-regulated PM proteins and six proteins from phosphoprotein fractions. These include the BAK1 receptor kinase and BZR1 transcription factor of the BR signaling pathway. Both proteins showed spot shifts consistent with BR-regulated phosphorylation. In addition, in vivo phosphorylation sites were identified for BZR1, two tetratricopeptide repeat proteins, and a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1). Overexpression of a novel BR-induced PM protein (DREPP) partially suppressed the phenotypes of a BR-deficient mutant, demonstrating its important function in BR responses. Our study demonstrates that prefractionation coupled with 2-D DIGE is a powerful approach for studying signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Tang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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45
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De Pino V, Borán M, Norambuena L, González M, Reyes F, Orellana A, Moreno S. Complex formation regulates the glycosylation of the reversibly glycosylated polypeptide. PLANTA 2007; 226:335-45. [PMID: 17333254 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Reversible glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) are highly conserved plant-specific proteins, which can perform self-glycosylation. These proteins have been shown essential in plants yet its precise function remains unknown. In order to understand the function of this self-glycosylating polypeptide, it is important to establish what factors are involved in the regulation of the RGP activity. Here we show that incubation at high ionic strength produced a high self-glycosylation level and a high glycosylation reversibility of RGP from Solanum tuberosum L. In contrast, incubation at low ionic strength led to a low level of glycosylation and a low glycosylation reversibility of RGP. The incubation at low ionic strength favored the formation of high molecular weight RGP-containing forms, whereas incubation at high ionic strength produced active RGP with a molecular weight similar to the one expected for the monomer. Our data also showed that glycosylation of RGP, in its monomeric form, was highly reversible, whereas, a low reversibility of the protein glycosylation was observed when RGP was part of high molecular weight structures. In addition, glycosylation of RGP increased the occurrence of non-monomeric RGP-containing forms, suggesting that glycosylation may favor multimer formation. Finally, our results indicated that RGP from Arabidopsis thaliana and Pisum sativum are associated to golgi membranes, as part of protein complexes. A model for the regulation of the RGP activity and its binding to golgi membranes based on the glycosylation of the protein is proposed where the sugars linked to oligomeric form of RGP in the golgi may be transferred to acceptors involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica De Pino
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Fundación Instituto Leloir, formerly Fundación Campomar, I.I.B.B.A. Patricias Argentinas 435, Capital Federal 1405, Argentina
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46
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Burstin J, Marget P, Huart M, Moessner A, Mangin B, Duchene C, Desprez B, Munier-Jolain N, Duc G. Developmental genes have pleiotropic effects on plant morphology and source capacity, eventually impacting on seed protein content and productivity in pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:768-81. [PMID: 17449650 PMCID: PMC1914171 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.096966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing pea (Pisum sativum) seed nutritional value and particularly seed protein content, while maintaining yield, is an important challenge for further development of this crop. Seed protein content and yield are complex and unstable traits, integrating all the processes occurring during the plant life cycle. During filling, seeds are the main sink to which assimilates are preferentially allocated at the expense of vegetative organs. Nitrogen seed demand is satisfied partly by nitrogen acquired by the roots, but also by nitrogen remobilized from vegetative organs. In this study, we evaluated the respective roles of nitrogen source capacity and sink strength in the genetic variability of seed protein content and yield. We showed in eight genotypes of diverse origins that both the maximal rate of nitrogen accumulation in the seeds and nitrogen source capacity varied among genotypes. Then, to identify the genetic factors responsible for seed protein content and yield variation, we searched for quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed traits and for indicators of sink strength and source nitrogen capacity. We detected 261 QTL across five environments for all traits measured. Most QTL for seed and plant traits mapped in clusters, raising the possibility of common underlying processes and candidate genes. In most environments, the genes Le and Afila, which control internode length and the switch between leaflets and tendrils, respectively, determined plant nitrogen status. Depending on the environment, these genes were linked to QTL of seed protein content and yield, suggesting that source-sink adjustments depend on growing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Burstin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR102 Genetics and Ecophysiology of Grain Legumes, 21110 Bretenières, France.
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47
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Konishi T, Takeda T, Miyazaki Y, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Hayashi T, O'Neill MA, Ishii T. A plant mutase that interconverts UDP-arabinofuranose and UDP-arabinopyranose. Glycobiology 2006; 17:345-54. [PMID: 17182701 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls constitute the bulk of the earth renewable source of energy and are a component in the diet of humans and herbivores. l-Arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues are a quantifiably important constituent of these walls. Plants use uridine diphosphate (UDP)-l-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) to donate Araf residues in the biosynthesis of Araf-containing polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. However, little is known about the formation of UDP-Araf. We now describe the purification and partial characterization of a rice UDP-arabinopyranose mutase (UAM) that catalyzes the formation of UDP-Araf from UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap). The reaction is reversible and at thermodynamic equilibrium the pyranose form is favored over the furanose form (90 : 10). Three related proteins that are encoded by rice gene loci Os03g40270, Os04g56520, and Os07g41360 were identified from partial amino acid sequences of UAM. These proteins have >80% sequence identity with polypeptides that are reversibly glycosylated in the presence of UDP-sugars. The rice mutase and two functionally active recombinant mutases were shown to be reversibly glycosylated in the presence of UDP-Glc. The cofactor, flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD), is required for the catalytic activity of UDP-galactose mutases of prokaryotes, fungi, and protozoa. The plant mutases, which do not require a cofactor, must therefore have a different catalytic mechanism. Putative UAM-encoding genes are present in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the moss Physcomitrella patens, the gymnosperm Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), and in numerous dicots and monocots, indicating that UAMs are widespread in green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruko Konishi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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48
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Drakakaki G, Zabotina O, Delgado I, Robert S, Keegstra K, Raikhel N. Arabidopsis reversibly glycosylated polypeptides 1 and 2 are essential for pollen development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:1480-92. [PMID: 17071651 PMCID: PMC1676068 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.086363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) have been implicated in polysaccharide biosynthesis. To date, to our knowledge, no direct evidence exists for the involvement of RGPs in a particular biochemical process. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains five RGP genes out of which RGP1 and RGP2 share the highest sequence identity. We characterized the native expression pattern of Arabidopsis RGP1 and RGP2 and used reverse genetics to investigate their respective functions. Although both genes are ubiquitously expressed, the highest levels are observed in actively growing tissues and in mature pollen, in particular. RGPs showed cytoplasmic and transient association with Golgi. In addition, both proteins colocalized in the same compartments and coimmunoprecipitated from plant cell extracts. Single-gene disruptions did not show any obvious morphological defects under greenhouse conditions, whereas the double-insertion mutant could not be recovered. We present evidence that the double mutant is lethal and demonstrate the critical role of RGPs, particularly in pollen development. Detailed analysis demonstrated that mutant pollen development is associated with abnormally enlarged vacuoles and a poorly defined inner cell wall layer, which consequently results in disintegration of the pollen structure during pollen mitosis I. Taken together, our results indicate that RGP1 and RGP2 are required during microspore development and pollen mitosis, either affecting cell division and/or vacuolar integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Drakakaki
- The Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Selth LA, Dogra SC, Rasheed MS, Randles JW, Rezaian MA. Identification and characterization of a host reversibly glycosylated peptide that interacts with the Tomato leaf curl virus V1 protein. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 61:297-310. [PMID: 16786308 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Monopartite geminiviruses of the genus Begomovirus have two virion-sense genes, V1 and V2. V2 encodes the viral coat protein, but the function of V1 is largely unknown, although some studies suggest that it may play a role in cell-to-cell movement. Yeast two-hybrid technology was used to identify possible host binding partners of V1 from Tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) to better understand its function. A protein closely related to a family of plant reversibly glycosylated peptides, designated SlUPTG1, was found to interact with V1 in yeast and in vitro. SlUPTG1 may function endogenously in the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, since a bacterially expressed form of the protein acted as an autocatalytic glycosyltransferase in vitro, a SlUPTG1:GFP fusion protein localized to the cell wall, and expression of SlUPTG1 appeared to be highest in actively dividing tissues. However, expression of SlUPTG1 in a transient TLCV replication assay increased the accumulation of viral DNA, suggesting that this host factor also plays a role in viral infection. Together, these data provide new insight into the role of V1 in TLCV infection and reveal another host pathway which geminiviruses may manipulate to achieve an efficient infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Selth
- Horticulture Unit, CSIRO Plant Industry, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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50
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Wu AM, Ling C, Liu JY. Isolation of a cotton reversibly glycosylated polypeptide (GhRGP1) promoter and its expression activity in transgenic tobacco. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:426-35. [PMID: 16455356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) are thought to be involved in polysaccharide metabolism. A cDNA of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) RGP gene, designated GhRGP1, has previously been characterized, and is preferentially expressed in fiber cells. In order to investigate its temporal and spatial control, we isolated a 624bp fragment upstream of the GhRGP1 coding sequence using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genomic walking method, transcriptionally fused the 624bp promoter sequence to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene, and analyzed the stable gene expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). In 4-week-old transgenic tobacco plants, the highest expression level was observed in roots, and the GUS activity was 1.13- and 6.65-fold higher than that in stems and leaves, respectively. In the reproductive growth stage, the GUS expression level was highest in the pistils and the GUS activity in the stigmas and styles were 17.6-fold higher than that in the ovaries. High GUS activity was also detected in the anthers. In addition, histochemical staining for GUS activity on transgenic tobacco plants further indicated a higher expression in the trichomes, seeds and vascular tissues of stems. Abiotic stress treatments on transgenic tobacco plants showed that wounding and dehydration induced GUS expression. These results demonstrated the spatial and temporal regulation of a cotton RGP promoter in a model plant, and provided an important insight into the factors that control the fiber development and stress responses of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and MOE Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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