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Abstract
Wheat grain development is an important biological process to determine grain yield and quality, which is controlled by the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Wheat grain development has been extensively characterized at the phenotypic and genetic levels. The advent of innovative molecular technologies allows us to characterize genes, proteins, and regulatory factors involved in wheat grain development, which have enhanced our understanding of the wheat seed development process. However, wheat is an allohexaploid with a large genome size, the molecular mechanisms underlying the wheat grain development have not been well understood as those in diploids. Understanding grain development, and how it is regulated, is of fundamental importance for improving grain yield and quality through conventional breeding or genetic engineering. Herein, we review the current discoveries on the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat grain development. Notably, only a handful of genes that control wheat grain development have, thus far, been well characterized, their interplay underlying the grain development remains elusive. The synergistic network-integrated genomics and epigenetics underlying wheat grain development and how the subgenome divergence dynamically and precisely regulates wheat grain development are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Genlou Sun
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada
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2
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Fahy B, Gonzalez O, Savva GM, Ahn-Jarvis JH, Warren FJ, Dunn J, Lovegrove A, Hazard BA. Loss of starch synthase IIIa changes starch molecular structure and granule morphology in grains of hexaploid bread wheat. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10806. [PMID: 35752653 PMCID: PMC9233681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch synthase III plays a key role in starch biosynthesis and is highly expressed in developing wheat grains. To understand the contribution of SSIII to starch and grain properties, we developed wheat ssIIIa mutants in the elite cultivar Cadenza using in silico TILLING in a mutagenized population. SSIIIa protein was undetectable by immunoblot analysis in triple ssIIIa mutants carrying mutations in each homoeologous copy of ssIIIa (A, B and D). Loss of SSIIIa in triple mutants led to significant changes in starch phenotype including smaller A-type granules and altered granule morphology. Starch chain-length distributions of double and triple mutants indicated greater levels of amylose than sibling controls (33.8% of starch in triple mutants, and 29.3% in double mutants vs. 25.5% in sibling controls) and fewer long amylopectin chains. Wholemeal flour of triple mutants had more resistant starch (6.0% vs. 2.9% in sibling controls) and greater levels of non-starch polysaccharides; the grains appeared shrunken and weighed ~ 11% less than the sibling control which was partially explained by loss in starch content. Interestingly, our study revealed gene dosage effects which could be useful for fine-tuning starch properties in wheat breeding applications while minimizing impact on grain weight and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Gonzalez
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - George M Savva
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | | | - Frederick J Warren
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | | | | | - Brittany A Hazard
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK.
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Alsamadany H, Ahmed Z, Alzahrani Y. Determinants of resistant starch accumulation in wheat endosperm. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103310. [PMID: 36313385 PMCID: PMC9614566 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A part of the big three cereal crops in the world, wheat has become a major constituent of the everyday food chain and is grown at a massive scale to meet global demands. This makes it an important crop from an economic as well as food security perspective. Selection of high-quality cultivars and consistent trait enhancement for such cultivars is crucial, and in light of new challenges from climate change, this has become an absolute necessity of time. In this regard, we conducted a detailed qualitative and quantitative trait analysis for multiple commercially viable varieties of wheat, and corresponding results were subjected to a series of critical statistical analyses. Final results have shown that five cultivars including Uqaab-2000, Faisalabad- 85, Anmol-19, NARC-2009, and Pirsabak-2004 depicts higher levels of various essential qualitative and quantitative traits (including Starch content, grain weight, RS content, Protein content, etc.) and are most viable varieties for further growth and trait enhancements to meet regional and global food challenges.
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Expression analyses of soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzyme isoforms in stem and leaf tissues under different photoperiods in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Roncallo PF, Larsen AO, Achilli AL, Pierre CS, Gallo CA, Dreisigacker S, Echenique V. Linkage disequilibrium patterns, population structure and diversity analysis in a worldwide durum wheat collection including Argentinian genotypes. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:233. [PMID: 33820546 PMCID: PMC8022437 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum Desf. Husn) is the main staple crop used to make pasta products worldwide. Under the current climate change scenarios, genetic variability within a crop plays a crucial role in the successful release of new varieties with high yields and wide crop adaptation. In this study we evaluated a durum wheat collection consisting of 197 genotypes that mainly comprised a historical set of Argentinian germplasm but also included worldwide accessions. Results We assessed the genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns in this collection using a 35 K SNP array. The level of polymorphism was considered, taking account of the frequent and rare allelic variants. A total of 1547 polymorphic SNPs was located within annotated genes. Genetic diversity in the germplasm collection increased slightly from 1915 to 2010. However, a reduction in genetic diversity using SNPs with rare allelic variants was observed after 1979. However, larger numbers of rare private alleles were observed in the 2000–2009 period, indicating that a high reservoir of rare alleles is still present among the recent germplasm in a very low frequency. The percentage of pairwise loci in LD in the durum genome was low (13.4%) in our collection. Overall LD and the high (r2 > 0.7) or complete (r2 = 1) LD presented different patterns in the chromosomes. The LD increased over three main breeding periods (1915–1979, 1980–1999 and 2000–2020). Conclusions Our results suggest that breeding and selection have impacted differently on the A and B genomes, particularly on chromosome 6A and 2A. The collection was structured in five sub-populations and modern Argentinian accessions (cluster Q4) which were clearly differentiated. Our study contributes to the understanding of the complexity of Argentinian durum wheat germplasm and to derive future breeding strategies enhancing the use of genetic diversity in a more efficient and targeted way. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07519-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Federico Roncallo
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Adelina Olga Larsen
- CEI Barrow, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Tres Arroyos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Laura Achilli
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Carolina Saint Pierre
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | - Cristian Andrés Gallo
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Susanne Dreisigacker
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | - Viviana Echenique
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Bouzid A, Arous A, Felouah OC, Merah O, Adda A. Contribution of Current Photosynthesis and Reserves Remobilization in Grain Filling and Its Composition of Durum Wheat Under Different Water Regimes. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun202068060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kaushik M, Rai S, Venkadesan S, Sinha SK, Mohan S, Mandal PK. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Important Candidate Genes Related to Nutrient Reservoir, Carbohydrate Metabolism, and Defence Proteins during Grain Development of Hexaploid Bread Wheat and Its Diploid Progenitors. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E509. [PMID: 32380773 PMCID: PMC7290843 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat grain development after anthesis is an important biological process, in which major components of seeds are synthesised, and these components are further required for germination and seed vigour. We have made a comparative RNA-Seq analysis between hexaploid wheat and its individual diploid progenitors to know the major differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved during grain development. Two libraries from each species were generated with an average of 55.63, 55.23, 68.13, and 103.81 million reads, resulting in 79.3K, 113.7K, 90.6K, and 121.3K numbers of transcripts in AA, BB, DD, and AABBDD genome species respectively. Number of expressed genes in hexaploid wheat was not proportional to its genome size, but marginally higher than that of its diploid progenitors. However, to capture all the transcripts in hexaploid wheat, sufficiently higher number of reads was required. Functional analysis of DEGs, in all the three comparisons, showed their predominance in three major classes of genes during grain development, i.e., nutrient reservoirs, carbohydrate metabolism, and defence proteins; some of them were subsequently validated through real time quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Further, developmental stage-specific gene expression showed most of the defence protein genes expressed during initial developmental stages in hexaploid contrary to the diploids at later stages. Genes related to carbohydrates anabolism expressed during early stages, whereas catabolism genes expressed at later stages in all the species. However, no trend was observed in case of different nutrient reservoirs gene expression. This data could be used to study the comparative gene expression among the three diploid species and homeologue-specific expression in hexaploid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kaushik
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India;
| | - Shubham Rai
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sureshkumar Venkadesan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Subodh Kumar Sinha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sumedha Mohan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology (AIB), Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India;
| | - Pranab Kumar Mandal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India; (M.K.); (S.R.); (S.V.); (S.K.S.)
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Molecular cloning and characterization of a gene encoding soluble starch synthase III (SSSIII) in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Irshad A, Guo H, Zhang S, Gu J, Zhao L, Xie Y, Xiong H, Zhao S, Ding Y, Ma Y, Liu L. EcoTILLING Reveals Natural Allelic Variations in Starch Synthesis Key Gene TaSSIV and Its Haplotypes Associated with Higher Thousand Grain Weight. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040307. [PMID: 31003564 PMCID: PMC6523294 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat is a staple food commodity grown worldwide, and wheat starch is a valuable source of energy and carbon that constitutes 80% of the grain weight. Manipulation of genes involved in starch synthesis significantly affects wheat grain weight and yield. TaSSIV plays an important role in starch synthesis and its main function is granule formation. To mine and stack more favorable alleles, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TaSSIV-A, B, and D were investigated across 362 wheat accessions by Ecotype-Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genome (EcoTILLING). As a result, a total of 38 SNPs in the amplified regions of three TaSSIV genes were identified, of which 10, 15, and 13 were in TaSSIV-A, B, and D, respectively. These 38 SNPs were evaluated by using KASP and six SNPs showed an allele frequency >5% whereas the rest were <5%, i.e., considered to be minor alleles. In the Chinese mini core collection, three haplotypes were detected for TaSSIV–A and three for TaSSIV–B. The results of an association study in the Chinese mini core collection with thousand grain weight (TGW) and spike length (SPL) showed that Hap-2-1A was significantly associated with TGW and Hap-3-1B with SPL. Allelic frequency and geographic distribution indicated that the favored haplotype (Hap-2-1A) has been positively selected in Chinese wheat breeding. These results suggested that the Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers can be applied in starch improvement to ultimately improve wheat yield by marker assisted selection in wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Irshad
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Huijun Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shunlin Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jiayu Gu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Linshu Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yongdun Xie
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hongchun Xiong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shirong Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yuping Ding
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Youzhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Luxiang Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding/National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China.
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Dong Q, Wang F, Kong J, Xu Q, Li T, Chen L, Chen H, Jiang H, Li C, Cheng B. Functional analysis of ZmMADS1a reveals its role in regulating starch biosynthesis in maize endosperm. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3253. [PMID: 30824731 PMCID: PMC6397188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MADS-box family proteins play an important role in grain formation and flower development; however, the molecular mechanisms by which transcription factors regulate the starch metabolism pathway are unclear in maize. Here, we report a transcription factor, ZmMADS1a, that controls starch biosynthesis in maize (Zea mays L.). We demonstrate the expression of ZmMADS1a in tassel, silk, and endosperm, and show that the protein is localized to the cell nucleus. Compared with the control, seeds of overexpressing ZmMADS1a increased starch content (especially amylose content), had smaller starch granules and altered chemical structure. Meanwhile, overexpression of ZmMADS1a resulted in increases in the contents of soluble sugars and reducing sugars in maize. ZmMADS1a plays a positive regulatory role in the starch biosynthesis pathway by up-regulating several starch biosynthesis related genes. We also show that ZmMADS1a has a similar adjustment mechanism of starch biosynthesis in rice. Collectively, our study suggests that ZmMADS1a functions as a positive regulator of starch biosynthesis by regulating the expression of key starch metabolism genes during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- Maize Research Center, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Maize Research Center, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Jingjing Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Tingchun Li
- Maize Research Center, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Long Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hongjian Chen
- Maize Research Center, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Maize Research Center, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Kumar R, Mukherjee S, Ayele BT. Molecular aspects of sucrose transport and its metabolism to starch during seed development in wheat: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:954-967. [PMID: 29499342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important crops globally, and its grain is mainly used for human food, accounting for 20% of the total dietary calories. It is also used as animal feed and as a raw material for a variety of non-food and non-feed industrial products such as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Starch is the major constituent of a wheat grain, as a result, it is considered as a critical determinant of wheat yield and quality. The amount and composition of starch deposited in wheat grains is controlled primarily by sucrose transport from source tissues to the grain and its conversion to starch. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating these physiological processes provides important opportunities to improve wheat starch yield and quality through biotechnological approaches. This review comprehensively discusses the current understanding of the molecular aspects of sucrose transport and sucrose-to-starch metabolism in wheat grains. It also highlights the advances and prospects of starch biotechnology in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shalini Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Yang B, Xu S, Xu L, You H, Xiang X. Effects of Wx and Its Interaction With SSIII-2 on Rice Eating and Cooking Qualities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:456. [PMID: 29692791 PMCID: PMC5902675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Wx gene encodes a granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) and plays a key role in determining rice eating and cooking qualities (ECQs). SSIII-2 (SSIIIa), a member of the soluble starch synthases, is responsible for the synthesis of long chains of amylopectin. To investigate the effects of Wx and its interaction with SSIII-2 on grain ECQs, a population from a hybrid combination was established as a research material. The genotypes of SSIII-2 and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on intron1, exon6, and exon10 of Wx, and the physicochemical indicators and rapid visco analyzer (RVA) profile characteristics were analyzed. The results revealed various effects of SSIII-2 on rice quality under different backgrounds of Wx alleles. There was no obvious difference between different SSIII-2 alleles under the same background of Wxa , whereas there was a significant diversity under the same background of Wxb . Wxa had a dominant epistasis to SSIII-2 because the effect of SSIII-2 was masked by the massive synthesis of GBSS under Wxa . The apparent amylose content (AAC) was mainly controlled by the In1G/T SNP, and rice gel consistency (GC) was regulated by the Ex10C/T SNP. The combined effects of three SNPs had a significant influence on all ECQs and RVA profile parameters, except for gelatinization temperature. In1T-Ex6A-Ex10C and In1T-Ex6A-Ex10T were classified as being low AAC type. TT-AA-CC and TT-AA-TT had a low AAC and a soft GC. The combined effects of different SNPs of Wx are very important for rice quality breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Shunju Xu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Hui You
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Xunchao Xiang
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Resource Utilization and Modification of Sichuan Province, Mianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xunchao Xiang
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Mishra BP, Kumar R, Mohan A, Gill KS. Conservation and divergence of Starch Synthase III genes of monocots and dicots. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189303. [PMID: 29240782 PMCID: PMC5730167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch Synthase (SS) plays an important role in extending the α-1,4 glucan chains during starch biosynthesis by catalyzing the transfer of the glucosyl moiety from ADP-glucose to the non-reducing end of a pre-existing glucan chain. SS has five distinct isoforms of which SSIII is involved in the formation of longer glucan chain length. Here we report identification and detailed characterization of 'true' orthologs of the well-characterized maize SSIII (ZmSSIII), among six monocots and two dicot species. ZmSSIII orthologs have nucleotide sequence similarity ranging from 56-81%. Variation in gene size among various orthologs ranged from 5.49 kb in Arabidopsis to 11.62 kb in Brachypodium and the variation was mainly due to intron size and indels present in the exons 1 and 3. Number of exons and introns were highly conserved among all orthologs however. While the intron number was conserved, intron phase showed variation at group, genera and species level except for intron 1 and 5. Several species, genera, and class specific cis-acting regulatory elements were identified in the promoter region. The predicted protein size of the SSIII orthologs ranged from 1094 amino acid (aa) in Arabidopsis to 1688 aa in Brachypodium with sequence identity ranging from 60%-89%. The N-terminal region of the protein was highly variable whereas the C-terminal region containing the Glycosyltransferase domain was conserved with >80% sequence similarity among the orthologs. In addition to confirming the known motifs, eleven novel motifs possibly providing species, genera and group specific functions, were identified in the three carbohydrate binding domains. Despite of significant sequence variation among orthologs, most of the motifs and their relative distances are highly conserved among the orthologs. The 3-D structure of catalytic region of SSIII orthologs superimposed with higher confidence confirming the presence of similar binding sites with five unidentified conserved regions in the catalytic (glycosyltransferase) domain including the pockets involved in catalysis and binding of ligands. Homeologs of wheat SSIII gene showed tissue and developmental stage specific expression pattern with the highest expression recorded in developing grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Priyadarshini Mishra
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India
| | - Amita Mohan
- Department of Crops and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, United States of America
| | - Kulvinder S. Gill
- Department of Crops and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zheng XG, Qi JC, Hui HS, Lin LH, Wang F. Starch accumulation in hulless barley during grain filling. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:30. [PMID: 28710720 PMCID: PMC5511127 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-017-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch consists of two types of molecules: amylose and amylopectin. The objective of this study was increase understanding about mechanisms related to starch accumulation in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain by measuring temporal changes in (i) grain amylose and amylopectin content, (ii) starch synthase activity, and (iii) the relative expressions of key starch-related genes. RESULTS The amylopectin/amylose ratio gradually declined in both Beiqing 6 and Kunlun 12. In both cultivars, the activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule bound starch synthase (GBSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) increased steadily during grain filling, reaching their maximums 20-25 days after anthesis. The activities of SSS and SBE were greater in Ganken 5 than in either Beiqing 6 or Kunlun 12. The expression of GBSS I was greater in Beiqing 6 and Kunlun 12 than in Ganken 5. In contrast, the expression of SSS I, SSS II and SBE I was greater in Ganken 5 than in Beiqing 6 and Kunlun 12. The peak in GBSS I expression was later than that of SSS I, SSS II, SBE IIa and SBE IIb. The GBSS I transcript in Kunlun 12 was expressed on average 90 times more than the GBSS II transcript. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that SBE and SSS may control starch synthesis at the transcriptional level, whereas GBSS I may control starch synthesis at the post transcriptional level. GBSS I is mainly responsible for amylose synthesis whereas SSS I and SBE II are mainly responsible for amylopectin synthesis in amyloplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-guang Zheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jun-cang Qi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hong-shan Hui
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Li-hao Lin
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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15
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Miao H, Sun P, Liu Q, Jia C, Liu J, Hu W, Jin Z, Xu B. Soluble Starch Synthase III-1 in Amylopectin Metabolism of Banana Fruit: Characterization, Expression, Enzyme Activity, and Functional Analyses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:454. [PMID: 28424724 PMCID: PMC5371607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Soluble starch synthase (SS) is one of the key enzymes involved in amylopectin biosynthesis in plants. However, no information is currently available about this gene family in the important fruit crop banana. Herein, we characterized the function of MaSSIII-1 in amylopectin metabolism of banana fruit and described the putative role of the other MaSS family members. Firstly, starch granules, starch and amylopectin content were found to increase during banana fruit development, but decline during storage. The SS activity started to increase later than amylopectin and starch content. Secondly, four putative SS genes were cloned and characterized from banana fruit. Among them, MaSSIII-1 showed the highest expression in banana pulp during fruit development at transcriptional levels. Further Western blot analysis suggested that the protein was gradually increased during banana fruit development, but drastically reduced during storage. This expression pattern was highly consistent with changes in starch granules, amylopectin content, and SS activity at the late phase of banana fruit development. Lastly, overexpression of MaSSIII-1 in tomato plants distinctly changed the morphology of starch granules and significantly increased the total starch accumulation, amylopectin content, and SS activity at mature-green stage in comparison to wild-type. The findings demonstrated that MaSSIII-1 is a key gene expressed in banana fruit and responsible for the active amylopectin biosynthesis, this is the first report in a fresh fruit species. Such a finding may enable the development of molecular markers for banana breeding and genetic improvement of nutritional value and functional properties of banana fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Peiguang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture and FoodCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Caihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Juhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikou, China
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16
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Cuesta-Seijo JA, Nielsen MM, Ruzanski C, Krucewicz K, Beeren SR, Rydhal MG, Yoshimura Y, Striebeck A, Motawia MS, Willats WGT, Palcic MM. In vitro Biochemical Characterization of All Barley Endosperm Starch Synthases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1265. [PMID: 26858729 PMCID: PMC4730117 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the main storage polysaccharide in cereals and the major source of calories in the human diet. It is synthesized by a panel of enzymes including five classes of starch synthases (SSs). While the overall starch synthase (SS) reaction is known, the functional differences between the five SS classes are poorly understood. Much of our knowledge comes from analyzing mutant plants with altered SS activities, but the resulting data are often difficult to interpret as a result of pleitropic effects, competition between enzymes, overlaps in enzyme activity and disruption of multi-enzyme complexes. Here we provide a detailed biochemical study of the activity of all five classes of SSs in barley endosperm. Each enzyme was produced recombinantly in E. coli and the properties and modes of action in vitro were studied in isolation from other SSs and other substrate modifying activities. Our results define the mode of action of each SS class in unprecedented detail; we analyze their substrate selection, temperature dependence and stability, substrate affinity and temporal abundance during barley development. Our results are at variance with some generally accepted ideas about starch biosynthesis and might lead to the reinterpretation of results obtained in planta. In particular, they indicate that granule bound SS is capable of processive action even in the absence of a starch matrix, that SSI has no elongation limit, and that SSIV, believed to be critical for the initiation of starch granules, has maltoligosaccharides and not polysaccharides as its preferred substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maja G. Rydhal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mohammed S. Motawia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Cornejo-Ramírez YI, Ramírez-Reyes F, Cinco-Moroyoqui FJ, Rosas-Burgos EC, Martínez-Cruz O, Carvajal-Millán E, Cárdenas-López JL, Torres-Chavez PI, Osuna-Amarillas PS, Borboa-Flores J, Wong-Corral FJ. Starch Debranching Enzyme Activity and Its Effects on Some Starch Physicochemical Characteristics in Developing Substituted and Complete Triticales (XTriticosecaleWittmack). Cereal Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-02-15-0034-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaeel I. Cornejo-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco Ramírez-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
- Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Cinco-Moroyoqui
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Ema C. Rosas-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Oliviert Martínez-Cruz
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millán
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentos y Desarrollo, Carretera a La Victoria km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83304, Mexico
| | - José L. Cárdenas-López
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Patricia I. Torres-Chavez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Pablo S. Osuna-Amarillas
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Unidad Académica Navojoa, Carretera Navojoa-Huatabampo km 5, Navojoa, Sonora, C.P. 85874, Mexico
| | - Jesús Borboa-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Wong-Corral
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Agrícola y Manejo Postcosecha (QAMPO)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, Hermosillo, Sonora, C.P. 83000, Mexico
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18
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Genes involved in the accumulation of starch and lipids in wheat and rice: characterization using molecular and cytogenetic techniques. THE NUCLEUS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-015-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Borrill P, Fahy B, Smith AM, Uauy C. Wheat Grain Filling Is Limited by Grain Filling Capacity rather than the Duration of Flag Leaf Photosynthesis: A Case Study Using NAM RNAi Plants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134947. [PMID: 26241955 PMCID: PMC4524614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that delayed leaf senescence can extend grain filling duration and thus increase yields in cereal crops. We found that wheat (Triticum aestivum) NAM RNAi plants with delayed senescence carried out 40% more flag leaf photosynthesis after anthesis than control plants, but had the same rate and duration of starch accumulation during grain filling and the same final grain weight. The additional photosynthate available in NAM RNAi plants was in part stored as fructans in the stems, whereas stem fructans were remobilised during grain filling in control plants. In both genotypes, activity of starch synthase was limiting for starch synthesis in the later stages of grain filling. We suggest that in order to realise the potential yield gains offered by delayed leaf senescence, this trait should be combined with increased grain filling capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Borrill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Fahy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M. Smith
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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21
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Chen X, Long H, Gao P, Deng G, Pan Z, Liang J, Tang Y, Tashi N, Yu M. Transcriptome assembly and analysis of Tibetan Hulless Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum) developing grains, with emphasis on quality properties. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98144. [PMID: 24871534 PMCID: PMC4037191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hulless barley is attracting increasing attention due to its unique nutritional value and potential health benefits. However, the molecular biology of the barley grain development and nutrient storage are not well understood. Furthermore, the genetic potential of hulless barley has not been fully tapped for breeding. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we investigated the transcriptome features during hulless barley grain development. Using Illumina paired-end RNA-Sequencing, we generated two data sets of the developing grain transcriptomes from two hulless barley landraces. A total of 13.1 and 12.9 million paired-end reads with lengths of 90 bp were generated from the two varieties and were assembled to 48,863 and 45,788 unigenes, respectively. A combined dataset of 46,485 All-Unigenes were generated from two transcriptomes with an average length of 542 bp, and 36,278 among were annotated with gene descriptions, conserved protein domains or gene ontology terms. Furthermore, sequences and expression levels of genes related to the biosynthesis of storage reserve compounds (starch, protein, and β-glucan) were analyzed, and their temporal and spatial patterns were deduced from the transcriptome data of cultivated barley Morex. Conclusions/Significance We established a sequences and functional annotation integrated database and examined the expression profiles of the developing grains of Tibetan hulless barley. The characterization of genes encoding storage proteins and enzymes of starch synthesis and (1–3;1–4)-β-D-glucan synthesis provided an overview of changes in gene expression associated with grain nutrition and health properties. Furthermore, the characterization of these genes provides a gene reservoir, which helps in quality improvement of hulless barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Long
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangbing Deng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhifen Pan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjun Liang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yawei Tang
- Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Nyima Tashi
- Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Maoqun Yu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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McMaugh SJ, Thistleton JL, Anschaw E, Luo J, Konik-Rose C, Wang H, Huang M, Larroque O, Regina A, Jobling SA, Morell MK, Li Z. Suppression of starch synthase I expression affects the granule morphology and granule size and fine structure of starch in wheat endosperm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2189-201. [PMID: 24634486 PMCID: PMC3991748 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies in Arabidopsis and rice suggest that manipulation of starch synthase I (SSI) expression in wheat may lead to the production of wheat grains with novel starch structure and properties. This work describes the suppression of SSI expression in wheat grains using RNAi technology, which leads to a low level of enzymatic activity for SSI in the developing endosperm, and a low abundance of SSI protein inside the starch granules of mature grains. The amylopectin fraction of starch from the SSI suppressed lines showed an increased frequency of very short chains (degree of polymerization, dp 6 and 7), a lower proportion of short chains (dp 8-12), and more intermediate chains (dp 13-20) than in the grain from their negative segregant lines. In the most severely affected line, amylose content was significantly increased, the morphology of starch granules was changed, and the proportion of B starch granules was significantly reduced. The change of the fine structure of the starch in the SSI-RNAi suppression lines alters the gelatinization temperature, swelling power, and viscosity of the starch. This work demonstrates that the roles of SSI in the determination of starch structure and properties are similar among different cereals and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McMaugh
- CSIRO Food Future Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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23
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Wang K, Henry RJ, Gilbert RG. Causal Relations Among Starch Biosynthesis, Structure, and Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40362-014-0016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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24
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Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF, Martín M, Barchiesi J, Grisolía MJ, Hedín N, Carrillo JB. Starch Metabolism in Green Plants. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_78-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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25
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Martín M, Wayllace NZ, Valdez HA, Gomez-Casati DF, Busi MV. Improving the glycosyltransferase activity of Agrobacterium tumefaciens glycogen synthase by fusion of N-terminal starch binding domains (SBDs). Biochimie 2013; 95:1865-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Kang GZ, Xu W, Liu GQ, Peng XQ, Guo TC. Comprehensive analysis of the transcription of starch synthesis genes and the transcription factor RSR1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm. Genome 2012; 56:115-22. [PMID: 23517321 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2012-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA sequences of 26 starch synthesis genes were identified in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and their transcript levels were measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR to assess the function of individual genes and the regulatory mechanism in wheat endosperm. The expression patterns of 26 genes in wheat endosperm were classified into three groups. The genes in group 1 were richly expressed in the early stage of grain development and may be involved in the construction of fundamental cell machinery, synthesis of glucan primers, and initiation of starch granules. The genes in group 2 were highly expressed during the middle and late stages of grain development, and their expression profiles were similar to the accumulation rate of endosperm starch; these genes are presumed to play a crucial role in starch production. The genes in group 3 were scantily expressed throughout the grain development period and might be associated with transitory starch synthesis. Transcripts of the negative transcription factor TaRSR1 were high at the early and late stages of grain development but low during the middle stage. The expression pattern of TaRSR1 was almost opposite to those of the group 2 starch synthesis genes, indicating that TaRSR1 might negatively regulate the expression of many endosperm starch synthesis genes during grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhang Kang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat; the Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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27
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Hu YF, Li YP, Zhang J, Liu H, Tian M, Huang Y. Binding of ABI4 to a CACCG motif mediates the ABA-induced expression of the ZmSSI gene in maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5979-89. [PMID: 23048129 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthase I (SSI) contributes the majority of the starch synthase activity in developing maize endosperm. In this work, the effects of various plant hormones and sugars on the expression of the starch synthase I gene (ZmSSI) in developing maize endosperms were examined. The accumulation of ZmSSI mRNA was induced using abscisic acid (ABA) but not with glucose, sucrose, or gibberellin treatment. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this effect, the ZmSSI promoter region (-1537 to +51) was isolated and analysed. A transient expression assay in maize endosperm tissue showed that the full-length ZmSSI promoter is activated by ABA. The results of deletion and mutation assays demonstrated that a CACCG motif in the ZmSSI promoter is responsible for the ABA inducibility. The results of binding shift assays indicated that this CACCG motif interacts with the maize ABI4 protein in vitro. The overexpression of ABI4 in endosperm tissue enhanced the activity of a promoter containing the CACCG motif in the absence of ABA treatment. Expression pattern analysis indicated that the transcription pattern of ABI4 in the developing maize endosperm was induced by ABA treatment but was only slightly affected by glucose or sucrose treatment. Taken together, these data indicate that ABI4 binds to the CACCG motif in the ZmSSI promoter and mediates its ABA inducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Hu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
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28
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Li Z, Li D, Du X, Wang H, Larroque O, Jenkins CLD, Jobling SA, Morell MK. The barley amo1 locus is tightly linked to the starch synthase IIIa gene and negatively regulates expression of granule-bound starch synthetic genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5217-31. [PMID: 21813797 PMCID: PMC3193023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study of barley starch synthesis, the interaction between mutations at the sex6 locus and the amo1 locus has been characterized. Four barley genotypes, the wild type, sex6, amo1, and the amo1sex6 double mutant, were generated by backcrossing the sex6 mutation present in Himalaya292 into the amo1 'high amylose Glacier'. The wild type, amo1, and sex6 genotypes gave starch phenotypes consistent with previous studies. However, the amo1sex6 double mutant yielded an unexpected phenotype, a significant increase in starch content relative to the sex6 phenotype. Amylose content (as a percentage of starch) was not increased above the level observed for the sex6 mutation alone; however, on a per seed basis, grain from lines containing the amo1 mutation (amo1 mutants and amo1sex6 double mutants) synthesize significantly more amylose than the wild-type lines and sex6 mutants. The level of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) protein in starch granules is increased in lines containing the amo1 mutation (amo1 and amo1sex6). In the amo1 genotype, starch synthase I (SSI), SSIIa, starch branching enzyme IIa (SBEIIa), and SBEIIb also markedly increased in the starch granules. Genetic mapping studies indicate that the ssIIIa gene is tightly linked to the amo1 locus, and the SSIIIa protein from the amo1 mutant has a leucine to arginine residue substitution in a conserved domain. Zymogram analysis indicates that the amo1 phenotype is not a consequence of total loss of enzymatic activity although it remains possible that the amo1 phenotype is underpinned by a more subtle change. It is therefore proposed that amo1 may be a negative regulator of other genes of starch synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Food Future National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia.
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29
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Wang Z, Li W, Qi J, Shi P, Yin Y. Starch accumulation, activities of key enzyme and gene expression in starch synthesis of wheat endosperm with different starch contents. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2011; 51:419-29. [PMID: 24587516 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate starch accumulation, and the enzymes activity changes and the expression levels of genes and their relationships among them at different developmental stages of wheat grain. We choose Annong9912 and E28 were used in the study. During starch accumulating rate and grain filling rate, and there were obvious genotype difference between Annong9912 and E28. Whether low or high starch content of starch content, the accumulation courses of amylopectin, amylose and total starch were well fitted to the logistic equation by relating starch contents against DAP. The simulation parameters revealed that the higher contents of amylopectin and amylose resulted from earlier initiating accumulation time and greater accumulation rate. And amylose, amylopectin and total starch accumulation rate of two wheat cultures were significantly and positively correlated with activities of SBE, SSS and GBSS, but amylose accumulation rate of E28 had no correlation with the activities of SBE. In addition, there were significant correlations among activities of SBE, SSS and GBSS in two wheat cultivars. We speculated that these enzymes proteins may have a coordinating action in starch biosynthesis within the amyloplast, operating as functional multiprotein complexes. And expression levels of enzyme genes demonstrated a single-peak curve, and 12-18 DAP reached their peaks and then began to drop, and all had high expression level in earlier stage of endosperm development, but in E28 were higher than in Annong9912. The GBSS-I transcripts on average were expressed over 60 times more than GBSS-II transcript in E28. SBE, SSS, DBE may control starch synthesis at the transcriptional level, and GBSS-I may control starch synthesis at the post transcriptional level. The expression level of DBE on average was lower than SS-1 and SBE-IIa genes, and similar to SS-III and SBE-IIb genes, but higher than GBSS-I and GBSS-II genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibu Wang
- School of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832 003 China
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832 003 China
| | - Juncang Qi
- School of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832 003 China
| | - Peichun Shi
- School of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832 003 China
| | - Yongan Yin
- School of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832 003 China
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Valdez HA, Peralta DA, Wayllace NZ, Grisolía MJ, Gomez-Casati DF, Busi MV. Preferential binding of SBD from Arabidopsis thaliana SSIII to polysaccharides: Study of amino acid residues involved. STARCH-STARKE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Wayllace NZ, Valdez HA, Ugalde RA, Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF. The starch-binding capacity of the noncatalytic SBD2 region and the interaction between the N- and C-terminal domains are involved in the modulation of the activity of starch synthase III from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS J 2009; 277:428-40. [PMID: 19968859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starch synthase III from Arabidopsis thaliana contains an N-terminal region, including three in-tandem starch-binding domains, followed by a C-terminal catalytic domain. We have reported previously that starch-binding domains may be involved in the regulation of starch synthase III function. In this work, we analyzed the existence of protein interactions between both domains using pull-down assays, far western blotting and co-expression of the full and truncated starch-binding domains with the catalytic domain. Pull-down assays and co-purification analysis showed that the D(316-344) and D(495-535) regions in the D2 and D3 domains, respectively, but not the individual starch-binding domains, are involved in the interaction with the catalytic domain. We also determined that the residues W366 and Y394 in the D2 domain are important in starch binding. Moreover, the co-purified catalytic domain plus site-directed mutants of the D123 protein lacking these aromatic residues showed that W366 was key to the apparent affinity for the polysaccharide substrate of starch synthase III, whereas either of these amino acid residues altered ADP-glucose kinetics. In addition, the analysis of full-length and truncated proteins showed an almost complete restoration of the apparent affinity for the substrates and V(max) of starch synthase III. The results presented here suggest that the interaction of the N-terminal starch-binding domains, particularly the D(316-344) and D(495-535) regions, with the catalytic domains, as well as the full integrity of the starch-binding capacity of the D2 domain, are involved in the modulation of starch synthase III activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Z Wayllace
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Argentina
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Xu J, Frick M, Laroche A, Ni ZF, Li BY, Lu ZX. Isolation and characterization of the rye Waxy gene. Genome 2009; 52:658-64. [PMID: 19767896 DOI: 10.1139/g09-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complete genomic and cDNA sequences of the Waxy gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) were isolated from the rye genome and characterized. The full-length rye Waxy genomic DNA and cDNA are 2767 bp and 1815 bp, respectively. The genomic sequence has 11 exons interrupted by 10 introns. The rye Waxy gene is GC-rich, with a higher GC frequency in the coding region, especially in the third position of the codons. Exon regions of the rye Waxy gene are more conserved than intron regions when compared with the homologous sequences of other cereals. The mature rye GBSSI proteins share more than 95% sequence identity with their homologs in wheat and barley. A phylogenetic tree based on sequence comparisons of available plant GBSSI proteins shows the evolutionary relationship among Waxy genes from rye and other plant genomes. The identification of the rye Waxy gene will enable the manipulation of starch metabolism in rye and triticale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement, College of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Radchuk VV, Borisjuk L, Sreenivasulu N, Merx K, Mock HP, Rolletschek H, Wobus U, Weschke W. Spatiotemporal profiling of starch biosynthesis and degradation in the developing barley grain. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:190-204. [PMID: 19321714 PMCID: PMC2675734 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.133520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains synthesize starch as the main storage compound. However, some starch is degraded already during caryopsis development. We studied temporal and spatial expression patterns of genes coding for enzymes of starch synthesis and degradation. These profiles coupled with measurements of selected enzyme activities and metabolites have allowed us to propose a role for starch degradation in maternal and filial tissues of developing grains. Early maternal pericarp functions as a major short-term starch storage tissue, possibly ensuring sink strength of the young caryopsis. Gene expression patterns and enzyme activities suggest two different pathways for starch degradation in maternal tissues. One pathway possibly occurs via alpha-amylases 1 and 4 and beta-amylase 1 in pericarp, nucellus, and nucellar projection, tissues that undergo programmed cell death. Another pathway is deducted for living pericarp and chlorenchyma cells, where transient starch breakdown correlates with expression of chloroplast-localized beta-amylases 5, 6, and 7, glucan, water dikinase 1, phosphoglucan, water dikinase, isoamylase 3, and disproportionating enzyme. The suite of genes involved in starch synthesis in filial starchy endosperm is much more complex than in pericarp and involves several endosperm-specific genes. Transient starch turnover occurs in transfer cells, ensuring the maintenance of sink strength in filial tissues and the reallocation of sugars into more proximal regions of the starchy endosperm. Starch is temporally accumulated also in aleurone cells, where it is degraded during the seed filling period, to be replaced by storage proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr V Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Lin Q, Grimaud F, Planchot V, Keeling PL, James MG, Myers AM. Proteins from multiple metabolic pathways associate with starch biosynthetic enzymes in high molecular weight complexes: a model for regulation of carbon allocation in maize amyloplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1541-59. [PMID: 19168640 PMCID: PMC2649383 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.135293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Starch biosynthetic enzymes from maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) amyloplasts exist in cell extracts in high molecular weight complexes; however, the nature of those assemblies remains to be defined. This study tested the interdependence of the maize enzymes starch synthase IIa (SSIIa), SSIII, starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb), and SBEIIa for assembly into multisubunit complexes. Mutations that eliminated any one of those proteins also prevented the others from assembling into a high molecular mass form of approximately 670 kD, so that SSIII, SSIIa, SBEIIa, and SBEIIb most likely all exist together in the same complex. SSIIa, SBEIIb, and SBEIIa, but not SSIII, were also interdependent for assembly into a complex of approximately 300 kD. SSIII, SSIIa, SBEIIa, and SBEIIb copurified through successive chromatography steps, and SBEIIa, SBEIIb, and SSIIa coimmunoprecipitated with SSIII in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. SBEIIa and SBEIIb also were retained on an affinity column bearing a specific conserved fragment of SSIII located outside of the SS catalytic domain. Additional proteins that copurified with SSIII in multiple biochemical methods included the two known isoforms of pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), large and small subunits of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and the sucrose synthase isoform SUS-SH1. PPDK and SUS-SH1 required SSIII, SSIIa, SBEIIa, and SBEIIb for assembly into the 670-kD complex. These complexes may function in global regulation of carbon partitioning between metabolic pathways in developing seeds.
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Sado PE, Tessier D, Vasseur M, Elmorjani K, Guillon F, Saulnier L. Integrating genes and phenotype: a wheat-Arabidopsis-rice glycosyltransferase database for candidate gene analyses. Funct Integr Genomics 2008; 9:43-58. [PMID: 19005709 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-008-0100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) constitute a very large multi-gene superfamily, containing several thousand members identified in sequenced organisms especially in plants. GTs are key enzymes involved in various biological processes such as cell wall formation, storage polysaccharides biosynthesis, and glycosylation of various metabolites. GTs have been identified in rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana, but their precise function has been demonstrated biochemically for only a few. In this work we have established a repertoire of virtually all the wheat (Triticum aestivum) GT sequences, using the large publicly available banks of expressed sequences. Based on sequence similarity with Arabidopsis and rice GTs compiled in the carbohydrate active enzyme database (CAZY), we have identified and classified these wheat sequences. The results were used to feed a searchable database available on the web ( http://wwwappli.nantes.inra.fr:8180/GTIDB ) that can be used for initiating an exhaustive candidate gene survey in wheat applied to a particular biological process. This is illustrated through the identification of GT families which are expressed during cell wall formation in wheat grain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Etienne Sado
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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36
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Leterrier M, Holappa LD, Broglie KE, Beckles DM. Cloning, characterisation and comparative analysis of a starch synthase IV gene in wheat: functional and evolutionary implications. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:98. [PMID: 18826586 PMCID: PMC2576272 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is of great importance to humans as a food and biomaterial, and the amount and structure of starch made in plants is determined in part by starch synthase (SS) activity. Five SS isoforms, SSI, II, III, IV and Granule Bound SSI, have been identified, each with a unique catalytic role in starch synthesis. The basic mode of action of SSs is known; however our knowledge of several aspects of SS enzymology at the structural and mechanistic level is incomplete. To gain a better understanding of the differences in SS sequences that underscore their specificity, the previously uncharacterised SSIVb from wheat was cloned and extensive bioinformatics analyses of this and other SSs sequences were done. RESULTS The wheat SSIV cDNA is most similar to rice SSIVb with which it shows synteny and shares a similar exon-intron arrangement. The wheat SSIVb gene was preferentially expressed in leaf and was not regulated by a circadian clock. Phylogenetic analysis showed that in plants, SSIV is closely related to SSIII, while SSI, SSII and Granule Bound SSI clustered together and distinctions between the two groups can be made at the genetic level and included chromosomal location and intron conservation. Further, identified differences at the amino acid level in their glycosyltransferase domains, predicted secondary structures, global conformations and conserved residues might be indicative of intragroup functional associations. CONCLUSION Based on bioinformatics analysis of the catalytic region of 36 SSs and 3 glycogen synthases (GSs), it is suggested that the valine residue in the highly conserved K-X-G-G-L motif in SSIII and SSIV may be a determining feature of primer specificity of these SSs as compared to GBSSI, SSI and SSII. In GBSSI, the Ile485 residue may partially explain that enzyme's unique catalytic features. The flexible 380s Loop in the starch catalytic domain may be important in defining the specificity of action for each different SS and the G-X-G in motif VI could define SSIV and SSIII action particularly.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Gene Expression
- Gene Library
- Genes, Plant
- Genome, Plant
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plant Leaves/enzymology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Starch Synthase/genetics
- Triticum/enzymology
- Triticum/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leterrier
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Peter Shield Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8617, USA
| | - Lynn D Holappa
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Peter Shield Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8617, USA
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Karen E Broglie
- DuPont-Pioneer, Crop Genetics Research, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19808, USA
| | - Diane M Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, One Peter Shield Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8617, USA
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37
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Hennen-Bierwagen TA, Liu F, Marsh RS, Kim S, Gan Q, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ, James MG, Myers AM. Starch biosynthetic enzymes from developing maize endosperm associate in multisubunit complexes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:1892-908. [PMID: 18281416 PMCID: PMC2287357 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations affecting specific starch biosynthetic enzymes commonly have pleiotropic effects on other enzymes in the same metabolic pathway. Such genetic evidence indicates functional relationships between components of the starch biosynthetic system, including starch synthases (SSs), starch branching enzymes (BEs), and starch debranching enzymes; however, the molecular explanation for these functional interactions is not known. One possibility is that specific SSs, BEs, and/or starch debranching enzymes associate physically with each other in multisubunit complexes. To test this hypothesis, this study sought to identify stable associations between three separate SS polypeptides (SSI, SSIIa, and SSIII) and three separate BE polypeptides (BEI, BEIIa, and BEIIb) from maize (Zea mays) amyloplasts. Detection methods included in vivo protein-protein interaction tests in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nuclei, immunoprecipitation, and affinity purification using recombinant proteins as the solid phase ligand. Eight different instances were detected of specific pairs of proteins associating either directly or indirectly in the same multisubunit complex, and direct, pairwise interactions were indicated by the in vivo test in yeast. In addition, SSIIa, SSIII, BEIIa, and BEIIb all comigrated in gel permeation chromatography in a high molecular mass form of approximately 600 kD, and SSIIa, BEIIa, and BEIIb also migrated in a second high molecular form, lacking SSIII, of approximately 300 kD. Monomer forms of all four proteins were also detected by gel permeation chromatography. The 600- and 300-kD complexes were stable at high salt concentration, suggesting that hydrophobic effects are involved in the association between subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie A Hennen-Bierwagen
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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38
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Valdez HA, Busi MV, Wayllace NZ, Parisi G, Ugalde RA, Gomez-Casati DF. Role of the N-terminal starch-binding domains in the kinetic properties of starch synthase III from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3026-32. [PMID: 18260645 DOI: 10.1021/bi702418h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starch synthase III (SSIII), one of the SS isoforms involved in plant starch synthesis, has been reported to play a regulatory role in the synthesis of transient starch. SSIII from Arabidopsis thaliana contains 1025 amino acid residues and has an N-terminal transit peptide for chloroplast localization which is followed by three repeated starch-binding domains (SBDs; SSIII residues 22-591) and a C-terminal catalytic domain (residues 592-1025) similar to bacterial glycogen synthase. In this work, we constructed recombinant full-length and truncated isoforms of SSIII, lacking one, two, or three SBDs, and recombinant proteins, containing three, two, or one SBD, to investigate the role of these domains in enzyme activity. Results revealed that SSIII uses preferentially ADPGlc, although UDPGlc can also be used as a sugar donor substrate. When ADPGlc was used, the presence of the SBDs confers particular properties to each isoform, increasing the apparent affinity and the V max for the oligosaccharide acceptor substrate. However, no substantial changes in the kinetic parameters for glycogen were observed when UDPGlc was the donor substrate. Under glycogen saturating conditions, the presence of SBDs increases progressively the apparent affinity and V max for ADPGlc but not for UDPGlc. Adsorption assays showed that the N-terminal region of SSIII, containing three, two, or one SBD module have increased capacity to bind starch depending on the number of SBD modules, with the D23 protein (containing the second and third SBD module) being the one that makes the greatest contribution to binding. The results presented here suggest that the N-terminal SBDs have a regulatory role, showing a starch binding capacity and modulating the catalytic properties of SSIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Valdez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), CONICET/UNSAM, Camino Circunvalación Km 6, 7130 Chascomús, Argentina
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39
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Busi MV, Palopoli N, Valdez HA, Fornasari MS, Wayllace NZ, Gomez-Casati DF, Parisi G, Ugalde RA. Functional and structural characterization of the catalytic domain of the starch synthase III from Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteins 2008; 70:31-40. [PMID: 17623838 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen and starch are the major energy storage compounds in most living organisms. The metabolic pathways leading to their synthesis involve the action of several enzymes, among which glycogen synthase (GS) or starch synthase (SS) catalyze the elongation of the alpha-1,4-glucan backbone. At least five SS isoforms were described in Arabidopsis thaliana; it has been reported that the isoform III (SSIII) has a regulatory function on the synthesis of transient plant starch. The catalytic C-terminal domain of A. thaliana SSIII (SSIII-CD) was cloned and expressed. SSIII-CD fully complements the production of glycogen by an Agrobacterium tumefaciens glycogen synthase null mutant, suggesting that this truncated isoform restores in vivo the novo synthesis of bacterial glycogen. In vitro studies revealed that recombinant SSIII-CD uses with more efficiency rabbit muscle glycogen than amylopectin as primer and display a high apparent affinity for ADP-Glc. Fold class assignment methods followed by homology modeling predict a high global similarity to A. tumefaciens GS showing a fully conservation of the ADP-binding residues. On the other hand, this comparison revealed important divergences of the polysaccharide binding domain between AtGS and SSIII-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Busi
- IIB-INTECH, CONICET-UNSAM, Camino Circunvalación km 6, 7130, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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40
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Fujita N, Goto S, Yoshida M, Suzuki E, Nakamura Y. The Function of Rice Starch Synthase I Expressed in Escherichia coli. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2008. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.55.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Senoura T, Asao A, Takashima Y, Isono N, Hamada S, Ito H, Matsui H. Enzymatic characterization of starch synthase III from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). FEBS J 2007; 274:4550-60. [PMID: 17681016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In plants and green algae, several starch synthase isozymes are responsible for the elongation of glucan chains in the biosynthesis of amylose and amylopectin. Multiple starch synthase isozymes, which are classified into five major classes (granule-bound starch synthases, SSI, SSII, SSIII, and SSIV) according to their primary sequences, have distinct enzymatic properties. All the starch synthase isozymes consist of a transit peptide, an N-terminal noncatalytic region (N-domain), and a C-terminal catalytic region (C-domain). To elucidate the enzymatic properties of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) SSIII and the function of the N-domain of kidney bean SSIII, three recombinant proteins were constructed: putative mature recombinant SSIII, recombinant kidney bean SSIII N-domain, and recombinant kidney bean SSIII C-domain. Purified recombinant kidney bean SSIII displayed high specific activities for primers as compared to the other starch synthase isozymes from kidney bean. Kinetic analysis showed that the high specific activities of recombinant kidney bean SSIII are attributable to the high k(cat) values, and that the K(m) values of recombinant kidney bean SSIII C-domain for primers were much higher than those of recombinant kidney bean recombinant SSIII. Recombinant kidney bean SSIII and recombinant kidney bean SSIII C-domain had similar chain-length specificities for the extension of glucan chains, indicating that the N-domain of kidney bean SSIII does not affect the chain-length specificity. Affinity gel electrophoresis indicated that recombinant kidney bean SSIII and recombinant kidney bean SSIII N-domain have high affinities for amylose and amylopectin. The data presented in this study provide direct evidence for the function of the N-domain of kidney bean SSIII as a carbohydrate-binding module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Senoura
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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42
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Fujita N, Yoshida M, Kondo T, Saito K, Utsumi Y, Tokunaga T, Nishi A, Satoh H, Park JH, Jane JL, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Nakamura Y. Characterization of SSIIIa-deficient mutants of rice: the function of SSIIIa and pleiotropic effects by SSIIIa deficiency in the rice endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:2009-23. [PMID: 17586688 PMCID: PMC1949899 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthase IIIa (SSIIIa)-deficient rice (Oryza sativa) mutants were generated using retrotransposon insertion and chemical mutagenesis. The lowest migrating SS activity bands on glycogen-containing native polyacrylamide gel, which were identified to be those for SSIIIa, were completely absent in these mutants, indicating that they are SSIIIa null mutants. The amylopectin B(2) to B(4) chains with degree of polymerization (DP) >/= 30 and the M(r) of amylopectin in the mutant were reduced to about 60% and 70% of the wild-type values, respectively, suggesting that SSIIIa plays an important part in the elongation of amylopectin B(2) to B(4) chains. Chains with DP 6 to 9 and DP 16 to 19 decreased while chains with DP 10 to 15 and DP 20 to 25 increased in the mutants amylopectin. These changes in the SSIIIa mutants are almost opposite images of those of SSI-deficient rice mutant and were caused by 1.3- to 1.7-fold increase of the amount of SSI in the mutants endosperm. Furthermore, the amylose content and the extralong chains (DP >/= 500) of amylopectin were increased by 1.3- and 12-fold, respectively. These changes in the composition in the mutants starch were caused by 1.4- to 1.7-fold increase in amounts of granules-bound starch synthase (GBSSI). The starch granules of the mutants were smaller with round shape, and were less crystalline. Thus, deficiency in SSIIIa, the second major SS isozyme in developing rice endosperm affected the structure of amylopectin, amylase content, and physicochemical properties of starch granules in two ways: directly by the SSIIIa deficiency itself and indirectly by the enhancement of both SSI and GBSSI gene transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
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Kosar-Hashemi B, Li Z, Larroque O, Regina A, Yamamori M, Morell MK, Rahman S. Multiple effects of the starch synthase II mutation in developing wheat endosperm. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:431-438. [PMID: 32689370 DOI: 10.1071/fp06288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sgp-1, that does not express starch synthase II (SSII, also known as SGP-1) has previously been reported. In this study, F1 derived doubled haploid lines with homozygous wild type or mutant alleles for SGP-1 genes were identified from a cross between the original mutant and a wild type Australian cultivar. Analysis of the starch granules showed that in the mutant lines they are markedly distorted from 15 days postanthesis during grain development. Starch branching patterns showed an increase in the proportion of short chains (DP 6-10) at an earlier stage, but this increase became much more pronounced at 15 days postanthesis and persisted until maturity. There was also a consistent and drastic reduction throughout seed development in the relative amounts of starch branching enzyme II (SBEII, comprising SBEIIa and SBEIIb) and starch synthase I (SSI) bound to the starch granules. In the soluble phase, however, there was relatively little change in the amount of SBEIIb, SBEIIa or SSI protein. Therefore loss of SSII specifically leads to the loss of SBEIIb, SBEIIa and SSI protein in the granule-bound phase and the effect of this mutation is clearly manifest from the mid-stage of endosperm development in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behjat Kosar-Hashemi
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Oscar Larroque
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ahmed Regina
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Makoto Yamamori
- National Agriculture Research Centre for Tohoku Region, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198, Japan
| | - Matthew K Morell
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, PO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
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Palopoli N, Busi MV, Fornasari MS, Gomez-Casati D, Ugalde R, Parisi G. Starch-synthase III family encodes a tandem of three starch-binding domains. Proteins 2006; 65:27-31. [PMID: 16862594 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The starch-synthase III (SSIII), with a total of 1025 residues, is one of the enzymes involved in plants starch synthesis. SSIII from Arabidopsis thaliana contains a putative N-terminal transit peptide followed by a 557-amino acid SSIII-specific domain (SSIII-SD) with three internal repeats and a C-terminal catalytic domain of 450 amino acids. Here, using computational characterization techniques, we show that each of the three internal repeats encodes a starch-binding domain (SBD). Although the SSIII from A. thaliana and its close homologous proteins show no detectable sequence similarity with characterized SBD sequences, the amino acid residues known to be involved in starch binding are well conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Palopoli
- Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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45
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Bresolin NS, Li Z, Kosar-Hashemi B, Tetlow IJ, Chatterjee M, Rahman S, Morell MK, Howitt CA. Characterisation of disproportionating enzyme from wheat endosperm. PLANTA 2006. [PMID: 16333636 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0187-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Disproportionating enzyme or D-enzyme (EC 2.4.1.25) is an alpha-1,4 glucanotransferase which catalyses cleavage and transfer reactions involving alpha-1,4 linked glucans altering (disproportionating) the chain length distribution of pools of oligosaccharides. While D-enzyme has been well characterised in some plants, e.g. potato and Arabidopsis, very little is known about its abundance and function in cereals which constitute the major source of starch worldwide. To address this we have investigated D-enzyme in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Two putative D-enzyme cDNA clones have been isolated from tissue-specific cDNA libraries. TaDPE1-e, from an endosperm cDNA library, encodes a putative polypeptide of 575 amino acid residues including a predicted transit peptide of 41 amino acids. The second cDNA clone, TaDPE1-l, from an Aegilops taushii leaf cDNA library, encodes a putative polypeptide of 579 amino acids including a predicted transit peptide of 45 amino acids. The mature polypeptides TaDPE1-e and TaDPE1-l were calculated to be 59 and 60 kDa, respectively, and had 96% identity. The putative polypeptides had significant identity with deduced D-enzyme sequences from corn and rice, and all the expected conserved residues were present. Protein analysis revealed that D-enzyme is present in the amyloplast of developing endosperm and in the germinating seeds. D-enzyme was partially purified from wheat endosperm and shown to exhibit disproportionating activity in vitro by cleaving maltotriose to produce glucose as well as being able to use maltoheptaose as the donor for the addition of glucans to the outer chains of glycogen and amylopectin.
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46
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Bresolin NS, Li Z, Kosar-Hashemi B, Tetlow IJ, Chatterjee M, Rahman S, Morell MK, Howitt CA. Characterisation of disproportionating enzyme from wheat endosperm. PLANTA 2006; 224:20-31. [PMID: 16333636 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Disproportionating enzyme or D-enzyme (EC 2.4.1.25) is an alpha-1,4 glucanotransferase which catalyses cleavage and transfer reactions involving alpha-1,4 linked glucans altering (disproportionating) the chain length distribution of pools of oligosaccharides. While D-enzyme has been well characterised in some plants, e.g. potato and Arabidopsis, very little is known about its abundance and function in cereals which constitute the major source of starch worldwide. To address this we have investigated D-enzyme in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Two putative D-enzyme cDNA clones have been isolated from tissue-specific cDNA libraries. TaDPE1-e, from an endosperm cDNA library, encodes a putative polypeptide of 575 amino acid residues including a predicted transit peptide of 41 amino acids. The second cDNA clone, TaDPE1-l, from an Aegilops taushii leaf cDNA library, encodes a putative polypeptide of 579 amino acids including a predicted transit peptide of 45 amino acids. The mature polypeptides TaDPE1-e and TaDPE1-l were calculated to be 59 and 60 kDa, respectively, and had 96% identity. The putative polypeptides had significant identity with deduced D-enzyme sequences from corn and rice, and all the expected conserved residues were present. Protein analysis revealed that D-enzyme is present in the amyloplast of developing endosperm and in the germinating seeds. D-enzyme was partially purified from wheat endosperm and shown to exhibit disproportionating activity in vitro by cleaving maltotriose to produce glucose as well as being able to use maltoheptaose as the donor for the addition of glucans to the outer chains of glycogen and amylopectin.
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47
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Kosar-Hashemi B, Irwin JA, Higgins J, Rahman S, Morell MK. Isolation, identification and characterisation of starch-interacting proteins by 2-D affinity electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1832-9. [PMID: 16645949 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 2-D affinity electrophoretic technique (2-DAE) has been used to isolate proteins that interact with various starch components from total barley endosperm extracts. In the first dimension, proteins are separated by native PAGE. The second-dimensional gel contains polysaccharides such as amylopectin and glycogen. The migration of starch-interacting proteins in this dimension is determined by their affinity towards a particular polysaccharide and these proteins are therefore spatially separated from the bulk of proteins in the crude extract. Four distinct proteins demonstrate significant affinity for amylopectin and have been identified as starch branching enzyme I (SBEI), starch branching enzyme IIa (SBEIIa), SBEIIb and starch phosphorylase using polyclonal antibodies and zymogram activity analysis. In the case of starch phosphorylase, a protein spot was excised from a 2-DAE polyacrylamide gel and analysed using Q-TOF MS/MS, resulting in the alignment of three internal peptide sequences with the known sequence of the wheat plastidic starch phosphorylase isoform. This assignment was confirmed by the determination of the enzyme's function using zymogram analysis. Dissociation constants (Kd) were calculated for the three enzymes at 4 degrees C and values of 0.20, 0.21 and 1.3 g/L were determined for SBEI, SBEIIa and starch phosphorylase, respectively. Starch synthase I could also be resolved from the other proteins in the presence of glycogen and its identity was confirmed using a polyclonal antibody and by activity analysis. The 2-DAE method described here is simple, though powerful, enabling protein separation from crude extracts on the basis of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behjat Kosar-Hashemi
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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48
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Fujita N, Yoshida M, Asakura N, Ohdan T, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Nakamura Y. Function and characterization of starch synthase I using mutants in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:1070-84. [PMID: 16443699 PMCID: PMC1400558 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.071845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Four starch synthase I (SSI)-deficient rice (Oryza sativa) mutant lines were generated using retrotransposon Tos17 insertion. The mutants exhibited different levels of SSI activities and produced significantly lower amounts of SSI protein ranging from 0% to 20% of the wild type. The mutant endosperm amylopectin showed a decrease in chains with degree of polymerization (DP) 8 to 12 and an increase in chains with DP 6 to 7 and DP 16 to 19. The degree of change in amylopectin chain-length distribution was positively correlated with the extent of decrease in SSI activity in the mutants. The structural changes in the amylopectin increased the gelatinization temperature of endosperm starch. Chain-length analysis of amylopectin in the SSI band excised from native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/SS activity staining gel showed that SSI preferentially synthesized DP 7 to 11 chains by elongating DP 4 to 7 short chains of glycogen or amylopectin. These results show that SSI distinctly generates DP 8 to 12 chains from short DP 6 to 7 chains emerging from the branch point in the A or B(1) chain of amylopectin. SSI seemingly functions from the very early through the late stage of endosperm development. Yet, the complete absence of SSI, despite being a major SS isozyme in the developing endosperm, had no effect on the size and shape of seeds and starch granules and the crystallinity of endosperm starch, suggesting that other SS enzymes are probably capable of partly compensating SSI function. In summary, this study strongly suggested that amylopectin chains are synthesized by the coordinated actions of SSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Japan.
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Shimbata T, Nakamura T, Vrinten P, Saito M, Yonemaru J, Seto Y, Yasuda H. Mutations in wheat starch synthase II genes and PCR-based selection of a SGP-1 null line. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 111:1072-9. [PMID: 16172895 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-0032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starch synthase II, which is also known as starch granule protein 1 (SGP-1), plays a major role in endosperm starch synthesis. The three SGP-1 proteins, SGP-A1, B1 and D1, are produced by three homoeologous SSII genes, wSSII-A, B, and D. Lines carrying null alleles for each SGP-1 protein have previously been identified. In this report, the mutations occurring in each wSSII gene were characterized, and PCR-based DNA markers capable of detecting the mutations were developed. In the null wSSII-A allele, a 289 bp deletion accompanied by 8 bp of filler DNA was present near the initiation codon. A 175 bp insertion occurred in exon 8 of the null wSSII-B allele. The insertion represented a recently discovered miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) named Hikkoshi that was first found in a wheat waxy gene. A 63 bp deletion was found at the region surrounding the junction of the fifth exon and intron of the null wSSII-D allele. Based on this information, we designed primer sets to enable us to conduct allele-specific amplifications for each locus. The applicability of these primer sets for breeding programs was demonstrated by reconstructing a line lacking all three SGP-1 proteins using marker-assisted selection. These markers will also be useful in breeding programs aimed at obtaining partial mutants missing one or two SGP-1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimbata
- Central Laboratory, Nippon Flour Mills Co. Ltd., 5-1-3 Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Zhang X, Myers AM, James MG. Mutations affecting starch synthase III in Arabidopsis alter leaf starch structure and increase the rate of starch synthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:663-74. [PMID: 15908598 PMCID: PMC1150387 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.060319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of starch synthase (SS) III (SSIII) in the synthesis of transient starch in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was investigated by characterizing the effects of two insertion mutations at the AtSS3 gene locus. Both mutations, termed Atss3-1 and Atss3-2, condition complete loss of SSIII activity and prevent normal gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. The mutations cause a starch excess phenotype in leaves during the light period of the growth cycle due to an apparent increase in the rate of starch synthesis. In addition, both mutations alter the physical structure of leaf starch. Significant increases were noted in the mutants in the frequency of linear chains in amylopectin with a degree of polymerization greater than approximately 60, and relatively small changes were observed in chains of degree of polymerization 4 to 50. Furthermore, starch in the Atss3-1 and Atss3-2 mutants has a higher phosphate content, approximately two times that of wild-type leaf starch. Total SS activity is increased in both Atss3 mutants and a specific SS activity appears to be up-regulated. The data indicate that, in addition to its expected direct role in starch assembly, SSIII also has a negative regulatory function in the biosynthesis of transient starch in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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