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Jia S, Liu X, Li X, Sun C, Cao X, Liu W, Guo G, Bi C. Modification of lignin composition by ectopic expressing wheat TaF5H1 led to decreased salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 287:153997. [PMID: 37302354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an important cell wall component that provides plants with mechanical support and improved tolerance to pathogen attacks. Previous studies have shown that plants rich in S-lignin content or with a higher S/G ratio always exhibit higher efficiency in the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Ferulate 5-hydroxylase, or coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase (F5H, or CAld5H), is the critical enzyme in syringyl lignin biosynthesis. Some F5Hs have been characterized in several plant species, e.g., Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar. However, information about F5Hs in wheat remains unclear. In this study, a wheat F5H gene, TaF5H1, together with its native promoter (pTaF5H1), was functionally characterized in transgenic Arabidopsis. Gus staining results showed that TaF5H1 could be expressed predominantly in the highly lignified tissues in transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying pTaF5H1:Gus. qRT-PCR results showed that TaF5H1 was significantly inhibited by NaCl treatment. Ectopic expression of TaF5H1 driven by pTaF5H1 (i.e., pTaF5H1:TaF5H1) could increase the biomass yield, S-lignin content, and S/G ratio in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, which could also restore the traces of S-lignin in fah1-2, the Arabidopsis F5H mutant, to an even higher level than the wild type (WT), suggesting that TaF5H1 is a critical enzyme in S lignin biosynthesis, and pTaF5H1:TaF5H1 module has potential in the manipulation of S-lignin composition without any compromise on the biomass yield. However, expression of pTaF5H1:TaF5H1 also led to decreased salt tolerance compared with the WT. RNA-seq analysis showed that many stress-responsive genes and genes responsible for the biosynthesis of cell walls were differentially expressed between the seedlings harboring pTaF5H1:TaF5H1 and the WT, hinting that manipulation of the cell wall components targeting F5H may also affect the stress adaptability of the modified plants due to the interference to the cell wall integrity. In summary, this study demonstrated that the wheat pTaF5H1: TaF5H1 cassette has the potential to modulate S-lignin composition without any compromise in biomass yield in future engineering practice. Still, its negative effect on stress adaptability to transgenic plants should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Jia
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Chen Sun
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Cao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Guangyan Guo
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China.
| | - Caili Bi
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China.
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Yang J, Li H, Ma R, Chang Y, Qin X, Xu J, Fu Y. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis and characterization of the cytochrome P450 flavonoid biosynthesis genes in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). PLANTA 2022; 255:120. [PMID: 35538269 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
226 CcCYP450 genes were identified at the genomic level and were classified into 45 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. CcCYP75B165 gene was found that might play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in pigeon pea, and was significantly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase (CYP450) superfamily plays a key role in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and resists different kinds of stresses. Several CYP450 genes have been identified to be involved in the biosynthesis of crop protection agents. However, the CcCYP450 genes from pigeon pea have not been identified. Here, 226 CcCYP450 genes were identified at the genomic level by analysing the gene structure, distribution on chromosomes, gene duplication, and conserved motifs and were classified into 45 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. RNA-seq analysis revealed clear details of CcCYP450 genes that varied with time of MeJA (methyl jasmonate) induction. Among them, six CcCYP450 subfamily genes were found that might play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in pigeon pea. The overexpression of CcCYP75B165 in pigeon pea significantly induced the accumulation of genistin and downregulated the contents of cajaninstilbene acid, apigenin, isovitexin, and genistein and the expression of flavonoid synthase genes. This study provides theoretical guidance and plant genetic resources for cultivating new pigeon pea varieties with high flavonoid contents and exploring the molecular mechanisms of the biosynthesis of flavonoids under MeJA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ruijin Ma
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuanhang Chang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiangyu Qin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Menard GN, Langdon M, Bhunia RK, Shankhapal AR, Noleto-Dias C, Lomax C, Ward JL, Kurup S, Eastmond PJ. Diverting phenylpropanoid pathway flux from sinapine to produce industrially useful 4-vinyl derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids in Brassicaceous oilseeds. Metab Eng 2022; 70:196-205. [PMID: 35121114 PMCID: PMC8860379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sinapine (sinapoylcholine) is an antinutritive phenolic compound that can account for up to 2% of seed weight in brassicaceous oilseed crops and reduces the suitability of their protein-rich seed meal for use as animal feed. Sinapine biosynthesis draws on hydroxycinnamic acid precursors produced by the phenylpropanoid pathway. The 4-vinyl derivatives of several hydroxycinnamic acids have industrial applications. For example, 4-vinyl phenol (4-hydroxystyrene) is a building block for a range of synthetic polymers applied in resins, inks, elastomers, and coatings. Here we have expressed a modified bacterial phenolic acid decarboxylase (PAD) in developing seed of Camelina sativa to redirect phenylpropanoid pathway flux from sinapine biosynthesis to the production of 4-vinyl phenols. PAD expression led to a ∼95% reduction in sinapine content in seeds of both glasshouse and field grown C. sativa and to an accumulation of 4-vinyl derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids, primarily as glycosides. The most prevalent aglycone was 4-vinyl phenol, but 4-vinyl guaiacol, 6-hydroxy-4-vinyl guaiacol and 4-vinylsyringol (Canolol) were also detected. The molar quantity of 4-vinyl phenol glycosides was more than twice that of sinapine in wild type seeds. PAD expression was not associated with an adverse effect on seed yield, harvest index, seed morphology, storage oil content or germination in either glasshouse or field experiments. Our data show that expression of PAD in brassicaceous oilseeds can supress sinapine accumulation, diverting phenylpropanoid pathway flux into 4-vinyl phenol derivatives, thereby also providing a non-petrochemical source of this class of industrial chemicals. A phenolic acid decarboxylase was expressed in developing Camelina sativa seeds. Production of the antinutritive phenolic compound sinapine was reduced by 95%. Hydroxycinnamic acids were converted to 4-vinyl phenols and accumulated as glycosides. The quantity of 4-vinyl phenols was more than twice that of sinapine in wild type. Seed yield appeared not to be affected in either glasshouse or field experiments.
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Javed A, Ahmad A, Nouman M, Hameed A, Tahir A, Shabbir U. Turnip (Brassica Rapus L.): a natural health tonic. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.25318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In addition to basic nutrition, plant-based foods provide substantial amounts of bioactive compounds which deliver desirable health benefits. During the last decade, secondary metabolites, also known as phytochemicals, obtained from plants, have aroused special attention by researchers. Amongst such plants, the turnip contains a few valuable components which not only endorse health benefits but also provide healing properties. Various bioactive components, for example peroxidase, kaempferol, phenolic compounds, sulforaphane, organic acids, vitamin K, glucosinolates etc are highlighted in this manuscript. Likewise, numerous minerals, such as copper, manganese and calcium, and organic acids, such as sinapic and ferulic acids and their derivatives, found in different amounts in fresh greens and turnip roots, are also discussed briefly. The current paper is focused on the phenolic compounds, which act as beneficial compounds for human health and can be isolated from plant foods, especially turnip. Due to the presence of bioactive constituents, turnip imparts a positive role with respect to the hepatic injury caused by diabetes, high antioxidant activity and a good hepatoprotective role. The impact of environmental conditions and processing mechanisms on the phenolic compound composition of Brassica vegetables, with special reference to turnip, was also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ali Tahir
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Pakistan
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Francisco M, Ali M, Ferreres F, Moreno DA, Velasco P, Soengas P. Organ-Specific Quantitative Genetics and Candidate Genes of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Brassica oleracea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1240. [PMID: 26858727 PMCID: PMC4729930 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are proving to be increasingly important for human health and in crop development, defense and adaptation. In spite of the economical importance of Brassica crops in agriculture, the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds presents in these species remain unknown. The genetic and metabolic basis of phenolics accumulation was dissected through analysis of total phenolics concentration and its individual components in leaves, flower buds, and seeds of a double haploid (DH) mapping population of Brassica oleracea. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) that had an effect on phenolics concentration in each organ were integrated, resulting in 33 consensus QTLs controlling phenolics traits. Most of the studied compounds had organ-specific genomic regulation. Moreover, this information allowed us to propose candidate genes and to predict the function of genes underlying the QTL. A number of previously unknown potential regulatory regions involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism were identified and this study illustrates how plant ontogeny can affect a biochemical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Francisco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mahmoud Ali
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC)Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego A. Moreno
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC)Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Soengas
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García JR, Anderson N, Le-Feuvre R, Iturra C, Elissetche J, Chapple C, Valenzuela S. Rescue of syringyl lignin and sinapate ester biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana by a coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase from Eucalyptus globulus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1263-1274. [PMID: 24737414 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The gene coding for F5H from Eucalyptus globulus was cloned and used to transform an f5h -mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana , which was complemented, thus verifying the identity of the cloned gene. Coniferaldehyde 5-hydroxylase (F5H; EC 1.14.13) is a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase that catalyzes the 5-hydroxylation step required for the production of syringyl units in lignin biosynthesis. The Eucalyptus globulus enzyme was characterized in vitro, and results showed that the preferred substrates were coniferaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol. Complementation experiments demonstrated that both cDNA and genomic constructs derived from F5H from E. globulus under the control of the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana, or a partial F5H promoter from E. globulus, can rescue the inability of the A. thaliana fah1-2 mutant to accumulate sinapate esters and syringyl lignin. E. globulus is a species widely used to obtain products that require lignin removal, and the results suggest that EglF5H is a good candidate for engineering efforts aimed at increasing the lignin syringyl unit content, either for kraft pulping or biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Renán García
- Centro de Biotecnología y Facultad Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Research progress relating to the role of cytochrome P450 in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in medicinal plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2371-83. [PMID: 24413977 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are an extensive and diverse group of plant secondary metabolites. To date, they have been applied in many fields including industry, medicine and health. The wide variety of terpenoid compounds cannot arise solely from simple cyclisations of a precursor molecule or from a single-step reaction; their structural diversity depends on the modification of many specific chemical groups, rearrangements of their skeletal structures and on the post-modification reactions. Most of the post-modification enzymes that catalyse these reactions are cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Therefore, the discovery and identification of plant P450 genes plays a vital role in the exploration of terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. This review summarises recent research progress relating to the function of plant cytochrome P450 enzymes, describes P450 genes that have been cloned from full-length cDNA and identifies the function of P450 enzymes in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathways of several medicinal plants.
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Kim J, Choi B, Park YH, Cho BK, Lim HS, Natarajan S, Park SU, Bae H. Molecular characterization of ferulate 5-hydroxylase gene from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:421578. [PMID: 24204204 PMCID: PMC3800569 DOI: 10.1155/2013/421578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to clone and characterize the expression pattern of a F5H gene encoding ferulate 5-hydroxylase in the phenylpropanoid pathway from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). Kenaf is a fast-growing dicotyledonous plant valued for its biomass. F5H, a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (CYP84), is a key enzyme for syringyl lignin biosynthesis. The full length of the F5H ortholog was cloned and characterized. The full-length F5H ortholog consists of a 1,557-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 518 amino acids (GenBank Accession number JX524278). The deduced amino acid sequence showed that kenaf F5H had the highest similarity (78%) with that of Populus trichocarpa. Transcriptional analysis of F5H ortholog was conducted using quantitative real-time PCR during the developmental stages of various tissues and in response to various abiotic stresses. The highest transcript level of the F5H ortholog was observed in immature flower tissues and in early stage (6 week-old) of stem tissues, with a certain level of expression in all tissues tested. The highest transcript level of F5H ortholog was observed at the late time points after treatments with NaCl (48 h), wounding (24 h), cold (24 h), abscisic acid (24 h), and methyl jasmonate (24 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonggeun Kim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Bosung Choi
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Park
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biosystems and Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Savithiry Natarajan
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sang-Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-754, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Hannoufa A, Pillai BVS, Chellamma S. Genetic enhancement of Brassica napus seed quality. Transgenic Res 2013; 23:39-52. [PMID: 23979711 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate value of the Brassica napus (canola) seed is derived from the oil fraction, which has long been recognized for its premium dietary attributes, including its low level of saturated fatty acids, high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, and favorable omega-3 fatty acid profile. However, the protein (meal) portion of the seed has also received favorable attention for its essential amino acids, including abundance of sulfur-containing amino acids, such that B. napus protein is being contemplated for large scale use in livestock and fish feed formulations. Efforts to optimize the composition of B. napus oil and protein fractions are well documented; therefore, this article will review research concerned with optimizing secondary metabolites that affect the quality of seed oil and meal, from undesirable anti-nutritional factors to highl value beneficial products. The biological, agronomic, and economic values attributed to secondary metabolites have brought much needed attention to those in Brassica oilseeds and other crops. This review focuses on increasing levels of beneficial endogenous secondary metabolites (such as carotenoids, choline and tochopherols) and decreasing undesirable antinutritional factors (glucosinolates, sinapine and phytate). Molecular genetic approaches are given emphasis relative to classical breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Hannoufa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada,
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Harloff HJ, Lemcke S, Mittasch J, Frolov A, Wu JG, Dreyer F, Leckband G, Jung C. A mutation screening platform for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and the detection of sinapine biosynthesis mutants. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:957-69. [PMID: 22198204 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We developed two mutant populations of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) using EMS (ethylmethanesulfonate) as a mutagen. The populations were derived from the spring type line YN01-429 and the winter type cultivar Express 617 encompassing 5,361 and 3,488 M(2) plants, respectively. A high-throughput screening protocol was established based on a two-dimensional 8× pooling strategy. Genes of the sinapine biosynthesis pathway were chosen for determining the mutation frequencies and for creating novel genetic variation for rapeseed breeding. The extraction meal of oilseed rape is a rich protein source containing about 40% protein. Its use as an animal feed or human food, however, is limited by antinutritive compounds like sinapine. The targeting-induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) strategy was applied to identify mutations of major genes of the sinapine biosynthesis pathway. We constructed locus-specific primers for several TILLING amplicons of two sinapine synthesis genes, BnaX.SGT and BnaX.REF1, covering 80-90% of the coding sequences. Screening of both populations revealed 229 and 341 mutations within the BnaX.SGT sequences (135 missense and 13 nonsense mutations) and the BnaX.REF1 sequences (162 missense, 3 nonsense, 8 splice site mutations), respectively. These mutants provide a new resource for breeding low-sinapine oilseed rape. The frequencies of missense and nonsense mutations corresponded to the frequencies of the target codons. Mutation frequencies ranged from 1/12 to 1/22 kb for the Express 617 population and from 1/27 to 1/60 kb for the YN01-429 population. Our TILLING resource is publicly available. Due to the high mutation frequencies in combination with an 8× pooling strategy, mutants can be routinely identified in a cost-efficient manner. However, primers have to be carefully designed to amplify single sequences from the polyploid rapeseed genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Harloff
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany.
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Clauß K, von Roepenack-Lahaye E, Böttcher C, Roth MR, Welti R, Erban A, Kopka J, Scheel D, Milkowski C, Strack D. Overexpression of sinapine esterase BnSCE3 in oilseed rape seeds triggers global changes in seed metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1127-45. [PMID: 21248075 PMCID: PMC3046574 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.169821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sinapine (O-sinapoylcholine) is the predominant phenolic compound in a complex group of sinapate esters in seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Sinapine has antinutritive activity and prevents the use of seed protein for food and feed. A strategy was developed to lower its content in seeds by expressing an enzyme that hydrolyzes sinapine in developing rape seeds. During early stages of seedling development, a sinapine esterase (BnSCE3) hydrolyzes sinapine, releasing choline and sinapate. A portion of choline enters the phospholipid metabolism, and sinapate is routed via 1-O-sinapoyl-β-glucose into sinapoylmalate. Transgenic oilseed rape lines were generated expressing BnSCE3 under the control of a seed-specific promoter. Two distinct single-copy transgene insertion lines were isolated and propagated to generate homozygous lines, which were subjected to comprehensive phenotyping. Sinapine levels of transgenic seeds were less than 5% of wild-type levels, whereas choline levels were increased. Weight, size, and water content of transgenic seeds were significantly higher than those of wild-type seeds. Seed quality parameters, such as fiber and glucosinolate levels, and agronomically important traits, such as oil and protein contents, differed only slightly, except that amounts of hemicellulose and cellulose were about 30% higher in transgenic compared with wild-type seeds. Electron microscopic examination revealed that a fraction of the transgenic seeds had morphological alterations, characterized by large cavities near the embryonic tissue. Transgenic seedlings were larger than wild-type seedlings, and young seedlings exhibited longer hypocotyls. Examination of metabolic profiles of transgenic seeds indicated that besides suppression of sinapine accumulation, there were other dramatic differences in primary and secondary metabolism. Mapping of these changes onto metabolic pathways revealed global effects of the transgenic BnSCE3 expression on seed metabolism.
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Tan SH, Mailer RJ, Blanchard CL, Agboola SO. Canola proteins for human consumption: extraction, profile, and functional properties. J Food Sci 2011; 76:R16-28. [PMID: 21535703 PMCID: PMC3038326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canola protein isolate has been suggested as an alternative to other proteins for human food use due to a balanced amino acid profile and potential functional properties such as emulsifying, foaming, and gelling abilities. This is, therefore, a review of the studies on the utilization of canola protein in human food, comprising the extraction processes for protein isolates and fractions, the molecular character of the extracted proteins, as well as their food functional properties. A majority of studies were based on proteins extracted from the meal using alkaline solution, presumably due to its high nitrogen yield, followed by those utilizing salt extraction combined with ultrafiltration. Characteristics of canola and its predecessor rapeseed protein fractions such as nitrogen yield, molecular weight profile, isoelectric point, solubility, and thermal properties have been reported and were found to be largely related to the extraction methods. However, very little research has been carried out on the hydrophobicity and structure profiles of the protein extracts that are highly relevant to a proper understanding of food functional properties. Alkaline extracts were generally not very suitable as functional ingredients and contradictory results about many of the measured properties of canola proteins, especially their emulsification tendencies, have also been documented. Further research into improved extraction methods is recommended, as is a more systematic approach to the measurement of desired food functional properties for valid comparison between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siong H Tan
- E.H. Graham Centre for Innovative Agriculture and School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt Univ., Private Bag 588, Wagga Wagga NSW 2678, Australia
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Cartea ME, Francisco M, Soengas P, Velasco P. Phenolic compounds in Brassica vegetables. Molecules 2010; 16:251-80. [PMID: 21193847 PMCID: PMC6259264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are a large group of phytochemicals widespread in the plant kingdom. Depending on their structure they can be classified into simple phenols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids. Phenolic compounds have received considerable attention for being potentially protective factors against cancer and heart diseases, in part because of their potent antioxidative properties and their ubiquity in a wide range of commonly consumed foods of plant origin. The Brassicaceae family includes a wide range of horticultural crops, some of them with economic significance and extensively used in the diet throughout the world. The phenolic composition of Brassica vegetables has been recently investigated and, nowadays, the profile of different Brassica species is well established. Here, we review the significance of phenolic compounds as a source of beneficial compounds for human health and the influence of environmental conditions and processing mechanisms on the phenolic composition of Brassica vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Cartea
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
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14
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Milkowski C, Strack D. Sinapate esters in brassicaceous plants: biochemistry, molecular biology, evolution and metabolic engineering. PLANTA 2010; 232:19-35. [PMID: 20428885 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceous plants are characterized by a pronounced metabolic flux toward sinapate, produced by the shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathway, which is converted into a broad spectrum of O-ester conjugates. The abundant sinapate esters in Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana reflect a well-known metabolic network, including UDP-glucose:sinapate glucosyltransferase (SGT), sinapoylglucose:choline sinapoyltransferase (SCT), sinapoylglucose:L-malate sinapoyltransferase (SMT) and sinapoylcholine (sinapine) esterase (SCE). 1-O-Sinapoylglucose, produced by SGT during seed development, is converted to sinapine by SCT and hydrolyzed by SCE in germinating seeds. The released sinapate feeds via sinapoylglucose into the biosynthesis of sinapoylmalate in the seedlings catalyzed by SMT. Sinapoylmalate is involved in protecting the leaves against the deleterious effects of UV-B radiation. Sinapine might function as storage vehicle for ready supply of choline for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in young seedlings. The antinutritive character of sinapine and related sinapate esters hamper the use of the valuable seed protein of the oilseed crop B. napus for animal feed and human nutrition. Due to limited variation in seed sinapine content within the assortment of B. napus cultivars, low sinapine lines cannot be generated by conventional breeding giving rise to genetic engineering of sinapate ester metabolism as a promising means. In this article we review the progress made throughout the last decade in identification of genes involved in sinapate ester metabolism and characterization of the encoded enzymes. Based on gene structures and enzyme recruitment, evolution of sinapate ester metabolism is discussed. Strategies of targeted metabolic engineering, designed to generate low-sinapate ester lines of B. napus, are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Milkowski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research (IZN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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15
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A rice cytochrome P450 OsCYP84A that may interact with the UV tolerance pathway. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2010; 74:1045-9. [PMID: 20460707 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are widespread in the plant kingdom. The functions of plant P450s are dispersed through many aspects of plant metabolisms, which are involved in the biosynthesis of defense compounds and protectants against ultraviolet rays, as well as metabolic pathways for the biosynthesis and/or degradation of fatty acids, hormones, and signaling molecules. We found a gene for rice P450, OsCYP84A, which was classified into CYP84A in the CYP71 clan. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that this gene was ubiquitously expressed without any temporal and spatial specificity under normal growth conditions, but its expression was inducibly and significantly increased by ultraviolet (UV)-B and UV-C irradiation. Rice transformants in which OsCYP84A expression was suppressed by the antisense gene showed apparent growth retardation with obvious symptoms of damage on the plant bodies under UV-B irradiation, although no phenotypic alteration occurred under normal growth conditions. These results suggest the existence of a novel UV-tolerance system involving OsCYP84A.
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16
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Van Son L, Tiedemann J, Rutten T, Hillmer S, Hinz G, Zank T, Manteuffel R, Bäumlein H. The BURP domain protein AtUSPL1 of Arabidopsis thaliana is destined to the protein storage vacuoles and overexpression of the cognate gene distorts seed development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 71:319-29. [PMID: 19639386 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BURP domain proteins comprise a broadly distributed, plant-specific family of functionally poorly understood proteins. VfUSP (Vicia faba Unknown Seed Protein) is the founding member of this family. The BURP proteins are characterized by a highly conserved C-terminal protein domain with a characteristic cysteine-histidine pattern. The Arabidopsis genome contains five BURP-domain encoding genes. Three of them are similar to the non-catalytic beta-subunit of the polygalacturonase of tomato and form a distinct subgroup. The remaining two genes are AtRD22 and AtUSPL1. The deduced product of AtUSPL1 is similar in size and sequence to VfUSP and that of the Brassica napus BNM2 gene which is expressed during microspore-derived embryogenesis. The protein products of BURP genes have not been found, especially that of VfUSP despite a great deal of interest arising from copious transcription of the gene in seeds. Here, we demonstrate that VfUSP and AtUSPL1 occur in cellular compartments essential for seed protein synthesis and storage, like the Golgi cisternae, dense vesicles, prevaculoar vesicles and the protein storage vacuoles in the parenchyma cells of cotyledons. Ectopic expression of AtUSPL1 leads to a shrunken seed phenotype; these seeds show structural alterations in their protein storage vacuoles and lipid vesicles. Furthermore, there is a reduction in the storage protein content and a perturbation in the seed fatty acid composition. However, loss of AtUSP1 gene function due to T-DNA insertions does not lead to a phenotypic change under laboratory conditions even though the seeds have less storage proteins. Thus, USP is pertinent to seed development but its role is likely shared by other proteins that function well enough under the laboratory growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Van Son
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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17
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Huang J, Bhinu VS, Li X, Dallal Bashi Z, Zhou R, Hannoufa A. Pleiotropic changes in Arabidopsis f5h and sct mutants revealed by large-scale gene expression and metabolite analysis. PLANTA 2009; 230:1057-1069. [PMID: 19714359 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocinnamic acid esters, lignin, flavonoids, glucosinolates, and salicylic acid protect plants against UV exposure, oxidative stress, diseases, and herbivores. Through the phenylpropanoid pathway, certain Brassicaceae family members, including Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus, accumulate large amounts of the anti-nutritive sinapoylcholine (sinapine) in the seed. We successfully down-regulated activities of key enzymes in the pathway including F5H and SCT and achieved reduction of sinapine and lignin in B. napus seeds. Despite this success, it was unclear how multiple agronomic traits were affected in the transgenic plants. Here, we report altered large-scale gene expression of new alleles of f5h and sct mutants of A. thaliana and resultant accumulation of sinapoylglucose, disinapoylglucose, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, salicylic acid glucoside, and total indolyl glucosinolates in the two mutants. Expression of several flowering genes was altered in these mutants when grown under drought and NaCl treatments. Furthermore, both mutants were more susceptible to fungal infection than the wild type. Microarray experiments identified distinctive spatial and temporal expression patterns of gene clusters involved in silique/seed developmental processes and metabolite biosynthesis in these mutants. Taken together, these findings suggest that both f5h and sct mutants exhibit major differences in accumulation of diverse metabolites in the seed and profound changes in global large-scale gene expression, resulting in differential pleiotropic responses to environmental cues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00425-009-1007-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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18
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Targeted modulation of sinapine biosynthesis pathway for seed quality improvement in Brassica napus. Transgenic Res 2008; 18:31-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-008-9194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Huang J, Rozwadowski K, Bhinu VS, Schäfer U, Hannoufa A. Manipulation of sinapine, choline and betaine accumulation in Arabidopsis seed: towards improving the nutritional value of the meal and enhancing the seedling performance under environmental stresses in oilseed crops. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:647-654. [PMID: 18515127 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sinapoylcholine (sinapine) is the most abundant antinutritional phenolic compound in cruciferous seeds. The quaternary ammonium compounds, choline, betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine, reside along a biosynthetic pathway linked to the synthesis of membrane phospholipids and neurotransmitters with various biological functions. In chicken, choline intake is required for optimal egg-laying performance and a choline supplement in diet is positively correlated with weight gains. A key step in sinapine biosynthesis is catalyzed by sinapoylglucose: choline sinapoyltransferase (SCT; EC 2.3.1.91) to form an ester linkage with sinapoylglucose and choline. The objective of this work was to reduce the sinapine content and simultaneously enhance free choline levels in cruciferous seeds. We report here the characterization of an Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutant lacking SCT activity in the seed. The sct mutant seeds contain less than 1% of sinapine and a more than 2-fold increase in free choline compared with wild type. We further expressed a choline oxidase (COX; EC 1.1.3.17) gene from Arthrobacter pascens in the Arabidopsis sct mutant and wild-type background using a napin gene promoter to convert free choline into betaine, an effective stress-alleviating compound in plants. Betaine was not detected in WT or sct mutant seeds. The sct+COX seeds contain nearly 2-fold greater levels of betaine relative to WT+COX seeds, demonstrating a positive correlation between endogenous choline and betaine production. In contrast, stable comparable levels of free choline were detected between sct+COX and WT+COX plants suggesting choline homeostasis likely prevent high levels of betaine production in the seed of transgenic COX plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan SK S7N 0X2, Canada
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20
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Malik MR, Wang F, Dirpaul JM, Zhou N, Hammerlindl J, Keller W, Abrams SR, Ferrie AMR, Krochko JE. Isolation of an embryogenic line from non-embryogenic Brassica napus cv. Westar through microspore embryogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:2857-73. [PMID: 18552352 PMCID: PMC2486481 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus cultivar Westar is non-embryogenic under all standard protocols for induction of microspore embryogenesis; however, the rare embryos produced in Westar microspore cultures, induced with added brassinosteroids, were found to develop into heritably stable embryogenic lines after chromosome doubling. One of the Westar-derived doubled haploid (DH) lines, DH-2, produced up to 30% the number of embryos as the highly embryogenic B. napus line, Topas DH4079. Expression analysis of marker genes for embryogenesis in Westar and the derived DH-2 line, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR, revealed that the timely expression of embryogenesis-related genes such as LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), LEC2, ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3, and BABY BOOM1, and an accompanying down-regulation of pollen-related transcripts, were associated with commitment to embryo development in Brassica microspores. Microarray comparisons of 7 d cultures of Westar and Westar DH-2, using a B. napus seed-focused cDNA array (10 642 unigenes), identified highly expressed genes related to protein synthesis, translation, and response to stimulus (Gene Ontology) in the embryogenic DH-2 microspore-derived cell cultures. In contrast, transcripts for pollen-expressed genes were predominant in the recalcitrant Westar microspores. Besides being embryogenic, DH-2 plants showed alterations in morphology and architecture as compared with Westar, for example epinastic leaves, non-abscised petals, pale flower colour, and longer lateral branches. Auxin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid (ABA) profiles in young leaves, mature leaves, and inflorescences of Westar and DH-2 revealed no significant differences that could account for the alterations in embryogenic potential or phenotype. Various mechanisms accounting for the increased capacity for embryogenesis in Westar-derived DH lines are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna R. Malik
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
| | - Feng Wang
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
| | - Joan M. Dirpaul
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
| | - Ning Zhou
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
| | - Joe Hammerlindl
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
| | - Wilf Keller
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
| | - Suzanne R. Abrams
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
| | - Alison M. R. Ferrie
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
| | - Joan E. Krochko
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
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21
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Genetic Engineering of Seed Storage Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1755-0408(07)01005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
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22
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Savitch LV, Subramaniam R, Allard GC, Singh J. The GLK1 'regulon' encodes disease defense related proteins and confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:234-8. [PMID: 17533111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression (OE) was used to study the role of the Arabidopsis Golden2-like (GLK1) transcriptional activator in regulating gene expression. Affymetrix Gene Chip and RT-PCR analyses indicated that GLK1 OE in Arabidopsis reprogrammed gene expression networks to enhance a high constitutive expression of genes encoding disease defense related proteins. These include PR10, isochorismate synthase, antimicrobial peptides, glycosyl hydrolases, MATE efflux and other genes associated with pathogen response and detoxification. However, PR1, an indicator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was downregulated in GLK1 OE. GLK1 OE in Arabidopsis confers resistance to Fusarium graminearum, a broad host pathogen responsible for major losses in cereal crops. This is the first identification of the GLK1 'regulon' and a novel role for GLK1 in plant defense, suggesting its potential use for providing disease resistance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Savitch
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
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23
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Savitch LV, Allard G, Seki M, Robert LS, Tinker NA, Huner NPA, Shinozaki K, Singh J. The effect of overexpression of two Brassica CBF/DREB1-like transcription factors on photosynthetic capacity and freezing tolerance in Brassica napus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:1525-39. [PMID: 16024910 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of overexpression of two Brassica CBF/DREB1-like transcription factors (BNCBF5 and 17) in Brassica napus cv. Westar were studied. In addition to developing constitutive freezing tolerance and constitutively accumulating COR gene mRNAs, BNCBF5- and 17-overexpressing plants also accumulate moderate transcript levels of genes involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast development as identified by microarray and Northern analyses. These include GLK1- and GLK2-like transcription factors involved in chloroplast photosynthetic development, chloroplast stroma cyclophilin ROC4 (AtCYP20-3), beta-amylase and triose-P/Pi translocator. In parallel with these changes, increases in photosynthetic efficiency and capacity, pigment pool sizes, increased capacities of the Calvin cycle enzymes, and enzymes of starch and sucrose biosynthesis, as well as glycolysis and oxaloacetate/malate exchange are seen, suggesting that BNCBF overexpression has partially mimicked cold-induced photosynthetic acclimation constitutively. Taken together, these results suggest that BNCBF/DREB1 overexpression in Brassica not only resulted in increased constitutive freezing tolerance but also partially regulated chloroplast development to increase photochemical efficiency and photosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Savitch
- Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6
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24
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Raes J, Rohde A, Christensen JH, Van de Peer Y, Boerjan W. Genome-wide characterization of the lignification toolbox in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:1051-71. [PMID: 14612585 PMCID: PMC523881 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.026484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, one of the most abundant terrestrial biopolymers, is indispensable for plant structure and defense. With the availability of the full genome sequence, large collections of insertion mutants, and functional genomics tools, Arabidopsis constitutes an excellent model system to profoundly unravel the monolignol biosynthetic pathway. In a genome-wide bioinformatics survey of the Arabidopsis genome, 34 candidate genes were annotated that encode genes homologous to the 10 presently known enzymes of the monolignol biosynthesis pathway, nine of which have not been described before. By combining evolutionary analysis of these 10 gene families with in silico promoter analysis and expression data (from a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis on an extensive tissue panel, mining of expressed sequence tags from publicly available resources, and assembling expression data from literature), 12 genes could be pinpointed as the most likely candidates for a role in vascular lignification. Furthermore, a possible novel link was detected between the presence of the AC regulatory promoter element and the biosynthesis of G lignin during vascular development. Together, these data describe the full complement of monolignol biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis, provide a unified nomenclature, and serve as a basis for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Raes
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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25
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Lévesque-Lemay M, Albani D, Aldcorn D, Hammerlindl J, Keller W, Robert LS. Expression of CCAAT-binding factor antisense transcripts in reproductive tissues affects plant fertility. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2003; 21:804-808. [PMID: 12789526 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Revised: 12/30/2002] [Accepted: 01/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have previously isolated a CCAAT-binding factor B subunit gene ( BnCBF-B) from Brassica napus that is widely expressed in different plant tissues and whose role is still unknown. To investigate the importance of this transcription factor subunit in plant reproductive tissues, we targeted antisense BnCBF-B transcripts to the tapetum of transgenic B. napus plants. Of the 24 independent transformants, 13 yielded reduced quantities of viable pollen, of which five were unable to produce the elongated siliques indicative of normal seed set. The decrease in pollen viability probably resulted from the precocious degeneration of the tapetal cell layer observed in these plants. Surprisingly, the male-sterile phenotype was also accompanied by a decrease in female fertility, which could be due to the expression of the antisense BnCBF-B transcripts in the female reproductive structures of the transgenic plants. These results suggest that the BnCBF-B gene plays a critical non-redundant role in plant reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lévesque-Lemay
- Central Experimental Farm, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Ave, K1A 0C6, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Wright SI, Lauga B, Charlesworth D. Rates and patterns of molecular evolution in inbred and outbred Arabidopsis. Mol Biol Evol 2002; 19:1407-20. [PMID: 12200469 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of self-fertilization is associated with a large reduction in the effective rate of recombination and a corresponding decline in effective population size. If many spontaneous mutations are slightly deleterious, this shift in the breeding system is expected to lead to a reduced efficacy of natural selection and genome-wide changes in the rates of molecular evolution. Here, we investigate the effects of the breeding system on molecular evolution in the highly self-fertilizing plant Arabidopsis thaliana by comparing its coding and noncoding genomic regions with those of its close outcrossing relative, the self-incompatible A. lyrata. More distantly related species in the Brassicaceae are used as outgroups to polarize the substitutions along each lineage. In contrast to expectations, no significant difference in the rates of protein evolution is observed between selfing and outcrossing Arabidopsis species. Similarly, no consistent overall difference in codon bias is observed between the species, although for low-biased genes A. lyrata shows significantly higher major codon usage. There is also evidence of intron size evolution in A. thaliana, which has consistently smaller introns than its outcrossing congener, potentially reflecting directional selection on intron size. The results are discussed in the context of heterogeneity in selection coefficients across loci and the effects of life history and population structure on rates of molecular evolution. Using estimates of substitution rates in coding regions and approximate estimates of divergence and generation times, the genomic deleterious mutation rate (U) for amino acid substitutions in Arabidopsis is estimated to be approximately 0.2-0.6 per generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Wright
- Institute of Cell, Animal, and Population Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh.
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27
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Nair RB, Xia Q, Kartha CJ, Kurylo E, Hirji RN, Datla R, Selvaraj G. Arabidopsis CYP98A3 mediating aromatic 3-hydroxylation. Developmental regulation of the gene, and expression in yeast. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:210-20. [PMID: 12226501 PMCID: PMC166554 DOI: 10.1104/pp.008649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2002] [Accepted: 05/28/2002] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The general phenylpropanoid pathways generate a wide array of aromatic secondary metabolites that range from monolignols, which are ubiquitous in all plants, to sinapine, which is confined to crucifer seeds. The biosynthesis of these compounds involves hydroxylated and methoxylated cinnamyl acid, aldehyde, or alcohol intermediates. Of the three enzymes originally proposed to hydroxylate the 4-, 3-, and 5-positions of the aromatic ring, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), which converts trans-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid, is the best characterized and is also the archetypal plant P450 monooxygenase. Ferulic acid 5-hydroxylase (F5H), a P450 that catalyzes 5-hydroxylation, has also been studied, but the presumptive 3-hydroxylase converting p-coumarate to caffeate has been elusive. We have found that Arabidopsis CYP98A3, also a P450, could hydroxylate p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid in vivo when expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells, albeit very slowly. CYP98A3 transcript was found in Arabidopsis stem and silique, resembling both C4H and F5H in this respect. CYP98A3 showed further resemblance to C4H in being highly active in root, but differed from F5H in this regard. In transgenic Arabidopsis, the promoters of CYP98A3 and C4H showed wound inducibility and a comparable developmental regulation throughout the life cycle, except in seeds, where the CYP98A3 promoter construct was inactive while remaining active in silique walls. Within stem and root tissue, the gene product and the promoter activity of CYP98A3 were most abundant in lignifying cells. Collectively, these studies show involvement of CYP98A3 in the general phenylpropanoid metabolism, and suggest a downstream function for CYP98A3 relative to the broader and upstream role of C4H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B Nair
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
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28
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Wan L, Xia Q, Qiu X, Selvaraj G. Early stages of seed development in Brassica napus: a seed coat-specific cysteine proteinase associated with programmed cell death of the inner integument. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 30:1-10. [PMID: 11967088 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A maternal plant exquisitely promotes the success of its offspring by orchestrating embryo development and endowing protection even after the embryos mature. It uses ovule integuments for physical and physiological contact with the developing embryo and for subsequently equipping the seed with a seed coat (testa). The testa is developmentally and metabolically dynamic, but its molecular biology is not well understood. We show here that the inner integument in Brassica napus undergoes organized development and then programmed cell death (PCD), as evident from vacuolation, starch mobilization, DNA fragmentation and eventual compression. We have identified a cysteine proteinase gene (BnCysP1) that is expressed only in the inner integument as it undergoes PCD, well before the embryo begins storage protein synthesis. Two paralogous Cys proteinases have been recruited in rapeseed for the PCD of testa and for leaf senescence, and these differ 25% in their primary structure and post-translational modifications. Despite Arabidopsis being closely related to rapeseed, and an indication of developmental compression of its inner integument, the Arabidopsis genome is suggestive of only one Cys proteinase that shows approximately 72% identity to BnCysP1. It is, however, leaf senescence-associated, and the other Cys proteinases are <52% identical. BnCysP1 also differs from ricinosome-deployed PCD Cys endopeptidases in lacking the hallmark KDEL tail and being glycosylated. BnCysP1, one of the very few plant genes known to function only in the seed coat, will be useful in dissecting post-fertilization development of this important organ in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianglu Wan
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W9
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